1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:11,000

2
00:00:11,000 --> 00:00:13,640
>> DAVID Malan: haki wote, kuwakaribisha nyuma.

3
00:00:13,640 --> 00:00:16,210
Hii ni CS50, na hii ni
mwanzo wa wiki 10.

4
00:00:16,210 --> 00:00:19,940
Hivyo, kwa wiki kadhaa iliyopita, tumekuwa
imekuwa kuangalia katika ngazi ya haki za jinsi

5
00:00:19,940 --> 00:00:20,930
hisa kazi.

6
00:00:20,930 --> 00:00:26,080
TCP / IP, HTTP, [lugha? juu?]
ambayo tumeanza kujenga kuvutia

7
00:00:26,080 --> 00:00:31,270
mambo katika lugha kama HTML, CSS,
PHP, na hivi karibuni JavaScript.

8
00:00:31,270 --> 00:00:34,630
>> Leo, ingawa, tuko alijiunga na Jonathan
Zittrain, profesa katika

9
00:00:34,630 --> 00:00:37,760
Harvard Law School, katika Harvard Kennedy
Shule, na Shule ya Harvard

10
00:00:37,760 --> 00:00:41,150
Uhandisi na Sayansi, ambaye
hivi karibuni kufundisha kozi inayoitwa

11
00:00:41,150 --> 00:00:45,850
Sayansi ya Kompyuta 42, Kudhibiti
Mtandao.

12
00:00:45,850 --> 00:00:51,600
Leo, sisi ni ipo katika nafasi ya sasa tuangalie
kubwa sana picha, na bila shaka

13
00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:56,650
kidogo kwa jinsi maisha, ulimwengu, na
kila kitu kazi, na rafiki yetu,

14
00:00:56,650 --> 00:00:57,900
profesa Jonathan Zittrain.

15
00:00:57,900 --> 00:01:04,629

16
00:01:04,629 --> 00:01:07,390
>> Jonathan Zittrain: Asante,
Daudi, na alasiri nzuri.

17
00:01:07,390 --> 00:01:10,650
Wewe ni katika ajabu
Bila shaka, kama mnajua.

18
00:01:10,650 --> 00:01:15,860
Wewe ni apprenticing kwa seti ya
teknolojia kwamba ni kweli kawaida,

19
00:01:15,860 --> 00:01:20,190
na nataka kuzungumza leo juu ya kile
inawafanya hivyo isiyo ya kawaida, kwa nini sisi lazima

20
00:01:20,190 --> 00:01:24,850
huduma kuhusu hilo, na kwa nini wapate
kutoa katika siku zijazo katika pande

21
00:01:24,850 --> 00:01:25,700
kwamba sisi si kama.

22
00:01:25,700 --> 00:01:29,510
Na pengine hata nini cha kufanya kuhusu hilo,
ingawa mimi kutambua tuna kuhusu 49

23
00:01:29,510 --> 00:01:34,900
dakika na sekunde 30 bado, hivyo
pembe baadhi inaweza kukatwa.

24
00:01:34,900 --> 00:01:38,080
>> Labda mfumo kufikiri kuhusu
mambo haya ni teknolojia

25
00:01:38,080 --> 00:01:42,530
kama inayomilikiwa na unowned.

26
00:01:42,530 --> 00:01:45,870
Na mimi nataka kueleza kile
maana na inayomilikiwa na unowned.

27
00:01:45,870 --> 00:01:52,490
Zaidi teknolojia katika dunia inamilikiwa,
na mimi nitakupa mifano michache ya kwamba.

28
00:01:52,490 --> 00:01:57,020
Lakini hisa zinageuka kuwa
unowned teknolojia, na kwamba wanaweza kufanya

29
00:01:57,020 --> 00:01:57,900
tofauti ya wote.

30
00:01:57,900 --> 00:02:02,210
>> Hivyo hapa ni baadhi ya teknolojia inayomilikiwa.

31
00:02:02,210 --> 00:02:06,270
Hii ni IBM System/360.

32
00:02:06,270 --> 00:02:10,169
Hii ilikuwa kubwa kompyuta nyuma
katika siku yake, na kama unaweza kuona,

33
00:02:10,169 --> 00:02:14,250
kila kitu juu yake kusambaa kwamba wewe
alikuwa bora si kwenda popote karibu yake.

34
00:02:14,250 --> 00:02:18,260
Hii ni aina ya kompyuta aliyeketi
katika basement ya kampuni kubwa -

35
00:02:18,260 --> 00:02:22,780
Actuary, kampuni ya bima,
benki, au labda serikali ya kuhesabu kura

36
00:02:22,780 --> 00:02:23,960
sensa.

37
00:02:23,960 --> 00:02:27,830
Na ilikuwa iliyowekwa, kwa kawaida, na
muuzaji ambaye kuendeshwa mashine, katika

38
00:02:27,830 --> 00:02:29,320
IBM hii kesi.

39
00:02:29,320 --> 00:02:32,570
Na kwamba kwa sababu, wakati ni
madhumuni ya kompyuta, inaweza kuwa

40
00:02:32,570 --> 00:02:36,580
iliyowekwa au reprogrammed, ilikuwa hivyo
thamani na maridadi, na sehemu ya

41
00:02:36,580 --> 00:02:42,820
mfano biashara ya IBM alikuwa kuweka
ni mbali kutoka matumizi yake.

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00:02:42,820 --> 00:02:46,660
>> Wewe badala yake kuwaambia IBM nini
alitaka, na kisha wao aliamua kwenda mbele

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00:02:46,660 --> 00:02:47,780
na mpango ni kwa ajili yenu.

44
00:02:47,780 --> 00:02:52,590
Siyo mpango mbaya, lakini sana inayomilikiwa
teknolojia katika maana ya kwamba sisi kujua

45
00:02:52,590 --> 00:02:56,870
ambao ni wajibu kwa ajili yake, na ambaye kwa
lawama kama kitu fulani kitaenda vibaya na hilo,

46
00:02:56,870 --> 00:03:01,170
na maana yake ni kwamba sisi siyo kwenda
kupata kwamba kushangazwa na hilo, kwa sababu

47
00:03:01,170 --> 00:03:05,970
kila mtu ni hivyo makini kuhusu nini
wao kutumia kompyuta kwa ajili ya.

48
00:03:05,970 --> 00:03:09,660
Sasa, hizi ni aina ya
mambo ambayo akaenda ndani yake.

49
00:03:09,660 --> 00:03:14,820
Wale ni, bila shaka, ya zamani-fashioned
Punch kadi, na wale kuwakilishwa,

50
00:03:14,820 --> 00:03:18,780
tena, kwamba unaweza mpango
mashine kwa njia yoyote kwamba alitaka, hivyo

51
00:03:18,780 --> 00:03:23,350
muda mrefu kama unaweza kupata karibu yake, ambayo
tena, kwa ujumla, wewe hawakuweza.

52
00:03:23,350 --> 00:03:25,930
>> Hii ni aina nyingine ya teknolojia
kwamba ni pia inayomilikiwa.

53
00:03:25,930 --> 00:03:28,170
Hii ni Flexowriter Friden.

54
00:03:28,170 --> 00:03:34,480
Na Flexowriter Friden ilikuwa kama
kiwango typewriter, na kama wewe typed,

55
00:03:34,480 --> 00:03:38,210
barua bila kuonekana kwenye karatasi,
lakini pia ingekuwa kufanya kwa ajili ya kidogo

56
00:03:38,210 --> 00:03:40,970
indentations katika mkanda huu
kwamba mbio kwa njia hiyo.

57
00:03:40,970 --> 00:03:46,300
Na mkanda, kama kuweka nyuma kwa njia ya
typewriter kama piano mchezaji, ingekuwa

58
00:03:46,300 --> 00:03:48,850
aina ya nje chochote hapo awali
umefanyika.

59
00:03:48,850 --> 00:03:52,330
Ambayo ilimaanisha kuwa na mkasi wa kutosha
na gundi, unaweza kweli kukatwa na

60
00:03:52,330 --> 00:03:55,240
kuweka njia yako ya kuunganisha pepe
kwa urahisi zaidi kuliko unaweza

61
00:03:55,240 --> 00:03:56,820
na Microsoft Word.

62
00:03:56,820 --> 00:03:59,110
>> Hivyo, Flexowriter ilikuwa baridi sana.

63
00:03:59,110 --> 00:04:01,030
Ilikuwa ni kupatikana sana.

64
00:04:01,030 --> 00:04:04,210
Haina kutishia electrocute
wewe kama wewe kwenda karibu yake.

65
00:04:04,210 --> 00:04:10,040
Lakini hakuna sehemu ya kuweka Punch
kadi ya kuwaambia ni nini la kufanya.

66
00:04:10,040 --> 00:04:12,960
tu Punch teknolojia ni data.

67
00:04:12,960 --> 00:04:17,930
Aina ya nini kuona, au inazalisha
kwamba strip kama wewe aina.

68
00:04:17,930 --> 00:04:19,200
Kuna kanuni hakuna.

69
00:04:19,200 --> 00:04:24,200
Kuna tu maudhui na
Flexowriter, na warithi wake ni

70
00:04:24,200 --> 00:04:29,960
nini dunia ya 1980 na 1990
ilikuwa kuchagiza hadi kuwa kwa habari

71
00:04:29,960 --> 00:04:31,060
teknolojia.

72
00:04:31,060 --> 00:04:33,620
>> Hii ni Smart Ndugu
Neno Processor.

73
00:04:33,620 --> 00:04:36,660
Kurejea jambo hili, hii
ni nyumba yake screen.

74
00:04:36,660 --> 00:04:38,730
Ambapo ungependa kwenda leo?

75
00:04:38,730 --> 00:04:42,980
Neno usindikaji, spreadsheet,
nakadhalika, nakadhalika.

76
00:04:42,980 --> 00:04:47,720
Na njia ya jambo hili kazi katika
Jumatano ni hasa kwa njia yake

77
00:04:47,720 --> 00:04:51,840
kazi ya Jumanne, na ilikuwa ni njia
ilikuwa ni kwenda kufanya kazi hadi

78
00:04:51,840 --> 00:04:53,220
wewe got kuondoa yake.

79
00:04:53,220 --> 00:04:54,750
Haikuwa programmable.

80
00:04:54,750 --> 00:04:58,700
>> Tena, ni tu kushughulikiwa na data, na ni
teknolojia ya serikali, kwa sababu jinsi

81
00:04:58,700 --> 00:05:02,750
ingekuwa kitendo mara nyingi sana
artifact ya Ndugu nini

82
00:05:02,750 --> 00:05:04,550
watu kuweka ndani yake.

83
00:05:04,550 --> 00:05:07,150
Ditto, mtu anaweza matumaini, kwa
Scan CAT mashine.

84
00:05:07,150 --> 00:05:11,650
Unataka kwa kazi hasa kama
mara iliyoundwa, ingawa wao ni

85
00:05:11,650 --> 00:05:15,820
kidogo reprogrammable katika
IBM System/360 njia.

86
00:05:15,820 --> 00:05:19,270
Tena, tunaona baadhi ya hatari, baadhi ya
mbaya mshangao kwamba inaweza kuja

87
00:05:19,270 --> 00:05:22,410
kama una watu makosa ya programu
CAT yako Scanner, kama

88
00:05:22,410 --> 00:05:25,020
kweli kilichotokea katika
miaka michache iliyopita.

89
00:05:25,020 --> 00:05:29,290
Lakini sasa, sehemu ya Scanner hii CAT ni
kidogo kipande cha nini napenda kuelezea

90
00:05:29,290 --> 00:05:32,220
kama teknolojia unowned
katikati ya hayo.

91
00:05:32,220 --> 00:05:35,070
Na kwamba ni kompyuta binafsi.

92
00:05:35,070 --> 00:05:39,400
>> Hivyo hebu tuangalie teknolojia unowned
kwamba got mambo kuanza.

93
00:05:39,400 --> 00:05:45,390
Hii ni Steve Jobs katika Pwani ya Magharibi
Kompyuta faire mwaka 1977, kama ilivyoelezwa

94
00:05:45,390 --> 00:05:48,080
10,000 kutembea, kuzungumza
kompyuta Freaks.

95
00:05:48,080 --> 00:05:53,850
Hii ilikuwa sana kidogo kidogo, lakini pia
walihudhuria, na hii ilikuwa, kwa mara ya kwanza

96
00:05:53,850 --> 00:05:59,630
muda katika mikono ya walaji,
reprogrammable mashine.

97
00:05:59,630 --> 00:06:00,990
Unaweza kupata yako Apple II.

98
00:06:00,990 --> 00:06:06,570
Wewe rudi juu baada ya hooking hadi,
ndiyo, televisheni yako kuweka, na kupata

99
00:06:06,570 --> 00:06:09,120
mshale blinking.

100
00:06:09,120 --> 00:06:12,010
Na ni juu yako na kufikiri
nje nini cha kufanya.

101
00:06:12,010 --> 00:06:15,250
Baada ya kupata II Apple nje ya
sanduku, ni kuacha mlango.

102
00:06:15,250 --> 00:06:19,080
Ni wakati tu kufanya mambo kama hayo
kama 10, magazeti hello.

103
00:06:19,080 --> 00:06:23,700
20, kwenda 10, kwamba furaha kweli huanza.

104
00:06:23,700 --> 00:06:29,160
>> Na wewe alikuwa na kura na kura ya watu
wanazidi mbele na mpango wao

105
00:06:29,160 --> 00:06:31,990
kompyuta binafsi, lengo
kama hobbyist mashine.

106
00:06:31,990 --> 00:06:37,320
Ndani ya miaka miwili alikuwa Dan Bricklin
na Bob Frankston wa eneo la Boston,

107
00:06:37,320 --> 00:06:42,000
programu digital kwanza
spreadsheet milele, VisiCalc.

108
00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:46,760
Na ghafla, biashara taifa
juu walikuwa kama, oh mungu wangu,

109
00:06:46,760 --> 00:06:48,120
Spreadsheets.

110
00:06:48,120 --> 00:06:50,370
Na walianza kununua
Apple II kompyuta.

111
00:06:50,370 --> 00:06:53,790
Wao ni flying mbali rafu, na
Apple alikuwa na kufanya utafiti wa soko

112
00:06:53,790 --> 00:06:56,380
kufikiri kwa nini jambo hili
ilikuwa hivyo maarufu.

113
00:06:56,380 --> 00:06:59,210
>> Hiyo ni nini hii hufanya
unowned teknolojia.

114
00:06:59,210 --> 00:07:03,055
Wewe si kununua kutoka Apple, lakini Apple
anatarajia wewe au au Bob Frankston

115
00:07:03,055 --> 00:07:05,410
au mtu wa mpango wa baadaye.

116
00:07:05,410 --> 00:07:09,930
Na kama Apple yako haina spreadsheet
njia unataka, ni wazi kwamba

117
00:07:09,930 --> 00:07:11,200
ni kosa Apple.

118
00:07:11,200 --> 00:07:16,160
Ni unowned kwa kuwa anapokea
michango kutoka kwa mtu yeyote na

119
00:07:16,160 --> 00:07:20,660
moxie na ujuzi wa mpango, ni nani
unaweza kisha kushiriki kwamba mpango

120
00:07:20,660 --> 00:07:22,580
na mtu yeyote mwingine.

121
00:07:22,580 --> 00:07:26,880
Na mfano kwamba akawa mfano wa kuigwa
kwa wote kwamba walifuata.

