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[Seminar Vim]

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[Brandon Liu] [Harvard University]

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[This is CS50.] [CS50.TV]

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>> Today is going to be an introduction to Vim.

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How many of you guys have heard of Vim?

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What have you heard about Vim?

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[Student] It solves all your problems.

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[Brandon L.] It solves all your problems.

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Anything else you guys have heard about Vim? Any impressions?

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[Student] Almost everyone I've talked to likes to use Vim.

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Oh, sweet.

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[Student] A lot of people I know like to use Vim.

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Okay, that's good, because a lot of people in CS51

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start to pick up Emacs because Emacs has slightly better support

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for the language you're going to use in CS51,

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and I worry that not enough people at Harvard use Vim,

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so I really try and do a good job of encouraging Vim usage.

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>> But here is a classic xkcd comic which you guys might find interesting.

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Have you guys used Nano before at all?

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This comic says Nano? Real programmers use Emacs.

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Hey, real programmers use Vim.

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No, real programmers use Ed which is this—you don't ever want to use Ed.

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It's really, really old and really bad, and real programmers use 

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a magnetized needle and a steady hand.

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And you can read the rest, but it's pretty amusing.

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And the funny thing is at the end. 

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They say, "Oh, yeah, of course, there's an Emacs command to do that."

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Good old C-x M-c M-butterfly, which is sort of a jab at Emacs

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because Emacs is historically known to be a little bit bloated

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and to have commands for almost anything, so that's sort of a joke for Emacs.

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>> What is Vim? Vim is an advanced programmer's text editor.

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I really want to make the distinction between text editor

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and something like a document processor.

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Microsoft Word is known as a document processor.

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You can set margins, make things bold, underline things,

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strike through things, change font size and whatnot.

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A text editor does nothing more than just edit text.

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Literally you just have characters.

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There's no sort of styling, sizes, fonts, colors, or anything like that.

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All you do is edit text, and Vim has been especially made for programming.

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It has a lot of features built in just for programming.

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It's designed expressly for efficient text editing.

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>> In general, Vim is known to be basically the fastest text editor

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you can possibly use compared with any other text editor that's possible.

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A lot of IDE-like features are not built directly into Vim,

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so if you've used an IDE and you're used to things like compile and run automatically

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or debugging what's in your IDE or a whole host of different things

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Vim doesn't come with that naturally,

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but there's a whole host of plugins that you can use to add that sort of functionality to Vim.

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Vim by itself focuses on text editing and does text editing really, really well.

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And finally, it's really customizable and extensible,

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and basically Vim has been around, or Vi, which Vim is built upon,

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has been around for over 40 years, and it is a very, very deep program,

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and people will use it for a lifetime and never truly master the program to its fullest,

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and you will always continue learning throughout your life over the years,

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always becoming better and better.

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>> There's basically no end to what you can learn and how much you can improve with Vim,

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which is really exciting.

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You don't want to view it as something scary because you can become very, very proficient

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in Vim in just a few weeks but it's sort of like a continual—

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you can always learn more and learn more and do things better and better,

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which is kind of exciting for me.

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This is an example of what Vim looks like.

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This is not mine. You'll see some live demonstrations right now.

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This is an example of what Vim might look like.

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>> What we're going to do today is we're going to start off with

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 a quick showcase of what Vim can do.

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I'm going to do some tricks and whatnot for you guys

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so you can see why I like Vim so much and why people like Vim so much,

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and then from there we'll go into a gentle introduction.

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Actually, it will be a bit fast, an introduction to Vim.

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I'll ask you guys to download a text file and to follow along with me if you can.

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This is Vim, and right here I'm using MacVim,

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so if you guys have Macs you may want to consider using MacVim

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because it's a graphical version of Vim, although the regular Vim,

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what's in your command line, works just fine.

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I'm going to show you a few random tips and tricks

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that you can use in Vim to show you why it's so cool.

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>> Just a few random things I'm going to go through.

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The first thing is text objects, and there are a few commands around text objects,

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and I'll actually teach you what text objects are in more detail later in the seminar,

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but for example, let's say I spelled my name wrong, 

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Barndon Liu, and I want to change it.

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All I have to do is get my cursor somewhere in my name and type in the command

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ciw, and it will delete my whole name, put me in insert mode,

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and I can type in my name and fix it.

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Similarly, if I want to change something inside quotes there's also a command for that.

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I can delete things inside quotes.

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No more having to double click, move  your hand over to the mouse,

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double click, and then type something back in.

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You can do everything from the keyboard, whatever it is.

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Or alternatively, let's say I have this image tag inside this anchor tag.

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>> Have you guys covered HTML in class yet?

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Yeah, so maybe I want to delete this tag,

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which normally what you have to do is you have to use your mouse

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and carefully highlight exactly what you want to delete and delete it.

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But in Vim that's simply dit, and you can delete it out really quickly,

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and I'll explain to you what all those commands mean and how you use them in a second.

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Another example, I have some code here,

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and let's say I want to indent the code, but I want to indent the code

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just within the parentheses, and I can also indent the code using 3 commands

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using basically >iB.

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Another thing that's really cool about Vim is something called visual block editing.

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I don't know if you guys have ever wanted to highlight

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a rectangular block of text in your code sometimes

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instead of having to do this weird sort of line thing that spans all different lines.

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For example, in Vim you can do that.

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I can highlight rectangles like this, which is pretty cool, 

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but furthermore, I can edit using that functionality.

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For example, if I want to give some sort of prefix to all of our names

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I can highlight a block and then add something.

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>> Similarly, I can also highlight this block and choose to delete it,

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or maybe I'll highlight this block and change it to D because we're all doctors.

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Whatever it is, you can do all those different things.

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Finally, folding is really cool. 

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A lot of IDEs have this where you can fold different functions out of view

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in case you don't want to see them.

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For example, suppose I have this bunch of text here, and I don't really want to see it.

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I want to keep it out of view because I'm editing something else in the file.

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I can fold it up so it's all collapsed,

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and that way it's out of view, 

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and I can edit other things that are on the page, and this is really great.

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You can fold up functions and whatnot or fold up classes when you're programming 

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just to keep them out of view when you're not editing them,

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and later when you want to see them you can open them up.

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And you can see it just opened everything up.

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Tabs, buffers, and windows.

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Vim is pretty cool in that

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normally in a lot of text editors you can only edit one file at a time,

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like in Nano, or maybe if you're using Notepad or Gedit.

