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>> [Daqq tal-mużika]

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>> DAVID J. Malan: Kull dritt dan huwa CS50
u dan huwa l-bidu ta 'ħames ġimgħa.

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Allura llum, taħt kuxxini sedil tiegħek,
m'intix ser issib xejn.

4
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Iżda fuq, għandek issib dawn,
ftit token ta 'apprezzament tagħna għall-

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kollha tal-ħidma li inti tpoġġi
fil-Game tal Ħmistax.

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Simply tneħħi l-ċirku ftit fuq il-
qiegħ biex tibda playing għall-

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bqija tal-klassi.

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>> Allura jfakkru li, jew tkun taf li problema stabbiliti
erba, li marru out dan il-weekend,

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jinvolvi kitba logħba oħra.

10
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Iżda din id-darba jinvolvi l-użu ta '
attwali user interface grafika, mhux

11
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interface testwali bħal
Game tal-Ħmistax kien.

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U l-logħba li tinsab quddiem tal inti,
jekk inti stajt għadhom ma rajt dan li jmiss,

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jistenna ftit xi ħaġa bħal din.

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Jien se jmorru fil terminal tiegħi
tieqa hawn fil GDB.

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U jien ser jimxi 'l quddiem u tmexxi l-
Soluzzjoni persunal, li inti tista 'aċċess

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wara running aġġornament 50 bħas-soltu.

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>> Imma jien ser jitqiegħdu fil-ftit
modalità sigriet, bajd tal-Għid ftit,

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hekk imsejħa modalità Alla, billi
tqegħid Alla fil argv1.

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U I għandhom jsegwu direzzjonijiet tiegħi stess,
running fl tiegħi stess

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problema stabbiliti direttorju.

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Allura issa inti tara verżjoni kompluta
tal-logħba tal tbegħid.

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Fil-fatt, dan huwa mod no-idejn.

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Allura huwa attwalment -

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wowed għalkemm inti tista 'tkun -

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pretty trivjali biex jimplimentaw modalità Alla
Tbegħid, b'differenza Game tal-Ħmistax,

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li xi wħud minnkom setgħet tieħu ħsieb
għall-edizzjoni Hacker.

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>> Fil tbegħid huwa biżżejjed f'Alla
Mod li sempliċiment tagħmel dak,

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intuwittivament mal-jaqdfu?

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Just jagħmluha daqs ikun x'ikun l-
pożizzjoni orizzontali tal-ballun.

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U sakemm inti tagħmel dan fil lockstep
bil-ballun li jiċċaqilqu f'dan il-logħba se

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qatt, qatt, qatt jitilfu l-ballun
u tkun taf tirbaħ kull darba.

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>> Iżda fl-edizzjoni Hacker din il-ġimgħa
hemm aktar minn sempliċiment modalità Alla.

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Hemm numru ta 'fatturi oħra.

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Fost dawn, lasers.

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B'tali mod li jekk int verament tikseb paċenzja inti
tista 'tibda UNOMIG-briks

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u ftit oħrajn.

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U għal dawk minnkom li tixtieq
jikkalibra standard versus Hacker

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edizzjoni, I jista 'jara li din il-ġimgħa
Edizzjoni Hacker deliberatament huwa

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ftit aktar doable, ngħidu aħna, minn Alla
modalità kien ma Game tal-Ħmistax.

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>> Mela jekk inti qed tfittex għal stretch u
qed tfittex xi gost addizzjonali

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karatteristiċi do adsa jekk ta 'interess.

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Issa aktar konkret, let me punt
out ħaġa waħda kif ukoll.

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GDB, li xi wħud minnkom jista 'ma jkollhomx għadhom
mimsus personalment, li huwa multa.

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Imma issa huwa verament il-ħin biex jidraw
għal dan u komdu ma 'din l-għodda

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minħabba li se jagħmlu l-ħajja tiegħek
ħafna aktar faċli, verament.