122
00:07:26,880 --> 00:07:30,840
>> Hii ni Bill Gates miaka miwili baada ya yeye
imeshuka kutoka Harvard, na alikuwa

123
00:07:30,840 --> 00:07:34,480
vunjwa juu kwa trafiki kuacha
katika Albuquerque, New Mexico.

124
00:07:34,480 --> 00:07:37,050
Unaweza kuona mtindo
ilikuwa tofauti basi.

125
00:07:37,050 --> 00:07:41,310
Na yeye hana kuwa na tabasamu juu ya uso wake,
namna fulani akijua kwamba unaweza kununua na

126
00:07:41,310 --> 00:07:43,260
kuuza yetu kila siku moja.

127
00:07:43,260 --> 00:07:50,040
Na alikuwa na uwezo wa kuchukua nini alifanya Ajira
na kuiweka katika, labda, au MS-DOS

128
00:07:50,040 --> 00:07:51,130
baadaye, Windows.

129
00:07:51,130 --> 00:07:57,090
>> Lakini kimsingi, muundo huu, ambayo ni,
wewe kutoa kanuni hii kitu, inaweza kuanza

130
00:07:57,090 --> 00:08:00,490
na mshale blinking, lakini
kisha itakuwa kukimbia kanuni.

131
00:08:00,490 --> 00:08:04,800
Na kwamba ilikuwa kweli juu ya wengi
PC hadi hivi karibuni.

132
00:08:04,800 --> 00:08:06,050
Na ilikuwa ni kweli basi.

133
00:08:06,050 --> 00:08:08,050
Jambo hili pengine ni karibu 1992.

134
00:08:08,050 --> 00:08:11,580
Mimi kuiweka kwa sababu ya
Mwanga 66 hapa.

135
00:08:11,580 --> 00:08:17,150
Ni alikuwa kifungo ambayo inaweza mbadala
kati ya 66 na 33, ambayo ilikuwa kasi

136
00:08:17,150 --> 00:08:19,270
saa ambayo ndani Chip lazima kukimbia.

137
00:08:19,270 --> 00:08:22,220
Unaweza kushangaa, kwa nini kuondoka
hivyo haraka wakati wote?

138
00:08:22,220 --> 00:08:26,460
Hiyo ni kwa sababu ingekuwa tairi
hamsters nje ndani kama alifanya hivyo kukimbia

139
00:08:26,460 --> 00:08:27,430
haraka haraka.

140
00:08:27,430 --> 00:08:30,570
Na Mkuu wa Uajemi ingekuwa
kuwa pia kufunga pia.

141
00:08:30,570 --> 00:08:33,960
Mimi naona, kwa njia, sasa wana Hamster
powered karatasi shredders.

142
00:08:33,960 --> 00:08:37,700
Hivyo unaweza kuweka karatasi ya juu, na
kisha Hamster anaendesha gurudumu

143
00:08:37,700 --> 00:08:41,140
na shreds karatasi, na kisha unaweza
kuishi katika karatasi baadaye.

144
00:08:41,140 --> 00:08:43,740
Hivyo ni kila sehemu ya mzunguko wa maisha.

145
00:08:43,740 --> 00:08:50,140
>> Anyway, mambo haya wanaweza kukimbia yoyote
kanuni ya wewe kuwapa, na kwamba ni

146
00:08:50,140 --> 00:08:54,960
msingi, lakini bado sanjari,
kipande cha teknolojia.

147
00:08:54,960 --> 00:08:57,190
Hakuwa na kuwa kwa njia hiyo.

148
00:08:57,190 --> 00:09:01,570
Wangeweza Ndugu Smart
Neno Processor, na kama watu katika

149
00:09:01,570 --> 00:09:06,240
Ndugu au washindani wao mzulia mpya
mambo, wao roll nje kama yeyote

150
00:09:06,240 --> 00:09:07,630
matumizi ya bidhaa.

151
00:09:07,630 --> 00:09:12,110
Siyo juu yako na kuweka saba
blade wembe katika usalama wako.

152
00:09:12,110 --> 00:09:16,370
Sisi kusubiri kwa Gillette kusema, kama
tano ni nzuri, kwa nini saba?

153
00:09:16,370 --> 00:09:18,500
Na kisha sisi kupata, na sisi kununua.

154
00:09:18,500 --> 00:09:19,800
>> Hii ni tofauti.

155
00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:25,090
Na mapinduzi ya kisasa PC, kwa
kipindi cha miaka 30, wewe mkono kompyuta

156
00:09:25,090 --> 00:09:28,250
kificho kwamba umeandika au kujipatia
kutoka kwa mtu mwingine, ni

157
00:09:28,250 --> 00:09:29,150
kukimbia kanuni.

158
00:09:29,150 --> 00:09:31,470
Na kwamba mabadiliko ya kila kitu.

159
00:09:31,470 --> 00:09:36,880
Hiyo ni nini alitoa kupanda kwa mbali
rafu ya kujitegemea programu harakati.

160
00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:40,250
Hivyo unaweza kununua kompyuta kwa yoyote
kusudi, na kisha kutumia kwa yoyote

161
00:09:40,250 --> 00:09:41,770
idadi ya madhumuni mengine.

162
00:09:41,770 --> 00:09:45,240
Au ndugu yako inaweza, au wako
mtoto anaweza, au kitu kingine chochote.

163
00:09:45,240 --> 00:09:49,410
>> Hakuwa na kuwa njia hii, lakini
aligeuka kuwa njia hii, mara moja

164
00:09:49,410 --> 00:09:54,340
kila mtu aligundua jinsi wengi
uvumbuzi inaweza kuja kama wewe tu

165
00:09:54,340 --> 00:09:57,900
iliyotolewa teknolojia blinking mshale
mtindo na figured kwamba

166
00:09:57,900 --> 00:10:00,710
dunia ingekuwa kujenga mambo ya baridi.

167
00:10:00,710 --> 00:10:06,340
Hivyo kwamba ni, mimi, kiini cha unowned
teknolojia, na mimi nataka tu

168
00:10:06,340 --> 00:10:10,090
kusisitiza kwamba huna
kuwa njia hii.

169
00:10:10,090 --> 00:10:13,890
Kama wewe rewound muda na alicheza nyuma
tena, ni wazi kwangu kwamba sisi

170
00:10:13,890 --> 00:10:20,200
ingekuwa mwisho juu na teknolojia unowned
saa ya msingi ya matumizi yetu ya

171
00:10:20,200 --> 00:10:22,490
kompyuta uzoefu.

172
00:10:22,490 --> 00:10:26,110
>> Sasa, kwa upande wa mtandao, kuna
ilikuwa mabadiliko ya sawa.

173
00:10:26,110 --> 00:10:28,110
Ni alianza katika nafasi inayomilikiwa.

174
00:10:28,110 --> 00:10:33,690
AT & T mbio umbali mrefu mfumo,
na kwamba ilikuwa kwamba, na ni

175
00:10:33,690 --> 00:10:34,900
kazi pretty vizuri.

176
00:10:34,900 --> 00:10:37,270
Na bei walikuwa walikuwa nini,
na de alikuja

177
00:10:37,270 --> 00:10:39,020
katika kuweka bei.

178
00:10:39,020 --> 00:10:43,310
Na AT & T amedaiwa kudhibiti
mtandao mzima.

179
00:10:43,310 --> 00:10:47,890
Hivyo nyuma mapema katika karne ya 20,
wakati mtu enterprising zuliwa

180
00:10:47,890 --> 00:10:51,710
hii, Hush-A-simu, ilikuwa ni kitu
ambayo kwenda juu yako

181
00:10:51,710 --> 00:10:56,390
simu simu, hivyo kwamba zenu mtu
wewe walikuwa kuzungumza na hakutaka kusikia

182
00:10:56,390 --> 00:10:57,510
extraneous kelele.

183
00:10:57,510 --> 00:11:01,540
Na hakuna mtu aliyeweza kusikia nini walikuwa
akisema interlocutor yako.

184
00:11:01,540 --> 00:11:07,620
AT & T alisema hakuna, ni lazima leseni kwamba,
sababu inaweza kuharibu mtandao wetu,

185
00:11:07,620 --> 00:11:10,140
na wao amedaiwa kuzuia
watu kutumia.

186
00:11:10,140 --> 00:11:13,870
>> Hii ni zama, kwa njia, ambayo
simu walikuwa iliyokodishwa kutoka AT & T.

187
00:11:13,870 --> 00:11:16,650
Unaweza si kwenda dukani
na kununua simu.

188
00:11:16,650 --> 00:11:20,540
Wewe alikuwa na kupata kutoka simu yako
mtoa huduma.

189
00:11:20,540 --> 00:11:23,380
Hii akaenda juu na chini ya Shirikisho
Tume ya Mawasiliano.

190
00:11:23,380 --> 00:11:29,190
FCC yanayoambatana AT & T. Ilichukua
Mahakama Kuu ya uamuzi huo, hatimaye, kwa

191
00:11:29,190 --> 00:11:30,260
kugeuza.

192
00:11:30,260 --> 00:11:35,870
Na dunia ilikuwa ya bure kwa kuwa wao
simu hushed, lakini si kiasi kingine.

193
00:11:35,870 --> 00:11:38,270
>> Kwamba alikuwa na wake waandamizi mwenyewe.

194
00:11:38,270 --> 00:11:40,860
Nyuma katika siku - na mimi sasa
maana pengine '80s katikati

195
00:11:40,860 --> 00:11:42,110
katika '90s mapema -

196
00:11:42,110 --> 00:11:44,410
kulikuwa na huduma kama CompuServe.

197
00:11:44,410 --> 00:11:46,920
Kwamba alikuwa anaenda kuwa
ya baadaye ya mtandao.

198
00:11:46,920 --> 00:11:51,050
Alikuwa na washindani, kama Prodigy, na
AOL, na chanzo, na MCI Mail.

199
00:11:51,050 --> 00:11:55,030
Lakini wewe kimsingi kulipwa na mwezi,
na kisha got orodha ya busara ya

200
00:11:55,030 --> 00:11:56,980
mambo unaweza kutaka kufanya.

201
00:11:56,980 --> 00:11:58,480
Ambapo unataka kwenda leo?

202
00:11:58,480 --> 00:12:01,340
>> Lakini orodha hii mara zinazozalishwa
na CompuServe.

203
00:12:01,340 --> 00:12:05,070
Kama kuna ilikuwa inaenda kuwa kitu kipya
juu yake, utaweza kupata kutoka CompuServe.

204
00:12:05,070 --> 00:12:07,860
Na kama mtu huko nje ilikuwa kama,
Nadhani kuna haja ya kuwa VisiCalc

205
00:12:07,860 --> 00:12:11,620
kifungo, wewe d bora kuwashawishi CompuServe
ya thamani yake, au ingekuwa

206
00:12:11,620 --> 00:12:14,910
kamwe kuwa kupatikana kwa mtu
kutumia huduma.

207
00:12:14,910 --> 00:12:20,210
Hivyo kwamba ni mfano wa 360 IBM au
Mfano Flexowriter ya teknolojia ya

208
00:12:20,210 --> 00:12:21,990
kwa mitandao.

209
00:12:21,990 --> 00:12:27,380
Kwamba anapata barugumu nje ya maji,
bila kutarajia kwa karibu kila mtu katika

210
00:12:27,380 --> 00:12:32,240
shamba, na hii utafiti wa kitaaluma
mtandao inayojulikana kama internet.

211
00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:35,630
>> Hapa ni ya tatu ya waanzilishi, pichani
hapa, ya internet -

212
00:12:35,630 --> 00:12:39,770
classmates, zinageuka, saa Van
Nuys High School katika California.

213
00:12:39,770 --> 00:12:44,770
Kuna Jon Postel na Steve Crocker na
Vint Cerf, kuonyesha saa 25 wao

214
00:12:44,770 --> 00:12:48,300
maadhimisho ya miaka retrospective picha kwa ajili ya
Newsweek kwamba unaweza kujenga mtandao

215
00:12:48,300 --> 00:12:49,920
nje ya kitu pretty much.

216
00:12:49,920 --> 00:12:51,800
Pamoja na kwamba, kama utaona, yao
mtandao haifanyi kazi.

217
00:12:51,800 --> 00:12:56,340
Unaendelea kutoka sikio kwa sikio lake, na
mdomo kwa mdomo, ambayo natumaini ni

218
00:12:56,340 --> 00:12:59,160
ndani ya utani, badala ya waasisi
wa internet hawajui jinsi ya

219
00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:01,130
kamba makopo pamoja.

220
00:13:01,130 --> 00:13:06,760
Lakini unaweza kuona kuwa kujengwa
mtandao kwa sababu hawakuwa na mengi

221
00:13:06,760 --> 00:13:11,290
ya fedha na hakuweza roll nje
FedEx style, kwa kura ya watu

222
00:13:11,290 --> 00:13:13,580
kufanya kazi kwa ajili yao.

223
00:13:13,580 --> 00:13:18,180
Na kwa sababu hawakuwa na madhumuni ya
kufanya fedha yoyote kutoka hayo, kujengwa

224
00:13:18,180 --> 00:13:23,470
mtandao ambayo ilikuwa unowned, ambaye pointi
itakuwa mtiririko inayomilikiwa au

225
00:13:23,470 --> 00:13:27,820
kuendeshwa na ambaye anajua nani, na labda
kutakuwa hata kuwa piggybacking.

226
00:13:27,820 --> 00:13:33,780
MIT ingekuwa kumpuuza BBN kupata wake
pakiti ya kwenda na kurudi.

227
00:13:33,780 --> 00:13:38,550
>> Lakini unowned kama jambo jumla - nini
kujengwa walikuwa itifaki ya kuweka

228
00:13:38,550 --> 00:13:43,000
ya hisa pamoja katika njia
kwamba kulikuwa na Mkurugenzi Mtendaji hakuna.

229
00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:45,010
Kulikuwa hakuna orodha kuu.

230
00:13:45,010 --> 00:13:46,670
Ni tu ni.

231
00:13:46,670 --> 00:13:50,150
Na ni namna ya kawaida ya kufanya
yake, wote katika mbinu na katika

232
00:13:50,150 --> 00:13:53,560
Dutu hii, kwamba kwa miaka mingi, IBM
mara uzoefu wa kusema wewe hawakuweza

233
00:13:53,560 --> 00:13:57,160
uwezekano wa kujenga ushirika
mtandao kwa kutumia TCP / IP.

234
00:13:57,160 --> 00:13:59,820
Na kwamba ni kwa nini hisa wahandisi kusema
kwamba mascot yao itakuwa

235
00:13:59,820 --> 00:14:03,850
bumblebee, kwa sababu manyoya wingspan
uwiano wa bumblebee ni mbali mno

236
00:14:03,850 --> 00:14:08,270
kubwa kwa kuwa na uwezo wa kuruka, na
bado, kimiujiza, nyuki nzi.

237
00:14:08,270 --> 00:14:12,350
Ni zinageuka kuwa sisi hatimaye aligundua
jinsi gani nyuki kuruka mwaka 2006,

238
00:14:12,350 --> 00:14:14,200
shukrani kwa ufadhili mkubwa wa serikali.

239
00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:18,720
Zinageuka wao koo zao
mbawa haraka sana.

240
00:14:18,720 --> 00:14:25,670
>> Hivyo njia ya hisa kazi ni aina ya
kama njia ya bia anaona njia yake

241
00:14:25,670 --> 00:14:27,510
kuzunguka katika Fenway Park.

