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[Powered by Google Translate] [Semina: Pattern vinavyolingana na mara kwa mara Expressions]

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[Yohana Mussman-Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]

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[Hii ni CS50.-CS50.TV]

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Sawa. Naam, kuwakaribisha kila mtu. Hii ni CS50 2012.

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Jina langu ni John, na mimi itakuwa kuzungumza leo juu ya maneno ya kawaida.

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Maneno ya kawaida kimsingi ni chombo, lakini pia wakati mwingine kutumiwa

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katika kanuni ya kimsingi kikamilifu mechi ya chati na masharti.

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Hivyo hapa ni Comic mtandao kutoka XKCD.

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Katika Comic hii kuna siri ya mauaji ambapo muuaji ana

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ikifuatiwa mtu juu ya likizo, na wahusika wakuu na

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kutafuta njia ya megabaiti 200 wa barua pepe kuangalia kwa anwani.

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Na wao ni kuhusu kutoa wakati mtu ambaye anajua maneno ya kawaida -

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labda superhero - uvamizi chini na anaandika baadhi ya kanuni

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na kutatua siri ya mauaji.

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Hivyo labda hiyo itakuwa kitu ambacho utakuwa uwezo wa kufanya

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baada ya semina hii.

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Sisi ni tu kwenda kutoa utangulizi mafupi kwa lugha

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na kukupa kutosha pata kwenda baada ya rasilimali zaidi juu yako mwenyewe.

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>> Hivyo mara kwa mara maneno kuangalia kimsingi kama hii.

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Hii ni kujieleza mara kwa mara katika Ruby.

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Ni si sana mbalimbali katika lugha.

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Tuna tu kwenye mikwaju ya kuanza na alama ya kujieleza mara kwa mara katika Ruby.

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Na hii ni mara kwa mara kujieleza kwa kuangalia katika barua pepe muundo anwani.

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Hivyo tunaona saa kidogo kwanza inaonekana kwa tabia yoyote kukosa.

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Hayo ni kwa sababu anwani za barua pepe mara nyingi kuwa na kuanza na herufi herufi.

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Na kisha tabia yoyote maalum ikifuatiwa na alama ya @.

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Na kisha kitu kimoja kwa jina la uwanja.

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Na kisha kati ya 2 na 4 wahusika kuangalia kwa com., Wavu., Na kadhalika.

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Hivyo kwamba ni mfano mwingine wa kujieleza kwa mara.

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Hivyo mara kwa mara maneno ni itifaki kwa ajili ya kutafuta patters katika maandishi.

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Wao kufanya kulinganisha uchaguzi, na replacements.

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Hivyo mfano wa tatu ni kutafuta namba zote za simu kuishia katika 54 katika orodha.

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Hivyo kabla ya rips Daudi hadi saraka CS50 tunaweza kutafuta

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muundo ambapo tuna mabano kisha 3 idadi kisha mwisho mabano,

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3 zaidi ya idadi, dash, namba 2, na kisha 54.

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Na kwamba itakuwa kimsingi jinsi sisi kuja na kujieleza kwa mara ya kutafuta kwa ajili hiyo.

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>> Hivyo kuna - tumefanya baadhi ya mambo katika CS50 kwamba ni kidogo kama

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mara kwa mara maneno, hivyo - kwa mfano - katika faili dictionary.C

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kwa ajili ya kuweka Spell kuangalia tatizo unaweza kuwa kutumika fscanf

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kusoma katika neno kutoka kamusi.

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Na unaweza kuona 45s asilimia ni kuangalia kwa kamba ya wahusika 45.

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Hivyo ni kiasi fulani kama kujieleza rudimentary mara kwa mara.

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Na unaweza kuwa na wahusika yoyote 45 kwamba inafaa muswada katika huko

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na kuchukua wale up.

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Na kisha mfano wa pili katika tatizo hivi karibuni mtandao programu

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kuweka katika kanuni distro kwa php sisi kwa kweli kufanya kuwa rahisi kwa mara kujieleza.

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Na hii ni moja tu kuangalia tu kwa kuangalia kama ukurasa mtandao kuwa ni kupita katika

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mechi aidha kuingia au logout kujiandikisha PHP..

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Na kisha kurudi kweli au uongo msingi kwamba vinavyolingana mara kwa mara kujieleza.

