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>> DAVID Malan: Kull dritt, merħba lura.

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Dan huwa CS50, u dan huwa
il-bidu ta 'ġimgħa 10.

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00:00:16,210 --> 00:00:19,940
Għalhekk, għall-diversi ġimgħat, konna
qed tagħti ħarsa lejn livell pjuttost baxx kif

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l-internet jaħdem.

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TCP / IP, HTTP, il-[lingwa? top?]
li konna bdew jibnu interessanti

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affarijiet fil-lingwi bħall HTML, CSS,
PHP, u aktar reċentement JavaScript.

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>> Illum, għalkemm, aħna qed magħquda flimkien permezz Jonathan
Zittrain, professur fi

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Harvard Law School, fil-Harvard Kennedy
-Iskola, u l-Iskola Harvard tas

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Inġinerija u Xjenzi Applikati, li
aktar reċentement mgħallma kors imsejjaħ

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Xjenza tal-Kompjuter 42, Kontroll
Cyberspace.

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Illum, aħna lest li issa tħares lejn
stampa ferm akbar, u bla dubju ta '

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bit lejn kif il-ħajja, l-univers, u
kollox jaħdem, mal-ħabib tagħna,

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professur Jonathan Zittrain.

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>> JONATHAN ZITTRAIN: Grazzi,
David, u wara nofsinhar tajba.

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Inti fil inkredibbli
Naturalment, kif tafu.

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Inti apprenticing għal sett ta '
teknoloġiji li huma verament mhux tas-soltu,

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u nixtieq li nitkellmu llum dwar dak
jagħmilhom sabiex mhux tas-soltu, għaliex għandna

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kura dwar dan, u għaliex dawn jistgħu jiġu
tevolvi fil-futur fid-direzzjonijiet

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li aħna ma simili.

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U possibilment anke dak li tagħmel dwar dan,
għalkemm I realizzata aħna għandna madwar 49

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minuti u 30 sekonda għadhom, hekk
xi kantunieri jistgħu jkunu maqtugħin.

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>> Forsi qafas biex jaħsbu dwar
dan il-għalf huwa teknoloġiji

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bħala proprjetà u unowned.

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U nixtieq li jispjegaw dak I
jfisser minn proprjetà u unowned.

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Teknoloġija l-aktar fid-dinja jkun proprjetà,
u jien ser jagħtuk ftit eżempji ta 'dak.

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Iżda l-internet jinstabx li jkun
unowned teknoloġija, u li jistgħu jagħmlu

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id-differenza.

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>> Allura hawn huma xi teknoloġiji proprjetà.

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Dan huwa l-IBM System/360.

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Dan kien kompjuter back serju
fil-jum tagħha, u kif tistgħu taraw,

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kollox dwar dan radiates li inti
kellhom aħjar li ma jmorru kullimkien qrib dan.

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Dan hu t-tip ta 'kompjuter li sib
fil-kantina ta 'kumpanija kbira -

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attwarju, kumpannija ta 'assigurazzjoni, ta'
bank, jew forsi gvern jaqbilx

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iċ-ċensiment.

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U kienu pprogrammati, normalment, mill-
bejjiegħ li jitħaddmu l-magna, fl

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F'dan il-każ IBM.

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U dan għaliex, filwaqt li kien
kompjuter iskop ġenerali, jista 'jkun

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programmati jew ipprogrammati mill-ġdid, kienet daqshekk
prezzjuż u delikat, u parti mill-

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mudell tan-negozju ta 'IBM kien li jżomm
l barra mill-konsumatur tagħha.

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>> Inti minflok tgħid IBM dak li
riedu, u allura dawn imorru quddiem

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u program għalik.

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Mhux ftehim ħażin, iżda ħafna proprjetà
teknoloġija fis-sens li nafu

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li huwa responsabbli għaliha, u lil min
tort jekk xi ħaġa tmur ħażin miegħu,

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u dan ifisser li aħna mhux qed tmur biex
nikseb li sorpriżi minn dan, għaliex

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kulħadd huwa hekk attenta dwar dak
huma jużaw il-kompjuter għall.

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Issa, dawn huma l-xorta ta '
affarijiet li marru fis dan.

49
00:03:09,660 --> 00:03:14,820
Dawk huma, naturalment, antikwata
punch cards, u dawk rappreżentati,

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għal darb'oħra, li inti tista 'programm tal-
magna bl-ebda mod li inti ridt, so

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Sakemm inti tista 'tikseb qrib dan, li
għal darb'oħra, ġeneralment, inti ma setgħux.

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>> Dan huwa tip ieħor ta 'teknoloġija
li hija proprjetà wkoll.

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Dan huwa l-Flexowriter Friden.

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U l-Flexowriter Friden kienet qisha
typewriter standard, u kif inti ittajpjat,

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l-ittri jidher fuq il-karta,
iżda għandu wkoll jagħmilha għal ftit

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għafsiet f'dan tape
li dam permezz tiegħu.

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U l-tejp, jekk tpoġġi lura permezz tal-
typewriter bħal piano player, kieku

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tip fl kwalunkwe kellhom qabel
sar.

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Li fisser li ma imqass biżżejjed
u kolla, inti tista 'attwalment maqtugħ u

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paste tiegħek mod biex jingħaqdu mail
aktar faċilment milli inti tista

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mal-Microsoft Word.

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>> Għalhekk, il-Flexowriter kien ħafna jibred.

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Kien ħafna aċċessibbli.

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Ma jheddu li electrocute
jekk inti tmur qrib dan.

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Iżda hemm ebda post biex punch
karta li tgħid li x'għandek tagħmel.

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It-teknoloġija punch biss data.

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Tip dak li tara, jew li jiġġenera
li strixxa kif inti tip.

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M'hemm l-ebda kodiċi.

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Hemm kontenut biss bil-
Flexowriter, u s-suċċessuri tiegħu huma

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dak id-dinja ta 'l-1980 u 1990
kien iffurmar sa jkun għall-informazzjoni

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teknoloġija.

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>> Dan huwa l-Smart Brother
Word Processor.

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Iddawwar dan ħaġa fuq, dan
hija iskrin dar tagħha.

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Fejn kieku inti tixtieq li tmur llum?

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Word-processing, spreadsheet,
eċċetera, eċċetera.

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U l-mod kif dan ħaġa ħadmu fuq
L-Erbgħa kien eżattament il-mod li

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ħadem nhar it-Tlieta, u kien il-mod
hija kienet se taħdem sa

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inti ltqajna jeħles minnu.

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Ma kienx programmabbli.

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>> Għal darb'oħra, ittrattat biss data, u huwa
teknoloġija proprjetà, għaliex kif

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billi taġixxi kien ħafna ħafna ta '
artifact ta 'dak l-Brother

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nies jitqiegħed fis dan.

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Ditto, wieħed jista 'tama, għall
a scan magna CAT.

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Inti tixtieq li topera eżattament kif
kienet maħsuba, għalkemm huma

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ftit riprogrammabbli fl
il-mod System/360 IBM.

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Għal darb'oħra, naraw xi riskji, xi
sorpriżi koroh li jistgħu jiġu

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jekk għandek il-poplu programmazzjoni ħażin
scanner CAT tiegħek, kif

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attwalment ġara
l-aħħar ftit snin.

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Imma issa, parti minn din scanner CAT huwa
biċċa ftit ta 'dak I għandu jiddeskrivi

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bħala teknoloġija unowned
fin-nofs ta 'dan.

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U li huwa l-kompjuter personali.

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>> Mela ejja nħarsu lejn it-teknoloġija unowned
li ltqajna l-affarijiet bdew.

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Dan huwa Steve Jobs fil-Kosta tal-Punent
Faire Computer fl-1977, deskritt bħala

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10,000 mixi, jitkellem
Freaks kompjuter.

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Dan kien marġinali ħafna, iżda ukoll
attendew, u dan kien, għall-ewwel

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żmien fl-idejn tal-konsumatur,
magna riprogrammabbli.

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Ikollok Apple II tiegħek.

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You dawwar fuq wara hooking up għal,
iva, televiżjoni tiegħek stabbiliti, u ikollok

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a cursor Teptip.

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U huwa sa inti biex insemmu
dak li għandek tagħmel.

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Meta ikollok l-Apple II minn
il-kaxxa, huwa stop bieb.

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Huwa biss meta inti tagħmel affarijiet bħal dawn
bħala 10, jistampa bonjour.

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20, mur sa 10, li l-gost verament jibda.

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>> U kellek lottijiet u lottijiet ta 'nies
żżid l quddiem għall-programm tagħhom

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kompjuters personali, maħsuba
bħala magni hobbyist.

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Fi żmien sentejn kellek Dan Bricklin
u Bob Frankston taż-żona Boston,

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ipprogrammar ta 'l-ewwel diġitali
spreadsheet qatt, VisiCalc.

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U f'daqqa waħda, in-negozji tal-pajjiż
fuq kienu simili, oh tiegħi god,

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spreadsheets.

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U huma bdew jixtru
Kompjuters Apple II.

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Dawn huma jtajru off-ixkafef, u
Apple kellha tagħmel riċerka tas-suq li

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figura tispjega għaliex dan ħaġa
kien tant popolari.

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>> Dak hu li jagħmel din
unowned teknoloġija.

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00:06:59,210 --> 00:07:03,055
Inti ma jixtru minn Apple, iżda Apple
jistenna li inti jew Bob Frankston jew

115
00:07:03,055 --> 00:07:05,410
jew xi ħadd għall-programm aktar tard.

116
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U jekk Apple tiegħek ma spreadsheet
il-mod li trid, mhuwiex ċar li

117
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huwa tort Apple.

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00:07:11,200 --> 00:07:16,160
Huwa unowned fis-sens li taċċetta
kontribuzzjonijiet mingħand xi ħadd bl-

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moxie u l-ħila biex program, li
jistgħu mbagħad jaqsmu dak il-programm

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ma ħaddieħor.

121
00:07:22,580 --> 00:07:26,880
U li l-mudell sar il-mudell
għal dak kollu li segwew.

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00:07:26,880 --> 00:07:30,840
>> Dan huwa Bill Gates sentejn wara li
joħroā mill-Harvard, u kien

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00:07:30,840 --> 00:07:34,480
jinġibed fuq għal waqfien tat-traffiku
fil Albuquerque, New Mexico.

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Tista 'tara l-moda
kien differenti imbagħad.

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U hu ma jkollhom tbissima fuq wiċċ tiegħu,
b'xi mod li jafu li huwa jista 'jixtri u

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00:07:41,310 --> 00:07:43,260
jbiegħu lilna lkoll someday.

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00:07:43,260 --> 00:07:50,040
U kien kapaċi li jieħdu dak Impjiegi għamlet
u poġġih fil, forsi, MS-DOS jew

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00:07:50,040 --> 00:07:51,130
aktar tard, Windows.

129
00:07:51,130 --> 00:07:57,090
>> Imma bażikament, dan il-format, li hija,
inti tagħti dan il-kodiċi ħaġa, jista 'jibda

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00:07:57,090 --> 00:08:00,490
mal-cursor Teptip, iżda
imbagħad se titmexxa l-kodiċi.

131
00:08:00,490 --> 00:08:04,800
U li kien veru fuq bosta
PCs sa ftit ilu.

132
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U kien minnu allura.

133
00:08:06,050 --> 00:08:08,050
Din ħaġa hija probabbilment madwar 1992.

134
00:08:08,050 --> 00:08:11,580
I poġġih minħabba
dawl 66 hawn.

135
00:08:11,580 --> 00:08:17,150
Hija kellha buttuna li jista jalterna
bejn 66 ​​u 33, li kien il-veloċità

136
00:08:17,150 --> 00:08:19,270
li fiha l-ċippa ġewwa għandhom jiddekorru.

137
00:08:19,270 --> 00:08:22,220
Inti tista 'wonder, għaliex ma tħalli
dan malajr l-ħin kollu?

138
00:08:22,220 --> 00:08:26,460
Dak għax kieku tajer
ħamsters barra ġewwa jekk inti għamilha run

139
00:08:26,460 --> 00:08:27,430
malajr wisq.

140
00:08:27,430 --> 00:08:30,570
U Prinċep ta 'Persja kieku
jkun malajr wisq ukoll.

141
00:08:30,570 --> 00:08:33,960
Nara, mill-mod, issa għandhom ħamster
shredders karta powered.

142
00:08:33,960 --> 00:08:37,700
Allura inti tista 'tpoġġi l-karta fil-quċċata, u
allura l-ħamster timxi fuq ir-rota

143
00:08:37,700 --> 00:08:41,140
u shreds il-karta, u mbagħad jistgħu
jgħixu fil-karta wara.

144
00:08:41,140 --> 00:08:43,740
Allura dan kollu parti miċ-ċiklu tal-ħajja.

145
00:08:43,740 --> 00:08:50,140
>> Xorta waħda, dawn l-affarijiet tista 'taħdem kwalunkwe
kodiċi inti tagħti, u li huwa

146
00:08:50,140 --> 00:08:54,960
fundamentali, iżda xorta kontinġenti,
biċċa tat-teknoloġija.

147
00:08:54,960 --> 00:08:57,190
Hija ma għandhom ikunu b'dak il-mod.

148
00:08:57,190 --> 00:09:01,570
Dan seta 'kien il-Brother Smart
Word Processor, u bħala nies fuq

149
00:09:01,570 --> 00:09:06,240
Kompetituri Brother jew tagħhom nivvintaw ġdid
Jittieħed, roll out bħal kull

150
00:09:06,240 --> 00:09:07,630
prodott tal-konsumatur.

151
00:09:07,630 --> 00:09:12,110
Mhuwiex sa inti biex seventh
xafra tal-leħja fis-sigurtà tiegħek.

152
00:09:12,110 --> 00:09:16,370
Qed nistennew Gillette jiġifieri, jekk
ħamsa tajba, għaliex ma seba?

153
00:09:16,370 --> 00:09:18,500
U allura aħna ġġibu, u aħna jixtrih.

154
00:09:18,500 --> 00:09:19,800
>> Dan huwa differenti.

155
00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:25,090
Bl-rivoluzzjoni PC moderna, għall-
passat 30 sena, inti idejn kompjuter

156
00:09:25,090 --> 00:09:28,250
kodiċi li għandek bil-miktub jew gotten
minn xi ħadd ieħor, huwa

157
00:09:28,250 --> 00:09:29,150
se jimxu l-kodiċi.

158
00:09:29,150 --> 00:09:31,470
U li l-bidliet kollox.

159
00:09:31,470 --> 00:09:36,880
Dan huwa dak li taw lok għall-barra mill-
shelf software moviment indipendenti.

160
00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:40,250
Allura inti tista 'tixtri kompjuter għal kwalunkwe
għan, u mbagħad jużaw dan għal xi

161
00:09:40,250 --> 00:09:41,770
numru ta 'skopijiet oħra.