242
00:14:27,510 --> 00:14:33,470
Mtu aliuliza kwa bia, lakini kuna
hakuna usambazaji bia kikomo mtandao

243
00:14:33,470 --> 00:14:35,560
chini ya mguu mwisho au hivyo.

244
00:14:35,560 --> 00:14:39,190
Kwa kuwa, mtu ana mkono
bia ya kutembea ameketi juu ya

245
00:14:39,190 --> 00:14:40,970
mwisho, ambaye kisha hupita juu.

246
00:14:40,970 --> 00:14:46,620
Na katika hatari kwa kila mmoja wa suruali yetu, sisi
kufanya hivyo kwa sababu sisi kusimama pamoja

247
00:14:46,620 --> 00:14:49,070
basi mtiririko furaha.

248
00:14:49,070 --> 00:14:52,690
Na kwamba kimsingi pakiti njia
mitandao ya kazi juu ya internet,

249
00:14:52,690 --> 00:14:56,270
ambapo kuna vyombo kwenye mtandao
utunzaji pakiti yako, kama wewe

250
00:14:56,270 --> 00:14:59,750
kupata yao ilipeleka kutoka hatua moja hadi
mwingine, ambao hawana mikataba ya

251
00:14:59,750 --> 00:15:03,260
uhusiano na wewe, wala kwa
marudio ya mwisho.

252
00:15:03,260 --> 00:15:07,850
Ni kama matryoshka Furushi
dolls, jinsi unaendelea kote.

253
00:15:07,850 --> 00:15:11,110
>> format ya msingi ni hii, na unaweza
wamejifunza kidogo kuhusu hilo.

254
00:15:11,110 --> 00:15:14,740
Ni wito hourglass usanifu,
na inasema kwamba kuweka si

255
00:15:14,740 --> 00:15:17,480
miliki, lakini hisa
itifaki, katikati ya

256
00:15:17,480 --> 00:15:18,230
hourglass hapa.

257
00:15:18,230 --> 00:15:21,690
Hiyo ni nini wahandisi kazi,
na ni iliyoundwa na kuwa kabisa

258
00:15:21,690 --> 00:15:25,130
kiekumeni, ambayo ni kwa nini ni pana
juu na chini.

259
00:15:25,130 --> 00:15:30,670
Saa ya juu, sisi kuruhusu yoyote
idadi ya maombi.

260
00:15:30,670 --> 00:15:32,650
Nani anajua nini mtu ni
kwenda kujenga juu yake.

261
00:15:32,650 --> 00:15:34,650
Ni tu kama mshale blinking.

262
00:15:34,650 --> 00:15:38,060
>> internet ni tu iliyoundwa na kuchukua
pointi ya pakiti uwepo na njia

263
00:15:38,060 --> 00:15:39,990
kati yao kwa kutumia juhudi bora.

264
00:15:39,990 --> 00:15:41,316
Hiyo ni.

265
00:15:41,316 --> 00:15:42,140
Hiyo Ni.

266
00:15:42,140 --> 00:15:44,210
Siyo seti ya maombi.

267
00:15:44,210 --> 00:15:45,550
Ni tu mtandao.

268
00:15:45,550 --> 00:15:48,660
Na kisha mtu yeyote anaweza kujenga maombi
juu yake, na huenda

269
00:15:48,660 --> 00:15:49,940
bora programu kushinda.

270
00:15:49,940 --> 00:15:52,630
Na chini, ilikuwa na maana
kuwa kiekumeni kuhusu nini

271
00:15:52,630 --> 00:15:54,100
vifaa ungependa kutumia.

272
00:15:54,100 --> 00:15:56,260
Chochote vifaa wewe
wanataka kutumia, boom.

273
00:15:56,260 --> 00:15:59,970
Unaweza kuleta kwa chama, hivyo muda mrefu
kama anaongea internet itifaki.

274
00:15:59,970 --> 00:16:03,920
Na kuna hati miliki hakuna madai katika
internet itifaki, na kama mabadiliko ni

275
00:16:03,920 --> 00:16:07,130
alifanya hivyo, wewe ni bure
kupitisha yao au la.

276
00:16:07,130 --> 00:16:11,080
Kama mtengenezaji vifaa au kama
mtandao wa mtoa, ni, kwa kweli,

277
00:16:11,080 --> 00:16:15,780
pamoja wazimu, lakini sana
endelevu na wenye nguvu moja.

278
00:16:15,780 --> 00:16:18,930
>> Na wazo ilikuwa, hatuwezi kufanya
mtandao smart.

279
00:16:18,930 --> 00:16:20,310
Wala kuweka kuongeza makala.

280
00:16:20,310 --> 00:16:24,120
Vinginevyo, sisi itakuwa katika animated
karatasi cha picha ya awamu ya mtandao.

281
00:16:24,120 --> 00:16:28,160
Sisi si, kwa sababu sisi kamwe
aliongeza makala nyingi kwa hilo.

282
00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:32,460
Badala yake, ni tu zinatakiwa
njia na basi endpoints -

283
00:16:32,460 --> 00:16:35,290
mambo smart juu ya mwisho kama PC -

284
00:16:35,290 --> 00:16:40,670
kukabiliana na makala yoyote wanataka, kama vile
kama kuficha, kama vile risiti kurudi,

285
00:16:40,670 --> 00:16:44,890
yote ya mambo ya kwamba maana ya
kuwa tu kama unahitaji yao.

286
00:16:44,890 --> 00:16:48,390
>> Sasa Daudi tofauti - kwamba alikuwa Daudi
Clark ambao wamechangia kwa karatasi ya mwisho -

287
00:16:48,390 --> 00:16:51,720
Clarke tofauti, Arthur C.
Clarke, alikuja na kile

288
00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:53,260
wito Sheria yake ya Tatu.

289
00:16:53,260 --> 00:16:56,680
Na hii ilikuwa, "Yoyote kutosha
teknolojia ya juu ni

290
00:16:56,680 --> 00:17:02,390
kutofautishwa na uchawi ". Alikuwa
kweli kukopa kutoka uliopita

291
00:17:02,390 --> 00:17:05,329
sayansi mwandishi, Leigh
BRACKETT, ambaye kuiweka

292
00:17:05,329 --> 00:17:06,990
kidogo kidogo wema.

293
00:17:06,990 --> 00:17:08,650
"Uchawi wa wajinga -

294
00:17:08,650 --> 00:17:10,950
rahisi sayansi kujifunza. "

295
00:17:10,950 --> 00:17:16,230
>> Na mimi kuiweka na wewe kuwa sehemu ya CS50
ni hoja wewe kutoka jamii moja hadi

296
00:17:16,230 --> 00:17:20,000
mengine, hivyo kuwa unaweza kuanza
uelewa mambo ambayo inaonekana kama

297
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:20,930
uchawi kwa wengine.

298
00:17:20,930 --> 00:17:25,030
Mimi kurejea kwenye Flexowriter yangu, na magically,
ni paundi nje karatasi ambayo

299
00:17:25,030 --> 00:17:26,859
Mimi hapo awali kumbukumbu.

300
00:17:26,859 --> 00:17:29,780
Wewe ni kujifunza kuhusu
guts ya teknolojia.

301
00:17:29,780 --> 00:17:33,970
Na hizi ni unowned teknolojia,
zote mbili kwa endpoint na katika

302
00:17:33,970 --> 00:17:37,480
mtandao, kwamba hebu wewe kuchukua nini wameweza
kujifunza na tu kuchukua kwa spin.

303
00:17:37,480 --> 00:17:38,220
Kujaribu nje.

304
00:17:38,220 --> 00:17:41,230
Kuona kama unaweza kubadilisha
dunia katika baadhi ya njia.

305
00:17:41,230 --> 00:17:45,150
Na itakuwa kuangalia kama uchawi kwa wengine,
lakini wewe ni kujifunza siri ya

306
00:17:45,150 --> 00:17:48,420
kufanya ni rahisi sayansi.

307
00:17:48,420 --> 00:17:52,640
>> Mmoja kama mtu ambaye alifanya hii kwa
shahada nth ni Sir Tim Berners-Lee.

308
00:17:52,640 --> 00:17:57,525
Yeye aliandika programu inayoitwa mtandao, na
kwamba maana aliandika itifaki.

309
00:17:57,525 --> 00:18:00,950
Ni kama, hey, kama unataka tu meli
faili na mtu lakini kuwa ni

310
00:18:00,950 --> 00:18:05,200
atatoa katika viungo clickable na picha
na mambo ya ajabu, hapa ni jinsi gani

311
00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:05,770
bila kufanya hivyo.

312
00:18:05,770 --> 00:18:08,740
Na sasa nimekuwa programed
server na mteja.

313
00:18:08,740 --> 00:18:10,840
Hivyo, OK, dunia, hapa mtandao wako.

314
00:18:10,840 --> 00:18:12,500
Kwenda mjini.

315
00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:16,040
>> Na unbelievably,
ulimwengu alifanya hivyo tu.

316
00:18:16,040 --> 00:18:20,140
Tim alisema hakuna patent,
hakuna hati miliki ndani yake.

317
00:18:20,140 --> 00:18:21,310
Alitoa mbali.

318
00:18:21,310 --> 00:18:25,460
Na mtandao ni ya pili kubwa unowned,
pamoja wazimu kwamba

319
00:18:25,460 --> 00:18:29,070
tuna, ambayo pia ni kwa nini kama wana
tatizo na tovuti, huwezi kwenda

320
00:18:29,070 --> 00:18:32,880
kwa Mkurugenzi Mtendaji wa mtandao na
kuwa ni kuchukuliwa chini.

321
00:18:32,880 --> 00:18:37,360
Hakuna kama mtu, na hakuna
kuu menu kwa ajili ya mtandao, hasa

322
00:18:37,360 --> 00:18:41,740
kinyume ya AT & T au CompuServe.

323
00:18:41,740 --> 00:18:49,840
>> Ni pia, basi, sasa, pengine
karibu 1995 au hivyo, wakati Windows, ambayo

324
00:18:49,840 --> 00:18:55,060
hakuwa na njia ya kuunganisha na mtandao
itifaki, got hatimaye yatakuwapo juu yake,

325
00:18:55,060 --> 00:18:57,010
shukrani kwa hii guy, aitwaye Tattam.

326
00:18:57,010 --> 00:19:01,030
Katika Chuo Kikuu cha Tasmania, katika
saikolojia ya idara, aliandika

327
00:19:01,030 --> 00:19:02,730
kitu kinachoitwa Tarumbeta Winsock.

328
00:19:02,730 --> 00:19:04,090
Hiyo ni kwa sababu yeye anapenda tarumbeta.

329
00:19:04,090 --> 00:19:05,090
Hiyo ni yake.

330
00:19:05,090 --> 00:19:11,210
Na Tarumbeta Winsock ilikuwa kidogo tu
shim kwamba kushikamana Windows yako 95 au

331
00:19:11,210 --> 00:19:16,330
3.1 katika mtandao na internet.

332
00:19:16,330 --> 00:19:19,960
Na ghafla kila mtu alikuwa kama,
crap takatifu, hii ni kubwa.

333
00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:22,370
Na Tattam alisema tu, vizuri, kama wewe kama
hiyo, unaweza kutuma yangu baadhi ya fedha,

334
00:19:22,370 --> 00:19:25,310
lakini vinginevyo ni kabisa juu yako.

335
00:19:25,310 --> 00:19:30,290
>> Na kwamba ni jinsi gani kuanza kupata
kushangaza maudhui ya ngazi unowned

336
00:19:30,290 --> 00:19:33,830
teknolojia ya kuchukua mbali, kama vile
catsthatlooklikehitler.com.

337
00:19:33,830 --> 00:19:40,030
CompuServe ni uwezekano wa kuweka hii juu ya
orodha yake kuu, na bado ni lakini

338
00:19:40,030 --> 00:19:45,540
click mbali kwenye mtandao huu, pamoja na kutosha
watu sasa kushikamana kwamba kuwa na paka

339
00:19:45,540 --> 00:19:48,860
na kwamba unajua kutosha upload picha
yao, kwamba unaweza kupata hii

340
00:19:48,860 --> 00:19:54,095
ajabu namba nne Kitler, ambayo
ni kama tu, sijui jinsi ya

341
00:19:54,095 --> 00:19:57,400
ingekuwa kurudi nyumbani
kwa kuwa kila siku.

342
00:19:57,400 --> 00:20:00,040
>> Ni inakuwezesha pia mambo kama hayo
kwamba ni mambo, kama

343
00:20:00,040 --> 00:20:02,320
Wikipedia, ni kuwa kuundwa.

344
00:20:02,320 --> 00:20:06,190
Je, unaweza kufikiria, mwaka 2001, mtu mmoja aitwaye
Jimbo kusema na wewe, mimi nimepata

345
00:20:06,190 --> 00:20:06,910
wazo kubwa.

346
00:20:06,910 --> 00:20:10,580
Tunaweza kuanza na makala 20, na kisha
mtu yeyote anaweza kuhariri kitu, na kabla ya

347
00:20:10,580 --> 00:20:13,080
ya kujua, sisi itabidi
incredibly muhimu chanzo.

348
00:20:13,080 --> 00:20:18,540
Jinsi watu wengi wametumia Wikipedia kwa
ushauri wa kiafya katika njia ya moja kwa moja?

349
00:20:18,540 --> 00:20:19,190
Haki.

350
00:20:19,190 --> 00:20:21,350
Na ninyi wengine ni
si kukiri hivyo.

351
00:20:21,350 --> 00:20:26,970
Hiyo ni ya kushangaza, kutokana na jinsi hiyo ilianza
na jinsi gani ni endelevu, na mtu yeyote

352
00:20:26,970 --> 00:20:28,870
uwezo wa hariri makala yoyote wakati wowote.

353
00:20:28,870 --> 00:20:35,220
Kwa maana kwamba, hii ni unowned
teknolojia katika safu ya maudhui ya

354
00:20:35,220 --> 00:20:39,220
hourglass, uwezo wa
ajabu mambo.

355
00:20:39,220 --> 00:20:44,570
Hivyo maarufu, kwa kweli, kwamba sasa ni
kuonekana kwenye menyu Kichina mgahawa.

356
00:20:44,570 --> 00:20:47,230
Si hasa uhakika kwa nini.

357
00:20:47,230 --> 00:20:49,790
Nina nadharia, lakini
hatuna muda.

358
00:20:49,790 --> 00:20:55,670
>> Hivyo anyway, teknolojia hizi unowned
unaweza kuishia kujitoa unowned mpya

359
00:20:55,670 --> 00:20:58,990
teknolojia na maudhui
katika tabaka nyingine.

360
00:20:58,990 --> 00:21:02,320
Na sisi kuishia na ajabu
mlipuko tumeona

361
00:21:02,320 --> 00:21:04,120
katika kipindi cha miaka 30.

362
00:21:04,120 --> 00:21:09,280
Ajabu, nguvu, bado sanjari,
hasa kwa sababu kama zaidi

363
00:21:09,280 --> 00:21:13,500
na zaidi ya watu kuitumia, kuanza
kuona kwamba ni thamani subverting.

364
00:21:13,500 --> 00:21:17,430
Kama kashfa ya watu au kwa yako mwenyewe
madhumuni, teknolojia hizi kwamba

365
00:21:17,430 --> 00:21:23,000
itategemea baadhi ya kipimo cha uaminifu na
ukarimu unaweza wenyewe kuwa sana,

366
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:24,410
mdogo sana.