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>> Hivyo wakati gani unaweza kutumia usemi mara kwa mara?

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Kwa nini uko hapa leo?

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Hivyo hutaki kutumia usemi wa mara kwa mara wakati kuna kitu ambacho

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anafanya kazi kwa ajili yenu hata kwa urahisi zaidi.

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Hivyo XML na HTML ni kweli pretty gumu

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kuandika maneno ya kawaida kwa kama tutakavyoona katika kidogo.

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Hivyo kuna parsers kujitolea kwa ajili ya lugha hizo.

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Wewe pia haja ya kuwa sawa na awamu ya pili ya biashara na usahihi mara kwa mara.

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Kama wewe ni kujaribu - hivyo tuliona kujieleza mara kwa mara kwa anuani ya barua pepe,

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lakini kusema alitaka maalum barua pepe na hatua kwa hatua

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kujieleza mara kwa mara ili kuwa ngumu zaidi kama ikawa sahihi zaidi.

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Hivyo kwamba itakuwa moja ya biashara ya mbali.

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Una kuwa na uhakika kwamba wewe ni sawa na kufanya na kujieleza kwa mara.

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Kama unajua nini hasa ni kuangalia kwa hivyo ili kufanya zaidi ya akili

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kuweka katika muda na kuandika parser ufanisi zaidi.

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Na hatimaye kuna suala kihistoria na utaratibu

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ya maneno na lugha.

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Maneno ya kawaida ni kweli sana na nguvu zaidi kuliko

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mara kwa mara maneno kwa kusema katika maana rasmi.

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>> Hivyo mimi sitaki kwenda mbali sana katika nadharia rasmi,

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lakini wengi lugha kwamba sisi katika kanuni ya kweli si mara kwa mara.

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Na hii ni kwa nini maneno ya kawaida wakati mwingine si kuchukuliwa yote salama.

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Hivyo kimsingi kuna uongozi Chomsky kwa lugha,

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na maneno ya kawaida ni kujenga kwa kutumia muungano, concatenation,

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na nyota Kleene operesheni kuwa tutaona katika dakika chache.

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Kama una nia katika nadharia kuna mengi kabisa kwenda huko chini ya Hood.

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>> Hivyo Historia fupi - tu kwa ajili ya mazingira hapa - seti ya mara kwa mara alikuja

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katika miaka ya 1950, na kisha tulikuwa na wahariri rahisi kwamba

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kuingizwa maneno ya kawaida - tu kwa ajili ya kutafuta masharti.

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Grep - ambayo ni ya mstari amri chombo - alikuwa mmoja wa kwanza

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maarufu sana zana kwamba kuingizwa maneno ya kawaida katika miaka ya 1960.

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Katika '80s, Perl ilijengwa - ni lugha ya programu kwamba

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inashirikisha maneno ya kawaida sana maarufu.

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Na kisha zaidi hivi karibuni tuna alikuwa Perl sambamba mara kwa mara kujieleza

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itifaki ya kimsingi katika lugha nyingine ya kwamba matumizi mengi ya syntax sawa.

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Bila shaka tukio muhimu zaidi ilikuwa mwaka 2008

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ambapo kulikuwa na mara kwa mara ya kwanza Taifa Expressions Siku,

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ambayo naamini ni Juni 1 kama unataka kusherehekea kwamba.

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>> Tena, kidogo tu nadharia zaidi hapa.

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Hivyo kuna wanandoa njia tofauti ya ujenzi wa maneno ya kawaida.

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Moja ya njia rahisi ni kujenga kujieleza kwamba wewe ni kwenda

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kukimbia juu ya kamba kutafsiri - kimsingi kujenga mdogo wa mpango kwamba

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kuchambua vipande vya kamba na kuona, "Oh, hii haina fit kujieleza mara kwa mara au siyo?"

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Na kisha kukimbia kwamba.

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Hivyo kama una ndogo sana ya mara kwa mara kujieleza, hii pengine ni

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njia bora zaidi ya kufanya hivyo.

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Na kisha kama wewe - njia nyingine ni kuweka reconstructing

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kujieleza kama wewe kwenda, na kwamba ni uwezekano kuiga.

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Na majaribio haya mapema saa algorithms ya mara kwa mara kujieleza walikuwa

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rahisi kiasi na kiasi haraka, lakini hakuwa na mengi ya kubadilika.