162
00:09:41,770 --> 00:09:45,240
Jew brother tiegħek jistgħu, jew tiegħek
kid jistgħu, jew xi ħaġa oħra.

163
00:09:45,240 --> 00:09:49,410
>> Hija ma għandhom ikunu b'dan il-mod, iżda
irriżultaw li huma b'dan il-mod, ladarba

164
00:09:49,410 --> 00:09:54,340
kulħadd skoperti kemm
skoperti li jistgħu jidħlu biss jekk inti

165
00:09:54,340 --> 00:09:57,900
rilaxxati l-teknoloġija Teptip cursor
istil u dehret li l-

166
00:09:57,900 --> 00:10:00,710
dinja tkun jibnu għalf jibred.

167
00:10:00,710 --> 00:10:06,340
Allura dak, li lili, l-essenza ta unowned
teknoloġiji, u I biss jixtiequ

168
00:10:06,340 --> 00:10:10,090
jenfasizza li inti ma
għandhom ikunu b'dan il-mod.

169
00:10:10,090 --> 00:10:13,890
Jekk inti rewound ħin u lagħbu lura
għal darb'oħra, mhuwiex ċar għalija li aħna

170
00:10:13,890 --> 00:10:20,200
tispiċċa ma 'teknoloġija unowned
fil-qalba tal-konsumatur tagħna

171
00:10:20,200 --> 00:10:22,490
esperjenza tal-kompjuter.

172
00:10:22,490 --> 00:10:26,110
>> Issa, fuq in-naħa tan-netwerk, hemm
kien trasformazzjoni simili.

173
00:10:26,110 --> 00:10:28,110
Hija bdiet fl-ispazju proprjetà.

174
00:10:28,110 --> 00:10:33,690
AT & T dam is-sistema distanza twila,
u li kienet li, u dan

175
00:10:33,690 --> 00:10:34,900
ħadem pretty ukoll.

176
00:10:34,900 --> 00:10:37,270
U l-prezzijiet kienu dak li kienu,
u r-regolaturi daħal

177
00:10:37,270 --> 00:10:39,020
fl jiġu stabbiliti l-prezzijiet.

178
00:10:39,020 --> 00:10:43,310
U AT & T allegata li jikkontrollaw
in-netwerk kollu.

179
00:10:43,310 --> 00:10:47,890
Allura lura fis-seklu 20 kmieni,
meta raġel intraprendenti ivvintat

180
00:10:47,890 --> 00:10:51,710
dan, il-Hush-A-Phone, kien xi ħaġa
li jmorru fuq tiegħek

181
00:10:51,710 --> 00:10:56,390
handset telefon, sabiex dik il-persuna tiegħek
inti kienu jitkellem biex ma tisma

182
00:10:56,390 --> 00:10:57,510
ħoss estranji.

183
00:10:57,510 --> 00:11:01,540
U l-ebda wieħed jista 'jisma' dak li inti kienu
qal li interlokutur tiegħek.

184
00:11:01,540 --> 00:11:07,620
AT & T qal le, irridu liċenzja li,
minħabba li jista 'jagħmel ħsara netwerk tagħna,

185
00:11:07,620 --> 00:11:10,140
u dawn allegata li jimblokka
nies li jużaw dan.

186
00:11:10,140 --> 00:11:13,870
>> Din hija era, mill-mod, fejn il-
telefons kienu mikrija minn AT & T.

187
00:11:13,870 --> 00:11:16,650
Inti ma tista 'tmur għall-maħżen
u jixtru telefon.

188
00:11:16,650 --> 00:11:20,540
Kellek biex tiksbu mingħand telefon tiegħek
fornitur tas-servizzi.

189
00:11:20,540 --> 00:11:23,380
Dan marru u 'l isfel l-Federali
Komunikazzjonijiet tal-Kummissjoni.

190
00:11:23,380 --> 00:11:29,190
L-FCC appoġġjata AT & T. Hija ħadet
Deċiżjoni tal-Qorti Suprema, finalment, li

191
00:11:29,190 --> 00:11:30,260
ireġġa 'dik.

192
00:11:30,260 --> 00:11:35,870
U d-dinja kienet libera li jkollhom tagħhom
telefon hushed, iżda mhux wisq inkella.

193
00:11:35,870 --> 00:11:38,270
>> Li kellhom suċċessuri tagħha stess.

194
00:11:38,270 --> 00:11:40,860
Lura fil-ġurnata - u I issa
jfissru probabbilment l-snin 80 nofs

195
00:11:40,860 --> 00:11:42,110
fis-snin 90 kmieni -

196
00:11:42,110 --> 00:11:44,410
kien hemm servizzi bħal CompuServe.

197
00:11:44,410 --> 00:11:46,920
Li kienet se tkun l-
futur ta 'networking.

198
00:11:46,920 --> 00:11:51,050
Hija kellha kompetituri, bħal Prodigy, u
AOL, u s-sors, u MCI Mail.

199
00:11:51,050 --> 00:11:55,030
Imma inti bażikament mħallsa fix-xahar,
u allura inti ltqajna menu razzjonali ta '

200
00:11:55,030 --> 00:11:56,980
affarijiet li inti tista 'tixtieq li tagħmel.

201
00:11:56,980 --> 00:11:58,480
Fejn inti tixtieq li tmur llum?

202
00:11:58,480 --> 00:12:01,340
>> Iżda dan il-menu kien prodott
mill CompuServe.

203
00:12:01,340 --> 00:12:05,070
Jekk ikun hemm kienet se tkun xi ħaġa ġdida
fuqha, youd ġġibu mill CompuServe.

204
00:12:05,070 --> 00:12:07,860
U jekk xi ħadd hemmhekk kien simili,
I think għandu jkun hemm VisiCalc

205
00:12:07,860 --> 00:12:11,620
buttuna, youd aħjar tipperswadi CompuServe
tal-valur tiegħu, jew kieku

206
00:12:11,620 --> 00:12:14,910
qatt tkun aċċessibbli lil xi ħadd
jużaw is-servizz.

207
00:12:14,910 --> 00:12:20,210
Allura dak eżempju tal-IBM 360 jew
il-mudell Flexowriter tat-teknoloġija

208
00:12:20,210 --> 00:12:21,990
għal netwerking.

209
00:12:21,990 --> 00:12:27,380
Li gets minfuħa barra mill-ilma,
mistenni li kważi kulħadd fil-

210
00:12:27,380 --> 00:12:32,240
il-qasam, billi din ir-riċerka akkademika
network magħrufa bħala l-internet.

211
00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:35,630
>> Hawnhekk huma tlieta mill-fundaturi, isaffru
hawn, ta 'l-internet -

212
00:12:35,630 --> 00:12:39,770
klassi, jirriżulta, fil Van
Nuys High School fil-California.

213
00:12:39,770 --> 00:12:44,770
Hemm Jon Postel u Steve Crocker u
Vint Cerf, li juru mill-25 tagħhom

214
00:12:44,770 --> 00:12:48,300
anniversarju stampa retrospettiva għal
Newsweek li inti tista 'tibni netwerk

215
00:12:48,300 --> 00:12:49,920
ta 'xejn pretty ħafna.

216
00:12:49,920 --> 00:12:51,800
Għalkemm, kif tkun taf tara, tagħhom
netwerk ma taħdimx.

217
00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:56,340
Hija tmur minn widna sa widna tiegħu tiegħu, u
ħalq għal ħalq, li nittama huwa

218
00:12:56,340 --> 00:12:59,160
ġewwa Joke, aktar milli l-fundaturi
tal-internet ma jkunux jafu kif għandhom

219
00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:01,130
bottijiet tal-landa string flimkien.

220
00:13:01,130 --> 00:13:06,760
Iżda int tista 'tara li dawn bnew
network għaliex ma għandhom ħafna

221
00:13:06,760 --> 00:13:11,290
ta 'flus u ma setgħux roll out
Stil FedEx, ma 'lottijiet ta' nies

222
00:13:11,290 --> 00:13:13,580
jaħdmu għalihom.

223
00:13:13,580 --> 00:13:18,180
U minħabba li ma kienux biħsiebhom
tagħmel xi flus minnha, huma bnew

224
00:13:18,180 --> 00:13:23,470
netwerk li kien unowned, punti li
tkun rispettivament proprjetà jew

225
00:13:23,470 --> 00:13:27,820
mħaddma minn min jaf li, u forsi
hemm saħansitra jiġu piggybacking.

226
00:13:27,820 --> 00:13:33,780
MIT se piggyback fuq BBN biex tikseb tagħha
pakketti li jmorru quddiem u lura.

227
00:13:33,780 --> 00:13:38,550
>> Iżda unowned bħala ħaġa total - dak li
mibnija kienu protokolli biex tpoġġi l-

228
00:13:38,550 --> 00:13:43,000
internet flimkien b'mod
li ma kienx hemm CEO.

229
00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:45,010
Ma kien hemm ebda menu prinċipali.

230
00:13:45,010 --> 00:13:46,670
Hija biss.

231
00:13:46,670 --> 00:13:50,150
U huwa tali mod mhux tas-soltu ta 'kif isir
dan, kemm fil-metodoloġija u fil-

232
00:13:50,150 --> 00:13:53,560
sustanza, li għal ħafna snin, IBM
kien fond ta 'tgħid inti ma setgħux

233
00:13:53,560 --> 00:13:57,160
possibilment jibnu korporattiva
network użu TCP / IP.

234
00:13:57,160 --> 00:13:59,820
U hu għalhekk li inġiniera internet jgħidu
li Mascot tagħhom ikun l-

235
00:13:59,820 --> 00:14:03,850
bumblebee, minħabba li l-pil li tul tal-ġwienaħ
proporzjon tal-bumblebee huwa wisq

236
00:14:03,850 --> 00:14:08,270
kbir biex din tkun kapaċi jtiru, u
għadhom, miraculously, il-naħla dubbien.

237
00:14:08,270 --> 00:14:12,350
Jirriżulta li aħna finalment skoperti
kif naħal jtiru fl-2006,

238
00:14:12,350 --> 00:14:14,200
grazzi għall-fondi tal-gvern massiva.

239
00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:18,720
Jirriżulta li flap tagħhom
ġwienaħ malajr ħafna.

240
00:14:18,720 --> 00:14:25,670
>> Allura l-mod l-internet jaħdem huwa tip ta '
bħall-mod l-birra ssib ruħha

241
00:14:25,670 --> 00:14:27,510
madwar fil Fenway Park.

242
00:14:27,510 --> 00:14:33,470
Xi ħadd talab għal birra, iżda hemm
ebda netwerk limitu distribuzzjoni birra

243
00:14:33,470 --> 00:14:35,560
sa l-aħħar sieq jew hekk.

244
00:14:35,560 --> 00:14:39,190
Għal dan, il-persuna għandha bl-idejn l-
birra għall-toddler seduta fuq il-

245
00:14:39,190 --> 00:14:40,970
aħħar, li mbagħad tgħaddi fuq.

246
00:14:40,970 --> 00:14:46,620
U f'riskju għal kull wieħed qalziet tagħna, aħna
nagħmlu dan għaliex aħna stand flimkien

247
00:14:46,620 --> 00:14:49,070
li tikri l-fluss gost.

248
00:14:49,070 --> 00:14:52,690
U li bażikament l-mod packet
netwerking xogħlijiet fuq l-internet,

249
00:14:52,690 --> 00:14:56,270
fejn hemm entitajiet fuq l-internet
immaniġġjar pakketti tiegħek, kif inti

250
00:14:56,270 --> 00:14:59,750
tikseb minnhom trażmessa minn punt għall-
ieħor, li jkollhom l-ebda kuntrattwali

251
00:14:59,750 --> 00:15:03,260
relazzjoni miegħek, u lanqas ma
d-destinazzjoni aħħarija.

252
00:15:03,260 --> 00:15:07,850
Huwa simili matryoshka nested
pupi, kif tmur madwar.

253
00:15:07,850 --> 00:15:11,110
>> Il-format bażiku huwa dan, u inti tista '
tgħallmu ftit dwar dan.

254
00:15:11,110 --> 00:15:14,740
Huwa sejjaħ arkitettura hourglass,
u jgħid li inti tpoġġi ma

255
00:15:14,740 --> 00:15:17,480
proprjetà intellettwali, iżda internet
protokoll, fin-nofs tal-

256
00:15:17,480 --> 00:15:18,230
hourglass hawn.

257
00:15:18,230 --> 00:15:21,690
Dak hu l-inġiniera jaħdmu fuq,
u li huwa maħsub li jkun totalment

258
00:15:21,690 --> 00:15:25,130
ekumeniku, li hija għaliex huwa wiesgħa
fuq il-quċċata u l-qiegħ.

259
00:15:25,130 --> 00:15:30,670
Fil-quċċata, aħna jippermettu l-ebda
numru ta 'applikazzjonijiet.

260
00:15:30,670 --> 00:15:32,650
Min jaf x'hemm ħadd
ser tibni fuqu.

261
00:15:32,650 --> 00:15:34,650
Huwa biss bħal cursor Teptip.

262
00:15:34,650 --> 00:15:38,060
>> L-internet huwa biss maħsub biex jieħu
punti ta 'preżenza u rotta pakketti

263
00:15:38,060 --> 00:15:39,990
bejniethom jużaw l-aħjar sforzi.

264
00:15:39,990 --> 00:15:41,316
Thats it.

265
00:15:41,316 --> 00:15:42,140
Li Hu.

266
00:15:42,140 --> 00:15:44,210
Mhuwiex sett ta 'applikazzjonijiet.

267
00:15:44,210 --> 00:15:45,550
Huwa biss in-netwerk.

268
00:15:45,550 --> 00:15:48,660
U allura kulħadd jista jibnu l-applikazzjonijiet
fuq quċċata ta 'dan, u jista' l-

269
00:15:48,660 --> 00:15:49,940
apps aħjar jirbaħ.

270
00:15:49,940 --> 00:15:52,630
U taħtha, kien maħsub
li jkun ekumeniku dwar dak

271
00:15:52,630 --> 00:15:54,100
hardware inti tuża.

272
00:15:54,100 --> 00:15:56,260
Tkun xi tkun inti hardware
trid tuża, boom.

273
00:15:56,260 --> 00:15:59,970
Inti tista 'ġġib lill-parti, sakemm
kif titkellem protokoll internet.

274
00:15:59,970 --> 00:16:03,920
U ma hemm ebda dritt tal-awtur affermat fl
protokoll internet, u bħala bidliet huma

275
00:16:03,920 --> 00:16:07,130
magħmula lilha, int ħieles
li tadotta għalihom jew le.