367
00:21:24,410 --> 00:21:28,380
Na ukweli kwamba sisi siyo accrediting
watu ambao wanachangia -

368
00:21:28,380 --> 00:21:32,110
mtu yeyote anaweza kuandika chochote, hata
kama wewe ni kutoka Tasmania -

369
00:21:32,110 --> 00:21:35,880
kwamba jambo baridi inaweza kuwa tatizo.

370
00:21:35,880 --> 00:21:42,590
>> Hivyo tunaona, kwa ujumla, harakati kutoka
inayomilikiwa stuff, pamoja na kuanzishwa kwa

371
00:21:42,590 --> 00:21:46,210
mtandao na internet,
na ukanda unowned.

372
00:21:46,210 --> 00:21:50,845
Lakini basi, kuanza kuona programu fulani
wenyewe kuwa ya msingi,

373
00:21:50,845 --> 00:21:55,560
na baadhi yao inaweza kurejea katika kumilikiwa,
na wao kuanza kuangalia kama mpya

374
00:21:55,560 --> 00:21:56,300
CompuServe.

375
00:21:56,300 --> 00:22:00,380
Hivyo kuna aina ya mzunguko weird kwenda,
kama watu makazi na kuangalia kwa

376
00:22:00,380 --> 00:22:04,300
utulivu na uthabiti na
usalama na menyu kuu.

377
00:22:04,300 --> 00:22:08,010
Na mara moja kuanza kupata hizo, na
baadhi ya watu na taasisi kuanza

378
00:22:08,010 --> 00:22:11,800
kweli kupata nguvu katika nafasi,
wao kawaida kabisa ili

379
00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:13,190
unataka kudai kudhibiti.

380
00:22:13,190 --> 00:22:18,260
Hivyo mambo wanayoweza kufanya kuwa wazi,
kwa upande wao, unaweza kuanza kwa karibu, kama

381
00:22:18,260 --> 00:22:20,640
inafaa biashara zao mfano wa kufanya hivyo.

382
00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:24,570
Na hawa ni, bila shaka, baadhi ya
matukio ya aina ya mambo ya wale

383
00:22:24,570 --> 00:22:29,830
yanayotokea, kama programu tu kuwa
msingi majukwaa na kuanza

384
00:22:29,830 --> 00:22:30,750
kuunganisha nyuma.

385
00:22:30,750 --> 00:22:33,150
>> Lakini hii ni kweli zaidi ya
hadithi ya ujasiriamali.

386
00:22:33,150 --> 00:22:38,140
Kuna tatizo zaidi ya msingi kwenda
juu, ambayo ni, katika mambo yote

387
00:22:38,140 --> 00:22:42,330
mbio juu ya PC hii kweli baridi waweza
kuwa, ambaye ukoo athari ya nyuma

388
00:22:42,330 --> 00:22:48,360
hadi 1977, nini kinatokea kama moja tu
kipande ya kificho kwamba ni mbaya?

389
00:22:48,360 --> 00:22:52,050
Na zinageuka, mambo ya kutisha unaweza
kutokea, kwa sababu kipande yoyote ya maadili ya

390
00:22:52,050 --> 00:22:56,210
imeandikwa na mtu yeyote mbio juu yako
mashine kwa ujumla imekuwa na funguo

391
00:22:56,210 --> 00:22:57,350
ufalme.

392
00:22:57,350 --> 00:22:59,540
Na kwamba ni aina ya kama
Princess na pea.

393
00:22:59,540 --> 00:23:06,000
Tatizo moja tu kwenye kompyuta unaweza
nyara zaidi ya usingizi usiku mzuri wa.

394
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:10,330
>> Na hii ilikuwa ni kitu ambacho muziki
sekta aligundua wakati wao zinazozalishwa

395
00:23:10,330 --> 00:23:13,250
disc Compact kabla ya
kulikuwa na PC.

396
00:23:13,250 --> 00:23:16,560
Wao zinazozalishwa hii kwa
appliance ukubwa duniani.

397
00:23:16,560 --> 00:23:21,560
disc Compact alikuwa quality digital
muziki juu yake, kusoma na wachezaji CD.

398
00:23:21,560 --> 00:23:25,750
Na wachezaji CD walikuwa katika sana
ngumu utaratibu na muziki

399
00:23:25,750 --> 00:23:30,050
wazalishaji, hivyo kwamba kamwe hata
ilitokea yao kwa kuweka aina yoyote ya

400
00:23:30,050 --> 00:23:31,750
fiche kwenye disc.

401
00:23:31,750 --> 00:23:33,500
Sababu ambaye ingekuwa kuisimbua?

402
00:23:33,500 --> 00:23:35,520
Jinsi gani decrypt matumizi yake?

403
00:23:35,520 --> 00:23:40,430
>> Naam, ni zamu nje, mara moja kuanza
kuweka CD-ROM na wasomaji CD katika PC,

404
00:23:40,430 --> 00:23:44,160
mtu yeyote anaweza kuisimbua, na
ambayo inaongoza kwa matatizo.

405
00:23:44,160 --> 00:23:50,420
Kwa kweli, sekta ufupi alijaribu
kutumia reprogrammability ya PC kama

406
00:23:50,420 --> 00:23:55,490
Kipengele kuliko, na wao, mdudu,
walipoanza kuweka kanuni kwenye

407
00:23:55,490 --> 00:23:59,810
CD hizi, hivyo kwamba, kama walikuwa kubeba
ndani ya kompyuta, kanuni ingekuwa kukimbia

408
00:23:59,810 --> 00:24:05,380
na kujaribu kulinda kompyuta kutoka
kuiga nini juu ya CD, kama dhidi ya

409
00:24:05,380 --> 00:24:09,640
matakwa ya mtumiaji, na tu
kuangalia, wakati wote, ili kuona kama wewe

410
00:24:09,640 --> 00:24:12,050
walikuwa milele kwenda kujaribu mpasuko CD.

411
00:24:12,050 --> 00:24:15,300
>> Hii inaitwa rootkit, na
ilikuwa si maarufu sana wakati

412
00:24:15,300 --> 00:24:16,350
ilibainika nje.

413
00:24:16,350 --> 00:24:21,210
Na walianza outing ambayo CD alikuwa
programu hii ambayo wapanda juu,

414
00:24:21,210 --> 00:24:25,010
mzigo yenyewe kwenye kompyuta yako, na kukataa
kuondoka, hata kama wewe tena

415
00:24:25,010 --> 00:24:27,360
walipenda muziki.

416
00:24:27,360 --> 00:24:29,890
Hii ni moja ambapo iligundulika,
kwa njia, hazijaingizwa

417
00:24:29,890 --> 00:24:32,610
inayoitwa Kupata Haki na Man.

418
00:24:32,610 --> 00:24:37,910
Hapa ni wangu wengine watatu wa juu rootkit
CDs, uvamizi Invisible,

419
00:24:37,910 --> 00:24:42,000
Tuhuma Shughuli, na afya
katika Times Paranoid.

420
00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:47,010
>> Anyway, hiyo ni mfano wa
maelewano ya mashine yako kutoka

421
00:24:47,010 --> 00:24:49,120
kuaminiwa, au si hivyo kuaminiwa, mpenzi.

422
00:24:49,120 --> 00:24:53,370
Lakini mambo haya kuanza kuja nje ya
pori, na kuishia na mambo

423
00:24:53,370 --> 00:24:56,030
kama minyoo dhoruba mwaka 2007.

424
00:24:56,030 --> 00:24:59,460
Hii ni moja ya biggies, na
unaweza kuona quotes kama hii.

425
00:24:59,460 --> 00:25:03,480
"Ni inaweza kuanzisha mashambulizi dhidi ya wale
ambao kujaribu kufikiri nje.

426
00:25:03,480 --> 00:25:05,830
Ni anajua, na humuadhibu.

427
00:25:05,830 --> 00:25:07,150
Watafiti wanaogopa.

428
00:25:07,150 --> 00:25:10,170
Sijawahi kuona hii kabla. "
Na wewe ni kama, hii ni

429
00:25:10,170 --> 00:25:11,810
Mtandao wa Dunia, au nchi?

430
00:25:11,810 --> 00:25:13,190
>> Hii ni ujinga.

431
00:25:13,190 --> 00:25:14,920
Jinsi ni mbaya?

432
00:25:14,920 --> 00:25:17,990
Na ina, kwa kweli, kujipatia
zaidi na zaidi.

433
00:25:17,990 --> 00:25:21,270
Na kama tumeona zaidi na zaidi
zisizo za kisasa, sisi kuanza kwa

434
00:25:21,270 --> 00:25:27,460
kutambua kwamba hoja moja tu mbaya inaweza mwisho
hadi yanaangamiza mambo kwa kila mtu.

435
00:25:27,460 --> 00:25:33,820
Na sisi si kweli kuwa nzuri ulinzi
mahesabu kwa kuwa bado, na kwamba ni

436
00:25:33,820 --> 00:25:35,720
halisi ya tatizo.

437
00:25:35,720 --> 00:25:41,920
>> Kwa kweli, tu leo ​​iliripotiwa kwamba
Virusi Stuxnet kimepata yake

438
00:25:41,920 --> 00:25:47,070
njia kwenye International Space Station
sababu baadhi ya Warusi walikuwa na

439
00:25:47,070 --> 00:25:49,040
USB muhimu wameambukizwa yake.

440
00:25:49,040 --> 00:25:52,310
Na sasa ina kituo cha nafasi
kuja chini na tatizo.

441
00:25:52,310 --> 00:25:54,190
Hiyo pretty ajabu.

442
00:25:54,190 --> 00:25:58,940
Na ni kejeli, pia, kwa sababu ilikuwa ni
miaka michache iliyopita kwamba mtu kutoka

443
00:25:58,940 --> 00:26:03,840
Microsoft ilikuwa ikisema kwamba zisizo
ni kuwa hivyo mbaya kwamba mara

444
00:26:03,840 --> 00:26:06,280
nimepata hilo, kuna kimsingi
hakuna njia ya kufanya

445
00:26:06,280 --> 00:26:08,400
komoo kwenye mashine yako.

446
00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:12,990
Hiyo ni hii quote ajabu kwamba anasema,
kweli nini una kufanya ni nuke

447
00:26:12,990 --> 00:26:19,520
mifumo ya kutoka obiti, ambayo kuanza kuwa
Jambo haki kubwa ya kufanya ili kusafisha

448
00:26:19,520 --> 00:26:21,550
mashine yako ya virusi.

449
00:26:21,550 --> 00:26:26,110
Na kama uko tayari katika obiti juu ya
nafasi ya kituo, sijui nini

450
00:26:26,110 --> 00:26:26,970
kinaenda kutokea.

451
00:26:26,970 --> 00:26:30,650
>> Hivyo, anyway, hii ni tatizo halisi.

452
00:26:30,650 --> 00:26:35,490
Na tatizo la msingi ni hii,
Filimbi Crunch Cap'n bosun wa,

453
00:26:35,490 --> 00:26:39,140
tuzo katika sanduku ya Crunch Cap'n
nafaka katika miaka ya 1970.

454
00:26:39,140 --> 00:26:41,790
Baada ya sugared hadi mtoto wako,
kwanini wake kukimbia kuzunguka nyumba

455
00:26:41,790 --> 00:26:42,520
na pigo filimbi?

456
00:26:42,520 --> 00:26:43,940
Ni tuzo kamilifu.

457
00:26:43,940 --> 00:26:47,780
Lakini zinageuka kuwa kama wewe mifuniko
moja ya shimo ya filimbi baada ya

458
00:26:47,780 --> 00:26:52,070
kuchimba ni kutoka sanduku na kuvuma,
ni lilio sauti ya Hertz 2600,

459
00:26:52,070 --> 00:26:55,590
ambayo ni hasa tone kutumiwa na AT & T,
ukiritimba simu mtoa katika

460
00:26:55,590 --> 00:26:57,660
muda, zinaonyesha line wavivu.

461
00:26:57,660 --> 00:26:59,790
Pick up ya simu, pigo
filimbi, kupata bure

462
00:26:59,790 --> 00:27:02,390
umbali mrefu simu wito.

463
00:27:02,390 --> 00:27:06,410
Masanduku ya unga Cap'n Crunch
flying mbali ya rafu.

464
00:27:06,410 --> 00:27:08,530
General Mills hana wazo nini.

465
00:27:08,530 --> 00:27:13,220
Na zinageuka, kuna mpya
tatu programu kwa ajili ya nafaka zao.

466
00:27:13,220 --> 00:27:18,960
>> Sasa, hii ni tatizo halisi kwa AT & T,
lakini wao wana mtandao inayomilikiwa, ambayo

467
00:27:18,960 --> 00:27:20,040
ina maana wanaweza kurekebisha.

468
00:27:20,040 --> 00:27:20,940
Ambayo walivyofanya.

469
00:27:20,940 --> 00:27:25,590
Wakamgeukia nje ya dalili bendi,
ili data ilikuwa tofauti kutoka kwa kificho,

470
00:27:25,590 --> 00:27:28,360
na kulikuwa na kitu unaweza
kuweka katika mikondo ya data -

471
00:27:28,360 --> 00:27:29,520
sauti -

472
00:27:29,520 --> 00:27:32,410
ambayo inaweza kubadilisha njia ya
mtandao wa kazi.

473
00:27:32,410 --> 00:27:36,700
internet ni unowned na hawezi
kuwa hivyo kwa urahisi fasta.

474
00:27:36,700 --> 00:27:40,360
njia sana kwamba kubeba wetu
muziki, barua pepe zetu, ngoma zetu

475
00:27:40,360 --> 00:27:44,730
hamsters, pia ni njia ambayo
kubeba executable kificho kwa mtandao

476
00:27:44,730 --> 00:27:46,760
yenyewe, na kwa endpoints.

477
00:27:46,760 --> 00:27:51,070
Na sisi bila wanataka kuwa hivyo yoyote
njia nyingine, isipokuwa kwamba sasa tuko katika

478
00:27:51,070 --> 00:27:54,100
mtanziko kubwa, kwa sababu wewe bonyeza
juu ya jambo sahihi, na

479
00:27:54,100 --> 00:27:56,290
sasa ni wote juu.

480
00:27:56,290 --> 00:28:01,140
>> Na sisi hata kuanza kuona mambo kuwa
imewekwa kabla ya hata kuchukua nje

481
00:28:01,140 --> 00:28:01,900
ya sanduku.

482
00:28:01,900 --> 00:28:06,660
Ni kuathirika kwa njia moja au nyingine,
na kujaribu kufikiri, kama

483
00:28:06,660 --> 00:28:11,480
wewe rika ndani ya sanduku yako, kama ni
tayari kuathirika, ni ya kukatisha,

484
00:28:11,480 --> 00:28:12,760
kukatisha kazi.

485
00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:16,310
Na kujaribu kuhesabia huo kwa ajili ya
kitu hook kwamba sanduku hadi,

486
00:28:16,310 --> 00:28:18,510
kati ruta, nakadhalika.

487
00:28:18,510 --> 00:28:25,210
Ambayo ni sababu moja kwa nini nadhani watu
sana puzzled katika matarajio kwamba

488
00:28:25,210 --> 00:28:29,790
mbali yao webcam inaweza tu kuwa
akageuka na mtu ambaye ana

489
00:28:29,790 --> 00:28:32,590
kuathirika mashine,
na kuangalia kila kitu.