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Hivyo kufanya hata baadhi ya mambo ambayo sisi ni kwenda kuangalia

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leo tumekuwa na kufanya zaidi ya mara kwa mara tata kujieleza

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utekelezaji kwamba ni uwezekano wa polepole sana, hivyo kwamba ni kitu cha kuzingatia katika

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Kuna pia mara kwa mara maneno ya kunyimwa aina mashambulizi

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kwamba kutumia uwezo kwa ajili ya utekelezaji haya ya karibu zaidi ya

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mara kwa mara maneno kuwa ngumu sana.

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Na katika mengi hisia sawa kuwa tuliona katika mashambulizi kufurika buffer,

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una mashambulizi ya kwamba kazi kwa kufanya mizunguko kujirudia kwamba

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overrun uwezo wa kumbukumbu.

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Na kwa njia Regexen ni moja ya wingi rasmi wa kujieleza mara kwa mara

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kwa mlinganisho wa ng'ombe katika Anglo-Saxon.

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>> Sawa, hivyo Library chatu wengi wenu hapa katika mtu kuwa Macs,

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hivyo unaweza kweli kuvuta hii juu ya screen yako.

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Maneno ya kawaida ni kujengwa katika Python.

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Na hivyo chatu ni preloaded juu ya Macs na pia online inapatikana katika link hii.

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Hivyo kama wewe ni kuangalia unaweza pause na kuhakikisha kuwa chatu

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kama sisi kucheza karibu hapa.

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Kuna online mwongozo, hivyo kama wewe tu aina chatu ndani ya kompyuta yako

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utaona kwamba toleo anakuja juu katika terminal.

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Hivyo mimi zinazotolewa zilizounganishwa na mwongozo kwa Version 2 wa chatu kama vile karatasi ya kudanganya.

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Kuna Version 3 wa utambuzi, lakini Mac yako haina lazima

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kuja na kwamba preloaded.

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Hivyo si sana tofauti.

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Sawa, hivyo baadhi ya misingi ya kutumia maneno ya mara kwa mara katika Python.

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>> Hivyo hapa mimi alitumia usemi rahisi sana, hivyo sikuwa Python kuagiza re

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na kisha alichukua matokeo ya re.search.

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Na tafuta inachukua hoja 2.

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kwanza ni usemi wa mara kwa mara, na ya pili ni Nakala

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au kamba unataka kuchambua.

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Na kisha mimi kuchapishwa result.group.

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Hivyo hawa ni 2 za msingi majukumu sisi ni kwenda kuona leo

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katika kujifunza juu ya maneno ya kawaida.

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Hivyo tu kuvunja hii kujieleza mara kwa mara hapa

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h na kisha \ w na kisha m hivyo \ w tu anapokea tabia yoyote herufi huko.

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Hivyo hapa sisi ni kuangalia kwa "h" na kisha mwingine tabia herufi

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na kisha m, hivyo hapa kwamba ingekuwa mechi ham

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katika, "Abraham Lincoln na ham sandwiches."

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Hii ni matokeo ya kundi hilo.

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Kitu kingine kwamba tunaweza kufanya ni kutumia wetu masharti kabla ya asilia katika Python.

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Hivyo mimi nadhani kwenda mbele na kuvuta kwamba hapa juu.

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Chatu kuagiza re.

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Na kama ningekuwa kufanya kitu kimoja - hebu kusema maandishi ni,

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"Ibrahimu," hebu kuvuta - kuna sisi kwenda.

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Nakala ni, "Ibrahimu anakula ham."

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Sawa, na kisha kusababisha = re.search.

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Na kisha kujieleza yetu inaweza kuwa na h, na kisha mimi kufanya dot m.

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Hivyo dot tu inachukua tabia yoyote ambayo si ya line mpya ikiwa ni pamoja na namba,

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asilimia ishara, kitu kama hicho.

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Na kisha asilia - boom - na kisha result.group-yeah.

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Hivyo kwamba ni jinsi tu ya kutekeleza utendaji ya msingi hapa.

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Kama tungekuwa na pete Nakala kwamba - kwamba mambo asilia - pamoja na kusema kura ya mikwaju ya nyuma

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na masharti ya ndani na mambo ambayo inaweza kuangalia kama Utaratibu wa kutoroka,

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kisha sisi pengine wanataka kutumia mbichi Nakala pembejeo ili kuhakikisha kwamba ni kukubalika.