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I've actually never used Gedit very much, but at least in Notepad++

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you can have tabs, but Vim has the concept of tabs, buffers and windows.

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For example, you can open up a bunch of new tabs.

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>> You can see here at the very top I have now a bunch of tabs,

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and I can close them.

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Furthermore, there's this concept of buffers,

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which is the idea that once you've opened a file

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it stays alive in the buffer, and if you want to navigate to that file really quickly

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you can navigate to it really quickly within the buffer as well,

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and furthermore, within one pane you can also split your window up into multiple windows.

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For example, if I want to split this window up into multiple windows

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you can see right here that I can have the same code twice,

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and I can split more and more and more, and right now it doesn't look that good

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because by default I have the default window size be kind of big

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so all the others are squashed out,

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but normally when I'm on my computer and not on this projector

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I can have several panes open at the same time, which is really nice for 

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editing multiple files at the same time.

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You can also  have things like select and replace,

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and we'll actually cover that in the seminar,

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so I'll skip that for now.

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You can also interact with the command line in all sorts of different ways.

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For example, if I have some sort of list here and I want to sort it—

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I don't know, let's add another fruit, grape,

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and I can highlight this using the highlight function 

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and call sort, and it will sort it automatically for me.

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>> Similarly, if you're going to be editing CSS, which I presume you probably will be doing 

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for your final project, most people do, 

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and maybe you want to keep your CSS organized by sorting them in alphabetical order.

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You can also highlight them and call sort, and it will sort them for you.

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These are some of the examples of the things that Vim can do,

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and you'll notice that the key thing that I really want to draw your attention to

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is that I'm doing everything from the keyboard,

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and if you are able to see where my hands are placed

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you'll also see that my hands never really move from the home row.

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Normally when you're editing text you usually have to use a mouse

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and click around and whatnot, and that sort of movement drags you down

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and wastes time, or perhaps you're moving between the home row and the arrow keys,

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and so you're moving back and forth like that, which is a bit cumbersome 

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but also slows you down, and the thing is once you get really good at Vim

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everything you want to do is done without having to move your hands

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from the home row, which is great.

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Hold on, I'm going to open up this application. There we go.

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>> Now you can see what commands are running down the lower right window.

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All the functions that I just showed you are things that are included by default with Vim,

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but there's also a huge number of plugins that you can also use

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to improve your Vim experience.

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If you downloaded the configuration files that I included,

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and there are instructions on how to install them in the PowerPoint

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and also in the email I sent out, I have about 40 plugins installed

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or maybe 30 plugins, and every single one

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brings additional functionality to Vim that improves your Vim experience.

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For example, one of my favorites is something called surround.vim,

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and it basically allows you to work with surrounding 

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or delimiting characters much more easily.

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>> One example, I don't know if you guys ever code in LaTeX,

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but LaTeX is a math typesetting language that is used to make

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really nice looking math, and whenever you want something to look like math

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you wrap it in dollar signs, and let's say I'm typing some equation  like F=ma,

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and I forgot to wrap it in dollar signs.

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Then I can highlight this and wrap it in dollar signs just like that.

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Alternatively, Vim allows you to delete things inside tags

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and delete tags and whatnot, but Vim by nature

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doesn't allow you to change tags, so for example, I have this div tag,

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and I want to upgrade to HTML5 and use a new header tag.

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I can do change surrounding tag and type in header,

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and it will automatically change that for me.

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Similarly, let's say we have something in parentheses,

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and I wanted to change that from parentheses into brackets or something like that.

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I can also change that really easily by typing in c for change,

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s for surround, parentheses.

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Oh, I guess I have to type it faster.

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Parentheses and braces or brackets, and it will automatically change that for me,

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which is really nice, otherwise normally it's really cumbersome.

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>> This is really nice to switch between perhaps single quote 

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and double quote strings or something like that.

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That's one example use case.

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There's a plugin called Fugitive

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which integrates with Git.

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I'm guessing maybe you guys have not used Git that much in CS50,

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but you'll find yourself using Git more and more and more,

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not only in classes throughout Harvard but also at jobs and whatnot,

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and normally you have to switch back and forth between 

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the command line and Vim to interact with Git,

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but there's plugins to integrate with Git from within Vim

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and also to give you even additional functionality on top of Git.

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There's something called NERDTree, which you can use to explore

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the file structures from within Vim.

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>> For example, I can open up NERDTree on the right pane,

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and you can basically see random files

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and open—not taxes, don't look at my taxes.

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You can look at files and whatnot and open other files and so on and so forth.

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And I won't go into these other plugins, so we can basically dive in

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and start working on Vim, but there are plugins that allow you to

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comment more easily, plugins that allow you to jump in between files more easily,

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plugins that give you syntax checking from within Vim,

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which is really cool, and it gives you syntax checking

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for most languages right out of the box, 

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things like rainbow parentheses, which is actually really, really cool.

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Let me give you an example of that right now.

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>> Let's see.

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Here's some random code that I was writing,

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and you'll notice that the brackets and parentheses are all colored,

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and parentheses and brackets of the same color are matching, which is nice

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and sometimes improves the readability of your code.

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You also have autocompletion, tabular formatting.

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When you have something that you want to get all the comments to line up

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or you want to make a table in your text and you want to 

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get everything to look like a nice table, instead of having to format that manually

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there are plugins that will format that for you and so on and so forth.

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The list goes on and on and on.

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I could spend hours exploring all the different Vim plugins that exist,

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and it's incredible what's out there.

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>> Any questions so far? Sweet.

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In that case, we're going to start playing around with Vim,

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and I want you guys to work with some Vim with me

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so you can get a feel for it, and I can guide you in your first steps working with Vim 

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because a lot of people get overwhelmed when they open Vim up,

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and sometimes if you don't even know the command to exit you can't even get out of Vim,

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but it's not that bad.

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You just need a few minutes of guidance from someone who has used Vim before

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or to read some tutorials online, and you'll be on your way in no time.

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Here are some instructions to install Vim if you haven't already.

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You can look at these slides after the presentation if you want to install more things.

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>> Also, these are some instructions for installing my configuration files,

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and you can also follow these instructions later if you haven't already.

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If you guys could go to this link and download a text file.

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The link will take you to this text file, which I would like you to download and open up in Vim,

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and there are a bunch of exercises and whatnot in there that you can follow around with me

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and start getting some practice with some of the basic operations in Vim.