490
00:28:32,590 --> 00:28:37,820
Sijui jinsi gani wengi wa kuweka
Baada ya hayo kumbuka juu ya mbali webcam yako.

491
00:28:37,820 --> 00:28:39,980
Sioni mikono yoyote juu.

492
00:28:39,980 --> 00:28:44,090
Zinageuka ni nafuu usalama kipengele,
na mimi kupendekeza hivyo, kwa sababu

493
00:28:44,090 --> 00:28:49,990
kuanza kuona kwamba hii ni
kinachojulikana panya - upatikanaji wa kijijini

494
00:28:49,990 --> 00:28:51,080
teknolojia.

495
00:28:51,080 --> 00:28:53,260
>> Na hapa ni familia Denmark
kuwa kutazamwa.

496
00:28:53,260 --> 00:28:56,180
Hii ni kutokana na mtazamo wa
hacker, ambaye wamezipata katika zao

497
00:28:56,180 --> 00:28:59,790
mashine na ni kuangalia yao kama wao ni
kompyuta, unaweza kabisa kudhibiti

498
00:28:59,790 --> 00:29:01,590
mashine, kuangalia nini kinaendelea.

499
00:29:01,590 --> 00:29:05,190
Hapa ni ofisa wa polisi, ambao
mashine katika kikosi gari yake ilikuwa

500
00:29:05,190 --> 00:29:06,090
kuathirika.

501
00:29:06,090 --> 00:29:08,260
Hivyo unaweza kuangalia polisi
afisa kwenda kuzunguka.

502
00:29:08,260 --> 00:29:11,210
Mimi nadhani unaweza kuona kama yeye kuja
nyumba yako ya kuwakamata kwa ajili hiyo.

503
00:29:11,210 --> 00:29:14,820
Kuna chumba chat ambapo wao ni
kuzungumza juu ya jambo hili, na

504
00:29:14,820 --> 00:29:17,790
wakashangaa kwamba wana
imeweza kufanya hii.

505
00:29:17,790 --> 00:29:22,130
>> Hii ni aina ya mambo ya
kwamba inafanya bidii na kuwa

506
00:29:22,130 --> 00:29:25,900
afya katika nyakati Paranoid.

507
00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:27,770
Unaweza kuongeza hadi mambo haya -

508
00:29:27,770 --> 00:29:32,520
mahali popote unaweza kuona PC, ikiwa ni pamoja na kwamba
CAT Scan mashine, wewe sasa kuanza

509
00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:34,970
wasiwasi kuhusu kanuni mbaya kupata karibu yake.

510
00:29:34,970 --> 00:29:38,990
Na hii ni kuwa
kiasi fulani dire tishio.

511
00:29:38,990 --> 00:29:42,950
Na nadhani tuna kutambua kwamba
tishio, kwa sababu tayari kubadilisha

512
00:29:42,950 --> 00:29:48,310
asili ya teknolojia unowned
kwamba vinginevyo Mimi kumtukuza.

513
00:29:48,310 --> 00:29:49,720
>> Hivyo tunafanya nini kuhusu hilo?

514
00:29:49,720 --> 00:29:53,660
Naam, hapa ni ziara ya haraka ya
baadhi ya ufumbuzi wa uwezo.

515
00:29:53,660 --> 00:29:58,720
Kufikiri kupitia mhimili kati ya serikali
unowned katika mazingira fulani, na

516
00:29:58,720 --> 00:30:00,065
kisha uongozi na polyarchy.

517
00:30:00,065 --> 00:30:04,730
Na uongozi ina maana kuna tu
moja uchaguzi kwa ajili ya ufumbuzi wako.

518
00:30:04,730 --> 00:30:08,060
Kila mtu ni amefungwa na chombo kimoja
kwamba hana kitu.

519
00:30:08,060 --> 00:30:10,655
Na polyarchy maana hakuna, hakuna, kuna
kura ya uchaguzi na ushindani.

520
00:30:10,655 --> 00:30:13,540
Na mimi nitakupa mifano
kunyoosha hii nje.

521
00:30:13,540 --> 00:30:16,980
>> Lakini hebu kwanza kuangalia majibu
kwa cybersecurity

522
00:30:16,980 --> 00:30:18,770
tatizo, roboduara na roboduara.

523
00:30:18,770 --> 00:30:21,750
Hivyo hebu tuangalie polyarchy unowned
moja, ambayo nadhani

524
00:30:21,750 --> 00:30:22,750
kimsingi ni machafuko.

525
00:30:22,750 --> 00:30:25,120
Ina maana wewe ni juu yako mwenyewe.

526
00:30:25,120 --> 00:30:25,680
Bahati nzuri.

527
00:30:25,680 --> 00:30:27,290
Kuna kura ya mambo unaweza kufanya.

528
00:30:27,290 --> 00:30:30,930
Jaribu kuchukua haki mmoja, na
tu kufanya bora unaweza

529
00:30:30,930 --> 00:30:32,910
kutetea una nini.

530
00:30:32,910 --> 00:30:37,300
Na kwamba, nadhani, ni kubwa kama
kutokea kwa kuwa ninja.

531
00:30:37,300 --> 00:30:39,400
Ni si kubwa sana kama wewe si.

532
00:30:39,400 --> 00:30:42,180
Na si hata kubwa kwa ajili ya ninjas,
kwa sababu kila mtu anauliza yao kwa ajili ya msaada

533
00:30:42,180 --> 00:30:43,310
na wao kupata kuchoka.

534
00:30:43,310 --> 00:30:47,370
>> Hivyo sisi kuanza kuona mambo kama
hii, imeundwa ili kukusaidia

535
00:30:47,370 --> 00:30:48,560
kuamua nini cha kufanya.

536
00:30:48,560 --> 00:30:49,920
Na kama kuona kitu kama hii -

537
00:30:49,920 --> 00:30:53,350
Mimi sijui ni mara ngapi
kuona madirisha kama hii -

538
00:30:53,350 --> 00:30:54,960
ni Jumamosi usiku, wewe ni
kubonyeza kote.

539
00:30:54,960 --> 00:30:58,830
Jinsi wengi wenu, wakati unaweza kuona dirisha
kama click hii, kuendelea?

540
00:30:58,830 --> 00:30:59,780
Kura ya mikono.

541
00:30:59,780 --> 00:31:02,440
Wangapi bofya kufuta?

542
00:31:02,440 --> 00:31:03,680
wanandoa.

543
00:31:03,680 --> 00:31:04,570
Haki.

544
00:31:04,570 --> 00:31:06,780
Na kisha bonyeza kufuta, na wewe ni
nyuma ambapo kuanza.

545
00:31:06,780 --> 00:31:08,530
Wewe ni kama, lakini nilitaka
kuona ngoma Hampster.

546
00:31:08,530 --> 00:31:11,640
Hivyo basi bofya kuendelea,
na mbali ya kwenda.

547
00:31:11,640 --> 00:31:14,800
>> Hii ni si njia bora ya
kupata mambo, na inanikumbusha

548
00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:18,600
email hii nilipata miaka kadhaa iliyopita
onyo Harvard Law School Kitivo na

549
00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:22,690
wafanyakazi wa insurgence ya ulaghai
barua pepe katika shule ya sheria, na wote

550
00:31:22,690 --> 00:31:26,480
mambo una kufanya ili kwamba kama wewe
bonyeza kitu kibaya wewe si

551
00:31:26,480 --> 00:31:27,880
kabisa Star.

552
00:31:27,880 --> 00:31:30,900
Na ni ujinga tu jinsi
kiasi gani una kufanya kila

553
00:31:30,900 --> 00:31:31,980
wakati unaweza kuona email.

554
00:31:31,980 --> 00:31:34,700
Hii ni moja favorite, kwa njia.
"Kuwa na uchovu wa barua pepe kwamba wana

555
00:31:34,700 --> 00:31:37,180
misspelling, maskini sarufi
au isiyo ya kawaida wahusika.

556
00:31:37,180 --> 00:31:44,950
Wao ni bendera nyekundu kwa udanganyifu. "Mimi aliandika
nyuma, mimi nilikuwa kama, I got moja.

557
00:31:44,950 --> 00:31:49,130
Na wao aliyenituma Oxford kwa ajili ya tatu
miaka, hivyo kamwe fujo na IT yako

558
00:31:49,130 --> 00:31:49,920
idara.

559
00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:53,250
Na kama wewe ni kwenda kuishia katika IT
idara, wala kuruhusu mwenyewe kuwa

560
00:31:53,250 --> 00:31:54,250
messed pamoja.

561
00:31:54,250 --> 00:32:00,800
>> Lakini anyway, unaweza kuona kwamba ujinga mtumiaji
ni kitu ambacho ni kwenda

562
00:32:00,800 --> 00:32:04,730
kwa maana ya kwamba ni ngumu kweli kweli
kutegemea juu ya haki ya kuwa chini

563
00:32:04,730 --> 00:32:06,270
roboduara kuwasaidia watu.

564
00:32:06,270 --> 00:32:08,940
Na mimi nimepata kusema, mimi nina uhakika hata
jibu la swali hili.

565
00:32:08,940 --> 00:32:09,170
Haki?

566
00:32:09,170 --> 00:32:10,810
Kama ni mbaya kutosha, mimi
tuseme inaweza.

567
00:32:10,810 --> 00:32:12,530
Kama kuna mvua juu ya Redmond.

568
00:32:12,530 --> 00:32:16,190
>> Lakini anyway, hebu tuangalie mwingine
roboduara, juu ya kushoto.

569
00:32:16,190 --> 00:32:21,730
Nadhani wakati wa uongozi na serikali,
Mimi nina mawazo ya serikali.

570
00:32:21,730 --> 00:32:24,360
Na nini ili serikali
kufanya ili kujaribu kusaidia?

571
00:32:24,360 --> 00:32:27,360
Naam, serikali imekuwa ikijaribu
kusaidia kwa miaka 10 sasa.

572
00:32:27,360 --> 00:32:31,080
Hii ilikuwa ni mkakati wa awali
kupata mtandao.

573
00:32:31,080 --> 00:32:31,790
Ilikuwa ni kubwa.

574
00:32:31,790 --> 00:32:35,260
Ni kimsingi alisema digital Pearl
Bandari, kuwa na hofu sana.

575
00:32:35,260 --> 00:32:37,500
Na hatuwezi kujua nini cha kufanya kuhusu hilo.

576
00:32:37,500 --> 00:32:40,300
Hivyo wao tumekuwa kujaribu kufikiri
nini cha kufanya kuhusu hilo, kama kujenga

577
00:32:40,300 --> 00:32:43,790
upashanaji habari na uchambuzi vituo vya
kwamba kuangalia intaneti.

578
00:32:43,790 --> 00:32:45,360
Wao ni kama, ni chini, ni chini.

579
00:32:45,360 --> 00:32:47,090
Ni kama, OK, ni chini.

580
00:32:47,090 --> 00:32:49,070
Hatuwezi kumwambia mtu yeyote, ni chini.

581
00:32:49,070 --> 00:32:54,340
>> Hivyo, moja ya hasara ya unowned
teknolojia ni hakuna

582
00:32:54,340 --> 00:32:58,210
dhahiri mahali pa kutuma majini, na
hawana kulinganisha hasa

583
00:32:58,210 --> 00:33:01,320
faida, hata kama unaweza
kuwatuma katika kupata

584
00:33:01,320 --> 00:33:03,000
hii kusambazwa mtandao.

585
00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:06,680
Ambayo ina maana serikali imekuwa na
wakati mgumu kuhesabia nje nini cha kufanya.

586
00:33:06,680 --> 00:33:10,660
Badala yake alifanya wito kama hii, kutoka
mkurugenzi wa zamani wa CIA George Tenet,

587
00:33:10,660 --> 00:33:18,170
ambaye alisema kwamba, labda tuna
kwa kufanya hivyo ili watu -

588
00:33:18,170 --> 00:33:20,900
upatikanaji wa mtandao ili haja ya kuwa na
mdogo kwa wale ambao wanaweza kuonyesha

589
00:33:20,900 --> 00:33:22,980
kuchukua usalama umakini.

590
00:33:22,980 --> 00:33:24,600
Ni itakuwa hakuna tena kuwa
duniani kote mtandao.

591
00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:28,460
Itakuwa kama, watu watatu kuwa
kama, sisi ni salama sana.

592
00:33:28,460 --> 00:33:32,620
Na kwamba ni moja ya matatizo katika
kujaribu kufikiri nini cha kufanya.

593
00:33:32,620 --> 00:33:35,870
>> Na miaka michache iliyopita, kulikuwa na
jambo hili kubwa kuhusu, oh mungu wangu, wao

594
00:33:35,870 --> 00:33:39,100
kuwa muswada cybersecurity, na
rais kwenda kuwa ya dharura

595
00:33:39,100 --> 00:33:41,350
mamlaka ya kufunga chini ya mtandao.

596
00:33:41,350 --> 00:33:44,040
Sidhani kwamba ilifikia
kwa mengi ya kitu chochote.

597
00:33:44,040 --> 00:33:46,970
Na kwa kweli wabunge wenyewe
hawakuwa radhi na hizi ripoti ya

598
00:33:46,970 --> 00:33:47,930
kubadili kuua.

599
00:33:47,930 --> 00:33:52,760
Ingawa haina nijisikie bora
kwamba, kama unaweza kuona katika

600
00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:55,900
chini, seneta ilikuwa kama,
rais tayari ana mamlaka ya

601
00:33:55,900 --> 00:33:58,570
kufunga chini ya hisa chini ya
kinachojulikana utoaji wa

602
00:33:58,570 --> 00:34:03,100
Mawasiliano ya Sheria ya kupita mwezi mmoja
baada ya mashambulizi ya 1941 juu ya Bandari ya Pearl,

603
00:34:03,100 --> 00:34:06,720
ambayo ni sheria sana za kusonga mbele,
kutoa rais mamlaka ya

604
00:34:06,720 --> 00:34:10,780
kufunga chini ya hisa baada ya
Kijapani kushambuliwa mwaka 1941.

605
00:34:10,780 --> 00:34:15,560
>> Hata hivyo, sisi kuanza kuona njia nyingine ambayo
serikali ni kujaribu kufikiri ya

606
00:34:15,560 --> 00:34:18,560
hii kama serikali ingekuwa
kufikiri ya aina nyingine za

607
00:34:18,560 --> 00:34:20,139
kuingilia katika nafasi.

608
00:34:20,139 --> 00:34:23,020
Na kwamba ni moja ya negatives ya
wito ni mtandao, kwa sababu ni

609
00:34:23,020 --> 00:34:23,865
si kweli nafasi.

610
00:34:23,865 --> 00:34:25,860
Lakini sisi kufikiri ya ulinzi mzunguko.

611
00:34:25,860 --> 00:34:30,360
Wa tu kama, vizuri hebu tu ya kuweka
antivirus nodes kote edges

612
00:34:30,360 --> 00:34:33,510
ya nchi, na wanaweza
risasi chini ya virusi zinazoingia

613
00:34:33,510 --> 00:34:34,810
kama amri kombora.

614
00:34:34,810 --> 00:34:37,550
Na haina kabisa kazi kwa njia hiyo.

615
00:34:37,550 --> 00:34:41,330
Na maana yake, badala yake, tupate mwisho
hadi kujenga mfumo kwa risasi chini ya kila

616
00:34:41,330 --> 00:34:45,540
aina ya maudhui nyingine kwamba ana kitu
kufanya na mtandao wa usalama.