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Na kwamba inaonekana tu kama hiyo.

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Hivyo kama sisi kuangalia kwa kila mmoja wao katika huko tunapaswa kupata chochote.

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Lakini hiyo ni jinsi gani kutekeleza; tu kabla ya kamba ya

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kujieleza kwa mara ya kuweka r barua.

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>> Sawa, hivyo basi sisi kuendelea.

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Yote ya haki - hivyo hebu tuangalie chati wanandoa repetitive hapa.

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Hivyo jambo moja kwamba unataka kufanya ni kurudia mambo

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kama wewe ni kutafuta njia ya maandishi.

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Kufanya hivyo ikifuatiwa na idadi yoyote ya b - kufanya ab *.

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Na kisha kuna mfululizo wa sheria nyingine pia.

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Na unaweza kuangalia yote ya juu ya haya; mimi itabidi kukimbia kupitia baadhi ya

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kawaida kutumika ndio.

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Hivyo ab + ni ikifuatiwa na yoyote N mkubwa kuliko 0 ya b.

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ab? ni ikifuatiwa na 0 au 1 ya b.

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ab {} N ni ikifuatiwa na N ya b, na kisha kadhalika.

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Kama una 2 idadi katika braces curly wewe ni kubainisha mbalimbali

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kwamba wanaweza kuwa na uwezekano wa kuendana.

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Hivyo tutaangalia zaidi katika chati wanandoa repetitive katika dakika.

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Hivyo 2 mambo ya kukumbuka wakati wa kutumia hizi muundo vinavyolingana zana hapa.

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Hivyo kusema tunataka kuangalia hm ya, "Abraham Lincoln hufanya sandwiches ham."

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Hivyo mimi iliyopita jina Abraham Lincoln kwa Ibrahimu.

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Na sasa sisi ni kuangalia kwa nini ni kurudi kwa kazi hii ya utafutaji,

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na tu anarudi ham katika kesi hii.

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Na ni gani kwamba kwa sababu tu tafuta kawaida inachukua kushoto wengi foleni.

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Na wote maneno ya kawaida isipokuwa wewe bayana vinginevyo kufanya hivyo.

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Kama sisi alitaka kupata yote kuna kazi ya kuwa - kupata yote.

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Hivyo kwamba inaweza tu kuangalia kama wote re.findall = ('h.m', maandishi)

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na kisha all.group ().

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Wote wawili inazalisha ham na ham; katika kesi hii wote wa masharti katika Ibrahimu ham ya kila aina.

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Hivyo kwamba ni chaguo jingine.

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>> Kubwa. Kitu kingine kukumbuka ni kwamba maneno ya kawaida kuchukua kubwa intuitively.

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Hebu tuangalie mfano huu.

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Sisi gani kwamba kushoto wengi tafuta hapa, na kisha mimi alijaribu kutafuta kubwa

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kutumia Kleene nyota operator.

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Hivyo kwa ajili ya, "Abraham Lincoln hufanya sandwiches ham," na mimi tu got nyuma

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m kama matokeo.

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sababu ya makosa kwamba ilikuwa kwamba mimi naweza wamechukua idadi yoyote ya

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h ni kwa sababu mimi si kutaja kitu chochote kwenda katika kati h na m.

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mfano tu pale kwamba alikuwa m - tu kuna mifano na m ndani yake

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na idadi yoyote ya h walikuwa tu m kamba.

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Kisha mimi walijaribu tena; nikasema, "Sawa, hebu kupata halisi kundi kubwa zaidi hapa."

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Na kisha mimi h. * M, ili tu anarudi idadi yoyote ya wahusika kati h na m.

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Na kama wewe ni mapya tu nje na kufikiri, "Oh, sawa, pamoja na hii

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kupata yangu ham, "ni kweli inachukua kila kitu kutoka h katika Abraham Lincoln

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njia yote hadi mwisho wa ham.

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Ni tamaa; anaona h - Nakala hii wengine wote - m,

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na kwamba ni nini inachukua in

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Hii ni hasa egregious - hii ni hulka tunaweza pia

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bayana kwa kuwa si kuwa na tamaa ya kutumia kazi nyingine.

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Lakini hili ni jambo tuna kukumbuka hasa

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wakati kuangalia Nakala HTML, ambayo ni sababu moja kwamba

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maneno ya kawaida ni vigumu kwa HTML.