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Good.

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While you're opening that up I'm going to give a brief intro to 2 really key principles

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in Vim editing which are really important to understand before you dive into Vim,

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and that's modal editing and operators and motions.

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I'll cover modal editing first, and then we'll cover operators and motions

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in a little bit.

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>> The first key distinction between Vim and pretty much all other

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text editors of any sort is that Vim is a modal editor,

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and what that means is when you're using Vim 

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you could be in one of many different modes.

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There's normal mode, there's insert mode, there's visual mode, 

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so on and so forth, and the thing is, your keystrokes take on different actions,

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take on different meaning, depending on what mode you're in.

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Just as an example, normal mode is the mode you're in when you move around,

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and so I would use the key J to move downward,

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but in insert mode, you use the key J to actually type out J on the screen,

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and that's why a lot of people get confused because they're not used to

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being in different modes all the time, and so they'll be typing things out, 

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and you're used to having whatever you type appear on the screen,

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but in Vim maybe your cursor is moving all over the place 

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because you're typing weird characters, and suddenly you get

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shifted into insert mode because you typed some key 

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that puts you into insert mode, and then text starts flying out,

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so people get confused because of that.

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But you have to keep track of what mode you're in,

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and if you look at the very bottom toolbar of Vim 

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there should be an indicator that tells you what mode you're currently in,

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which should be helpful.

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>> But in general, the 3 main modes you should know about,

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there are only probably 6 or 7 or 8 modes or so,

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but you spend most of your time in 3.

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The first thing is normal mode. This is where you spend most of your time.

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All keystrokes are logged as some sort of command,

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and we'll be learning a lot of those commands throughout the day today.

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The other mode is insert mode, which is where you actually are typing things out,

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and insert mode is basically the mode you're usually used to.

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You type something, and it just comes on the screen,

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and visual mode is something where you can do highlighting.

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You saw earlier where sometimes I would be highlighting text

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and manipulating it in different ways, and that's an example using visual mode.

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>> We'll start off with the absolute basics you need to survive in Vim,

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and it's basically these 7 commands right here.

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HJKL are used to navigate around the file,

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and they correspond to left, down, up, and right,

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and you're free to use the arrow keys as well,

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but we really encourage you to use HJKL as much as possible

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because the idea is that while you're editing, you can move around the document

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without having to shift in between the arrow keys 

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and where you're typing, which is really, really nice.

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You just want to move a few characters over.

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You don't have to shift your entire hand over, and it's kind of nice to have that.

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Some Vim experts actually map their arrow keys to other functions

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because they already have HJKL, and they can use their arrow keys for other functions as well.

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HJKL moves you around while you're in normal mode.

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If you want to go into insert mode and type something 

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you can press i for insertion mode, and that puts you in insert mode,

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and you can type something, and you type escape

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to get from insertion mode back to normal mode.

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Escape always sends you back to normal mode

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no matter what mode you're in, and if you want to leave

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you can type in :wq enter, 

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and the way you can remember this is w stands for write, 

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and q stands for quit, so :wq,

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and colon runs the command, and so :wq enter to run the command

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saves and exits.

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>> If you open the file up we'll go through the first exercise together. 

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Step 1 is surviving in Vim,

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and hopefully you guys all have this open.

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Good, and we have some simple exercises for you to get used to using these keys.

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HJKL really doesn't seem intuitive at first, 

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and this is one of the initial blocks that people have while using Vim 

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is using these keys to navigate around.

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It's not intuitive, but once you get used to it

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it really integrates into your mind, and many people often find themselves

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using J and K in Word or also in Chrome, 

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and actually people have created this Chrome plugin called Vimium

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which you can use in Chrome or Chromium to navigate through Chrome

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using your keyboard using Vim-like shortcuts, 

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so people are very enthusiastic about it, but go ahead and try and use

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HJKL to navigate between the numbers just so you can get familiar

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with how these things work.

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>> Once you finish that, you can also go and play around with this maze I created

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just for fun, and you can sort of follow the dotted line

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and try not to crash into the walls

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and try to make it to the end of the maze.

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If you use shortcuts in Gmail or any number of different applications

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you'll find that J and K, for example, are often used to move up and down,

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and that basically comes from Vim essentially, so you have J and K, 

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and it's really nice because you can move up and down without having to

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move your hand back and forth from the arrow keys.

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Now let's try going into insertion mode and getting out of insertion mode.

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You'll notice that right now my cursor is a big, black box,

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and when you go into insertion mode you should find that

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it turns into a narrow cursor like you're used to.

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If you're using Vim in the terminal you may not find this to be the case

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because the terminal doesn't support this kind of thin cursor,

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but if you're using MacVim or GVim on Windows

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then you should find that it turns into a cursor, and that's a really quick visual indicator.

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It's for you to tell whether you're in normal mode or insertion mode.

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>> Let's go ahead and try editing this line.

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Fill it in with your own information or whatever it is,

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and how you can do that is you can move up to the end of the blank,

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type i to get into insertion mode, and you can backspace 

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and type in your name, and when you're done typing

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you can press escape to get out of insertion mode,

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and you can move over here, type insert to delete that,

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type escape to get out of insertion mode, and you can type :w enter

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to save the file. 

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You can type in just :w to save the file.

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You can type in just :q to quit without saving,

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or you can type in :wq to save and quit. 

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Granted, we don't want to quit yet, so you can type in :w.

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And maybe that seemed a little inefficient at first

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because to move to that spot you had to type J a bunch of times,

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maybe L a bunch of times to get to that spot,

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and you have to press backspace a bunch of times, and it seemed really inefficient

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whereas normally you would probably move your mouse over there,

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double click and start typing, and of course,

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the thing is, when you first start with Vim and you only know these basic commands,

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yes, it will be a little bit slower, but soon you learn some more powerful commands, 

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which will allow you to move across documents much more quickly,

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and you won't have to have this very cumbersome use of 

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repeating Js and repeating Ks and Ls and so on and so forth.

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>> Any questions so far? Solid.

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Back to the PowerPoint.

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Now we're going to introduce a few more commands for advanced movement.

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You experienced having to type maybe L a lot or H a lot, 

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and here are some more commands you can use to move around more quickly.

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Suppose that your cursor is at the O over in the some in "This is some text,"

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and here are 5 more commands you can use to move across the line more easily.