276
00:16:07,130 --> 00:16:11,080
Bħala manifattur tat-tagħmir jew bħala
fornitur ta 'network, huwa, fil-fatt,

277
00:16:11,080 --> 00:16:15,780
alluċinazzjoni kollettiv, iżda ħafna
wieħed sostnut u b'saħħtu.

278
00:16:15,780 --> 00:16:18,930
>> U l-idea kienet, ma jagħmlux
in-netwerk intelliġenti.

279
00:16:18,930 --> 00:16:20,310
Ma jżommux jżid karatteristiċi.

280
00:16:20,310 --> 00:16:24,120
Inkella, aħna se tkun fil-animated
fażi clip karta tal-internet.

281
00:16:24,120 --> 00:16:28,160
Aħna mhux, għaliex aħna qatt ma
miżjud ħafna karatteristiċi lilha.

282
00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:32,460
Minflok, huwa biss suppost li
rotta u ħalli l-endpoints -

283
00:16:32,460 --> 00:16:35,290
l-affarijiet intelliġenti fuq l-aħħar simili PCs -

284
00:16:35,290 --> 00:16:40,670
jittrattaw ma 'kull fattur li jixtiequ, bħal
bħala encryption, bħall-irċevuta ritorn,

285
00:16:40,670 --> 00:16:44,890
kollha li Jittieħed maħsuba biex
jkun biss jekk għandek bżonnhom.

286
00:16:44,890 --> 00:16:48,390
>> Issa David differenti - li kien David
Clark li kkontribwew għall-karta l-aħħar -

287
00:16:48,390 --> 00:16:51,720
a Clarke differenti, Arthur C.
Clarke, ħarāet bil dak li hu

288
00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:53,260
jitlob Liġi Tielet tiegħu.

289
00:16:53,260 --> 00:16:56,680
U dan kien, "Kwalunkwe biżżejjed
teknoloġija avvanzata huwa

290
00:16:56,680 --> 00:17:02,390
distingwibbli minn magic. "Hu kien
attwalment self minn qabel

291
00:17:02,390 --> 00:17:05,329
kittieb fantaxjenza, Leigh
BRACKETT, li tqiegħed lilha

292
00:17:05,329 --> 00:17:06,990
ftit inqas ġentilment.

293
00:17:06,990 --> 00:17:08,650
"Maġija għall-injorant -

294
00:17:08,650 --> 00:17:10,950
xjenza sempliċi għall-tgħallmu. "

295
00:17:10,950 --> 00:17:16,230
>> U nressaq lilek dik il-parti ta 'CS50
huwa li timxi inti minn kategorija għall-

296
00:17:16,230 --> 00:17:20,000
l-oħra, sabiex inti tista 'tibda
fehim għalf li tidher qisha

297
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:20,930
magic lill-oħrajn.

298
00:17:20,930 --> 00:17:25,030
Ndur fuq Flexowriter tiegħi, u magically,
hija liri out karta li

299
00:17:25,030 --> 00:17:26,859
I kienet irreġistrat qabel.

300
00:17:26,859 --> 00:17:29,780
Int tagħlim dwar il-
imsaren ta 'teknoloġija.

301
00:17:29,780 --> 00:17:33,970
U dawn huma teknoloġiji unowned,
kemm fl-endpoint u fil-

302
00:17:33,970 --> 00:17:37,480
network, li let tieħu dak li inti stajt
tgħallmu u biss teħodha għal spin.

303
00:17:37,480 --> 00:17:38,220
Ipprova it out.

304
00:17:38,220 --> 00:17:41,230
Ara jekk inti tista 'tibdel l-
dinja b'xi mod.

305
00:17:41,230 --> 00:17:45,150
U se look like magic lill-oħrajn,
imma int qed jitgħallmu l-sigrieti li

306
00:17:45,150 --> 00:17:48,420
jagħmilha xjenza sempliċi.

307
00:17:48,420 --> 00:17:52,640
>> Tali persuna waħda li għamlet dan lill-
grad nth huwa Sir Tim Berners-Lee.

308
00:17:52,640 --> 00:17:57,525
Huwa kiteb app imsejjaħ il-web, u
dan ifisser kiteb protokolli.

309
00:17:57,525 --> 00:18:00,950
Huwa simili, ħej, jekk inti tixtieq li biss vapur
fajl għal xi ħadd imma jkollhom dan

310
00:18:00,950 --> 00:18:05,200
tirrendi fis links clickable u stampi
u l-għalf, hawnhekk kif inti

311
00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:05,770
ser jagħmlu dan.

312
00:18:05,770 --> 00:18:08,740
U issa stajt programed a
server u klijent.

313
00:18:08,740 --> 00:18:10,840
Allura, OK, dinja, hawn web tiegħek.

314
00:18:10,840 --> 00:18:12,500
Mur belt.

315
00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:16,040
>> U unbelievably, il-
dinja ma biss li.

316
00:18:16,040 --> 00:18:20,140
Tim affermat li m'għandhiex privattiva,
ebda awtur fiha.

317
00:18:20,140 --> 00:18:21,310
Huwa taw bogħod.

318
00:18:21,310 --> 00:18:25,460
U l-web huwa t-tieni unowned kbira,
alluċinazzjoni kollettiv li

319
00:18:25,460 --> 00:18:29,070
għandna, li huwa wkoll għaliex jekk ikollhom
problema ma 'websajt, inti ma tistax tmur

320
00:18:29,070 --> 00:18:32,880
għall-CEO tal-web u
jitlob li jiġi jittieħdu isfel.

321
00:18:32,880 --> 00:18:37,360
M'hemm l-ebda tali persuna, u m'hemm l-ebda
menu prinċipali għall-web, eżattament l-

322
00:18:37,360 --> 00:18:41,740
oppost ta 'AT & T jew CompuServe.

323
00:18:41,740 --> 00:18:49,840
>> Huwa wkoll, imbagħad, mument, probabbilment
madwar 1995 jew hekk, meta l-Windows, li

324
00:18:49,840 --> 00:18:55,060
kellu l-ebda mezz ta 'konnessjoni għall-internet
protokoll, ltqajna finalment hooked sa dan,

325
00:18:55,060 --> 00:18:57,010
grazzi għal dan Guy, jismu Tattam.

326
00:18:57,010 --> 00:19:01,030
Fl-Università ta 'Tasmanja, fil-
dipartiment psikoloġija, kiteb

327
00:19:01,030 --> 00:19:02,730
xi ħaġa imsejħa Trumpet Winsock.

328
00:19:02,730 --> 00:19:04,090
Dak għax huwa jħobb trumbetti.

329
00:19:04,090 --> 00:19:05,090
Li lilu.

330
00:19:05,090 --> 00:19:11,210
U Trumpet Winsock kien biss ftit
shim li konnessi Windows tiegħek 95 jew

331
00:19:11,210 --> 00:19:16,330
3.1 fil-web u l-internet.

332
00:19:16,330 --> 00:19:19,960
U f'daqqa waħda kulħadd kien simili,
ħażin qaddis, dan huwa kbir.

333
00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:22,370
U Tattam biss qal, ukoll, jekk inti tixtieq
dan, inti tista 'tibgħatli xi flus,

334
00:19:22,370 --> 00:19:25,310
iżda altrimenti huwa totalment sa inti.

335
00:19:25,310 --> 00:19:30,290
>> U li kif tibda jkollna
aqwa unowned-livell tal-kontenut

336
00:19:30,290 --> 00:19:33,830
teknoloġija tieħu off, bħal
catsthatlooklikehitler.com.

337
00:19:33,830 --> 00:19:40,030
CompuServe huwa probabbli li tpoġġi dan fuq
menu tagħha prinċipali, u għadhom huwa iżda

338
00:19:40,030 --> 00:19:45,540
ikklikkja bogħod fuq din il-web, bl biżżejjed
nies issa konness li jkollhom qtates

339
00:19:45,540 --> 00:19:48,860
u li jafu biżżejjed biex ittella ritratt
minnhom, li tista 'tikseb dan

340
00:19:48,860 --> 00:19:54,095
numru inkredibbli erba Kitler, li
huwa bħad, I do not know kif inti

341
00:19:54,095 --> 00:19:57,400
se terga 'lura dar
għal li kull ġurnata.

342
00:19:57,400 --> 00:20:00,040
>> Dan jippermetti wkoll affarijiet bħal dawn
li huma crazy, bħal

343
00:20:00,040 --> 00:20:02,320
Wikipedija, qed jinħoloq.

344
00:20:02,320 --> 00:20:06,190
Tista 'timmaġina, fl-2001, xi ħadd jismu
Jimbo tgħid lilek, stajt ltqajna

345
00:20:06,190 --> 00:20:06,910
idea kbira.

346
00:20:06,910 --> 00:20:10,580
Nibdew bi 20-artikoli, u mbagħad
kulħadd jista jeditjaw xejn, u qabel

347
00:20:10,580 --> 00:20:13,080
inti taf, aħna ser ikollhom
sors oerhört utli.

348
00:20:13,080 --> 00:20:18,540
Kif ħafna nies użaw Wikipedija għal
parir mediku b'mod dirett?

349
00:20:18,540 --> 00:20:19,190
Dritt.

350
00:20:19,190 --> 00:20:21,350
U l-bqija tal inti
mhux ammissjoni dan.

351
00:20:21,350 --> 00:20:26,970
Dan huwa aqwa, minħabba kif beda
u kif huwa sostnut, minn xi ħadd

352
00:20:26,970 --> 00:20:28,870
kapaċi li jeditjaw kull oġġett fi kwalunkwe ħin.

353
00:20:28,870 --> 00:20:35,220
F'dan is-sens, din hija unowned
teknoloġija fil-saff kontenut tal-

354
00:20:35,220 --> 00:20:39,220
hourglass, kapaċi
affarijiet inkredibbli.

355
00:20:39,220 --> 00:20:44,570
Tant popolari, fil-fatt, li huwa issa
jidhru fuq menus tar-ristoranti Ċiniż.

356
00:20:44,570 --> 00:20:47,230
Mhux eżattament ċert għaliex.

357
00:20:47,230 --> 00:20:49,790
I jkollhom teorija, iżda
aħna ma jkollhom il-ħin.

358
00:20:49,790 --> 00:20:55,670
>> Allura xorta, dawn it-teknoloġiji unowned
jistgħu jispiċċaw jipproduċu unowned ġdida

359
00:20:55,670 --> 00:20:58,990
teknoloġiji u l-kontenut
fi saffi oħra.

360
00:20:58,990 --> 00:21:02,320
U aħna jispiċċaw ma 'l-aqwa
splużjoni Rajna

361
00:21:02,320 --> 00:21:04,120
fl-aħħar 30 sena.

362
00:21:04,120 --> 00:21:09,280
Inkredibbli, qawwija, xorta kontinġenti,
speċjalment minħabba li aktar

363
00:21:09,280 --> 00:21:13,500
u aktar nies jużawh, tibda
tara li hi ta 'valur jwaqqa.

364
00:21:13,500 --> 00:21:17,430
Jekk biex scam nies jew għall tiegħek stess
skopijiet, dawn it-teknoloġiji li

365
00:21:17,430 --> 00:21:23,000
jiddependu fuq xi miżura ta 'fiduċja u
avvjament jista infushom jsir ħafna,

366
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:24,410
limitat ħafna.

367
00:21:24,410 --> 00:21:28,380
U l-fatt li aħna mhux qed akkreditazzjoni
nies li jikkontribwixxu -

368
00:21:28,380 --> 00:21:32,110
kulħadd jista jiktbu xejn, anke
jekk int minn Tasmania -

369
00:21:32,110 --> 00:21:35,880
li jibred ħaġa jista 'jsir problema.

370
00:21:35,880 --> 00:21:42,590
>> Allura naraw, ġeneralment, il-moviment minn
Jittieħed proprjetà, bl-introduzzjoni ta '

371
00:21:42,590 --> 00:21:46,210
il-web u l-internet,
lejn kull żona unowned.

372
00:21:46,210 --> 00:21:50,845
Iżda mbagħad, inti tibda tara ċertu apps
innifsu jiġi sisien,

373
00:21:50,845 --> 00:21:55,560
u xi wħud minnhom jistgħu mbagħad tkun il-proprjetà,
u dawn jibdew jidhru bħall-ġdida

374
00:21:55,560 --> 00:21:56,300
CompuServe.

375
00:21:56,300 --> 00:22:00,380
Allura hemm tip ta 'ċiklu stramb għaddejjin,
bħala nies kenn u jfittxu

376
00:22:00,380 --> 00:22:04,300
istabbiltà u l-konsistenza u
sigurtà u l-menus prinċipali.

377
00:22:04,300 --> 00:22:08,010
U ladarba tibda jkollna dawn, u
xi nies u entitajiet jibdew

378
00:22:08,010 --> 00:22:11,800
verament tikseb qawwija fl-ispazju,
huma naturalment jistgħu

379
00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:13,190
tixtieq li jasserixxu kontroll.

380
00:22:13,190 --> 00:22:18,260
Allura affarijiet li tista 'tagħmel biex tkun miftuħa,
dawn, imbagħad, tista 'tibda li tagħlaq, jekk

381
00:22:18,260 --> 00:22:20,640
taqbel mudell tan-negozju tagħhom li jagħmlu dan.

382
00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:24,570
U dawn huma, naturalment, diversi
każijiet ta 'dawn it-tipi ta' affarijiet

383
00:22:24,570 --> 00:22:29,830
jiġri, sempliċiment bħala apps jsiru
pjattaformi sisien u start

384
00:22:29,830 --> 00:22:30,750
ġbid lura.

385
00:22:30,750 --> 00:22:33,150
>> Iżda dan huwa verament aktar ta '
storja intraprenditorjali.

386
00:22:33,150 --> 00:22:38,140
Hemm problema aktar fundamentali ser
fuq, li huwa, fl-għalf

387
00:22:38,140 --> 00:22:42,330
taħdem fuq din PC verament jibred inti tista
jkollhom, li nisel traċċi lura

388
00:22:42,330 --> 00:22:48,360
għall-1977, x'jiġri jekk wieħed biss
biċċa tal-imsemmi kodiċi huwa ħażin?

389
00:22:48,360 --> 00:22:52,050
U jirriżulta, l-affarijiet terribbli tista
jiġri, minħabba li kwalunkwe biċċa tal-kodiċi

390
00:22:52,050 --> 00:22:56,210
miktub minn xi ħadd li jaħdem fuq tiegħek
magna ġeneralment kellu l-imfietaħ għal

391
00:22:56,210 --> 00:22:57,350
-renju.

392
00:22:57,350 --> 00:22:59,540
U li tip simili L-
Princess u l-Piżelli.

393
00:22:59,540 --> 00:23:06,000
Just problema waħda fuq il-kompjuter jista '
jħassru aktar minn rqad bil-lejl tajba.