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>> Per lecture Rob fuq GDB koppja
ta 'ġimgħat ilu, recall

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li GDB huwa debugger.

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Huwa għodda li ihallik run tiegħek
programm iżda run pass pass, linja

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b'linja, sabiex inti tista 'poke madwar,
sabiex inti tara l-affarijiet jiġri, hekk

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li inti tista 'jistampa
valuri tal-varjabbli.

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Fil-qosor, tagħtik daqstant aktar
enerġija minn printDef ma.

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>> Issa ċertament, l-interface
hija pjuttost arcane.

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Iswed u abjad interface testwali
għall-parti l-kbira.

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Il-kmandijiet huma kemmxejn iebsa
li tiftakar fl-ewwel.

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Iżda anki jekk inti tista 'tieħu nofs
siegħa, siegħa, li tikkontesta din bil-quddiem

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00:03:01,230 --> 00:03:02,940
investiment ta 'ħin fis dan, trust me.

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Ċertament sa tmiem semestru tal se jiffrankaw
inti ordni ta 'kobor aktar

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żmien minn dik.

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>> Daqshekk kmieni fil-ġimgħa adsa pulzieri

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U f'termini ta 'tbegħid, taf li inti
tista 'tagħmel dan sakemm ikollok

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il-kodiċi ta 'distribuzzjoni jew il-kodiċi tiegħek
fil-progress fl-direttorju Pst4 tiegħek.

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Taf li inti tista 'taħdem GDB. / Tbegħid.

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>> Dan se tiftaħ
tieqa bħal dan.

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Ħalli nagħtikom myself aktar
ta 'tieqa terminal.

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U allura dak li jien ser jimxi 'l quddiem
u jagħmlu, huwa mhux biss run.

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Jien ser ewwel stabbilit punt tal-qasma
recall, li tippermetti li inti nieqaf

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eżekuzzjoni f'post partikolari.

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>> Just li żżomm affarijiet sempliċi jien ser
li jiksru fuq linja waħda biss billi jittajpja

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in-numru wieħed.

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00:03:37,000 --> 00:03:40,080

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Let me attwalment terġa 'tiftaħ il-tieqa
għaliex dan huwa jkollna

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ftit żgħira hemmhekk.

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Allura dak li jien issa ser tagħmel hawnhekk huwa
jekk I tiftaħ tieqa terminal tiegħi.

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Come on, hemm immorru.

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>> Allura issa jekk immur lura għall Dropbox, Pst4
u run GDB. / tbegħid jidħlu, avviż

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Jien ser jiksru wieħed biex jistabbilixxu
punt waqfa fil-linja waħda.

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U issa jien se jmorru
quddiem u tip run.

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U meta I do, avviż xejn
jidher li jiġri.

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>> M'hemm l-ebda up pop.

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M'hemm l-ebda grafika
user interface s'issa.

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Imma dak li jinftiehem għaliex jien
litteralment fuq linja waħda fil-programm tiegħi.

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U tinnota li stajt fast mgħoddija,
speċifikament issa sa 62, minħabba li kull

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l-għalf fil-quċċata ta 'dan il-fajl huwa
affarijiet simili kummenti u kostanti u

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uninteresting Jittieħed għal issa.

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>> Allura issa jien ġewwa tal ewlieni,
jidher, fil-linja 62.

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U dan huwa biss il distribuzzjoni
kodiċi, recall.

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Jekk I miftuħa dan billi tmur, b'mod simili,
fil-kaxxa drop tiegħi direttorju fis Pst4,

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fis breakout.c.

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U jekk I iscroll u 'l isfel u' l isfel,
u let me go quddiem u mbagħad fuq

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linja numri tiegħi.

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>> What I ser tara, jekk I iscroll biex
linja 62, huwa eżattament l-linja li

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konna waqfa qasira fuq.

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Allura din il-linja hawn, 62, huwa
fejn aħna qed dwar li jkun.