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So ^ and $ move you to the beginning and end line,

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and at some point when you learn regular expressions or other various things

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you'll find that these sort of conventions are very common.

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The ^ generally refers to the beginning of the line.

395
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The $ usually refers to the end of the line.

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These are very easy to remember, and similarly, b, e, and w, 

397
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they're easy to remember as well because b corresponds to back or beginning, 

398
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e corresponds to the end, which is the end of the word,

399
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and w corresponds to the next word, so w for word.

400
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And if you keep typing e or keep typing w

401
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you notice you can jump between words, and it's much faster than just typing l.

402
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>> Now, the next thing is the Operator-Motion Model.

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This is actually one of the key reasons why Vim can be so powerful,

404
00:23:50,310 --> 00:23:54,890
and it's because you can essentially compose different elements

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into more powerful functions, so generally

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when you do anything in Vim you can think of it as

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combining an operator with a motion.

408
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So far we've just dealt with motions, like HJKL. 

409
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They move you around, and then b and w, they also move you around different ways,

410
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but we haven't gone yet to being able to delete things or change things or whatnot,

411
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and when you combine operators with motions then you're able to have

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much more powerful effects, so for example, 

413
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if I wanted to delete 2 words, I can use d for the deletion operator,

414
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and I can add a 2 to indicate that I want to delete 2 words,

415
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and then I include a motion.

416
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I could include w to say delete 2 words.

417
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I could use something like J to say delete downward 2 times

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and delete 2 lines below me.

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I could say d2b to delete backwards twice,

420
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and there are even more motions than the ones that I've shown here

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to really, really make your Vim editing much more powerful.

422
00:24:52,120 --> 00:24:55,450
>> These are some of the most popular or the most common operators

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and are pretty easy to remember as well.

424
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D for delete, c for change.

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C is basically the exact same thing as change except that

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when you use c you automatically get put into insert mode afterwards.

427
00:25:05,990 --> 00:25:08,050
Normally when you use deletion you use it from normal mode, 

428
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and after you delete something you stay in normal mode.

429
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But if you want to change something, you can use c 

430
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to delete something and then immediately go into insertion mode

431
00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:17,740
so you can start typing and fix something.

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Y is for yanking.

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It's basically Vim's notion of copying.

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For example, if I want to copy the next 2 words I can do y2w or something like that,

435
00:25:29,220 --> 00:25:32,120
and v is for highlighting, essentially.

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00:25:32,120 --> 00:25:35,550
And also what's really cool is if you type an operator twice

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it will act on an entire line, so if I want to delete an entire line

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I can type dd to delete the entire line, 

439
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or if I want to copy the entire line I can use yy or something like that.

440
00:25:47,370 --> 00:25:51,600
>> Let's try this some more.

441
00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:56,280
There's an exercise here for an advanced movement operator as well

442
00:25:56,280 --> 00:25:59,230
and even some other things I'm not going to cover in the PowerPoint today,

443
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but you can feel free to look over them later and play around with them

444
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and get familiar with them.

445
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Operators and motions.

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For example, suppose there are these 2 words you just want to delete in the sentence.

447
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What you'll want to do is you'll want to make sure that your

448
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cursor is at the beginning of the first word you want to delete,

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and you can type in d2w, and it will delete those 2 words for you.

450
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And using this exact command, d2w, may seem a bit cumbersome

451
00:26:33,140 --> 00:26:35,940
and pointless, but it's supposed to express the idea 

452
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that you can compose these different things, and also just in case

453
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you do happen to be in the situation, then you can end up using dw or d2w,

454
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which I do use occasionally. 

455
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Dd and cc I use much more often because you can act on entire lines.

456
00:26:50,030 --> 00:26:52,000
>> For example, let's say I have this random list here,

457
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and maybe I want to delete the line that says Huskies because it doesn't fit, just because,

458
00:26:59,030 --> 00:27:01,200
and I don't want it to go into insertion mode afterwards.

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00:27:01,200 --> 00:27:03,530
I want to delete it, in which case I could type dd,

460
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and that will delete the entire line.

461
00:27:07,090 --> 00:27:11,680
But let's say now there's this other line that I want to delete,

462
00:27:11,680 --> 00:27:16,850
but I also want to fix it and rewrite it, in which case I'll try something like cc,

463
00:27:16,850 --> 00:27:19,550
and that deletes the entire line but puts me in insertion mode, as you can see, 

464
00:27:19,550 --> 00:27:24,970
and I can fix it from there.

465
00:27:24,970 --> 00:27:28,510
And there are many, many different ways you can combine operators and motions,

466
00:27:28,510 --> 00:27:31,360
and as you use Vim more and more you learn more about different ways

467
00:27:31,360 --> 00:27:36,300
you can use these commands, and you'll become better and better. 

468
00:27:36,300 --> 00:27:40,180
Awesome, now here are some other assorted commands 

469
00:27:40,180 --> 00:27:44,700
that also are very, very commonly used and also will help you become better at Vim.

470
00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:48,780
>> For example, we talked about lowercase v for visual highlighting.

471
00:27:48,780 --> 00:27:51,530
We can also use uppercase V for visual line highlighting.

472
00:27:51,530 --> 00:27:55,880
That way you can highlight entire lines at a time much more easily.

473
00:27:55,880 --> 00:27:59,180
You can use o when you're in normal mode to basically insert a new line

474
00:27:59,180 --> 00:28:03,620
below the line you're currently on and put it into insertion mode to start typing.

475
00:28:03,620 --> 00:28:07,270
You can use lowercase x to delete the character that's currently under your cursor.

476
00:28:07,270 --> 00:28:10,230
You can also use u to undo, which is kind of nice,

477
00:28:10,230 --> 00:28:14,180
and you can use capital A to append to the end of the current line,

478
00:28:14,180 --> 00:28:18,310
so perhaps your cursor is somewhere on the line, and you want to add to the end of the line.

479
00:28:18,310 --> 00:28:21,150
Then you can type capital A to immediately jump to the end of the line 

480
00:28:21,150 --> 00:28:25,140
and go into insertion mode so you can add to the end of the line.

481
00:28:25,140 --> 00:28:30,840
>> I think I have a few more exercises for that which we can try out.

482
00:28:30,840 --> 00:28:33,240
Actually, no, I don't. Not for those.

483
00:28:33,240 --> 00:28:35,810
But we have some more exercises for the next section which we'll see.