394
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:10,330
>> U din kienet xi ħaġa li l-mużika
industrija skoperti meta prodotta

395
00:23:10,330 --> 00:23:13,250
il-compact disc qabel
kien hemm PCs.

396
00:23:13,250 --> 00:23:16,560
Huma pproduċew din għal
dinja appliance 'daqs medju.

397
00:23:16,560 --> 00:23:21,560
Id-diska compact kellhom kwalità diġitali
mużika fuqha, jinqara minn CD players.

398
00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:25,750
U l-CD players kienu ħafna
arranġament kkumplikata mal-mużika

399
00:23:25,750 --> 00:23:30,050
produtturi, b'tali mod li qatt ma
seħħew lilhom biex jagħmlu l-ebda forma ta '

400
00:23:30,050 --> 00:23:31,750
encryption fuq id-disk.

401
00:23:31,750 --> 00:23:33,500
Minħabba li kieku decrypt dan?

402
00:23:33,500 --> 00:23:35,520
Kif kieku decrypt konsumatur dan?

403
00:23:35,520 --> 00:23:40,430
>> Ukoll, jirriżulta, ladarba tibda
tqegħid CD-ROMs u CD-qarrejja fil-PCs,

404
00:23:40,430 --> 00:23:44,160
Kulħadd jista decrypt, u
li twassal għal problemi.

405
00:23:44,160 --> 00:23:50,420
Fil-fatt, l-industrija fil-qosor ppruvaw
jużaw il-reprogrammability tal-PC bħala

406
00:23:50,420 --> 00:23:55,490
karatteristika minflok, lilhom, bug,
meta bdew tqegħid kodiċi fuq

407
00:23:55,490 --> 00:23:59,810
dawn is-CDs, b'tali mod li, jekk tgħabbiet
fil-kompjuter, il-kodiċi imur

408
00:23:59,810 --> 00:24:05,380
u jippruvaw jipproteġu l-kompjuter mill-
ikkupjar x'hemm fuq il-CD, kontra

409
00:24:05,380 --> 00:24:09,640
-xewqat tal-utent, bi ftit
jaraw, fil-ħinijiet kollha, biex tara jekk inti

410
00:24:09,640 --> 00:24:12,050
kienu qatt ser tipprova RIP-CD.

411
00:24:12,050 --> 00:24:15,300
>> Dan jissejjaħ rootkit, u
ma kienx popolari ħafna meta

412
00:24:15,300 --> 00:24:16,350
instab out.

413
00:24:16,350 --> 00:24:21,210
U huma bdew harga li CDs kellhom
dan is-software li rikba fuq quċċata,

414
00:24:21,210 --> 00:24:25,010
tagħbija nnifisha fuq il-kompjuter tiegħek, u jirrifjutaw
li jitilqu, anki jekk m'għadx għandek

415
00:24:25,010 --> 00:24:27,360
Għoġobni l-mużika.

416
00:24:27,360 --> 00:24:29,890
Dan huwa dak fejn ġiet skoperta,
mill-mod, ironikament

417
00:24:29,890 --> 00:24:32,610
imsejħa Get Dritt mal-Man.

418
00:24:32,610 --> 00:24:37,910
Hawnhekk huma top tiegħi oħra tliet rootkit
CDs, Il-Invażjoni Inviżibbli,

419
00:24:37,910 --> 00:24:42,000
Attività suspettuża, u Healthy
fil Times paranojde.

420
00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:47,010
>> Xorta waħda, li l-eżempju ta '
kompromess ta 'magna tiegħek minn

421
00:24:47,010 --> 00:24:49,120
fdati, jew mhux hekk fdati, sieħeb.

422
00:24:49,120 --> 00:24:53,370
Iżda dan il-għalf jibda ġejjin mill-
selvaġġi, u inti tispiċċa ma 'affarijiet

423
00:24:53,370 --> 00:24:56,030
bħall-WORM Storm fl-2007.

424
00:24:56,030 --> 00:24:59,460
Dan huwa wieħed mill-biggies, u
tara kwotazzjonijiet bħal dan.

425
00:24:59,460 --> 00:25:03,480
"Hija tista 'tniedi attakki kontra dawk
li jippruvaw figura hija out.

426
00:25:03,480 --> 00:25:05,830
Hija jaf, u jikkastiga.

427
00:25:05,830 --> 00:25:07,150
Riċerkaturi huma jibżgħu.

428
00:25:07,150 --> 00:25:10,170
Stajt qatt rajt dan qabel. "
U int simili, hija din

429
00:25:10,170 --> 00:25:11,810
Network World, jew Homeland?

430
00:25:11,810 --> 00:25:13,190
>> Dan huwa ħaġa redikola.

431
00:25:13,190 --> 00:25:14,920
Kif huwa daqshekk ħżiena?

432
00:25:14,920 --> 00:25:17,990
U li tkun, fil-fatt, gotten
agħar u agħar.

433
00:25:17,990 --> 00:25:21,270
U kif aħna stajt tidher aktar u aktar
malware sofistikati, nibdew biex

434
00:25:21,270 --> 00:25:27,460
jirrealizzaw li biss wieħed jimxu ħażin jista 'jispiċċa
up theddida għall-eżistenza affarijiet għal kulħadd.

435
00:25:27,460 --> 00:25:33,820
U aħna ma tantx ikollhom difiżi tajba
ikkalkulat għal encore, u li huwa

436
00:25:33,820 --> 00:25:35,720
problema reali.

437
00:25:35,720 --> 00:25:41,920
>> Fil-fatt, biss illum kien irrappurtat li
l-virus Stuxnet sabet tagħha

438
00:25:41,920 --> 00:25:47,070
mod fuq l-Istazzjon Spazjali Internazzjonali
minħabba li xi Russi kellhom

439
00:25:47,070 --> 00:25:49,040
USB ewlenin infettati magħha.

440
00:25:49,040 --> 00:25:52,310
U issa l-istazzjon spazjali għandha
jiġu stabbiliti ma 'problema.

441
00:25:52,310 --> 00:25:54,190
Li pretty inkredibbli.

442
00:25:54,190 --> 00:25:58,940
U huwa ironiku, wisq, minħabba li kienet
ftit snin ilu li xi ħadd mill-

443
00:25:58,940 --> 00:26:03,840
Microsoft kien li rrilevat li malware
qed issir daqshekk ħżiena li ladarba

444
00:26:03,840 --> 00:26:06,280
inti stajt ltqajna, hemm bażikament
ebda mod biex twettaq

445
00:26:06,280 --> 00:26:08,400
exorcism fuq magna tiegħek.

446
00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:12,990
Li dan il-kwotazzjoni mill-isbaħ li tgħid,
verament dak li għandek tagħmel huwa nuke l

447
00:26:12,990 --> 00:26:19,520
sistemi minn orbita, li tibda tkun
ħaġa pjuttost serju tagħmel biex jitnaddfu

448
00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:21,550
magna tiegħek ta 'virus.

449
00:26:21,550 --> 00:26:26,110
U jekk int diġà fl-orbita fuq il-
istazzjon spazjali, I do not know x'inhu

450
00:26:26,110 --> 00:26:26,970
jiġri.

451
00:26:26,970 --> 00:26:30,650
>> Għalhekk, xorta waħda, din hija problema reali.

452
00:26:30,650 --> 00:26:35,490
U l-problema fundamentali hija din,
whistle l Cap'n bosun Crunch, il a

453
00:26:35,490 --> 00:26:39,140
premju fil-kaxxa ta 'Cap'n Crunch
ċereali kmieni fl-1970.

454
00:26:39,140 --> 00:26:41,790
Wara li tkun Sugared up tarbija tiegħek,
għaliex ma jkollhom run tagħha madwar id-dar

455
00:26:41,790 --> 00:26:42,520
u blow sfafar?

456
00:26:42,520 --> 00:26:43,940
Hu l-premju perfetta.

457
00:26:43,940 --> 00:26:47,780
Iżda jirriżulta li jekk inti kopert
wieħed toqba tal-whistle wara

458
00:26:47,780 --> 00:26:52,070
estrazzjoni mis-kaxxa u nefaħ,
dan joħroġ ton ta '2,600 hertz,

459
00:26:52,070 --> 00:26:55,590
li huwa eżattament l-ton użat mill AT & T,
fornitur tat-telefon monopolju fuq

460
00:26:55,590 --> 00:26:57,660
il-ħin, biex tindika linja idle.

461
00:26:57,660 --> 00:26:59,790
Pick up-telefon, blow
l-whistle, tingħata kura medika b'xejn

462
00:26:59,790 --> 00:27:02,390
sejħa tat-telefon distanza twila.

463
00:27:02,390 --> 00:27:06,410
Kaxxi ta 'ċereali Crunch Cap'n
off li jtajru l-ixkafef.

464
00:27:06,410 --> 00:27:08,530
General Mills m'għandha l-ebda idea għaliex.

465
00:27:08,530 --> 00:27:13,220
U jirriżulta, hemm ġdida
app parti terza għall ċereali tagħhom.

466
00:27:13,220 --> 00:27:18,960
>> Issa, din hija problema reali għall-AT & T,
iżda dawn għandhom network proprjetà, li

467
00:27:18,960 --> 00:27:20,040
jfisser li tista 'tiffissa lilha.

468
00:27:20,040 --> 00:27:20,940
Liema huma għamlu.

469
00:27:20,940 --> 00:27:25,590
Huma daru lejn barra mill sinjalazzjoni band,
sabiex id-data kienet distinta mill-kodiċi,

470
00:27:25,590 --> 00:27:28,360
u ma kien hemm xejn inti tista '
jitqiegħed fis-kanal tad-data -

471
00:27:28,360 --> 00:27:29,520
l-vuċi -

472
00:27:29,520 --> 00:27:32,410
li jista 'jibdel il-mod
in-netwerk maħduma.

473
00:27:32,410 --> 00:27:36,700
L-internet huwa unowned u ma tistax
ikunu iffissati sabiex faċilment.

474
00:27:36,700 --> 00:27:40,360
Il-kanali ħafna li jġorru tagħna
mużika, email tagħna, żfin tagħna

475
00:27:40,360 --> 00:27:44,730
ħamsters, huma wkoll l-kanali li
iwettqu kodiċi esegwit għan-netwerk

476
00:27:44,730 --> 00:27:46,760
innifsu, u għall-endpoints.

477
00:27:46,760 --> 00:27:51,070
U aħna ma tkunx tixtieq li ikun b'xi
mod ieħor, ħlief li issa ninsabu fi

478
00:27:51,070 --> 00:27:54,100
dilemma serja, għaliex inti ikklikkja
fuq il-ħaġa ħażina, u

479
00:27:54,100 --> 00:27:56,290
issa huwa madwar.

480
00:27:56,290 --> 00:28:01,140
>> U aħna anke tibda tara Jittieħed jkunu
installat qabel ma inti anki oħroġha

481
00:28:01,140 --> 00:28:01,900
tal-kaxxa.

482
00:28:01,900 --> 00:28:06,660
Huwa kompromessa b'xi mod jew ieħor,
u jippruvaw figura out, kif

483
00:28:06,660 --> 00:28:11,480
inti pari fil-kaxxa tiegħek, jekk huwa
diġà kompromessa, huwa bla tama,

484
00:28:11,480 --> 00:28:12,760
kompitu bla tama.

485
00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:16,310
U jippruvaw jidhru l-istess għall-
xi ħaġa li ganċ li sa kaxxa, il-

486
00:28:16,310 --> 00:28:18,510
b'routers intermedji, eċċetera.

487
00:28:18,510 --> 00:28:25,210
Li hi raġuni waħda għaliex I think nies
huma ħafna puzzled fil-prospett li

488
00:28:25,210 --> 00:28:29,790
webcam laptop tagħhom jista 'sempliċement tkun
mixgħula minn xi ħadd li għandu

489
00:28:29,790 --> 00:28:32,590
kompromessa l-magna,
u viewing kollox.

490
00:28:32,590 --> 00:28:37,820
I do not know kif ħafna inti tpoġġi
Post din in-nota fuq webcam laptop tiegħek.

491
00:28:37,820 --> 00:28:39,980
I ma tara l-ebda idejn up.

492
00:28:39,980 --> 00:28:44,090
Jinstabx huwa karatteristika ta 'sigurtà irħis,
u I jirrakkomanda dan, għaliex

493
00:28:44,090 --> 00:28:49,990
inti tibda tara li dan huwa
hekk imsejħa RAT - aċċess remot

494
00:28:49,990 --> 00:28:51,080
teknoloġija.

495
00:28:51,080 --> 00:28:53,260
>> U hawn hija familja Daniż
jiġi kkontrollat.

496
00:28:53,260 --> 00:28:56,180
Dan huwa mill-perspettiva tal-
Hacker, li gotten fis tagħhom

497
00:28:56,180 --> 00:28:59,790
magna u huwa jaraw kif huma
computing, jista 'kontroll kompletament

498
00:28:59,790 --> 00:29:01,590
il-magna, watch x'inhu għaddej.

499
00:29:01,590 --> 00:29:05,190
Hawnhekk huwa uffiċjal tal-pulizija, li
magna fil-karozza iskwadra tiegħu kien

500
00:29:05,190 --> 00:29:06,090
kompromessa.

501
00:29:06,090 --> 00:29:08,260
Allura inti tista 'tara l-pulizija
uffiċjal għaddejjin madwar.

502
00:29:08,260 --> 00:29:11,210
I raden inti tista 'tara jekk hu wasal biex
dar tiegħek għall-arrest inti għal dak.

503
00:29:11,210 --> 00:29:14,820
Hemm il-kamra chat fejn huma
jitkellem dwar dan il-fenomenu, u

504
00:29:14,820 --> 00:29:17,790
étonné li jkollhom
irnexxielhom jagħmlu dan.

505
00:29:17,790 --> 00:29:22,130
>> Dan hu t-tip ta 'għalf
li jagħmilha diffiċli li jkun

506
00:29:22,130 --> 00:29:25,900
b'saħħithom fi żminijiet paranojde.

507
00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:27,770
Inti żid up dan il-għalf -

508
00:29:27,770 --> 00:29:32,520
kullimkien tara PC, inkluż dak
CAT scan magna, inti issa tibda

509
00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:34,970
jinkwetaw dwar kodiċi ħażina jkollna qrib dan.

510
00:29:34,970 --> 00:29:38,990
U dan qed isir
theddida kemmxejn dire.

511
00:29:38,990 --> 00:29:42,950
U naħseb li għandna biex jirrikonoxxu li
theddida, għaliex huwa diġà tinbidel

512
00:29:42,950 --> 00:29:48,310
in-natura tat-teknoloġiji unowned
li inkella I am jqajjem.