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Allura issa GDB, jekk immur quddiem u tip
issa jmiss, jidħol li għaddej biex

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tesegwixxi dik il-linja.

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U voila, aħna għandna l-
hekk imsejħa g tieqa.

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Jekk familjari ma 'dak ta' GWindow
huwa, biex ma tinkwetax.

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Il spec se jintroduċi inti għalih, kif
ukoll numru ta 'videos walkthrough

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inkorporati fil-spec.

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>> Imma issa ejja jagħmlu dan
ftit aktar interessanti.

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Let me jimxu fuq il-tieqa
għall-ġenb ftit.

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Let me jagħmlu l-tieqa ftit
akbar so I tista 'tara aktar.

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>> U issa let me imorru quddiem
u jagħmlu li jmiss darb'oħra.

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U hemm briks tiegħi.

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Jekk tip I jmiss darb'oħra
issa nara l-ballun.

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U jekk tip I jmiss darb'oħra
issa nara l-jaqdfu.

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>> U fortunatament dan gedit mhuwiex
verament jikkoperaw billi juru lili

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kollox irrid.

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Imma issa jekk nagħmel jmiss darb'oħra,
jmiss darb'oħra, jien biss

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tiddikjara xi varjabbli.

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U I jistgħu jistampaw kwalunkwe wieħed
ta 'dawn guys out.

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Briks Stampa, ħajja stampi.

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>> U issa jekk I tkompli tagħmel
jmiss, avviż li jien ser tkun

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ġewwa ta 'dan loop.

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Iżda l-kodiċi se tesegwixxi
eżattament kif I jistennew.

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Allura meta I hit din il-funzjoni, Stenna
għall Ikklikkja, li għaddej biex tagħmel

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huwa litteralment dak.

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So I deher li tilef il-kontroll
matul il-programm.

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>> GDB mhux qed jagħti lili ieħor pront.

120
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Iżda ma tinkwetax.

121
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Mur logħba tiegħi, ikklikkja x'imkien.

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>> U voila, issa tipproċedi għal-linja 86.

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Għalhekk għal darb'oħra, huwa imprezzabbli, finalment,
għall-problemi debugging.

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Għaliex inti tista litteralment pass permezz
kodiċi tiegħek, jistampa l-affarijiet barra u ħafna,

125
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ħafna, aktar.

126
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Iżda għal issa, dawn l-għodod biss
għandhom inti tikseb pretty bogħod.

127
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>> Allura aħna qed, naturalment, tieħu ħarsa
fil Grafika issa, kollha f'daqqa.

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U issa dinja tagħna gets ftit
aktar interessanti.

129
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U inti taf, forsi, minn xi wħud mill-
videos online li għandna dawn

130
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xorts li inti kont qed jaraw
bħala parti ta 'settijiet problema.

131
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>> U ħadthom ġew maqtula, deliberatament,
fuq sfond abjad.

132
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U xi wħud minnhom għandhom l-tagħlim
Fellows tpinġija xi test fuq il-

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screen thats jinksew
fuq in-naħa minnhom.

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Iżda naturalment, dan huwa mhux kollha li
interessanti fid-dinja reali.

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Dan huwa biss sala lecture ma '
screen abjad kbar u sfond.

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U aqwa sort tagħna tim tal-produzzjoni
ta 'jagħmel kollox tfittex sbieħ

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wara l-fatt billi ħsad out
jew overlaying xejn

138
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nagħmlu jew ma jridux.

139
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>> Issa biss biex jimmotivaw din il-ġimgħa u
verament, fejn inti tista 'tmur, finalment,

140
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ma 'xjenza tal-kompjuter.

141
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Mhux biss wara problema stabbiliti erbgħa.

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Iżda wara kors ieħor jew kollu
kurrikulu huwa aqwa dak li tista

143
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tagħmel dawn il-jiem f'termini ta '
grafika partikolari.

144
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>> Xi wħud minnkom tista raw dan
flowing madwar online.