484
00:28:35,810 --> 00:28:38,420
But these you can try out yourself as well.

485
00:28:38,420 --> 00:28:45,610
For example, if you type in regular v, you'll get regular highlighting that you're used to like this.

486
00:28:45,610 --> 00:28:49,800
If you type in capital V, you can get full line highlighting like that,

487
00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:55,850
or if I type in o it basically will open a new line for me, which is kind of nice.

488
00:28:55,850 --> 00:28:58,850
X I can use to delete characters on the cursor.

489
00:28:58,850 --> 00:29:00,800
I can press x a bunch of times and delete stuff.

490
00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:06,720
I can press u to undo all that.

491
00:29:06,720 --> 00:29:09,600
A, I can type in A to immediately go to the end of the line,

492
00:29:09,600 --> 00:29:14,040
and I also included a few other nice keys 

493
00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:19,240
that you can also look at after the presentation to learn some other commands.

494
00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:21,250
>> [Student] What's replacement about?

495
00:29:21,250 --> 00:29:23,050
[Brandon L.] Replacement is also really cool

496
00:29:23,050 --> 00:29:26,240
and basically if you go somewhere—

497
00:29:26,240 --> 00:29:30,060
have you ever—people don't really use it that much anymore these days,

498
00:29:30,060 --> 00:29:34,340
but have you guys ever seen in Microsoft Word if you type insert

499
00:29:34,340 --> 00:29:37,840
you suddenly go into this weird mode where every single character you type

500
00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:39,570
basically replaces the next character?

501
00:29:39,570 --> 00:29:41,020
I don't know if you guys have ever seen that. 

502
00:29:41,020 --> 00:29:43,250
This is similar to that. 

503
00:29:43,250 --> 00:29:47,150
For example, if I want to overwrite what I currently have for some reason

504
00:29:47,150 --> 00:29:51,300
I can type in capital R, and I'll now be in replace mode, as you can see in the bottom left.

505
00:29:51,300 --> 00:29:58,380
If I type stuff it overwrites things, and I can also backspace, which is kind of cool,

506
00:29:58,380 --> 00:30:00,140
and I can undo that.

507
00:30:00,140 --> 00:30:06,980
I don't use that very often, but every now and then it becomes handy.

508
00:30:06,980 --> 00:30:14,150
>> Let's talk about text objects, which is one of my favorite things about Vim, honestly.

509
00:30:14,150 --> 00:30:19,660
Text objects are basically this notion of defining some sort of chunk of text

510
00:30:19,660 --> 00:30:26,550
inside your text file, and I'll go over these keys first,

511
00:30:26,550 --> 00:30:29,860
and then I'll give you some demonstrations for you to more fully understand what that means.

512
00:30:29,860 --> 00:30:34,650
W refers to a word, like a text object as a word,

513
00:30:34,650 --> 00:30:36,480
so some word as you normally know it, 

514
00:30:36,480 --> 00:30:39,300
and if there's punctuation that's next to the word

515
00:30:39,300 --> 00:30:43,490
then it won't include the punctuation generally.

516
00:30:43,490 --> 00:30:46,440
But for example, if you want to include the punctuation for some reason

517
00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:49,080
or you're doing something that's not English and you want to include

518
00:30:49,080 --> 00:30:51,180
all the characters that are delineated by whitespace 

519
00:30:51,180 --> 00:30:55,390
you can also use capital W to get everything that's surrounded by whitespace.

520
00:30:55,390 --> 00:30:58,510
You can also use parentheses to refer to a text object

521
00:30:58,510 --> 00:31:00,170
that's inside a set of parentheses.

522
00:31:00,170 --> 00:31:03,950
You can do the same thing with square brackets, angle brackets, 

523
00:31:03,950 --> 00:31:06,450
braces, and quotes as well, and finally,

524
00:31:06,450 --> 00:31:10,970
you can also use t to refer to some tag.

525
00:31:10,970 --> 00:31:15,390
>> Let me show you how that actually plays out.

526
00:31:15,390 --> 00:31:21,380
For example, this is my very first example in my showcase.

527
00:31:21,380 --> 00:31:26,950
There's some word in this sentence which I want to change,

528
00:31:26,950 --> 00:31:30,560
and we talked about W being used as a motion,

529
00:31:30,560 --> 00:31:33,170
but you can also use it as a text object like so.

530
00:31:33,170 --> 00:31:40,940
For example, one way I could change Barack's name or basically modify it

531
00:31:40,940 --> 00:31:46,730
is I could go to the beginning of this word and type in c for change and w for word,

532
00:31:46,730 --> 00:31:51,650
and that will delete the entire word and put it into insertion mode.

533
00:31:51,650 --> 00:31:54,240
But it's very annoying for me to have to go to the beginning of the word all the time.

534
00:31:54,240 --> 00:31:56,530
That's really annoying. I don't want to have to do that.

535
00:31:56,530 --> 00:32:00,390
I can actually be anywhere inside his name

536
00:32:00,390 --> 00:32:03,930
and type in ciw, and the i stands for inner, 

537
00:32:03,930 --> 00:32:06,590
so if I type in ciw it stands for change in a word,

538
00:32:06,590 --> 00:32:10,150
or in other words, change the word I'm currently inside,

539
00:32:10,150 --> 00:32:13,280
and it will give you the exact same effect.

540
00:32:13,280 --> 00:32:17,130
You can fix that. 

541
00:32:17,130 --> 00:32:21,390
>> Similarly, perhaps I have some case like this 

542
00:32:21,390 --> 00:32:27,920
where for some reason there are some delimiters or something like that,

543
00:32:27,920 --> 00:32:31,700
or there's some punctuation, and I wanted to delete the whole thing.

544
00:32:31,700 --> 00:32:36,530
If I type in ciw it will delete what's inside these delimiters, 

545
00:32:36,530 --> 00:32:39,830
but I want to get the whole thing that's surrounded by whitespace, 

546
00:32:39,830 --> 00:32:42,750
so I can use ciW to delete the whole thing. 

547
00:32:42,750 --> 00:32:51,000
I'll type in five, do the same thing, and type in six. 

548
00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:53,670
Similarly, if I want to change something that's inside the parentheses

549
00:32:53,670 --> 00:32:58,340
I can type in ci) to delete everything that's inside the parentheses

550
00:32:58,340 --> 00:33:05,460
and then fill in whatever I want to do, like int argc, whatever you want to do,

551
00:33:05,460 --> 00:33:07,330
and similarly, the same thing with quotes. 