513
00:29:48,310 --> 00:29:49,720
>> Allura x'nistgħu nagħmlu dwar dan?

514
00:29:49,720 --> 00:29:53,660
Well, hawnhekk hija tour malajr ta '
xi soluzzjonijiet potenzjali.

515
00:29:53,660 --> 00:29:58,720
Thinking permezz ta 'assi bejn proprjetà
l unowned f'ambjent partikolari, u

516
00:29:58,720 --> 00:30:00,065
imbagħad ġerarkija u polyarchy.

517
00:30:00,065 --> 00:30:04,730
U l-ġerarkija ifisser hemm biss
għażla waħda għal soluzzjoni tiegħek.

518
00:30:04,730 --> 00:30:08,060
Kulħadd huwa marbut mill entità waħda
li ma xi ħaġa.

519
00:30:08,060 --> 00:30:10,655
U polyarchy ifisser no, no, hemm
lottijiet ta 'għażla u l-kompetizzjoni.

520
00:30:10,655 --> 00:30:13,540
U jien ser jagħtuk xi eżempji
li straighten dan out.

521
00:30:13,540 --> 00:30:16,980
>> Imma ejja ewwel ħarsa lejn tweġibiet
għall-sigurtà ċibernetika

522
00:30:16,980 --> 00:30:18,770
problema, kwadranti mill kwadrant.

523
00:30:18,770 --> 00:30:21,750
Mela ejja nħarsu lejn il-polyarchy unowned
waħda, li naħseb

524
00:30:21,750 --> 00:30:22,750
hija bażikament anarkija.

525
00:30:22,750 --> 00:30:25,120
Dan ifisser li int waħdek.

526
00:30:25,120 --> 00:30:25,680
Xorti tajba.

527
00:30:25,680 --> 00:30:27,290
Hemm lottijiet ta 'affarijiet li inti tista' tagħmel.

528
00:30:27,290 --> 00:30:30,930
Ipprova pick-dritt wieħed, u
biss tagħmel l-aħjar li tista 'biex

529
00:30:30,930 --> 00:30:32,910
jiddefendu dak li għandek.

530
00:30:32,910 --> 00:30:37,300
U li, naħseb, huwa kbir jekk
inti jiġri li jkun Ninja.

531
00:30:37,300 --> 00:30:39,400
Mhuwiex daqshekk kbira jekk m'intix.

532
00:30:39,400 --> 00:30:42,180
U huwa lanqas kbira għall ninjas,
għaliex kulħadd jitlob lejhom għall-għajnuna

533
00:30:42,180 --> 00:30:43,310
u huma jiksbu bored.

534
00:30:43,310 --> 00:30:47,370
>> Allura aħna tibda tara affarijiet simili
dan, mfassla biex jgħinek

535
00:30:47,370 --> 00:30:48,560
tiddeċiedi x'għandek tagħmel.

536
00:30:48,560 --> 00:30:49,920
U jekk inti tara xi ħaġa bħal din -

537
00:30:49,920 --> 00:30:53,350
I do not know kif inti spiss
tara twieqi bħal dan -

538
00:30:53,350 --> 00:30:54,960
huwa Sibt bil-lejl, int
tikklikkja madwar.

539
00:30:54,960 --> 00:30:58,830
Kemm inti, meta inti tara tieqa
bħal dan click, tkompli?

540
00:30:58,830 --> 00:30:59,780
Lottijiet ta 'l-idejn.

541
00:30:59,780 --> 00:31:02,440
Kemm ikklikkja tikkanċella?

542
00:31:02,440 --> 00:31:03,680
Koppja.

543
00:31:03,680 --> 00:31:04,570
Dritt.

544
00:31:04,570 --> 00:31:06,780
U allura inti ikklikkja tħassar, u int
lura fejn bdejt.

545
00:31:06,780 --> 00:31:08,530
Int simili, imma jien ridt li
tara l-Dance Hampster.

546
00:31:08,530 --> 00:31:11,640
Mela allura inti ikklikkja tkompli,
u inti tmur bogħod.

547
00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:14,800
>> Dan huwa biss mhux mod effettiv ta '
iżgurar affarijiet, u tfakkarni ta '

548
00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:18,600
din l-email sibt bosta snin ilu
twissija Harvard Liġi fakultà u l-Iskola

549
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:22,690
persunal ta 'insurgence ta frawdolenti
emails fl-iskola liġi, u l-

550
00:31:22,690 --> 00:31:26,480
affarijiet li għandek tagħmel hekk li jekk inti
ikklikkja fuq il-ħaġa ħażina int ma

551
00:31:26,480 --> 00:31:27,880
totalment invitat.

552
00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:30,900
U huwa biss redikoli kif
kemm għandek tagħmel kull

553
00:31:30,900 --> 00:31:31,980
darba li tara email.

554
00:31:31,980 --> 00:31:34,700
Din hija waħda favorit tiegħi, bil-mod.
"Kun weary ta emails li għandhom

555
00:31:34,700 --> 00:31:37,180
misspelling, foqra grammatika
jew karattri fard.

556
00:31:37,180 --> 00:31:44,950
Huma bandiera ħamra għal frodi. "I kiteb
lura, I kien simili, sibt wieħed.

557
00:31:44,950 --> 00:31:49,130
U huma mibgħuta lili biex Oxford għal tlieta
snin, hekk qatt mess mal tiegħek IT

558
00:31:49,130 --> 00:31:49,920
dipartiment.

559
00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:53,250
U jekk int ser jispiċċaw fi IT
dipartiment, ma jippermettux lilek innifsek biex ikunu

560
00:31:53,250 --> 00:31:54,250
messed ma.

561
00:31:54,250 --> 00:32:00,800
>> Iżda xorta waħda, inti tara li l-injoranza utent
hija xi ħaġa li se

562
00:32:00,800 --> 00:32:04,730
li jfisser li huwa verament diffiċli
li jiddependu fuq dak id-dritt tal-qiegħ

563
00:32:04,730 --> 00:32:06,270
kwadrant biex tgħin lin-nies.

564
00:32:06,270 --> 00:32:08,940
U stajt ltqajna ngħid, jien ċert anke
ir-risposta għal din il-mistoqsija.

565
00:32:08,940 --> 00:32:09,170
Dritt?

566
00:32:09,170 --> 00:32:10,810
Jekk huwa ħażin biżżejjed, I
jissoponi li tista '.

567
00:32:10,810 --> 00:32:12,530
Jekk hemm xita fuq Redmond.

568
00:32:12,530 --> 00:32:16,190
>> Iżda xorta waħda, ejja nħarsu lejn ieħor
kwadrant, upper xellug.

569
00:32:16,190 --> 00:32:21,730
Meta naħseb ta 'ġerarkija u proprjetà,
Jien ħsieb gvern.

570
00:32:21,730 --> 00:32:24,360
U liema jista gvern
tagħmel biex tipprova tgħin?

571
00:32:24,360 --> 00:32:27,360
Ukoll, il-gvern kienet tipprova
biex jgħinu għal madwar 10 snin issa.

572
00:32:27,360 --> 00:32:31,080
Dan kien l-istrateġija oriġinali
biex jiżguraw cyberspace.

573
00:32:31,080 --> 00:32:31,790
Kien enormi.

574
00:32:31,790 --> 00:32:35,260
Bażikament qal Pearl diġitali
Port, jibżgħux ħafna.

575
00:32:35,260 --> 00:32:37,500
U aħna ma jafu x'għandhom jagħmlu dwar dan.

576
00:32:37,500 --> 00:32:40,300
Allura li ħadthom ġiet jippruvaw figura
x'għandek tagħmel dwar dan, bħal ħolqien

577
00:32:40,300 --> 00:32:43,790
qsim u l-analiżi ċentri ta 'informazzjoni
li tħares lejn l-internet.

578
00:32:43,790 --> 00:32:45,360
Huma qed simili, huwa l isfel, huwa isfel.

579
00:32:45,360 --> 00:32:47,090
Huwa simili, OK, huwa isfel.

580
00:32:47,090 --> 00:32:49,070
Aħna ma tistax tgħid xi ħadd, huwa isfel.

581
00:32:49,070 --> 00:32:54,340
>> Għalhekk, wieħed mill-iżvantaġġi tal unowned
teknoloġiji hemm l-ebda

582
00:32:54,340 --> 00:32:58,210
post ovvju li tibgħat l-Marines, u
dawn ma jkollhom ebda komparattiv partikolari

583
00:32:58,210 --> 00:33:01,320
vantaġġ, anki jekk inti tista '
tibgħathom, fl-iżgurar

584
00:33:01,320 --> 00:33:03,000
dan in-netwerk mqassma.

585
00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:06,680
Li tfisser il-gvern kellu
hard time jidhru dak li tagħmel.

586
00:33:06,680 --> 00:33:10,660
Minflok huma għamlu sejħiet bħal dan, minn
ex CIA Direttur George Prinċipju,

587
00:33:10,660 --> 00:33:18,170
li qal li, forsi għandna
biex tagħmel dan hekk li n-nies -

588
00:33:18,170 --> 00:33:20,900
l-aċċess għall-web jista 'jeħtieġ li jkun
limitati għal dawk li juru li jistgħu

589
00:33:20,900 --> 00:33:22,980
jassumu s-sigurtà serjament.

590
00:33:22,980 --> 00:33:24,600
Ma tibqax tkun
dinja wide web.

591
00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:28,460
Ikun simili, tliet persuni jkunu
simili, aħna sikura ħafna.

592
00:33:28,460 --> 00:33:32,620
U li waħda mill-problemi fil-
jippruvaw ċifra barra dak li jagħmlu.

593
00:33:32,620 --> 00:33:35,870
>> U biss ftit snin ilu, kien hemm
dan il-ħaġa kbira dwar, oh tiegħi god, huma

594
00:33:35,870 --> 00:33:39,100
jkollhom polza sigurtà ċibernetika, u l-
president għaddej biex ikollhom emerġenza

595
00:33:39,100 --> 00:33:41,350
setgħa li tingħalaq żajbar l-internet.

596
00:33:41,350 --> 00:33:44,040
I ma naħsibx li ammonta
għal ħafna ta 'xejn.

597
00:33:44,040 --> 00:33:46,970
U fil-fatt il-leġiżlaturi nfushom
ma kinux kuntenti ma 'dawn ir-rapporti ta'

598
00:33:46,970 --> 00:33:47,930
l-iswiċċ joqtlu.

599
00:33:47,930 --> 00:33:52,760
Għalkemm ma jagħmlu me tħossok aħjar
li, kif tista 'tara fil-

600
00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:55,900
qiegħ, il-senatur kien simili, il-
president diġà għandu l-awtorità li

601
00:33:55,900 --> 00:33:58,570
tingħalaq żajbar l-internet taħt
dispożizzjoni ftit li xejn magħrufa tal-

602
00:33:58,570 --> 00:34:03,100
Att tal-Komunikazzjonijiet għadda xahar
wara l-attakk fuq Pearl Harbor 1941,

603
00:34:03,100 --> 00:34:06,720
li hija liġi ħafna tħares 'il quddiem,
li tagħti l-president-setgħa li

604
00:34:06,720 --> 00:34:10,780
tingħalaq żajbar l-internet wara l-
Ġappuniż attakkat fl-1941.

605
00:34:10,780 --> 00:34:15,560
>> Xorta waħda, aħna tibda tara modi oħra li
gvern qed tipprova biex jaħsbu

606
00:34:15,560 --> 00:34:18,560
dan bħall-gvern
think ta 'kwalunkwe forma oħra ta'

607
00:34:18,560 --> 00:34:20,139
intrużjoni fi spazju.

608
00:34:20,139 --> 00:34:23,020
U li wieħed mill-negattivi ta '
ssejjaħ dan cyberspace, għaliex dan huwa

609
00:34:23,020 --> 00:34:23,865
mhux verament spazju.

610
00:34:23,865 --> 00:34:25,860
Iżda naħsbu ta 'difiża perimetru.

611
00:34:25,860 --> 00:34:30,360
Ta 'ftit simili, sew ejja biss jitqiegħed
lymph antivirus kollha madwar it-truf

612
00:34:30,360 --> 00:34:33,510
tal-pajjiż, u jistgħu
rimja fl viruses deħlin

613
00:34:33,510 --> 00:34:34,810
bħal kmand missili.

614
00:34:34,810 --> 00:34:37,550
U ma pjuttost xogħol li mod.

615
00:34:37,550 --> 00:34:41,330
U dan ifisser, minflok, li aħna jistgħu jispiċċaw
up bini ta 'sistema li jisparaw stabbiliti kollha

616
00:34:41,330 --> 00:34:45,540
xorta ta 'kontenut ieħor li għandu xejn
li tagħmel ma 'sigurtà tan-network.

617
00:34:45,540 --> 00:34:46,639
Mhuwiex ċar.

618
00:34:46,639 --> 00:34:49,100
Aħna tixtieq li tieħu paġna mill-
kotba ta 'pajjiżi li għandhom

619
00:34:49,100 --> 00:34:51,040
diġà għamlu dan.

620
00:34:51,040 --> 00:34:54,480
>> Fil-frattemp, aħna stajt tidher proposti
minn xi multinazzjonali

621
00:34:54,480 --> 00:34:57,440
istituzzjonijiet multigovernment, bħall-
Telekomunikazzjonijiet Internazzjonali

622
00:34:57,440 --> 00:35:00,350
Unjoni, li kompletament
jerġa 'jagħmel l-internet.

623
00:35:00,350 --> 00:35:03,860
Kif tistgħu taraw, dawn huma estremament
organizzazzjoni ġerarkika, tip ta 'l-

624
00:35:03,860 --> 00:35:07,260
oppost tat-tliet guys li
beda l-internet off.

625
00:35:07,260 --> 00:35:12,440
U dawn ikollhom din l-idea li jibdlu il-
hourglass kien dak li huma jsejħu l-

626
00:35:12,440 --> 00:35:15,180
network ġenerazzjoni li jmiss.

627
00:35:15,180 --> 00:35:18,550
U huma bdew grupp jiffoka fuq il-
netwerks tal-ġenerazzjoni li jmiss, magħrufa wkoll

628
00:35:18,550 --> 00:35:19,870
bħala l-FGNGN.

629
00:35:19,870 --> 00:35:24,270
U wasal up ma 'mappa ġdida
għal ġejjieni aħjar.

630
00:35:24,270 --> 00:35:26,040
>> Inti lest għall-hourglass ġdid?

631
00:35:26,040 --> 00:35:27,200
Hawnhekk huwa.

632
00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:32,010
Huwa ITU network ġenerazzjoni li jmiss, u
Hija kollox imma il-animated

633
00:35:32,010 --> 00:35:32,770
clip karta.