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Kwa sababu kama una HTML tag wazi na kisha kura ya mambo katikati

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na kisha baadhi HTML nyingine imefungwa tag baadaye sana katika mpango,

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una kuliwa tu hadi mengi ya maadili yako HTML uwezekano kwa makosa.

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>> Yote ya haki - hivyo zaidi maalum wahusika, kama lugha nyingine nyingi,

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sisi kuepuka kutumia mkwaju.

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Ili tuweze kutumia dot kutaja tabia yoyote isipokuwa kwa mstari mpya.

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Tunaweza kutumia w kutoroka kutaja tabia yoyote herufi.

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Na kwa mlinganisho kutoroka d kwa yoyote integer - namba tabia.

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Tunaweza kutaja - tunaweza kutumia mabano kutaja maneno kuhusiana.

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Hivyo hii itakuwa kukubali b, au c.

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Na tunaweza pia bayana au chaguzi kwa ajili ya ama a au b.

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Kwa mfano - kama sisi walikuwa wanatafuta uwezekano nyingi

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katika mabano tunaweza kutumia operator au kama katika -

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hivyo basi sisi kurudi nyuma kwa mfano hii hapa.

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Na sasa hebu kuchukua - hebu kwenda nyuma ya mfano huu hapa, na kisha

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kuchukua ae - hivyo hii lazima kurudi - mimi nadhani hii bado ni Ibrahimu.

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Hivyo hii - kama sisi kufanya yote - kubwa.

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Hivyo basi sisi update Nakala hapa.

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"Ibrahimu anakula ham wakati hemming wake -. Wakati hemming" Kubwa.

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Wote. Kubwa. Sasa sisi kupata ham, ham, na pindo.

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Wakati hemming - wakati humming kwake - wakati humming pindo naye. Kubwa.

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Kitu kimoja.

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Sasa wote anarudi bado tu ham, ham, na pindo bila kuokota juu ya hum au naye.

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Kubwa - hivyo nini kama sisi alitaka kuangalia ama kwamba - hivyo tunaweza pia kufanya

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yeye au - sisi kuja nyuma na kwamba.

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Sawa - hivyo - haki ya wote - katika nafasi pia unaweza kutumia kareti au ishara ya dola

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bayana kwamba wewe ni kutafuta kitu mwanzo au mwisho wa kamba.

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Au mwanzo au mwisho wa neno.

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Hiyo ni njia moja ya kutumia.

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>> Sawa - hivyo basi sisi kucheza karibu na kuzuia kubwa kidogo ya maandishi.

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Hebu kusema hii mstari hapa - kauli hii hapa.

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nguvu ya kujieleza mara kwa mara ni kwamba wanaweza kutaja chati

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si tu fasta wahusika.

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Hebu kufanya - hebu piga hii block.

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Basi sisi kusoma yote ya kwamba in

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Na kisha kuwa - tufanye kila =; hivyo kile ni baadhi ya mambo tunaweza kutafuta katika hapa kwa faida?

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Tunaweza kuangalia kwa sikio kujieleza.

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Si ya kuvutia sana. Vipi kuhusu hilo? Tutaweza kuona nini kinatokea.

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Mimi akampa tatizo.

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Hivyo idadi yoyote ya mambo kabla ya re na wote.

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Hivyo kwamba wanapaswa kurudi kila kitu kuanzia mwanzo hadi wote re labda mara ya wanandoa.

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Na kisha hapa tuna nguvu ya maneno ya kawaida ni kwamba wao

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Unaweza kutaja chati si tu wahusika hapa ni.

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Hivyo njia yote hadi mwisho re, ilianza na wengi wa kushoto na alikuwa mchoyo.

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Hebu angalia - kile kingine tunaweza kuangalia.

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Mimi nadhani jambo moja kama ungekuwa nia ya kuangalia kwa Viwakilishi yeye na yeye,

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unaweza kuangalia kwa s kuwa sawa na 0 au 1

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na kujieleza yeye, na kwamba ni pengine si kwenda na kurudi -

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oh, mimi nadhani ni yeye akarudi kwa sababu kuna sisi ni kuangalia nguvu, siku hiyo, hapa ni.

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Hebu jaribu kufafanua kwamba hii ina kuja katika mwanzo wa kitu fulani.