552
00:33:07,330 --> 00:33:13,130
I can fix text that's inside of quotes,

553
00:33:13,130 --> 00:33:21,540
and I can also change things that are inside of tags.

554
00:33:21,540 --> 00:33:24,400
Does that make sense?

555
00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:27,020
>> Another thing you can do is you don't have to use c.

556
00:33:27,020 --> 00:33:30,690
You can also use d if you want to delete what's inside these tags. 

557
00:33:30,690 --> 00:33:35,370
If I want to delete the text inside a tag I can use dit to delete that tag.

558
00:33:35,370 --> 00:33:40,360
I can also use vit to highlight what's inside the tag, for example.

559
00:33:40,360 --> 00:33:43,920
The other thing is instead of using i in the middle you can also use a,

560
00:33:43,920 --> 00:33:49,490
which stands for all, so remember if you use i it will refer to the text object

561
00:33:49,490 --> 00:33:52,260
or use a text object that's contained inside the delimiters, 

562
00:33:52,260 --> 00:33:56,000
but if you use a it will include that text as well as the delimiter itself.

563
00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:59,180
For example, if I want to highlight this text and the surrounding tag

564
00:33:59,180 --> 00:34:05,390
I can use vat, v for visual highlight, a for all, and then t for the tag.

565
00:34:05,390 --> 00:34:08,350
You can do something like that as well.

566
00:34:08,350 --> 00:34:15,810
Maybe I want to delete this google.com with the quotes around it as well,

567
00:34:15,810 --> 00:34:22,860
and I can use something like da" to delete all of that, for example.

568
00:34:22,860 --> 00:34:26,520
>> Any questions so far?

569
00:34:26,520 --> 00:34:32,270
I realize that I'm dumping on you a lot of Vim commands all at once,

570
00:34:32,270 --> 00:34:36,210
and this is basically because I want to expose you to all the different commands

571
00:34:36,210 --> 00:34:39,480
and give you an introduction to what these commands do in Vim.

572
00:34:39,480 --> 00:34:41,460
But what's going to have to happen is when you go back 

573
00:34:41,460 --> 00:34:44,250
you're going to have to slowly pick up these commands one by one.

574
00:34:44,250 --> 00:34:47,880
You don't want to overwhelm yourself, because that's too overwhelming.

575
00:34:47,880 --> 00:34:50,460
If you want to pick up Vim what you have to really do is 

576
00:34:50,460 --> 00:34:53,590
start with the first basic set, and I've broken it up into lessons for you

577
00:34:53,590 --> 00:34:57,830
that make it easier for you to follow, and try and master each set of commands

578
00:34:57,830 --> 00:35:00,400
one by one, one at a time.

579
00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:03,500
It's too much to do everything at once, so what you should do when you go back is

580
00:35:03,500 --> 00:35:10,950
go to the first lesson, which is HJKL, insertion mode, escape into normal mode,

581
00:35:10,950 --> 00:35:13,790
and saving and quitting, and that's all you really need to survive in Vim,

582
00:35:13,790 --> 00:35:15,220
and get really, really comfortable with that. 

583
00:35:15,220 --> 00:35:18,270
And after a few days once you're very comfortable with that

584
00:35:18,270 --> 00:35:21,170
you should move on to the more advanced motion operators,

585
00:35:21,170 --> 00:35:25,890
the more advanced motions, and on to the operators and so on and so forth. 

586
00:35:25,890 --> 00:35:32,160
>> I know I'm going through a lot, but I want to get you exposed to a lot of different things.

587
00:35:32,160 --> 00:35:36,080
But in case you're up for the challenge, I can show you 

588
00:35:36,080 --> 00:35:43,690
how you can put this all together using the most of what we just learned today,

589
00:35:43,690 --> 00:35:46,280
and you can also follow along if you want, 

590
00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:48,590
but I created some random exercise.

591
00:35:48,590 --> 00:35:51,140
Suppose we have some sort of roster like this 

592
00:35:51,140 --> 00:35:53,200
where you have these blocks with people's names, 

593
00:35:53,200 --> 00:35:55,440
houses, years, and concentrations and whatnot,

594
00:35:55,440 --> 00:35:59,240
and you want to add a new entry for yourself.

595
00:35:59,240 --> 00:36:01,530
What's the best way for you to do this?

596
00:36:01,530 --> 00:36:03,240
Let's do it like this. 

597
00:36:03,240 --> 00:36:06,620
Why don't we first highlight this block.

598
00:36:06,620 --> 00:36:08,710
You're going to select it, and we can press y to yank it, 

599
00:36:08,710 --> 00:36:11,180
so now we can basically copy and paste this template first

600
00:36:11,180 --> 00:36:16,500
without having to rewrite the whole thing from scratch.

601
00:36:16,500 --> 00:36:20,390
Now I'll press j down a bunch of times to go down,

602
00:36:20,390 --> 00:36:22,560
and I'll press p to paste it.

603
00:36:22,560 --> 00:36:26,990
Maybe I'll add some extra lines for a space,

604
00:36:26,990 --> 00:36:31,130
and let's say now I want to change your name to someone.

605
00:36:31,130 --> 00:36:36,220
Then I can go here and type in c2w like before to change that name.

606
00:36:36,220 --> 00:36:38,860
Bob Jones, who knows. 

607
00:36:38,860 --> 00:36:41,470
Maybe if I want to change the house I can go into the middle here 

608
00:36:41,470 --> 00:36:44,230
and type in ciw and put Cabot House.

609
00:36:44,230 --> 00:36:47,850
>> Here may be an example of where you may want to consider using

610
00:36:47,850 --> 00:36:52,970
the replacement mode to change your graduation year if you want,

611
00:36:52,970 --> 00:36:54,890
or we can also use ciw as well.

612
00:36:54,890 --> 00:36:57,550
It doesn't matter. 

613
00:36:57,550 --> 00:37:07,180
Maybe you want to change your major.

614
00:37:07,180 --> 00:37:11,310
And that's what you do.