634
00:35:32,770 --> 00:35:36,880
F'daqqa waħda huwa karatteristika mgħobbija fil-
netwerk, minħabba li l-idea għandu jkun,

635
00:35:36,880 --> 00:35:41,200
dawn il-figura, li inti tixtieq li tkun tista '
tagħmel dan, jekk packet jgħid ma kopja

636
00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:44,630
me, anki jekk żewġ utenti jridu jiskambjaw
dan, in-netwerk għandu

637
00:35:44,630 --> 00:35:45,860
jafu li ma jagħmlux dan.

638
00:35:45,860 --> 00:35:50,610
Li jista 'jgħin kontroll kontenut,
u li tista 'tgħin mas-sigurtà.

639
00:35:50,610 --> 00:35:53,875
Ma, I think, jispiċċaw mattering
li ħafna, għaliex tipprova tissostitwixxi

640
00:35:53,875 --> 00:35:56,570
in-netwerk għandna huwa verament
diffiċli li tagħmel.

641
00:35:56,570 --> 00:35:58,410
Hija għandha ħafna ta 'inerzja lilha.

642
00:35:58,410 --> 00:36:02,750
Just titlob lill-inġiniera internet li huma
jippruvaw jaġġornaw dan huma stess.

643
00:36:02,750 --> 00:36:06,800
>> Allura terz kwadrant hawn
huwa d-dritt ta 'fuq.

644
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:09,120
U huwa għadu proprjetà,
imma hija polyarchy.

645
00:36:09,120 --> 00:36:11,220
Hemm lottijiet ta 'sidien,
u ikollok pick tiegħek.

646
00:36:11,220 --> 00:36:13,170
Dik hija bażikament-settur korporattiv.

647
00:36:13,170 --> 00:36:17,090
Huwa iduru għad-dinja korporattiva
jiġifieri, stajt ltqajna problema.

648
00:36:17,090 --> 00:36:18,180
Biegħ me soluzzjoni.

649
00:36:18,180 --> 00:36:19,380
Jien ma tfittex għall-gvern.

650
00:36:19,380 --> 00:36:20,840
I ma tistax tagħmel dan myself.

651
00:36:20,840 --> 00:36:23,300
Iżda int tista 'forsi jiġi
up ma 'xi ħaġa.

652
00:36:23,300 --> 00:36:27,350
U żgur biżżejjed, Rajna lottijiet ta '
isforzi mill-kumpaniji privati ​​biex jiżguraw

653
00:36:27,350 --> 00:36:31,480
l-ispazju, li min-naħa kultant
jispiċċaw fl-inkwiet.

654
00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:32,730
>> Huwa li ssejjaħ RSA?

655
00:36:32,730 --> 00:36:34,441
I tisma 'ħoss stramb.

656
00:36:34,441 --> 00:36:35,760
I raden le.

657
00:36:35,760 --> 00:36:42,170
>> Xorta waħda, jirriżulta, allura, li l-
settur korporattiv jipprova li joffri xi

658
00:36:42,170 --> 00:36:45,320
miżura ta 'sigurtà, imma għandha l-
jħossu, metaphorically, li jiżguraw il-

659
00:36:45,320 --> 00:36:49,060
triq mill-ajruport Baghdad bi
seħħ gwardji tiegħek stess.

660
00:36:49,060 --> 00:36:53,240
Hija għandha element ta 'nuqqas ta' effiċjenza
dan, u dan ifisser li n-nies differenti

661
00:36:53,240 --> 00:36:56,790
se tikseb livelli differenti ta 'sigurtà,
li jistgħu jispiċċaw ma

662
00:36:56,790 --> 00:36:58,410
li jkunu kollha li ġust.

663
00:36:58,410 --> 00:37:03,340
>> F 'sens aktar sottili, Rajna l-
introduzzjoni ta 'teknoloġiji magħmula biex

664
00:37:03,340 --> 00:37:05,950
jkun fil-forma tal-Flexowriter.

665
00:37:05,950 --> 00:37:10,190
Fil-fatt, il-kumpanija ħafna li fl-1977
tana l-ewwel unowned kbira

666
00:37:10,190 --> 00:37:15,220
teknoloġija, il-PC, tana l-ewwel
teknoloġija proprjetà kbira eżattament 30

667
00:37:15,220 --> 00:37:20,470
snin wara, bl-iPhone, fejn il-
iPhone jgħid, tfittex, aħna ser

668
00:37:20,470 --> 00:37:21,840
jiddefinixxu kollox fuqha.

669
00:37:21,840 --> 00:37:23,030
Inti ma tridx li jkun bħal PC.

670
00:37:23,030 --> 00:37:24,740
Dawk crash-ħin kollu.

671
00:37:24,740 --> 00:37:31,930
Minflok dak li trid huwa li tkun tista '
jkunu taħdem, li hija taġixxi biss bħal

672
00:37:31,930 --> 00:37:33,960
li Processor Kelma Smart.

673
00:37:33,960 --> 00:37:35,550
Issa li kien il-iPhone oriġinali.

674
00:37:35,550 --> 00:37:39,900
Ma kien hemm ebda apps, l-ebda Aħżen App
fuq l-iPhone oriġinali.

675
00:37:39,900 --> 00:37:44,300
Kien aktar bħad bażikament qal,
tfittex, aħna qed tmur biex tagħlaqha

676
00:37:44,300 --> 00:37:47,190
off, u dan se tfittex
bħal xi ħaġa xi wħud

677
00:37:47,190 --> 00:37:48,570
rajt qabel.

678
00:37:48,570 --> 00:37:51,280
U aħna se jiddefinixxu dak
tmur fuq it-telefon.

679
00:37:51,280 --> 00:37:56,250
>> Issa, li biddel meta, ftit snin
wara, huma introduċiet il-software

680
00:37:56,250 --> 00:38:01,440
kit iżviluppaturi, u f'daqqa waħda tielet
partijiet jistgħu Kodiċi għall-iPhone.

681
00:38:01,440 --> 00:38:03,210
U li tinkludi int.

682
00:38:03,210 --> 00:38:04,820
Din mhix kopertura Newsweek reali.

683
00:38:04,820 --> 00:38:07,480
Fil-fatt, mhuwiex ċar għalija
Newsweek jeżisti aktar.

684
00:38:07,480 --> 00:38:11,410
Iżda xorta waħda, huwa biss bad
ħolma, il-ħaġa sħiħa.

685
00:38:11,410 --> 00:38:14,780
>> Jirriżulta, madankollu, li huma
tpoġġi extra tweak pulzieri

686
00:38:14,780 --> 00:38:16,040
mhuwiex simili VisiCalc.

687
00:38:16,040 --> 00:38:19,300
Jekk inti jivvintaw xi ħaġa li għaddej biex
jimxu fuq iPhone xi ħadd, u inti

688
00:38:19,300 --> 00:38:22,520
tixtieq li jagħti lilhom, u huma jridu
li teħodha, għandu jgħaddu mill-App

689
00:38:22,520 --> 00:38:26,280
Aħżen, li mbagħad jgħid, aħna mhux qed
ser jippermettu illegali, malizzjużi,

690
00:38:26,280 --> 00:38:31,000
privatezza jinvaduh, porn, bandwidth
hog, jew favorit tiegħi, mhux previsti.

691
00:38:31,000 --> 00:38:35,820
Ma jistax ikollna xejn mhux mistennija
jiġri fuq il-iPhone.

692
00:38:35,820 --> 00:38:41,590
U li l-mudell Aħżen App qed jirrispondi
għal problema reali ħafna u urġenti fil

693
00:38:41,590 --> 00:38:43,160
l-univers unowned.

694
00:38:43,160 --> 00:38:46,610
Imma hija soluzzjoni li ġejja
ma inkwiet tagħha stess.

695
00:38:46,610 --> 00:38:51,830
>> Għalhekk, per eżempju, meta Guy maħluqa
xi ħaġa imsejħa Time Libertà,

696
00:38:51,830 --> 00:38:55,880
fl-għadd tal-aħħar ta 'George W.
Tul Bush, din kienet miċħuda

697
00:38:55,880 --> 00:38:57,760
mill-Aħżen App.

698
00:38:57,760 --> 00:39:02,200
U hu fil-fatt kiteb nota lill Steve
Impjiegi tistaqsi għaliex hija kienet ġiet miċħuda.

699
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:05,870
Steve Jobs kiteb lura u qal, dan
se tkun offensiv għal madwar

700
00:39:05,870 --> 00:39:06,830
nofs klijenti tagħna.

701
00:39:06,830 --> 00:39:08,340
X'inhu l-punt?

702
00:39:08,340 --> 00:39:13,050
U inti tirrealizza li n-nies huma issa
mixi madwar mal-teknoloġija tagħhom.

703
00:39:13,050 --> 00:39:13,830
Huma jistgħu jixtiequ dan.

704
00:39:13,830 --> 00:39:15,070
Inti tista 'tixtieq li tagħti lilhom.

705
00:39:15,070 --> 00:39:19,300
Iżda xi ħadd fin-nofs għandha
li tkun konvinta tal-valur tiegħu

706
00:39:19,300 --> 00:39:20,460
qabel ma jippermetti dan.

707
00:39:20,460 --> 00:39:23,410
>> Li l teknoloġiku differenti ħafna
ambjent.

708
00:39:23,410 --> 00:39:26,550
U huwa wieħed li Steve Jobs
preċiż ipprevediet.

709
00:39:26,550 --> 00:39:28,570
Huwa mhux biss dwar it-telefons ċellulari.

710
00:39:28,570 --> 00:39:31,290
Dan huwa li ġejjin għal kulħadd
teknoloġiji tagħna.

711
00:39:31,290 --> 00:39:36,290
U fil-fatt, konna beda biex tara ibridi
u modi oħra li bihom tagħna

712
00:39:36,290 --> 00:39:40,250
arkitettura PC stess huwa
issa App Aħżen misjuqa.

713
00:39:40,250 --> 00:39:42,260
>> Dan issa huwa simili, nieħdu
bħala fatt.

714
00:39:42,260 --> 00:39:45,310
Sentejn ilu, kien ikun, jien
mhux hekk ċert li għaddej biex jiġri.

715
00:39:45,310 --> 00:39:49,540
U snin qabel li, huwa jkollu
kien insane li jissuġġerixxu tali ħaġa.

716
00:39:49,540 --> 00:39:51,690
U, naturalment, l-oħra jum
I ppruvaw tagħbija dan -

717
00:39:51,690 --> 00:39:53,890
I lanqas biss jafu dak li tagħmel,
dan ħaġa imsejħa Vuze.

718
00:39:53,890 --> 00:39:55,220
Kulmin familjari magħha?

719
00:39:55,220 --> 00:40:00,390
Xorta waħda, I ppruvaw tagħbija fuq tiegħi
Mac, u I said, no, no, sorry.

720
00:40:00,390 --> 00:40:03,900
Tista 'biss jippermettu affarijiet approvat
mill-Aħżen App.

721
00:40:03,900 --> 00:40:08,140
Jekk int totalment ġewż, tista 'tbiddel
settings tiegħek biex jippermettu lil kwalunkwe għalf qodma

722
00:40:08,140 --> 00:40:09,490
li jimxu fuq magna tiegħek.

723
00:40:09,490 --> 00:40:12,300
Iżda għaliex kieku inti possibilment
jixtiequ jagħmlu dan?

724
00:40:12,300 --> 00:40:16,580
>> U jirriżulta li mhuwiex
biss Apple tagħmel dan issa.

725
00:40:16,580 --> 00:40:21,430
Kull produttur prinċipali huwa bini
arkitetturi li huma kemm maħsuba biex

726
00:40:21,430 --> 00:40:26,520
affarijiet sigura u li jsiru
vectors għall-kontroll.

727
00:40:26,520 --> 00:40:31,590
U jekk taħseb Android hija miftuħa, biss
stenna sakemm jiġrilha partikolarment ħażina

728
00:40:31,590 --> 00:40:33,740
sett ta 'malware, u tkun taf tara -

729
00:40:33,740 --> 00:40:35,500
dan huwa l-Zombie SMS -

730
00:40:35,500 --> 00:40:38,670
I do not know li se ikklikkja fuq
"Album Animated I Found Meta I fissi

731
00:40:38,670 --> 00:40:42,960
Computer coworker Female tiegħi, "iżda
biżżejjed nies ma, u spiċċa mbagħad

732
00:40:42,960 --> 00:40:44,920
ma malware Android.

733
00:40:44,920 --> 00:40:48,710
U inti tibda tara r-rata ta '
adozzjoni ta 'jiġri malware.

734
00:40:48,710 --> 00:40:52,990
U inti tirrealizza li huwa biss kwistjoni
ta 'żmien qabel immorru lil App

735
00:40:52,990 --> 00:40:55,290
Mudell maħżen għal kollox.

736
00:40:55,290 --> 00:40:59,990
>> Allura dak li sar unowned huwa
isiru proprjetà, u dak li huwa

737
00:40:59,990 --> 00:41:05,080
proprjetà iżda open qed isir biss proprjetà,
għal kull xorta ta 'raġunijiet.

738
00:41:05,080 --> 00:41:09,200
U aħna qed iqisuh mhux biss fuq endpoint
mezzi, iżda fil-sħaba bħala

739
00:41:09,200 --> 00:41:14,020
ukoll, kif pjattaformi aktar u aktar huma
jibdew ikunu intermedjarji bejn

740
00:41:14,020 --> 00:41:17,450
inti u apparentement indipendenti
parti li tixtieq

741
00:41:17,450 --> 00:41:18,770
jikkomunikaw ma.

742
00:41:18,770 --> 00:41:22,630
Just titlob lill-persuni li ma xi ħaġa
imsejħa Island Critter, a

743
00:41:22,630 --> 00:41:24,290
kemmxejn logħba busy.

744
00:41:24,290 --> 00:41:29,180
U kellha 150 miljun utenti lura
heyday tagħha, sakemm ma xi ħaġa

745
00:41:29,180 --> 00:41:30,610
li Facebook ma simili.

746
00:41:30,610 --> 00:41:35,460
Facebook sempliċiment ġbidt l-plagg, u
hemm graff utent tiegħu dritt fil-

747
00:41:35,460 --> 00:41:37,880
mument li Facebook jinġibed il-plug.

748
00:41:37,880 --> 00:41:43,230
C'est differenti ħafna miż-żona
fejn ikollok Napster hemmhekk, u

749
00:41:43,230 --> 00:41:44,110
Napster huwa hemmhekk.

750
00:41:44,110 --> 00:41:46,750
Hemm ebda mod li Bill Gates jew
ħaddieħor seta jinġibed il-

751
00:41:46,750 --> 00:41:49,440
plug fuqha, għall-aħjar jew għall-agħar.

752
00:41:49,440 --> 00:41:53,840
>> U kontroll fuq il-kodiċi ifisser
kontroll fuq il-kontenut.