145
00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:56,240
Imma ħsibt I d nuruk, għal ftit
ftit minuti, idea ta 'dak

146
00:06:56,240 --> 00:07:01,890
teknoloġija tal-kompjuter u dak CGI,
grafika tal-kompjuter tista 'tagħmel dawn il-jiem

147
00:07:01,890 --> 00:07:04,510
bil-kanzunetta familjari
u forsi movie.

148
00:07:04,510 --> 00:07:05,760
>> [MUSIC - Lana DEL RAY,
"Żgħażagħ u sbieħ]

149
00:07:05,760 --> 00:10:50,270

150
00:10:50,270 --> 00:10:52,470
>> SPEAKER 1: Huwa biss ftit
aqwa, forsi, kemm

151
00:10:52,470 --> 00:10:52,857
omnipreżenti -

152
00:10:52,857 --> 00:10:57,040
>> [Applause]

153
00:10:57,040 --> 00:10:59,230
>> SPEAKER 1: I biss jitniżżel.

154
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Imma huwa verament aqwa, I think, biss
kif software omnipreżenti u l-kodiċi u

155
00:11:02,920 --> 00:11:04,230
għodod bħal dan verament huma.

156
00:11:04,230 --> 00:11:07,685
Allura dak togħma tad-direzzjoni
fejn inti tista 'tmur.

157
00:11:07,685 --> 00:11:10,620
Oh, mhux aktar Appliance illum.

158
00:11:10,620 --> 00:11:14,640
Ukoll, li timing attwalment traġiku
minħabba l-punt I biss ippruvaw jagħmlu.

159
00:11:14,640 --> 00:11:18,670
>> Kull dritt, hekk ejja tniedi
Fużjoni darb'oħra.

160
00:11:18,670 --> 00:11:20,800
Ifakkru lili aktar tard.

161
00:11:20,800 --> 00:11:24,190
Kull dritt, u inti għandek ltqajna
email bħala aside jekk inti ma jiksbu

162
00:11:24,190 --> 00:11:25,460
avviż bħal dik.

163
00:11:25,460 --> 00:11:29,940
Kull dritt, hekk ifakkar li ġimgħa li għaddiet
bdejna biex titqaxxar lura din

164
00:11:29,940 --> 00:11:31,380
aktar magħrufa bħala sekwenza.

165
00:11:31,380 --> 00:11:34,700
>> string ifakkar tip data li l-
iddikjarati fil-librerija CS50.

166
00:11:34,700 --> 00:11:37,740
U huwa parti mir-roti ta 'taħriġ
li issa se tibda tieħu off.

167
00:11:37,740 --> 00:11:41,280
Kienet kunċett utli kmieni.

168
00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:43,750
Imma issa li għaddej biex tikseb aktar
interessanti u aktar qawwija biex

169
00:11:43,750 --> 00:11:48,330
attwalment ara li taħt il-barnuża,
string huwa biss dak, ma għidna?

170
00:11:48,330 --> 00:11:50,500
>> Yeah, dan huwa l-hekk imsejħa char *.

171
00:11:50,500 --> 00:11:53,860
U l-* hemm tindika li hemm
xi tip ta 'indirizz involuti.

172
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U hekk meta inti tgħidli char * inti jfissirx biss
varjabbli li tip ta 'data hija

173
00:11:58,690 --> 00:11:59,290
pointer issa.

174
00:11:59,290 --> 00:12:01,770
Il-fatt li hemm l-istilla hemm
ifisser biss li inti tiddikjara li

175
00:12:01,770 --> 00:12:03,020
hekk imsejħa pointer.

176
00:12:03,020 --> 00:12:06,220
U li pointer se apparentement
jaħżnu l-indirizz ta ', ta'

177
00:12:06,220 --> 00:12:07,810
ovvjament, char.

178
00:12:07,810 --> 00:12:08,960
>> Issa għaliex ma dan jagħmel sens?