615
00:37:11,310 --> 00:37:17,170
And maybe I will give you a demonstration of what I might do

616
00:37:17,170 --> 00:37:23,820
if I were—if you continue to learn more advanced commands in Vim 

617
00:37:23,820 --> 00:37:25,690
because we're barely scratching the surface here,

618
00:37:25,690 --> 00:37:28,960
and I could do this sort of editing even faster than I've shown you here

619
00:37:28,960 --> 00:37:32,860
because I know more commands that I haven't gotten a chance to show you for today.

620
00:37:32,860 --> 00:37:37,500
For example, if I want to highlight this I can do it like that,

621
00:37:37,500 --> 00:37:39,960
move down.

622
00:37:39,960 --> 00:37:43,860
I've added my own mapping

623
00:37:43,860 --> 00:37:48,100
to basically automatically highlight stuff for me

624
00:37:48,100 --> 00:38:02,610
and I can—I don't know. 

625
00:38:02,610 --> 00:38:05,260
I mean, this is just trying to show you that you can really, really 

626
00:38:05,260 --> 00:38:08,180
start editing things more quickly, especially when you have all these different fields,

627
00:38:08,180 --> 00:38:10,620
and normally what you might be doing is sort of clicking

628
00:38:10,620 --> 00:38:13,530
and highlighting and then typing.

629
00:38:13,530 --> 00:38:18,530
You can do everything all at once, copying and pasting,

630
00:38:18,530 --> 00:38:21,640
moving up and down between the file, 

631
00:38:21,640 --> 00:38:24,060
just delimiting stuff, formatting stuff.

632
00:38:24,060 --> 00:38:29,670
All this can be done much, much more quickly in Vim.

633
00:38:29,670 --> 00:38:32,580
>> Just one last little thing which I think may be really nice,

634
00:38:32,580 --> 00:38:34,820
which is find and replace.

635
00:38:34,820 --> 00:38:36,460
Those of you who have used Gmail shortcuts

636
00:38:36,460 --> 00:38:41,050
you'll also know that if you type in / it sends you to the search box,

637
00:38:41,050 --> 00:38:44,210
and in a lot of different applications in general you'll find that slash

638
00:38:44,210 --> 00:38:47,300
or maybe control slash or something to do with slash

639
00:38:47,300 --> 00:38:49,870
will put you into some sort of search mode,

640
00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:53,240
and that also basically comes from Vim essentially

641
00:38:53,240 --> 00:38:58,670
because the slash operator or the slash command allows you to input

642
00:38:58,670 --> 00:39:01,770
some sort of string that you can use to search within the document.

643
00:39:01,770 --> 00:39:05,350
You can n and capital N to go to the next and the previous occurrence, 

644
00:39:05,350 --> 00:39:10,700
and you can also use something similar to search and replace within the document.

645
00:39:10,700 --> 00:39:15,060
I'll give you a demonstration on what can be done.

646
00:39:15,060 --> 00:39:18,200
>> Maybe if I want to find all instances of the string yank within this document

647
00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:23,310
I can type in /yank, as you can see in the bottom left corner,

648
00:39:23,310 --> 00:39:26,350
and when I type enter it highlights all instances.

649
00:39:26,350 --> 00:39:34,160
I can use basically n to jump back and forth between all those different instances,

650
00:39:34,160 --> 00:39:40,420
and let's suppose I want to search and replace yank with some random word

651
00:39:40,420 --> 00:39:42,180
that's also in the document.

652
00:39:42,180 --> 00:39:47,070
I can press : to start typing in some sort of command within Vim,

653
00:39:47,070 --> 00:39:49,610
some command that's more sophisticated than moving around 

654
00:39:49,610 --> 00:39:51,370
or deleting or something like that.

655
00:39:51,370 --> 00:39:56,860
I will type in the % sign to refer that I want to use this substitution command

656
00:39:56,860 --> 00:39:58,230
on the entire document.

657
00:39:58,230 --> 00:40:02,380
Type in s for substitution. This comes from PEARL essentially.

658
00:40:02,380 --> 00:40:07,040
And this next command is a pretty standard command that you'll find in PEARL

659
00:40:07,040 --> 00:40:09,790
instead and in other programming languages that you'll 

660
00:40:09,790 --> 00:40:13,170
probably start to learn as you do more computer science,

661
00:40:13,170 --> 00:40:20,130
and I can basically use / to type a /, type in the word I want to find and replace

662
00:40:20,130 --> 00:40:24,280
and then type another / and type in whatever word I want to replace that word with.

663
00:40:24,280 --> 00:40:27,450
Who knows, maybe nyancat.

664
00:40:27,450 --> 00:40:30,390
I do that, and then you'll see that everything got replaced.

665
00:40:30,390 --> 00:40:34,000
>> But you'll notice that there's this word here.

666
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:37,620
For some reason some of our instances of yank are replaced but not all,

667
00:40:37,620 --> 00:40:40,250
and that's because the way this sort of language has been written

668
00:40:40,250 --> 00:40:43,550
not only in Vim but in other places is that when you run the substitution command

669
00:40:43,550 --> 00:40:46,470
it will only substitute the first instance of that word in each line,

670
00:40:46,470 --> 00:40:52,810
so if I want to actually substitute all instances of the word on every single line

671
00:40:52,810 --> 00:40:56,890
then I have to do the same thing but add a g flag at the very end,

672
00:40:56,890 --> 00:41:00,810
which stands for global, and then that will actually 

673
00:41:00,810 --> 00:41:06,200
substitute all instances.

674
00:41:06,200 --> 00:41:09,710
And once you learn the regular expressions, there's actually a CS50 seminar

675
00:41:09,710 --> 00:41:12,120
on regular expressions, so if you're curious about regular expressions

676
00:41:12,120 --> 00:41:16,970
you can also take that seminar and learn more.

677
00:41:16,970 --> 00:41:19,920
>> But for example, let's say I have a list of names like this,

678
00:41:19,920 --> 00:41:23,920
and I want to rearrange it, so instead of having last name, comma, first name

679
00:41:23,920 --> 00:41:27,490
I want to rearrange it so it says first name, space, last name.

680
00:41:27,490 --> 00:41:30,750
You can actually use this command right here

681
00:41:30,750 --> 00:41:33,600
to essentially do that for you, so as you can see here 

682
00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:37,170
we start with an s, which means we want to do a find and replace,

683
00:41:37,170 --> 00:41:42,970
and then I added a flag called \v, which is something called this magic flag 

684
00:41:42,970 --> 00:41:45,810
in Vim which allows you to do regular expressions more easily.