617
00:34:45,540 --> 00:34:46,639
Ni wazi.

618
00:34:46,639 --> 00:34:49,100
Tunataka kuchukua ukurasa nje ya
vitabu vya nchi ambazo zina

619
00:34:49,100 --> 00:34:51,040
tayari amefanya hilo.

620
00:34:51,040 --> 00:34:54,480
>> Wakati huo huo, tumeona mapendekezo
kutoka kwa baadhi ya kimataifa

621
00:34:54,480 --> 00:34:57,440
multigovernment taasisi, kama
Mawasiliano ya simu ya kimataifa

622
00:34:57,440 --> 00:35:00,350
Muungano, kabisa
Rudia internet.

623
00:35:00,350 --> 00:35:03,860
Kama unaweza kuona, wao ni kubwa mno na
kihierarkia shirika, aina ya

624
00:35:03,860 --> 00:35:07,260
kinyume ya wavulana watatu ambao
kuanza biashara ya mbali.

625
00:35:07,260 --> 00:35:12,440
Na wana hii wazo la kuondoa
hourglass ilikuwa nini kuwaita

626
00:35:12,440 --> 00:35:15,180
kizazi kijacho mtandao.

627
00:35:15,180 --> 00:35:18,550
Na walianza kundi kuzingatia
mitandao ya kizazi kijacho, pia inajulikana

628
00:35:18,550 --> 00:35:19,870
kama FGNGN.

629
00:35:19,870 --> 00:35:24,270
Na kuja na ramani mpya
kwa ajili ya kesho bora.

630
00:35:24,270 --> 00:35:26,040
>> Wewe tayari kwa hourglass mpya?

631
00:35:26,040 --> 00:35:27,200
Hapa ni.

632
00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:32,010
Ni ITU kizazi kijacho mtandao, na
ina kila kitu lakini animated

633
00:35:32,010 --> 00:35:32,770
karatasi video.

634
00:35:32,770 --> 00:35:36,880
Ghafla ni hulka ya mizigo katika
mtandao, kwa sababu wazo lazima,

635
00:35:36,880 --> 00:35:41,200
wao kufikiri, kwamba unataka kuwa na uwezo wa
kufanya hivyo, kama pakiti anasema wala nakala

636
00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:44,630
mimi hata kama mbili watumiaji wanataka kubadilishana
hivyo, mtandao lazima

637
00:35:44,630 --> 00:35:45,860
hamjui ya kufanya hivyo.

638
00:35:45,860 --> 00:35:50,610
Ambayo inaweza kusaidia na udhibiti wa maudhui,
na kwamba inaweza kusaidia kwa usalama.

639
00:35:50,610 --> 00:35:53,875
Haina, nadhani, kuishia mattering
kiasi kwamba, kwa sababu kujaribu kuchukua nafasi

640
00:35:53,875 --> 00:35:56,570
mtandao tuna ni kweli
vigumu kufanya.

641
00:35:56,570 --> 00:35:58,410
Ina mengi ya hali hiyo.

642
00:35:58,410 --> 00:36:02,750
Kuuliza tu wahandisi hisa ambao ni
kujaribu kuboresha wenyewe.

643
00:36:02,750 --> 00:36:06,800
>> Hivyo roboduara tatu hapa
ni haki ya juu.

644
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:09,120
Na bado inayomilikiwa,
lakini ni polyarchy.

645
00:36:09,120 --> 00:36:11,220
Kuna kura ya wamiliki,
na wewe kupata pick yako.

646
00:36:11,220 --> 00:36:13,170
Kwamba kimsingi sekta ya ushirika.

647
00:36:13,170 --> 00:36:17,090
Ni kugeuka kwa dunia ya ushirika
kusema, Mimi nimepata tatizo.

648
00:36:17,090 --> 00:36:18,180
Kuuza me ufumbuzi.

649
00:36:18,180 --> 00:36:19,380
Mimi si kuangalia kwa serikali.

650
00:36:19,380 --> 00:36:20,840
Siwezi kufanya hivyo mwenyewe.

651
00:36:20,840 --> 00:36:23,300
Lakini unaweza labda kuja
na kitu.

652
00:36:23,300 --> 00:36:27,350
Na uhakika wa kutosha, tumeona kura ya
juhudi kwa makampuni binafsi ya kupata

653
00:36:27,350 --> 00:36:31,480
nafasi, ambayo kwa upande mwingine
kuishia katika matatizo.

654
00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:32,730
>> Ni kwamba mwito RSA?

655
00:36:32,730 --> 00:36:34,441
Nasikia beep weird.

656
00:36:34,441 --> 00:36:35,760
Nadhani si.

657
00:36:35,760 --> 00:36:42,170
>> Anyway, ni zamu nje, basi, kwamba
sekta ya ushirika anajaribu kutoa baadhi ya

658
00:36:42,170 --> 00:36:45,320
kupima wa usalama, lakini ina
kuhisi, mifano, ya kupata

659
00:36:45,320 --> 00:36:49,060
barabara ya kutoka uwanja wa ndege wa Baghdad na
walinzi yako mwenyewe nguvu.

660
00:36:49,060 --> 00:36:53,240
Ina kipengele yake ya uzembe kwa
yake, na maana yake ni kwamba watu tofauti

661
00:36:53,240 --> 00:36:56,790
kupata tofauti ya viwango vya usalama,
ambayo inaweza kuishia si

662
00:36:56,790 --> 00:36:58,410
kuwa na haki kwamba wote.

663
00:36:58,410 --> 00:37:03,340
>> Katika maana zaidi hila, tumeona
kuanzishwa kwa teknolojia alifanya

664
00:37:03,340 --> 00:37:05,950
kuwa katika mold ya Flexowriter.

665
00:37:05,950 --> 00:37:10,190
Kwa kweli, kampuni sana kwamba katika 1977
alitupa kwanza kubwa unowned

666
00:37:10,190 --> 00:37:15,220
teknolojia, PC, alitupa kwanza
kubwa inayomilikiwa na teknolojia hasa 30

667
00:37:15,220 --> 00:37:20,470
miaka ya baadaye, na iPhone, ambapo
iPhone anasema, kuangalia, sisi ni kwenda

668
00:37:20,470 --> 00:37:21,840
kufafanua kila kitu juu yake.

669
00:37:21,840 --> 00:37:23,030
Hutaki kuwa kama PC.

670
00:37:23,030 --> 00:37:24,740
Ajali hizo wakati wote.

671
00:37:24,740 --> 00:37:31,930
Badala yake nini unataka ni kuwa na uwezo wa
kuwa ni kazi, kuwa ni kitendo tu kama

672
00:37:31,930 --> 00:37:33,960
kwamba Smart Neno Processor.

673
00:37:33,960 --> 00:37:35,550
Sasa hiyo ni iPhone ya awali.

674
00:37:35,550 --> 00:37:39,900
Hakukuwa na programu, hakuna Hifadhi App
juu ya iPhone ya awali.

675
00:37:39,900 --> 00:37:44,300
Ilikuwa ni zaidi tu kama kimsingi akisema,
kuangalia, tunakwenda kwa karibu ni

676
00:37:44,300 --> 00:37:47,190
mbali, na hii ni kwenda kuangalia
kama kitu ya baadhi ya

677
00:37:47,190 --> 00:37:48,570
umeona kabla.

678
00:37:48,570 --> 00:37:51,280
Na sisi kufafanua kile
inakwenda kwenye simu.

679
00:37:51,280 --> 00:37:56,250
>> Sasa, kwamba iliyopita wakati, miaka michache
baadaye, wao ilianzisha programu ya

680
00:37:56,250 --> 00:38:01,440
watengenezaji kit, na ghafla ya tatu
vyama wangeweza Kanuni kwa iPhone.

681
00:38:01,440 --> 00:38:03,210
Na kwamba pamoja na wewe.

682
00:38:03,210 --> 00:38:04,820
Hii si kweli Newsweek cover.

683
00:38:04,820 --> 00:38:07,480
Kwa kweli, ni wazi kwangu
Newsweek lipo tena.

684
00:38:07,480 --> 00:38:11,410
Lakini anyway, ni mbaya
ndoto, jambo zima.

685
00:38:11,410 --> 00:38:14,780
>> Ni zamu ya nje, ingawa, kwamba wao
kuweka ziada tweak in

686
00:38:14,780 --> 00:38:16,040
si kama VisiCalc.

687
00:38:16,040 --> 00:38:19,300
Kama wewe mzulia kitu ambacho kinaendelea
kukimbia kwenye iPhone ya mtu, na wewe

688
00:38:19,300 --> 00:38:22,520
wanataka kuwapa nao, na wanataka
kuchukua hiyo, ni lazima kwenda kwa njia ya App

689
00:38:22,520 --> 00:38:26,280
Kuhifadhi, ambayo kwa upande anasema, sisi siyo
kwenda kuruhusu haramu, malicious,

690
00:38:26,280 --> 00:38:31,000
faragha kuvamia, porn, Bandwidth
Nguruwe, au, favorite yasiyoonekana.

691
00:38:31,000 --> 00:38:35,820
Hatuwezi kuwa na kitu unforeseen
kinatokea kwenye iPhone.

692
00:38:35,820 --> 00:38:41,590
Na kwamba Hifadhi App mfano ni kukabiliana
tatizo sana halisi na kubwa katika

693
00:38:41,590 --> 00:38:43,160
ulimwengu unowned.

694
00:38:43,160 --> 00:38:46,610
Lakini ni ufumbuzi kwamba anakuja
na hofu zake mwenyewe.

695
00:38:46,610 --> 00:38:51,830
>> Hivyo, kwa mfano, wakati guy kuundwa
kitu kinachoitwa Uhuru Wakati,

696
00:38:51,830 --> 00:38:55,880
kuhesabu chini mwisho wa George W.
Mfupi Bush, ulikataliwa

697
00:38:55,880 --> 00:38:57,760
kutoka Hifadhi App.

698
00:38:57,760 --> 00:39:02,200
Na yeye kweli aliandika note kwa Steve
Ajira kuuliza kwa nini amekuwa kukataliwa.

699
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:05,870
Steve Jobs aliandika nyuma na kusema, hii
ni kwenda kuwa kukera kwa takribani

700
00:39:05,870 --> 00:39:06,830
nusu ya wateja wetu.

701
00:39:06,830 --> 00:39:08,340
Nini uhakika?

702
00:39:08,340 --> 00:39:13,050
Na wewe kutambua kwamba watu sasa
kutembea karibu na teknolojia yao.

703
00:39:13,050 --> 00:39:13,830
Wanaweza wanataka hivyo.

704
00:39:13,830 --> 00:39:15,070
Unaweza kuwapa nao.

705
00:39:15,070 --> 00:39:19,300
Lakini mtu katikati ina
kushawishiwa ya thamani yake

706
00:39:19,300 --> 00:39:20,460
kabla ya kuruhusu hivyo.

707
00:39:20,460 --> 00:39:23,410
>> Hiyo ni tofauti sana na ya kiteknolojia
mazingira.

708
00:39:23,410 --> 00:39:26,550
Na ni moja kwamba Steve Jobs
usahihi aliona.

709
00:39:26,550 --> 00:39:28,570
Siyo tu juu ya simu za mkononi.

710
00:39:28,570 --> 00:39:31,290
Hii ni kuja kwa wote
teknolojia yetu.

711
00:39:31,290 --> 00:39:36,290
Na hakika, tumekuwa kuanza kuona mahuluti
na njia nyingine ambayo wetu

712
00:39:36,290 --> 00:39:40,250
mwenyewe PC usanifu ni
sasa App Hifadhi inaendeshwa.

713
00:39:40,250 --> 00:39:42,260
>> Hii sasa ni kama, sisi kuchukua
ni kwa nafasi.

714
00:39:42,260 --> 00:39:45,310
Miaka miwili iliyopita, ingekuwa ni, mimi nina
hana uhakika kwamba itakuja kutokea.

715
00:39:45,310 --> 00:39:49,540
Na miaka kabla ya kuwa, ingekuwa
imekuwa mwendawazimu na kupendekeza jambo kama hilo.

716
00:39:49,540 --> 00:39:51,690
Na, bila shaka, siku nyingine
Nilijaribu mzigo huu -

717
00:39:51,690 --> 00:39:53,890
Mimi wala hata kujua nini hivyo,
Jambo hili aitwaye Vuze.

718
00:39:53,890 --> 00:39:55,220
Mtu yeyote ukoo na hilo?

719
00:39:55,220 --> 00:40:00,390
Anyway, mimi walijaribu mzigo juu yangu
Mac, na mimi alisema, hapana, hapana, pole.

720
00:40:00,390 --> 00:40:03,900
Unaweza tu kuruhusu mambo kupitishwa
na Hifadhi App.

721
00:40:03,900 --> 00:40:08,140
Kama wewe ni kabisa karanga, unaweza kubadilisha
mazingira yako kuruhusu yoyote ya mambo ya zamani

722
00:40:08,140 --> 00:40:09,490
na kukimbia kwenye mashine yako.

723
00:40:09,490 --> 00:40:12,300
Lakini kwa nini wewe uwezekano
unataka kufanya hivyo?

724
00:40:12,300 --> 00:40:16,580
>> Na zinageuka kuwa siyo
Apple tu kufanya hivyo sasa.

725
00:40:16,580 --> 00:40:21,430
Kila mzalishaji mkubwa ni kujenga
usanifu kwamba ni wawili na maana ya

726
00:40:21,430 --> 00:40:26,520
salama mambo na kwamba kuwa
wadudu kwa ajili ya kudhibiti.

727
00:40:26,520 --> 00:40:31,590
Na kama unadhani Android ni wazi, tu
kusubiri hadi anapata mbaya zaidi hasa

728
00:40:31,590 --> 00:40:33,740
seti ya zisizo, na utaona -

729
00:40:33,740 --> 00:40:35,500
hii ni zombie SMS -

730
00:40:35,500 --> 00:40:38,670
Sijui ambao bonyeza
"Uhuishaji Album I Found Wakati mimi zisizohamishika

731
00:40:38,670 --> 00:40:42,960
Kompyuta mfanyakazi mwenzangu Kike wa, "lakini
watu wa kutosha hivyo, na kisha kuishia

732
00:40:42,960 --> 00:40:44,920
na zisizo free.

733
00:40:44,920 --> 00:40:48,710
Na kuanza kuona kiwango cha
matumizi ya kinachotokea zisizo.

734
00:40:48,710 --> 00:40:52,990
Na wewe kutambua kwamba ni suala
ya muda kabla ya sisi kwenda App

735
00:40:52,990 --> 00:40:55,290
Kuhifadhi mfano wa kuigwa kwa kila kitu.

736
00:40:55,290 --> 00:40:59,990
>> Ili ambayo imekuwa unowned ni
kuwa inayomilikiwa, na kwamba ambayo ni

737
00:40:59,990 --> 00:41:05,080
inayomilikiwa lakini wazi ni kuwa tu inayomilikiwa na serikali,
kwa kila aina ya sababu.

738
00:41:05,080 --> 00:41:09,200
Na sisi ni kuona kuwa si tu juu ya endpoint
vifaa, lakini katika wingu kama

739
00:41:09,200 --> 00:41:14,020
vizuri, kama zaidi na zaidi majukwaa ni
kuanza kuwa waamuzi kati ya

740
00:41:14,020 --> 00:41:17,450
wewe na zenye kujitegemea
chama kwamba unataka

741
00:41:17,450 --> 00:41:18,770
kuwasiliana na.