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Hebu tuone kama kwamba matone mbali.

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Hivyo tunaweza kufanya mafuta, na kuna sisi si kupata kitu chochote kwa sababu yeye na yeye

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si kutokea katika msemo huu.

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Kubwa. Sawa - hivyo nyuma ya paka hapa.

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Hivyo tata chati ni kuumiza ubongo.

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Hivyo kwamba ni kwa nini sisi kutumia maneno ya kawaida ili kuepuka masuala haya.

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>> Hivyo hapa ni baadhi ya njia nyingine muhimu unaweza kucheza karibu na.

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Tuliangalia tafuta leo, lakini pia unaweza kutumia mechi, mgawanyiko, findall, na vikundi.

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Hivyo nyingine baridi mambo unaweza kufanya na maneno ya kawaida tu badala ya

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kuangalia kwa chati ni kuchukua muundo na kufanya mechi zote -

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vigezo wake - na kisha kwa kutumia wale walio katika kanuni yako baadaye.

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Kwamba inaweza kabisa kusaidia. Mambo mengine yanaweza kuhesabu kura.

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Hivyo tunaweza kuhesabu idadi ya matukio ya mfano mara kwa mara kujieleza,

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na kwamba ni nini tunaweza kutumia makundi kwa ajili ya.

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Na njia nyingine kama vile pia iwezekanavyo.

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Hivyo mimi tu wanataka kuzungumza kidogo zaidi kuhusu njia nyingine unaweza kutumia maneno ya kawaida.

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>> Hivyo moja ya juu zaidi katika maombi ni vinavyolingana fuzzy.

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Hivyo kama wewe ni kuangalia kwa maandishi kwa ajili ya kujieleza, Julius Caesar,

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na unaweza kuona ama Gayo Julius Kaisari au jina Julius Kaisari katika lugha nyingine,

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basi unaweza pia wanataka kuwapa baadhi ya uzito wa maadili hayo.

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Na kama ni karibu kutosha - kama misalaba kizingiti fulani - basi unataka

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kuwa na uwezo wa kukubali Julius Caesar.

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Hivyo kuna wanandoa utekelezaji mbalimbali kwa ajili ya kuwa katika lugha chache nyingine pia.

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Hapa ni baadhi ya zana nyingine, regex Pal - Handy kidogo programu online

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kuangalia kama maneno yako ya kawaida ni linajumuisha usahihi.

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Pia kuna ilio zana kwamba unaweza kukimbia kutoka desktop yako

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kama Pico Ultra, na kama vile cookbooks tu.

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Hivyo kama wewe ni kufanya mradi ambao unahusisha tani ya maneno ya kawaida

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hii pengine ni mahali pa kwenda nje ya wigo wa leo.

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Na kisha tu kukupa hisia ya jinsi ya kawaida ni

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kuna Grep katika Unix, Perl ina kujengwa katika, na C kuna PCRE kwa ajili ya C.

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Na kisha lugha haya mengine yote pia kuwa na fedha za kujieleza mara kwa mara

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kwamba kazi na syntax kimsingi huo tulipata ladha ya leo.

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PHP, Java, Ruby, na kadhalika.

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>> Kanuni ya Google Search ni kweli kutaja thamani, ni moja ya

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wachache maombi huko nje kwamba inaruhusu umma kupata

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database yake kwa kutumia maneno ya kawaida.

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Hivyo kama wewe kuangalia juu ya Google Search Kanuni unaweza kupata kanuni

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kama wewe ni kuangalia kwa mfano wa jinsi kazi inaweza kutumika,

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unaweza kutumia usemi wa mara kwa mara kujua kwamba kazi ya kutumika katika kila aina ya kesi tofauti.

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Unaweza kuangalia kwa fwrite, na kisha unaweza kuangalia kwa bendera ya kuandika au kusoma

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kama alitaka mfano wa fwrite kuwa kutumika katika kesi hiyo.

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Hivyo kitu kimoja huko, na hapa ni baadhi ya marejeo.

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Hii itakuwa inapatikana online kama vile, hivyo kwenda mbele kama

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unataka kuangalia Python, Grep, Perl - wewe tu wanataka kupata baadhi ya uongozi

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au kama unataka kuangalia zaidi katika nadharia hapa ni baadhi ya kuruka nzuri mbali maeneo.

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Asante sana.

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