753
00:41:53,840 --> 00:41:56,840
Għalhekk, per eżempju, meta l-
Kindle ħareġ -

754
00:41:56,840 --> 00:42:00,770
eżempju perfett ta 'Friden proprjetà
Apparat stil Flexowriter -

755
00:42:00,770 --> 00:42:08,650
kien hemm parti terza li ppreżentat
permezz Amazon, 1984 għall $ 0.99.

756
00:42:08,650 --> 00:42:09,840
U n-nies mixtrija.

757
00:42:09,840 --> 00:42:11,930
U allura l-persuna li tissottometti
kien simili, oops, huwa taħt

758
00:42:11,930 --> 00:42:12,950
awtur fl-Istati Uniti.

759
00:42:12,950 --> 00:42:14,730
Ħsibt li kien fid-dominju pubbliku.

760
00:42:14,730 --> 00:42:16,010
Żball tiegħi.

761
00:42:16,010 --> 00:42:19,800
Amazon kien simili, oh tiegħi god, aħna
jista 'jkun fl-inkwiet kbir għal

762
00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:20,960
tippermetti li dan iseħħ.

763
00:42:20,960 --> 00:42:24,490
U bħala riżultat, Amazon laħaq fis
kull Kindle waħda li kellha

764
00:42:24,490 --> 00:42:31,230
jitniżżel 1984 u mħassra 1984
mill-Kindle minn afar.

765
00:42:31,230 --> 00:42:33,590
>> Huwa simili, inti ma għandekx 1984.

766
00:42:33,590 --> 00:42:36,050
Inti qatt ma kellhom 1984.

767
00:42:36,050 --> 00:42:40,440
M'hemm l-ebda ktieb bħal 1984.

768
00:42:40,440 --> 00:42:42,250
Issa, li l-problema.

769
00:42:42,250 --> 00:42:45,180
U huwa mhux kemm ta 'problema meta
dan ġara, minħabba li kien hemm

770
00:42:45,180 --> 00:42:45,970
għadhom bookstores.

771
00:42:45,970 --> 00:42:47,560
Ftakar bookstores?

772
00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:48,670
Ftakar libreriji?

773
00:42:48,670 --> 00:42:52,190
Kien simili, tinkwetax, hemm
post li biss għandu din diġà

774
00:42:52,190 --> 00:42:55,940
stampata u marbuta fuq il-karta fil-
eventwalità improbabbli li xi ħadd għandu

775
00:42:55,940 --> 00:43:01,300
jimxu fi u jiġu simili, nixtieq li jagħtu
inti $ 5 għal kopja stampata tal-1984.

776
00:43:01,300 --> 00:43:04,700
Kif totalment assurda hija li
bħala mudell ta 'negozju?

777
00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:08,860
U kif li tgħib, u tibda biex tmur
li jistampaw fuq talba jew taqra fuq talba,

778
00:43:08,860 --> 00:43:12,400
inti tirrealizza li l-kontroll fuq
kontenut hija ħaġa serja.

779
00:43:12,400 --> 00:43:15,560
>> U jien biss trid tkun ċert, mhuwiex
biss Amazon hawn thats baddy.

780
00:43:15,560 --> 00:43:17,980
Huwa Barnes Nobbli u kif ukoll.

781
00:43:17,980 --> 00:43:18,830
I kien qari -

782
00:43:18,830 --> 00:43:20,640
jitkellmu dwar li ma jkollhomx ħafna ta 'ħajja -

783
00:43:20,640 --> 00:43:24,800
I kien qari Gwerra u l-Paċi l-oħra
jum meta I taqra din is-silta.

784
00:43:24,800 --> 00:43:28,310
"A glow stramb Nookd fil-wiċċ tagħha."
Dak l-infern huwa li?

785
00:43:28,310 --> 00:43:32,200
"Il-fjamma ta 'l-biċċiet tal-kubrit
Nookd - "Għaliex huwa x-xogħol" Nookd "kollha

786
00:43:32,200 --> 00:43:33,770
fuq Gwerra u l-Paċi?

787
00:43:33,770 --> 00:43:37,820
U allura inti tirrealizza li kull post
il-kelma "Kindle" jidher, hija għandha

788
00:43:37,820 --> 00:43:47,730
ġie sostitwit mill-
kelma "Nook." Yeah.

789
00:43:47,730 --> 00:43:49,670
>> Issa li ma kienx Barnes Nobbli u.

790
00:43:49,670 --> 00:43:53,460
Dan kien parti terza li kellhom probabbilment
għamlu dan ebook Amazon u

791
00:43:53,460 --> 00:43:56,750
allura biss mill-ġdid purposed li jmorru fuq il-
Nook, u dehret li jistgħu jbiddlu b'mod

792
00:43:56,750 --> 00:44:00,690
kontenut tgeżwir tagħhom fuq kull tarf biex
jiġifieri, oh, issibna fuq taħżen Nook tagħna,

793
00:44:00,690 --> 00:44:02,990
u għamlet tfittxija u tissostitwixxi,
u diżastru ġara.

794
00:44:02,990 --> 00:44:08,910
Imma inti tibda tirrealizza kemm
faċilment dan jista 'repurposed.

795
00:44:08,910 --> 00:44:11,390
U nemmen lili, jekk int f'nofsu
permezz Gwerra u l-Paċi, int biss

796
00:44:11,390 --> 00:44:14,290
simili, whatevs, li Tolstoy għalik.

797
00:44:14,290 --> 00:44:15,500
Liema huma inti se jagħmlu?

798
00:44:15,500 --> 00:44:20,590
>> Allura dan huwa f'era fejn il-prodotti tagħna
qed isiru servizzi, u

799
00:44:20,590 --> 00:44:22,620
taħseb, stajt sibt toaster.

800
00:44:22,620 --> 00:44:23,600
Ukoll, li prodott.

801
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:26,950
Immaġina toaster tiegħek bħala
servizz web-ppermettiet.

802
00:44:26,950 --> 00:44:27,780
X'ifisser dan?

803
00:44:27,780 --> 00:44:30,220
Dan ifisser li inti tinżel ġurnata waħda, huwa
simili, congratulations, inti ħadthom gotten

804
00:44:30,220 --> 00:44:31,400
l-aġġornament Tlieta.

805
00:44:31,400 --> 00:44:33,110
Inti issa għandhom tliet slots.

806
00:44:33,110 --> 00:44:35,010
Int simili, sew li pjuttost jibred.

807
00:44:35,010 --> 00:44:37,090
U allura l-jum li jmiss, dawn qed simili
, Sorry aħna rolled lura.

808
00:44:37,090 --> 00:44:37,860
Kien hemm problema.

809
00:44:37,860 --> 00:44:40,530
Niskużaw ruħna għal kull toast
li kien imfarrak.

810
00:44:40,530 --> 00:44:43,915
U mbagħad fuq il-ġimgħa, inti jinżlu
u huwa jagħmel meraq tal-larinġ.

811
00:44:43,915 --> 00:44:45,650
Int tixtieq dak li jien stess?

812
00:44:45,650 --> 00:44:47,430
It-tweġiba hija li inti xejn stess.

813
00:44:47,430 --> 00:44:50,280
Għandek servizz fit-tul
relazzjoni orjentati

814
00:44:50,280 --> 00:44:52,720
ma 'fornitur kolazzjon.

815
00:44:52,720 --> 00:44:57,810
U li huwa kbir, imma hija wkoll
xi ħaġa li għadna jippruvaw

816
00:44:57,810 --> 00:45:02,250
wrap armi tagħna madwar kif nikbru
jintużaw għal dan it-tip ta 'ħaġa.

817
00:45:02,250 --> 00:45:06,380
U l-possibbiltajiet regolatorji
għadhom qed jibdew.

818
00:45:06,380 --> 00:45:10,530
>> Għalhekk, per eżempju, xi wħud minnkom jista '
ftakar-sistema OnStar qodma.

819
00:45:10,530 --> 00:45:11,390
Kien fil-karozza tiegħek.

820
00:45:11,390 --> 00:45:14,220
Youd tkun is-sewqan madwar, u ikollok
mitlufa jew xi ħaġa, u inti agħfas il-

821
00:45:14,220 --> 00:45:16,320
buttuna fil-mirja li juru wara.

822
00:45:16,320 --> 00:45:19,120
Hija għandha mikrofonu ftit sabiex inti tista '
jitkellmu dritt fis dan, u kelliema hekk

823
00:45:19,120 --> 00:45:21,120
inti tista 'tisma' dak in-nies jgħidu lura.

824
00:45:21,120 --> 00:45:23,420
U din il-mara tweġibiet meta
tagħfas il-buttuna għajnuna.

825
00:45:23,420 --> 00:45:25,090
U int simili, I ma tistax tikseb up.

826
00:45:25,090 --> 00:45:25,650
Jekk jogħġbok jgħinu.

827
00:45:25,650 --> 00:45:28,450
U hi simili, ukoll,
għajnuna hija fuq il-mod.

828
00:45:28,450 --> 00:45:33,380
>> U mbagħad jirriżulta li l-FBI
jispiċċa jmur lil OnStar bħal

829
00:45:33,380 --> 00:45:38,120
kumpanija u jgħid, nixtieq, għal dan
karozza, li sempliċiment dawwar fuq il-mikrofonu,

830
00:45:38,120 --> 00:45:41,300
u jisimgħu kollox għaddej
fuq fil-karozza fil-ħinijiet kollha.

831
00:45:41,300 --> 00:45:42,980
U l-kumpanija kienet simili, uhh.

832
00:45:42,980 --> 00:45:44,790
U dawn qed simili, dan huwa dak
int ser jagħmlu.

833
00:45:44,790 --> 00:45:46,120
Aħna l-FBI.

834
00:45:46,120 --> 00:45:49,510
Il-kumpanija qalet OK, u mbagħad mħarrka
anonimu, li jwassal għal dan wunderbare

835
00:45:49,510 --> 00:45:55,280
każ, il-kumpannija v Istati Uniti tal-
Amerika, li fiha, li rriżulta,

836
00:45:55,280 --> 00:45:59,670
allura, li dan ma kienx permess taħt
l-Att Wiretap għall-thinnest

837
00:45:59,670 --> 00:46:00,310
ta 'raġunijiet.

838
00:46:00,310 --> 00:46:04,560
Liema jiġifieri kienet il-mod l-FBI talab
biex dan iseħħ, li għandhom jiġu implimentati.

839
00:46:04,560 --> 00:46:07,690
Jekk il-persuna talbu għall-għajnuna minħabba
dawn kienu verament fl-inkwiet, ikun

840
00:46:07,690 --> 00:46:11,510
għadha biss tmur għall-FBI, aktar milli
OnStar, jew dik il-kumpannija, li

841
00:46:11,510 --> 00:46:13,410
wieħed jassumi li ma jiġu u jgħinu.

842
00:46:13,410 --> 00:46:18,560
Imma jekk inti tista 'tiffissa li glitch, inti
tkun f'pożizzjoni li jibdlu l-

843
00:46:18,560 --> 00:46:19,750
mod kif taħdem din.

844
00:46:19,750 --> 00:46:26,580
>> Allura, kull xorta ta 'modi li bihom malleabbli
software, li għalihom qed jinbidlu

845
00:46:26,580 --> 00:46:32,130
hija l-prerogattiva u l-privileġġ ta '
il-bejjiegħ, imperattivi, jew jkollna biex

846
00:46:32,130 --> 00:46:36,150
permess, bidla parti terza,
li l-llum.

847
00:46:36,150 --> 00:46:40,870
Dik hija l-ambjent il-ġdid, u huwa
l-ambjent tal-System/360.

848
00:46:40,870 --> 00:46:46,310
Inti ma proprji Jittieħed tiegħek jibqgħalu,
u li hija problema reali.

849
00:46:46,310 --> 00:46:48,090
>> Allura x'nistgħu nagħmlu dwar dan?

850
00:46:48,090 --> 00:46:52,270
Well, jien ser jagħtuk xi ideat
fil-li jmiss 4 u 1/2 minuti.

851
00:46:52,270 --> 00:46:57,940
Għalhekk, possibbiltà waħda hija li jirritornaw għall
dawn it-teknoloġiji unowned ħafna u

852
00:46:57,940 --> 00:47:01,600
jfittxu mezzi ġodda ta 'difiża
f'dan kwadrant.

853
00:47:01,600 --> 00:47:06,220
Coming b'mod unowned, imma hekk
qawwija, hekk konvinċenti, b'mod daqshekk wiesa

854
00:47:06,220 --> 00:47:10,400
adottati, li huma jispiċċaw affarijiet
li l-kriminali ma jkunux jistgħu faċilment jagħżlu

855
00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:14,090
barra minn, li huwa dak li jpoġġihom fuq
fuq ix-xellug ta 'din il-graff.

856
00:47:14,090 --> 00:47:17,560
Hija xi ħaġa li Wikipedija
skoperti, f'dak kwalunkwe amministratur

857
00:47:17,560 --> 00:47:22,610
tal-Wikipedija jistgħu jiġu tagħmel bidliet għal
Wikipedija b'mod privileġġjat, imma

858
00:47:22,610 --> 00:47:26,770
għadu fil dan it-tip ta 'mqassma,
unowned moda, sabiex jippruvaw

859
00:47:26,770 --> 00:47:29,190
tagħmel għal enċiklopedija aħjar.

860
00:47:29,190 --> 00:47:33,250
U huma biss jieħdu permezz ta 'lista ta'
nies li jilmentaw dwar Jittieħed kollha

861
00:47:33,250 --> 00:47:38,160
jum twil, u għall-ebda flus,
huma biss iżommu iffissar.

862
00:47:38,160 --> 00:47:42,320
Dan huwa storja inkredibbli, u
dejjem waħda kontinġenti, li jien

863
00:47:42,320 --> 00:47:47,920
jemmnu għandu lezzjonijiet dwar kif in-nies jistgħu
jintervjenu b'mod utli mezzi biex tiżgura

864
00:47:47,920 --> 00:47:48,910
l-internet.

865
00:47:48,910 --> 00:47:52,550
>> U jien ser biss jagħtuk xi eżempji
ta unowned imma qawwija -

866
00:47:52,550 --> 00:47:57,050
hekk qawwija jimxu lejn ix-xellug fuq
li chart - teknoloġiji bħal Tor,

867
00:47:57,050 --> 00:48:01,170
fejn, bil biżżejjed kompjuters flimkien,
inti tista 'tispiċċa ħasil is-sors

868
00:48:01,170 --> 00:48:04,170
u d-destinazzjoni ta 'pakketti, sabiex il-
xi ħaġa bħall-Silk Road jista 'jkun

869
00:48:04,170 --> 00:48:08,620
up u unfindable, anki jekk huwa
ikklikkja bogħod, għal xhur kull darba.