742
00:41:18,770 --> 00:41:22,630
Kuuliza tu watu ambao alifanya kitu
kuitwa Critter Island,

743
00:41:22,630 --> 00:41:24,290
kiasi fulani busy mchezo.

744
00:41:24,290 --> 00:41:29,180
Na alikuwa na watumiaji milioni 150 nyuma katika
heyday yake, mpaka alifanya kitu

745
00:41:29,180 --> 00:41:30,610
kwamba Facebook hawakupenda.

746
00:41:30,610 --> 00:41:35,460
Facebook tu vunjwa kuziba, na
kuna mtumiaji wake graph haki katika

747
00:41:35,460 --> 00:41:37,880
sasa kwamba Facebook vunjwa kuziba.

748
00:41:37,880 --> 00:41:43,230
Hiyo ni tofauti sana na ukanda wa
ambapo unaweza kupata Napster huko nje, na

749
00:41:43,230 --> 00:41:44,110
Napster ni huko nje.

750
00:41:44,110 --> 00:41:46,750
Hakuna njia kwamba Bill Gates au
mtu yeyote mwingine inaweza kuwa vunjwa

751
00:41:46,750 --> 00:41:49,440
kuziba juu yake, kwa bora au mbaya.

752
00:41:49,440 --> 00:41:53,840
>> Na udhibiti juu ya kanuni ya maana
kudhibiti juu ya maudhui.

753
00:41:53,840 --> 00:41:56,840
Hivyo, kwa mfano, wakati
Washa waliotoka -

754
00:41:56,840 --> 00:42:00,770
kamili mfano wa Friden inayomilikiwa
Flexowriter style kifaa -

755
00:42:00,770 --> 00:42:08,650
kulikuwa na chama cha tatu kwamba in
kwa njia ya Amazon, 1984 kwa $ 0.99.

756
00:42:08,650 --> 00:42:09,840
Na watu akainunua.

757
00:42:09,840 --> 00:42:11,930
Na kisha mtu kuwasilisha
ilikuwa ni kama, oops, ni chini ya

758
00:42:11,930 --> 00:42:12,950
hati miliki katika Marekani.

759
00:42:12,950 --> 00:42:14,730
Nilidhani ni katika uwanja wa umma.

760
00:42:14,730 --> 00:42:16,010
Wangu kosa.

761
00:42:16,010 --> 00:42:19,800
Amazon ilikuwa kama, oh mungu wangu, sisi
inaweza kuwa katika matatizo makubwa sana kwa

762
00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:20,960
kuruhusu hili kutokea.

763
00:42:20,960 --> 00:42:24,490
Na matokeo yake, Amazon kufikiwa katika
kila washa moja kwamba alikuwa

764
00:42:24,490 --> 00:42:31,230
kupakuliwa 1984 na 1984 ilifutwa
kutoka washa kutoka mbali.

765
00:42:31,230 --> 00:42:33,590
>> Ni kama, huna 1984.

766
00:42:33,590 --> 00:42:36,050
Kamwe alikuwa 1984.

767
00:42:36,050 --> 00:42:40,440
Hakuna kitabu kama vile 1984.

768
00:42:40,440 --> 00:42:42,250
Sasa, hiyo ni tatizo.

769
00:42:42,250 --> 00:42:45,180
Na si kama kiasi ya tatizo wakati
hii ilitokea, kwa sababu kulikuwa

770
00:42:45,180 --> 00:42:45,970
bado maduka ya vitabu.

771
00:42:45,970 --> 00:42:47,560
Kumbuka maduka ya vitabu?

772
00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:48,670
Kumbuka maktaba?

773
00:42:48,670 --> 00:42:52,190
Ilikuwa ni kama, msiwe na wasiwasi, kuna
mahali kwamba tu ana hii tayari

774
00:42:52,190 --> 00:42:55,940
kuchapishwa na amefungwa kwenye karatasi katika
uwezekano tukio kwamba mtu anatakiwa

775
00:42:55,940 --> 00:43:01,300
kutembea na kuwa kama, Ningependa kutoa
wewe $ 5 kwa ajili ya nakala zilizochapishwa ya 1984.

776
00:43:01,300 --> 00:43:04,700
Jinsi ya ajabu kabisa ni kwamba
kama mtindo wa biashara?

777
00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:08,860
Na kama kwamba unafifia, na kuanza kwenda
na magazeti juu ya mahitaji au kusoma juu ya mahitaji,

778
00:43:08,860 --> 00:43:12,400
wewe kutambua kwamba udhibiti
maudhui ni jambo kubwa.

779
00:43:12,400 --> 00:43:15,560
>> Na mimi nataka tu kuwa na uhakika, siyo
tu Amazon hapa kwamba baddy.

780
00:43:15,560 --> 00:43:17,980
Ni Barnes na adimu kama vile.

781
00:43:17,980 --> 00:43:18,830
Nilikuwa kusoma -

782
00:43:18,830 --> 00:43:20,640
majadiliano juu ya kutokuwa na sehemu kubwa ya maisha -

783
00:43:20,640 --> 00:43:24,800
Nilikuwa kusoma Vita na Amani nyingine
siku wakati mimi kusoma kifungu hiki.

784
00:43:24,800 --> 00:43:28,310
"Mwanga wazi Nookd katika uso wake."
Yale ya kuzimu ni kwamba?

785
00:43:28,310 --> 00:43:32,200
"Moto wa kiberiti splinters
Nookd - "Kwa nini ni kazi" Nookd "wote

786
00:43:32,200 --> 00:43:33,770
juu ya Vita na Amani?

787
00:43:33,770 --> 00:43:37,820
Na kisha wewe kutambua kuwa kila mahali
neno "washa" bila kuonekana, ina

788
00:43:37,820 --> 00:43:47,730
nafasi yake imechukuliwa na
neno "Nook." Yeah.

789
00:43:47,730 --> 00:43:49,670
>> Sasa kwa kuwa hakuwa Barnes na adimu.

790
00:43:49,670 --> 00:43:53,460
Hiyo ilikuwa ni chama cha tatu ambaye alikuwa na pengine
kufanyika hii eBook Amazon na

791
00:43:53,460 --> 00:43:56,750
basi tu re-kuutekeleza ni kwenda kwenye
Nook, na figured watabadilika

792
00:43:56,750 --> 00:44:00,690
kanga zao yaliyomo kwenye ama mwisho wa
kusema, oh, kupata yetu juu ya kuhifadhi yetu nook,

793
00:44:00,690 --> 00:44:02,990
na alifanya utafutaji na nafasi,
na maafa yaliyotokea.

794
00:44:02,990 --> 00:44:08,910
Lakini kuanza kwa kutambua jinsi
urahisi hii inaweza repurposed.

795
00:44:08,910 --> 00:44:11,390
Na kuamini mimi, kama wewe ni nusu ya
kupitia Vita na Amani, wewe tu

796
00:44:11,390 --> 00:44:14,290
kama, whatevs, kwamba ni Tolstoy kwa ajili yenu.

797
00:44:14,290 --> 00:44:15,500
Je, ni wewe kwenda kufanya?

798
00:44:15,500 --> 00:44:20,590
>> Hivyo hii ni zama ambazo bidhaa zetu
ni kuwa huduma, na

799
00:44:20,590 --> 00:44:22,620
unafikiri, nimekuwa I got kibaniko.

800
00:44:22,620 --> 00:44:23,600
Naam, kwamba ni bidhaa.

801
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:26,950
Fikiria kibaniko yako kama
huduma ya mtandao kuwezeshwa.

802
00:44:26,950 --> 00:44:27,780
Hiyo ina maana gani?

803
00:44:27,780 --> 00:44:30,220
Ina maana wewe kuja chini ya siku moja, ni
kama, pongezi, wewe wameweza kujipatia

804
00:44:30,220 --> 00:44:31,400
Jumanne update.

805
00:44:31,400 --> 00:44:33,110
Sasa una inafaa tatu.

806
00:44:33,110 --> 00:44:35,010
Wewe ni kama, vizuri kwamba pretty cool.

807
00:44:35,010 --> 00:44:37,090
Na kisha siku ya pili, wao ni kama
, Pole sisi akavingirisha nyuma.

808
00:44:37,090 --> 00:44:37,860
Kulikuwa na tatizo.

809
00:44:37,860 --> 00:44:40,530
Tunasikitika kwa toast yoyote
kwamba alikuwa aliwaangamiza.

810
00:44:40,530 --> 00:44:43,915
Na kisha siku ya Ijumaa, wewe kwenda chini
na ni kufanya maji ya machungwa.

811
00:44:43,915 --> 00:44:45,650
Wewe ni kama nini mimi mwenyewe?

812
00:44:45,650 --> 00:44:47,430
Jibu ni wewe mwenyewe chochote.

813
00:44:47,430 --> 00:44:50,280
Una muda mrefu huduma
oriented uhusiano

814
00:44:50,280 --> 00:44:52,720
na mtoa huduma ya kifungua kinywa.

815
00:44:52,720 --> 00:44:57,810
Na kwamba ni kubwa, lakini pia ni
kitu ambacho sisi bado ni kujaribu

816
00:44:57,810 --> 00:45:02,250
wrap mikono yetu kote kama sisi kupata
kutumika kwa aina hii ya kitu.

817
00:45:02,250 --> 00:45:06,380
Na uwezekano wa udhibiti
ni tu mwanzo tu.

818
00:45:06,380 --> 00:45:10,530
>> Hivyo, kwa mfano, baadhi yenu wanaweza
kukumbuka miaka OnStar mfumo.

819
00:45:10,530 --> 00:45:11,390
Ilikuwa katika gari.

820
00:45:11,390 --> 00:45:14,220
Wewe d kuendesha gari karibu, na kupata
waliopotea au kitu, na vyombo vya habari

821
00:45:14,220 --> 00:45:16,320
kifungo katika kioo rearview.

822
00:45:16,320 --> 00:45:19,120
Ina kipaza sauti kidogo hivyo unaweza
kusema haki ndani yake, na wasemaji hivyo

823
00:45:19,120 --> 00:45:21,120
unaweza kusikia watu wanasema nini nyuma.

824
00:45:21,120 --> 00:45:23,420
Na huyu mwanamke majibu wakati
waandishi wa habari kifungo msaada.

825
00:45:23,420 --> 00:45:25,090
Na wewe ni kama, siwezi kupata up.

826
00:45:25,090 --> 00:45:25,650
Tafadhali msaada.

827
00:45:25,650 --> 00:45:28,450
Na yeye ni kama, vizuri,
msaada ni juu ya njia.

828
00:45:28,450 --> 00:45:33,380
>> Na kisha zinageuka kuwa FBI
mwisho juu kwenda OnStar kama

829
00:45:33,380 --> 00:45:38,120
kampuni na anasema, Mimi nataka wewe, kwa ajili ya hii
gari, tu kurejea kwenye kipaza sauti,

830
00:45:38,120 --> 00:45:41,300
na kusikiliza kila kitu kinachoendelea
juu katika gari wakati wote.

831
00:45:41,300 --> 00:45:42,980
Na kampuni ilikuwa kama, uhh.

832
00:45:42,980 --> 00:45:44,790
Na wao ni kama, kwamba ni nini
wewe ni kwenda kufanya.

833
00:45:44,790 --> 00:45:46,120
Sisi ni FBI.

834
00:45:46,120 --> 00:45:49,510
Kampuni alisema OK, na kisha mashitaka
anonymously, na kusababisha hii ya ajabu

835
00:45:49,510 --> 00:45:55,280
kesi, Kampuni v Amerika ya
Marekani, ambayo, aligeuka,

836
00:45:55,280 --> 00:45:59,670
basi, kwamba hii ilikuwa si ruhusa chini ya
Sheria wiretap kwa Thinnest

837
00:45:59,670 --> 00:46:00,310
ya sababu.

838
00:46:00,310 --> 00:46:04,560
Ambayo ilikuwa njia yaani FBI aliuliza
kwa hilo kutokea, kutekelezwa.

839
00:46:04,560 --> 00:46:07,690
Kama mtu waliomba msaada kwa sababu
kweli walikuwa katika shida, ingekuwa

840
00:46:07,690 --> 00:46:11,510
bado tu kwenda FBI, badala ya
OnStar, au kwamba kampuni hiyo, ambayo

841
00:46:11,510 --> 00:46:13,410
labda bila kuja na kusaidia.

842
00:46:13,410 --> 00:46:18,560
Lakini kama unaweza kurekebisha kwamba glitch, wewe
itakuwa katika nafasi ya kubadilisha

843
00:46:18,560 --> 00:46:19,750
njia hii matendo.

844
00:46:19,750 --> 00:46:26,580
>> Hivyo, kila aina ya njia ambazo MALLEABLE
programu, kwa ajili ya ambayo kubadilisha

845
00:46:26,580 --> 00:46:32,130
ni haki na fursa ya
muuzaji, kuu, au kupata

846
00:46:32,130 --> 00:46:36,150
kibali, tatu mabadiliko,
hiyo ni leo.

847
00:46:36,150 --> 00:46:40,870
Hiyo ni mazingira mapya, na ni
mazingira ya System/360.

848
00:46:40,870 --> 00:46:46,310
Haumiliki mambo yako tena,
na kwamba ni tatizo halisi.

849
00:46:46,310 --> 00:46:48,090
>> Hivyo tunafanya nini kuhusu hilo?

850
00:46:48,090 --> 00:46:52,270
Naam, mimi naenda kukupa baadhi ya mawazo
katika ijayo 4 na 1/2 ya dakika.

851
00:46:52,270 --> 00:46:57,940
Hivyo, moja ya uwezekano ni kurudi kwa
teknolojia hizi sana unowned na

852
00:46:57,940 --> 00:47:01,600
kuangalia kwa njia mpya ya ulinzi
katika quadrant hii.

853
00:47:01,600 --> 00:47:06,220
Kuja katika mtindo unowned, lakini ili
nguvu, hivyo kuvutia, hivyo sana

854
00:47:06,220 --> 00:47:10,400
iliyopitishwa, kwamba wao kuishia kuwa mambo
kwamba wahalifu si rahisi kuchagua

855
00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:14,090
nje ya, ambayo ni nini unaweka yao juu ya
upande wa kushoto wa graph hii.

856
00:47:14,090 --> 00:47:17,560
Ni kitu ambacho Wikipedia ina
aligundua, kwa kuwa yoyote msimamizi

857
00:47:17,560 --> 00:47:22,610
ya Wikipedia yanaweza kufanya mabadiliko ya
Wikipedia kwa njia ya upendeleo, lakini

858
00:47:22,610 --> 00:47:26,770
bado katika aina hii ya kusambazwa,
unowned mtindo, ili kujaribu

859
00:47:26,770 --> 00:47:29,190
kufanya kwa ajili elezo bora.

860
00:47:29,190 --> 00:47:33,250
Na wao tu kuchukua njia ya orodha ya
watu kwamba kulalamika kuhusu mambo yote

861
00:47:33,250 --> 00:47:38,160
siku kwa muda mrefu, na kwa ajili ya fedha hakuna,
wao tu kushika fixing.

862
00:47:38,160 --> 00:47:42,320
Hiyo ni hadithi ya ajabu, na
daima sanjari moja, kwamba mimi

863
00:47:42,320 --> 00:47:47,920
wanaamini ina masomo kwa jinsi gani watu wanaweza
kuingilia kati manufaa kwa njia ya kupata

864
00:47:47,920 --> 00:47:48,910
internet.