685
00:41:45,810 --> 00:41:49,370
Then from there we basically match for any single line

686
00:41:49,370 --> 00:41:55,960
that is of the form a set of words, comma, space, and a set of words or a set of letters.

687
00:41:55,960 --> 00:41:59,240
\w+ basically means one or more characters,

688
00:41:59,240 --> 00:42:04,030
and the parentheses are used to capture these groups

689
00:42:04,030 --> 00:42:06,120
so I can refer to them later.

690
00:42:06,120 --> 00:42:09,910
As you can see, once these capture 2 blocks of words 

691
00:42:09,910 --> 00:42:11,690
that are separated by a comma, space 

692
00:42:11,690 --> 00:42:15,510
then what we want to replace it with is I use \2 and \1

693
00:42:15,510 --> 00:42:18,130
to refer back to the words that were captured

694
00:42:18,130 --> 00:42:20,950
in the actual find command,

695
00:42:20,950 --> 00:42:24,970
and so \2 refers to whatever is contained in the second set of parentheses,

696
00:42:24,970 --> 00:42:28,140
\1 refers to whatever is contained in the first set of parentheses,

697
00:42:28,140 --> 00:42:31,680
and as you can see, I'm putting 2 before 1 separated by a space

698
00:42:31,680 --> 00:42:36,650
to try and move the first name before the last name.

699
00:42:36,650 --> 00:42:38,380
Does that make sense?

700
00:42:38,380 --> 00:42:43,450
>> And what I can do is I can hide these first so I only run this command on these lines,

701
00:42:43,450 --> 00:42:53,720
and then I'll type in this command.

702
00:42:53,720 --> 00:42:57,050
You can see it does exactly as divided.

703
00:42:57,050 --> 00:42:59,400
And again, this is barely scratching the surface,

704
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:03,020
and if you go to the regular expression seminar then I'm sure you'll learn 

705
00:43:03,020 --> 00:43:05,070
a lot more different things you can do with regular expressions,

706
00:43:05,070 --> 00:43:08,910
and this basically starts to hint at what you can really do with Vim 

707
00:43:08,910 --> 00:43:10,850
if you really start to become a master of it.

708
00:43:10,850 --> 00:43:14,520
Perhaps you want to refactor something, and you want to find all instances

709
00:43:14,520 --> 00:43:16,980
of some function that follows some sort of naming pattern.

710
00:43:16,980 --> 00:43:18,570
You want to change the way that's named.

711
00:43:18,570 --> 00:43:21,140
You can write some sort of command like this to do that for you,

712
00:43:21,140 --> 00:43:23,850
and that's the sort of flexibility you can get within Vim

713
00:43:23,850 --> 00:43:30,210
that you're just not going to get in other text editors.

714
00:43:30,210 --> 00:43:34,830
>> That basically covers all the things I wanted to teach you today in today's seminar,

715
00:43:34,830 --> 00:43:38,580
but again, I really want to stress that if you want to pick up Vim 

716
00:43:38,580 --> 00:43:42,120
it is true that there's a slightly higher learning curve in the beginning.

717
00:43:42,120 --> 00:43:44,230
In the very beginning you will be slightly less productive

718
00:43:44,230 --> 00:43:47,010
than you probably would be otherwise, but if you stick with it 

719
00:43:47,010 --> 00:43:49,890
within a few days or a few weeks, depending upon how fast you learn,

720
00:43:49,890 --> 00:43:56,300
you'll become much, much faster, and I tried to give you a demonstration

721
00:43:56,300 --> 00:43:59,070
on what Vim is capable of but I didn't really get a chance to show you 

722
00:43:59,070 --> 00:44:03,230
what happens when I normally—for example, in class I type into my notes with Vim.

723
00:44:03,230 --> 00:44:07,920
That's because I can work so much faster in Vim than I can with any other program.

724
00:44:07,920 --> 00:44:14,480
It is literally a 2 or 3 time productivity increase in Vim compared to other programs,

725
00:44:14,480 --> 00:44:18,800
not only with the speed of text editing but also in the way I can move around the document

726
00:44:18,800 --> 00:44:21,510
and the way I can access other files on my computer

727
00:44:21,510 --> 00:44:23,110
and jump in between them and so on and so forth.

728
00:44:23,110 --> 00:44:27,600
It's just a really, really huge productivity boost.

729
00:44:27,600 --> 00:44:30,550
>> But when you're learning, you want to make sure you learn one thing at a time,

730
00:44:30,550 --> 00:44:34,970
and try not to overwhelm yourself with too many different commands

731
00:44:34,970 --> 00:44:39,090
because there are a lot of commands and a lot of different shortcuts you can learn in Vim.

732
00:44:39,090 --> 00:44:41,780
You want to pick up a little at a time and over the years

733
00:44:41,780 --> 00:44:48,990
gradually amass a larger and larger understanding of Vim.

734
00:44:48,990 --> 00:44:51,790
If you want to continue to learn more, these are some of the more advanced topics

735
00:44:51,790 --> 00:44:55,900
you can continue to learn about, and even this barely scratches the surface.

736
00:44:55,900 --> 00:44:59,050
Here are some popular plugins you can feel free to check out and Google them

737
00:44:59,050 --> 00:45:03,750
and play around with them if you want to and just see what sort of plugins are out there.

738
00:45:03,750 --> 00:45:06,260
And then at the end of this PowerPoint, I include a bunch of links 

739
00:45:06,260 --> 00:45:08,740
to various resources you can use to learn from. 

740
00:45:08,740 --> 00:45:12,700
Here are a bunch of different links you can use to get started with Vim.

741
00:45:12,700 --> 00:45:15,150
They have different tutorials and whatnot,

742
00:45:15,150 --> 00:45:17,770
and finally, these are some more advanced things you can use 

743
00:45:17,770 --> 00:45:19,790
to also check out as well,

744
00:45:19,790 --> 00:45:22,340
some screen casts and some more advanced techniques in Vim 

745
00:45:22,340 --> 00:45:26,450
and also some different pieces of source code you can look up on GitHub

746
00:45:26,450 --> 00:45:28,760
just to look at other people's configuration files 

747
00:45:28,760 --> 00:45:32,710
or to look at plugins in Vim and so on and so forth.

748
00:45:32,710 --> 00:45:40,380
>> That's all I have for you.

749
00:45:40,380 --> 00:45:43,000
[CS50.TV]