870
00:48:08,620 --> 00:48:12,080
Hija ħadet il-proprjetarju tal-Silk Road
jippruvaw tqiegħed hit fuq waħda mill tiegħu

871
00:48:12,080 --> 00:48:15,270
bejjiegħa għall-kobob li jkun
tista 'ssib din il-persuna.

872
00:48:15,270 --> 00:48:17,080
Li pretty inkredibbli.

873
00:48:17,080 --> 00:48:20,410
Għall-aħjar jew agħar, dan huwa eżempju
ta 'teknoloġija, allura, li

874
00:48:20,410 --> 00:48:23,660
tmur kontra s ċertu tip ta 'OnStar
bħal sorveljanza.

875
00:48:23,660 --> 00:48:27,200
Fl-saff kontenut, naraw affarijiet simili
Ushahidi, li jippermettu lin-nies biex

876
00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:30,550
immedjatament tarmi up mappa u jagħmlu
rapporti ta 'affarijiet, hekk wara

877
00:48:30,550 --> 00:48:34,370
terremot jew bi problemi oħra, inti
jkunu nies li ġejjin flimkien

878
00:48:34,370 --> 00:48:38,090
ċivika, it-tip ta 'unowned mod, biex
attwalment joħolqu kollettiv

879
00:48:38,090 --> 00:48:41,220
alluċinazzjoni, li f'dan il-każ
hija mappa ta 'nkwiet, li jistgħu

880
00:48:41,220 --> 00:48:44,320
jsiru pjuttost affidabbli.

881
00:48:44,320 --> 00:48:47,520
>> Din hija idea li aħna qed isegwu fuq
fil-Center Berkman, f'liema

882
00:48:47,520 --> 00:48:51,370
Bħalissa, jekk inti tipprova l-aċċess għal web
paġna, irendi xi links, u inti

883
00:48:51,370 --> 00:48:54,310
ikklikkja fuq waħda ta 'dawk ir-rabtiet u jippruvaw
li jmorru fejn il-punti rabta.

884
00:48:54,310 --> 00:48:56,200
Jekk inti ma tistax tikseb hemm, thats it.

885
00:48:56,200 --> 00:48:57,250
Int staġnati.

886
00:48:57,250 --> 00:49:02,540
Ukoll, dak li jekk għamilna hekk li meta
inti żżur il-paġna, hija għandha diġà

887
00:49:02,540 --> 00:49:05,300
Cached xi wħud mill-links
dak il-punt x'imkien ieħor?

888
00:49:05,300 --> 00:49:09,370
Huwa ħadet kopja mill server sabiex
nnifisha, b'tali mod li jekk inti tmur għall-

889
00:49:09,370 --> 00:49:13,500
server u inti ma tistax tikseb hemm, inti tista '
jmorru lura lejn il-post fejn inti ltqajna

890
00:49:13,500 --> 00:49:15,890
il-link, u se tibgħat
inti dak li tlift.

891
00:49:15,890 --> 00:49:20,080
>> C'est eżempju ta 'distribwita
sistema difensiva li tista 'tieħu xi

892
00:49:20,080 --> 00:49:23,250
tal-Sting minn mqassma
ċaħda ta 'attakki tas-servizz.

893
00:49:23,250 --> 00:49:26,050
U, jirriżulta, jekk il-filtrazzjoni,
jekk l-ibblukkar ikun x'imkien fil-

894
00:49:26,050 --> 00:49:29,460
nofs, forsi grazzi lill-gvern
filtrazzjoni, din is-sistema tkun

895
00:49:29,460 --> 00:49:31,220
mezzi mqassma madwaru.

896
00:49:31,220 --> 00:49:35,010
C'est eżempju ta 'unowned
teknoloġija ċivika ġejjin lura.

897
00:49:35,010 --> 00:49:38,800
>> Issa jekk il-plug kollu huwa miġbud fuq il-
internet, kif issa ġie magħruf li

898
00:49:38,800 --> 00:49:41,330
jiġri, għalkemm fiż-żmien
kien simili, wow, li kienu jafu

899
00:49:41,330 --> 00:49:43,040
li fil-fatt ġara?

900
00:49:43,040 --> 00:49:46,840
Jirriżulta hemm netwerking malji, fil
li kull wieħed mill-mezzi tagħna tista

901
00:49:46,840 --> 00:49:51,280
jiġu programmati sabiex tkun tista 'tirrispondi
għall-mezzi fil-qrib, u mbagħad onward

902
00:49:51,280 --> 00:49:56,030
onward, bħal dik brigata tgħaddi birra
fil Fenway Park, sabiex inkunu jispiċċaw ma

903
00:49:56,030 --> 00:49:59,540
netwerk bejnietna, possibilment
ma Cached Facebook u Twitter

904
00:49:59,540 --> 00:50:00,370
kredenzjali.

905
00:50:00,370 --> 00:50:04,330
Allura inti tista 'ssib ħbieb tiegħek Facebook
fin-netwerk tal-malji tiegħek anki mingħajr

906
00:50:04,330 --> 00:50:05,910
jkollhom biex jiksbu facebook.com.

907
00:50:05,910 --> 00:50:11,150
C'est eżempju ta 'distribwita,
unowned alluċinazzjoni kollettiv li

908
00:50:11,150 --> 00:50:13,930
jista 'jaffettwa ferm is-sigurtà.

909
00:50:13,930 --> 00:50:19,890
>> Kien hemm żmien meta kien hemm dibattitu
fost il-gvernijiet statali dwar

910
00:50:19,890 --> 00:50:24,790
iskjavitù, u dwar skjavi jirritornaw
lejn in-Nofsinhar li kienu fuq

911
00:50:24,790 --> 00:50:26,050
il-run fit-Tramuntana.

912
00:50:26,050 --> 00:50:30,470
U akkomodazzjoni politiku kienet
jintlaħaq, biex tipprova tipprevjeni l Ċivili

913
00:50:30,470 --> 00:50:34,250
Gwerra fil-ħin, li dawn
tiġi rritornata.

914
00:50:34,250 --> 00:50:36,160
U jirriżulta ma ħadmux.

915
00:50:36,160 --> 00:50:37,670
U għaliex ma taħdem?

916
00:50:37,670 --> 00:50:42,360
Ghax ma kienx hemm ċentralizzata
infurzar tal-liġi bl-ebda mod kbar.

917
00:50:42,360 --> 00:50:46,460
Jekk inti meħtieġ biex issib xi ħadd jew jagħmlu
xi ħaġa li kienet akbar minn wieħed

918
00:50:46,460 --> 00:50:50,920
arrest, inti meħtieġ posse, inti meħtieġ
i jirrekluta ċittadini biex tagħmel dan.

919
00:50:50,920 --> 00:50:55,900
U ċ-ċittadini biżżejjed kienu simili, I ma
jaħsbu hekk, li dan ma seħħx.

920
00:50:55,900 --> 00:51:01,190
Teknoloġiji li jiddependu fuq l-ġenerali
pubbliku li jaħdmu huma wkoll teknoloġiji

921
00:51:01,190 --> 00:51:05,110
li għandhom xi valvs li jikkonnettu kontra
abbuż b'mod li l differenti minn

922
00:51:05,110 --> 00:51:10,590
l-valvs li jikkonnettu kontra l-abbuż li
aħna familjari ma 'mill-aktar

923
00:51:10,590 --> 00:51:13,930
ċentralizzata tradizzjonali
xenarji gvern.

924
00:51:13,930 --> 00:51:16,490
>> So I jispiċċaw ma din il-kwistjoni.

925
00:51:16,490 --> 00:51:19,810
Inti issa jiggradwaw mill CS50.

926
00:51:19,810 --> 00:51:26,100
You ħadthom gotten l-ftit bug li gets
inti fis din it-teknoloġija.

927
00:51:26,100 --> 00:51:29,370
U f'dan il-puzzle li ġejja minn
Logħba tal-tron, jippruvaw jaħsbu

928
00:51:29,370 --> 00:51:30,620
dwar min int.

929
00:51:30,620 --> 00:51:33,746

930
00:51:33,746 --> 00:51:34,705
>> [Daqq video]

931
00:51:34,705 --> 00:51:35,810
>> -Inti fond ta 'riddles?

932
00:51:35,810 --> 00:51:35,866
>> -Għaliex?

933
00:51:35,866 --> 00:51:37,300
Am I waslu biex tisma wieħed?

934
00:51:37,300 --> 00:51:42,630
>> Tliet-irġiel kbira ipoġġu din kamra, re,
qassis, u l-bniedem sinjuri.

935
00:51:42,630 --> 00:51:45,630
Bejniethom stands
xabla cell komuni.

936
00:51:45,630 --> 00:51:49,610
Kull bniedem kbir offerti l-ċellula
xabla joqtlu l-tnejn l-oħra.

937
00:51:49,610 --> 00:51:50,490
Li jgħix?

938
00:51:50,490 --> 00:51:52,840
Li jmut?

939
00:51:52,840 --> 00:51:54,300
>> -Jiddependi fuq l-xabla phone.

940
00:51:54,300 --> 00:51:55,280
>> -Ma?

941
00:51:55,280 --> 00:51:58,710
Huwa għandu la kuruna, u lanqas deheb,
lanqas favur l-allat.

942
00:51:58,710 --> 00:51:59,450
>> -Huwa għandu xabla.

943
00:51:59,450 --> 00:52:00,770
Il-qawwa ta 'ħajja u mewt.

944
00:52:00,770 --> 00:52:05,305
>> -Imma jekk huwa swordsmen li regola, għaliex
nistgħu nippretendu rejiet jżommu l-

945
00:52:05,305 --> 00:52:05,440
enerġija?

946
00:52:05,440 --> 00:52:07,240
>> -I've iddeċieda I ma simili riddles.

947
00:52:07,240 --> 00:52:08,440
>> [Daqq video END]

948
00:52:08,440 --> 00:52:14,290
>> JONATHAN ZITTRAIN: OK, hekk, f'dan il-
xenarju, I think int jew

949
00:52:14,290 --> 00:52:18,760
Maesters fit-taħriġ, għal dawk
li taqra l-kotba, jew

950
00:52:18,760 --> 00:52:20,070
inti stajt ltqajna l-xabla.

951
00:52:20,070 --> 00:52:21,140
Dan huwa dak li qed sann.

952
00:52:21,140 --> 00:52:26,340
Inti għandek għodda li tista 'tuża fil-
ambjent xorta biżżejjed

953
00:52:26,340 --> 00:52:30,690
tiġġenera li fil-ġimgħa inti
tista flip fuq affarijiet.

954
00:52:30,690 --> 00:52:33,380
Inti tista 'kompletament tittrasforma
ma 'xi kodiċi tajba

955
00:52:33,380 --> 00:52:35,050
skjerati fuq dan in-netwerk.

956
00:52:35,050 --> 00:52:40,140
Kif inti tagħżel li tuża din, parti,
jinfluwenzaw jekk xi ħadd jara

957
00:52:40,140 --> 00:52:45,630
raġuni biex iżommu l-netwerk tiġġenera,
jew jekk wasal iż-żmien għal ftit sejħa

958
00:52:45,630 --> 00:52:49,070
quits u tmur lura għall-
Flexowriters we love.

959
00:52:49,070 --> 00:52:51,250
>> F'dan graff ta 'nies -

960
00:52:51,250 --> 00:52:53,830
dan huwa Liġi Tielet Clarke
ġejjin lura mill-ġdid -

961
00:52:53,830 --> 00:52:57,080
bażikament hemm Luddites fuq l-
xellug, hekk jitneħħa mit-teknoloġija li

962
00:52:57,080 --> 00:52:58,600
dawn ma kura dak li jiġri
fid-dinja.

963
00:52:58,600 --> 00:53:01,030
OnStar mhix problema, għaliex
ma jsuqux.

964
00:53:01,030 --> 00:53:03,500
OK, mhux li ħafna xellug ta 'dawk.

965
00:53:03,500 --> 00:53:05,560
Dawn huma kollha l-librerija Harvard.

966
00:53:05,560 --> 00:53:09,620
Imbagħad, fuq il-lemin, inti għandek l-nerds,
li huma l-ninjas, li jistgħu jiksbu

967
00:53:09,620 --> 00:53:10,420
madwar xejn.

968
00:53:10,420 --> 00:53:14,880
Fin-nofs, inti għandek l-pubbliku.

969
00:53:14,880 --> 00:53:21,160
U inti għandek ċans li joħorġu mill-
merħla, waqt li xorta ftakar dak

970
00:53:21,160 --> 00:53:26,870
kien simili, u jinfluwenzaw il-kors
ta 'storja b'mod li

971
00:53:26,870 --> 00:53:29,030
huwa aħjar għal kulħadd.

972
00:53:29,030 --> 00:53:30,860
>> Allura, lili, li huwa t-test.

973
00:53:30,860 --> 00:53:35,580
Nistgħu nagħmlu sistemi li jiddistribwixxu
enerġija, minflok tiffoka dan,

974
00:53:35,580 --> 00:53:38,580
u xorta tkun sigura?

975
00:53:38,580 --> 00:53:42,620
U jiena fiduċjuż li r-risposta tinsab
fi ħdan din il-kamra, u aktar minn dan

976
00:53:42,620 --> 00:53:48,220
webcast, u ma 'dawk li huma
kurjużi biżżejjed biex jgħaddu l-

977
00:53:48,220 --> 00:53:50,580
fenomenu li hija CS50.

978
00:53:50,580 --> 00:53:56,440
U huma l-tip ta 'nies li,
clacking tard bil-lejl, jispiċċaw bħal

979
00:53:56,440 --> 00:53:56,800
dan.

980
00:53:56,800 --> 00:53:57,890
>> "Inti ġejjin biex sodda?

981
00:53:57,890 --> 00:53:58,520
>> Ma nistax.

982
00:53:58,520 --> 00:53:59,570
Dan huwa importanti.

983
00:53:59,570 --> 00:54:00,290
>> What?

984
00:54:00,290 --> 00:54:03,130
>> Xi ħadd li hu ħażin fuq l-internet. "

985
00:54:03,130 --> 00:54:07,030
>> Dik hija l-istint nemmen
li għaddej biex isalva lilna.

986
00:54:07,030 --> 00:54:08,280
Grazzi ħafna.

987
00:54:08,280 --> 00:54:16,980

988
00:54:16,980 --> 00:54:18,870
>> DAVID Malan: Grazzi tant
għall-professur Zittrain.

989
00:54:18,870 --> 00:54:20,185
Do come fuq up jekk għandek mistoqsijiet.

990
00:54:20,185 --> 00:54:21,860
Aħna ser tara inti nhar l-Erbgħa.

991
00:54:21,860 --> 00:54:24,896