865
00:47:48,910 --> 00:47:52,550
>> Na mimi itabidi tu kukupa baadhi ya mifano
ya unowned lakini kwa nguvu -

866
00:47:52,550 --> 00:47:57,050
hivyo nguvu hoja ya kushoto juu ya
kwamba chati - teknolojia kama Tor,

867
00:47:57,050 --> 00:48:01,170
ambapo, pamoja na kompyuta za kutosha pamoja,
unaweza kuishia chafu chanzo

868
00:48:01,170 --> 00:48:04,170
na marudio ya pakiti, hivyo
kitu kama Silk Road inaweza kuwa

869
00:48:04,170 --> 00:48:08,620
juu na unfindable, hata kama ni
click mbali, kwa miezi kwa wakati.

870
00:48:08,620 --> 00:48:12,080
Ilichukua mmiliki wa Silk Road
kujaribu kuweka nje hit kwenye moja ya yake

871
00:48:12,080 --> 00:48:15,270
wachuuzi kwa cops kuwa
uwezo wa kupata hii mtu.

872
00:48:15,270 --> 00:48:17,080
Hiyo pretty ajabu.

873
00:48:17,080 --> 00:48:20,410
Kwa bora au mbaya, huu ni mfano
ya teknolojia, basi, kwamba

874
00:48:20,410 --> 00:48:23,660
linakosa aina fulani ya OnStar
kama ufuatiliaji.

875
00:48:23,660 --> 00:48:27,200
Katika safu ya maudhui, tunaona mambo kama
Ushahidi, ambayo kuruhusu watu

876
00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:30,550
mara moja kutupa juu ya ramani na kufanya
ripoti ya mambo, hivyo baada ya

877
00:48:30,550 --> 00:48:34,370
tetemeko au na matatizo mengine, wewe
kuwa watu kuja pamoja katika

878
00:48:34,370 --> 00:48:38,090
kiraia, unowned aina ya njia, na
kweli kujenga pamoja

879
00:48:38,090 --> 00:48:41,220
wazimu, kwamba katika kesi hii
ni ramani ya taabu, ambayo inaweza

880
00:48:41,220 --> 00:48:44,320
kuwa ngumu kabisa kuaminika.

881
00:48:44,320 --> 00:48:47,520
>> Hili ni wazo kwamba sisi ni kutafuta juu ya
katika Kituo cha Berkman, ambayo

882
00:48:47,520 --> 00:48:51,370
sasa, kama wewe kujaribu kupata mtandao
ukurasa, ni mithili ya baadhi ya viungo, na wewe

883
00:48:51,370 --> 00:48:54,310
bonyeza mmoja wa viungo wale na kujaribu
kwenda ambapo pointi kiungo.

884
00:48:54,310 --> 00:48:56,200
Kama huwezi kufika huko, hiyo ni yake.

885
00:48:56,200 --> 00:48:57,250
Wewe kukwama.

886
00:48:57,250 --> 00:49:02,540
Vizuri, nini kama sisi alifanya hivyo kwamba wakati
wewe kutembelea ukurasa, ina tayari

887
00:49:02,540 --> 00:49:05,300
cached baadhi ya viungo
kwamba hatua mahali pengine?

888
00:49:05,300 --> 00:49:09,370
Ni kuchukuliwa nakala kutoka server kwamba kwa
yenyewe, ili kama kwenda kwa

889
00:49:09,370 --> 00:49:13,500
server na huwezi kupata huko, unaweza
kwenda nyuma ya mahali ambapo wewe got

890
00:49:13,500 --> 00:49:15,890
kiungo, na itakuwa kutuma
nini wewe amekosa.

891
00:49:15,890 --> 00:49:20,080
>> Hiyo ni mfano wa kusambazwa
kujihami mfumo ambayo inaweza kuchukua baadhi ya

892
00:49:20,080 --> 00:49:23,250
ya kuumwa nje ya kusambazwa
kunyimwa ya mashambulizi ya huduma.

893
00:49:23,250 --> 00:49:26,050
Na, ni zamu nje, ikiwa kuchuja,
kama kuzuia ni mahali fulani katika

894
00:49:26,050 --> 00:49:29,460
katikati, labda shukrani kwa serikali
kuchuja, mfumo huu itakuwa

895
00:49:29,460 --> 00:49:31,220
kusambazwa njia ya kuzunguka.

896
00:49:31,220 --> 00:49:35,010
Hiyo ni mfano wa unowned
teknolojia ya uraia kuja nyuma.

897
00:49:35,010 --> 00:49:38,800
>> Sasa kama kuziba nzima ni vunjwa juu ya
internet, kama sasa imekuwa inajulikana

898
00:49:38,800 --> 00:49:41,330
kutokea, ingawa wakati
ilikuwa ni kama, wow, ambaye alijua

899
00:49:41,330 --> 00:49:43,040
kwamba kweli kilichotokea?

900
00:49:43,040 --> 00:49:46,840
Zinageuka kuna mitandao matundu, katika
ambayo kila moja ya vifaa wetu hawakuweza

901
00:49:46,840 --> 00:49:51,280
kuelekezwa kuwa na uwezo wa kujibu
kwa vifaa karibu, na kisha kuendelea

902
00:49:51,280 --> 00:49:56,030
kuendelea, kama Brigade kwamba kupita bia
saa Fenway Park, hivyo kwamba sisi kuishia na

903
00:49:56,030 --> 00:49:59,540
mtandao miongoni mwa wenyewe, labda
na Facebook cached na Twitter

904
00:49:59,540 --> 00:50:00,370
sifa.

905
00:50:00,370 --> 00:50:04,330
Hivyo unaweza kupata yako marafiki wa Facebook
katika matundu mtandao wako bila hata

906
00:50:04,330 --> 00:50:05,910
baada ya kupata facebook.com.

907
00:50:05,910 --> 00:50:11,150
Hiyo ni mfano wa kusambazwa,
unowned wazimu pamoja kwamba

908
00:50:11,150 --> 00:50:13,930
inaweza kuathiri sana usalama.

909
00:50:13,930 --> 00:50:19,890
>> Kuna wakati ambapo kulikuwa na mjadala
kati ya hali ya serikali kuhusu

910
00:50:19,890 --> 00:50:24,790
utumwa, na kuhusu kurudi watumwa
ya Kusini ambao walikuwa kwenye

911
00:50:24,790 --> 00:50:26,050
kukimbia katika Amerika.

912
00:50:26,050 --> 00:50:30,470
Na malazi kisiasa ilikuwa
kufikiwa, na kujaribu kuzuia Civil

913
00:50:30,470 --> 00:50:34,250
Vita wakati huo, kwamba wao
itakuwa akarudi.

914
00:50:34,250 --> 00:50:36,160
Na zinageuka haikuwa kazi.

915
00:50:36,160 --> 00:50:37,670
Na kwa nini kazi?

916
00:50:37,670 --> 00:50:42,360
Kwa sababu hapakuwa na serikali kuu
utekelezaji wa sheria kwa njia yoyote kubwa.

917
00:50:42,360 --> 00:50:46,460
Kama inahitajika kupata mtu au kufanya
kitu chochote ambacho kilikuwa kikubwa zaidi ya moja

918
00:50:46,460 --> 00:50:50,920
kukamatwa, unahitajika Posse, unahitajika
kuajiri wananchi wa kufanya hivyo.

919
00:50:50,920 --> 00:50:55,900
Na wananchi wa kutosha walikuwa kama, sijui
kufikiri hivyo, kwamba hakuwa kutokea.

920
00:50:55,900 --> 00:51:01,190
Teknolojia kwamba kutegemea ujumla
umma kufanya kazi pia ni teknolojia

921
00:51:01,190 --> 00:51:05,110
kwamba kuwa na baadhi ya valves hundi dhidi ya
unyanyasaji kwa njia ambayo ni tofauti na

922
00:51:05,110 --> 00:51:10,590
valves kuangalia dhidi ya unyanyasaji kwamba
sisi ni ukoo na kutoka zaidi

923
00:51:10,590 --> 00:51:13,930
jadi kati
serikali ya matukio.

924
00:51:13,930 --> 00:51:16,490
>> Hivyo mimi kuishia na swali hili.

925
00:51:16,490 --> 00:51:19,810
Wewe ni sasa kufuzu kutoka CS50.

926
00:51:19,810 --> 00:51:26,100
Wewe wameweza kujipatia kidogo mdudu kwamba anapata
wewe katika teknolojia hii.

927
00:51:26,100 --> 00:51:29,370
Na katika puzzle yafuatayo kutoka
Mchezo wa viti, jaribu kufikiria

928
00:51:29,370 --> 00:51:30,620
kuhusu wewe ni nani.

929
00:51:30,620 --> 00:51:33,746

930
00:51:33,746 --> 00:51:34,705
>> [Video avspelning]

931
00:51:34,705 --> 00:51:35,810
>> -Je, wewe ni uzoefu wa vitendawili?

932
00:51:35,810 --> 00:51:35,866
>> -Kwa nini?

933
00:51:35,866 --> 00:51:37,300
Mimi ni kuhusu kusikia moja?

934
00:51:37,300 --> 00:51:42,630
>> -Watu watatu kubwa ni kukaa chumba, mfalme,
kuhani, na yule tajiri.

935
00:51:42,630 --> 00:51:45,630
Kati yao anasimama
kawaida kiini upanga.

936
00:51:45,630 --> 00:51:49,610
Kila mtu mkubwa kuamrisheni kiini
upanga kuua wengine wawili.

937
00:51:49,610 --> 00:51:50,490
Ambaye anaishi?

938
00:51:50,490 --> 00:51:52,840
Ambao akifa?

939
00:51:52,840 --> 00:51:54,300
>> -Inategemea upanga kiini.

940
00:51:54,300 --> 00:51:55,280
>> -Je, ni?

941
00:51:55,280 --> 00:51:58,710
Yeye ana wala taji, wala dhahabu,
wala neema kwa miungu.

942
00:51:58,710 --> 00:51:59,450
>> -Yeye ana upanga.

943
00:51:59,450 --> 00:52:00,770
nguvu ya uhai na kifo.

944
00:52:00,770 --> 00:52:05,305
>> -Lakini kama ni panga ambao utawala, kwa nini
gani sisi kujifanya wafalme kushikilia kila

945
00:52:05,305 --> 00:52:05,440
nguvu?

946
00:52:05,440 --> 00:52:07,240
>> -I've aliamua mimi si kama vitendawili.

947
00:52:07,240 --> 00:52:08,440
>> [MWISHO video avspelning]

948
00:52:08,440 --> 00:52:14,290
>> Jonathan Zittrain: OK, hivyo, katika hili
mazingira, nadhani wewe ni ama

949
00:52:14,290 --> 00:52:18,760
Maesters katika mafunzo, kwa wale
ambao kusoma vitabu, au

950
00:52:18,760 --> 00:52:20,070
nimepata upanga.

951
00:52:20,070 --> 00:52:21,140
Hiyo ni nini wewe kunoa.

952
00:52:21,140 --> 00:52:26,340
Una chombo kwamba unaweza kutumia katika
mazingira bado kutosha

953
00:52:26,340 --> 00:52:30,690
kwamba generative katika wiki
inaweza flip mambo juu.

954
00:52:30,690 --> 00:52:33,380
Unaweza kabisa kubadili
ni pamoja na baadhi ya kanuni nzuri

955
00:52:33,380 --> 00:52:35,050
uliotumika kwenye mtandao huu.

956
00:52:35,050 --> 00:52:40,140
Jinsi ya kuchagua kutumia itakuwa, kwa sehemu,
ushawishi kama mtu yeyote anaona

957
00:52:40,140 --> 00:52:45,630
sababu ya kuweka mtandao wa generative,
au kama ni wakati wa tu kuiita

958
00:52:45,630 --> 00:52:49,070
kujiuzulu na kwenda nyuma ya
Flexowriters sisi upendo.

959
00:52:49,070 --> 00:52:51,250
>> Katika hili graph ya watu -

960
00:52:51,250 --> 00:52:53,830
hii ni Clarke Tatu Sheria
kurudi tena -

961
00:52:53,830 --> 00:52:57,080
kimsingi kuna Waludaiti juu ya
kushoto, hivyo kuondolewa kutoka teknolojia ambayo

962
00:52:57,080 --> 00:52:58,600
hawajali nini kinatokea
katika dunia.

963
00:52:58,600 --> 00:53:01,030
OnStar si tatizo, kwa sababu
hawana gari.

964
00:53:01,030 --> 00:53:03,500
OK, si kwamba wengi wa wale wa kushoto.

965
00:53:03,500 --> 00:53:05,560
Wao ni Bookstore kila Harvard.

966
00:53:05,560 --> 00:53:09,620
Basi, juu ya haki, una wasomi,
ambao ni ninjas, ambao wanaweza kupata

967
00:53:09,620 --> 00:53:10,420
karibu kitu chochote.

968
00:53:10,420 --> 00:53:14,880
Katikati, una umma.

969
00:53:14,880 --> 00:53:21,160
Na una nafasi ya kuibuka kutoka
ng'ombe, wakati bado kukumbuka kile

970
00:53:21,160 --> 00:53:26,870
ilikuwa ni kama, na kushawishi bila shaka
ya historia katika njia ambayo

971
00:53:26,870 --> 00:53:29,030
ni bora kwa kila mtu.

972
00:53:29,030 --> 00:53:30,860
>> Hivyo, mimi, kwamba ni mtihani.

973
00:53:30,860 --> 00:53:35,580
Tunaweza kufanya mifumo ya kusambaza
nguvu, badala ya kuzingatia hilo,

974
00:53:35,580 --> 00:53:38,580
na bado kuwa salama?

975
00:53:38,580 --> 00:53:42,620
Na nina hakika kwamba jibu liko
ndani ya chumba hiki, na juu ya hii

976
00:53:42,620 --> 00:53:48,220
Habari, na kwa wale ambao ni
curious kutosha kupitia

977
00:53:48,220 --> 00:53:50,580
uzushi kuwa ni CS50.

978
00:53:50,580 --> 00:53:56,440
Na wao ni watu wa aina hiyo,
clacking mwishoni mwa usiku, kuishia kama

979
00:53:56,440 --> 00:53:56,800
hii.

980
00:53:56,800 --> 00:53:57,890
>> "Je, wewe kuja kitanda?

981
00:53:57,890 --> 00:53:58,520
>> Siwezi.

982
00:53:58,520 --> 00:53:59,570
Hii ni muhimu.

983
00:53:59,570 --> 00:54:00,290
>> Nini?

984
00:54:00,290 --> 00:54:03,130
>> Mtu ni vibaya kwenye mtandao. "

985
00:54:03,130 --> 00:54:07,030
>> Hiyo ni silika naamini
kwamba kinaendelea kutuokoa.

986
00:54:07,030 --> 00:54:08,280
Asante sana.

987
00:54:08,280 --> 00:54:16,980

988
00:54:16,980 --> 00:54:18,870
>> DAVID Malan: Asante sana
na profesa Zittrain.

989
00:54:18,870 --> 00:54:20,185
Je, kuja juu juu kama una maswali.

990
00:54:20,185 --> 00:54:21,860
Tutaweza kuona juu ya Jumatano.

991
00:54:21,860 --> 00:54:24,896