179
00:12:08,960 --> 00:12:11,200
Ukoll, dak li huwa string
taħt il-barnuża?

180
00:12:11,200 --> 00:12:15,130
Ukoll, għal xi żmien konna qed tgħid
li string taħt il-barnuża huwa

181
00:12:15,130 --> 00:12:18,460
biss h-e-l-l-o, per eżempju.

182
00:12:18,460 --> 00:12:21,585
>> Iżda aħna ve tkellem dwar dan bħala
jkunu, essenzjalment, firxa.

183
00:12:21,585 --> 00:12:25,410
U l-firxa mbagħad tfittex ftit
aktar bħal dan, ma 'kull wieħed minn dawn

184
00:12:25,410 --> 00:12:26,460
bidu gidma.

185
00:12:26,460 --> 00:12:28,710
U allura aħna stajt qal li hemm
xi ħaġa speċjali lura hawn, il-

186
00:12:28,710 --> 00:12:31,270
backslash 0, jew null terminatur.

187
00:12:31,270 --> 00:12:35,230
>> Allura dan il-ħin, dan hawn
kien string.

188
00:12:35,230 --> 00:12:38,320
Imma verament, string hija
attwalment indirizz.

189
00:12:38,320 --> 00:12:43,210
U l-indirizzi, kif Ser naraw, huma ta 'spiss
prefissi bil 0x minn konvenzjoni.

190
00:12:43,210 --> 00:12:44,540
X'tagħmel 0x jindikaw?

191
00:12:44,540 --> 00:12:45,970
Hawn xi ħadd jaf?

192
00:12:45,970 --> 00:12:47,320
>> Allura dan ifisser biss hexadecimal.

193
00:12:47,320 --> 00:12:52,360
Allura inti tista 'recall, attwalment, minn Pst
1, nemmen, wieħed mill-warm-up

194
00:12:52,360 --> 00:12:55,740
mistoqsijiet attwalment mistoqsi dwar
eżadeċimali minbarra

195
00:12:55,740 --> 00:12:57,100
binarja u deċimali.

196
00:12:57,100 --> 00:13:00,460
U l-motivazzjoni hawnhekk huwa li
ma hexadecimal għandek 16

197
00:13:00,460 --> 00:13:01,770
ċifri għad-dispożizzjoni tiegħek.

198
00:13:01,770 --> 00:13:07,900
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, segwita
minn a, b, c, d, e, f.

199
00:13:07,900 --> 00:13:10,430
>> U jekk inti għadd dawk kollha up,
ikollok total ta '16.

200
00:13:10,430 --> 00:13:13,200
Allura dan huwa b'kuntrast ma '
dećimali, fejn għandna 10

201
00:13:13,200 --> 00:13:14,690
numri, 0 permezz disa.

202
00:13:14,690 --> 00:13:17,750
Huwa b'kuntrast mal-binarju
fejn aħna biss għandhom 0 u 1.

203
00:13:17,750 --> 00:13:21,450
>> Iżda fl-aħħar tal-ġurnata inti tista 'biss
jirrappreżentaw l-istess numri, iżda

204
00:13:21,450 --> 00:13:22,500
kemmxejn differenti.

205
00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:25,840
U hexadecimal huwa komuni għaliex kif
jirriżulta - u aħna ser tara dan

206
00:13:25,840 --> 00:13:28,790
aktar tard fil-kors - anke meta nikbru
l-ipprogrammar web fil-kuntest ta '

207
00:13:28,790 --> 00:13:32,100
HTML u l-kodiċi tal-kulur,
hexadecimal huwa sbieħ.

208
00:13:32,100 --> 00:13:36,390
Minħabba li kull ċifri, jirriżulta,
tirrappreżenta erba bits perfettament.

209
00:13:36,390 --> 00:13:39,280
Għalhekk biss tip ta 'linji up nicely
kif aħna ser eventwalment tara.

210
00:13:39,280 --> 00:13:44,720
Allura dan jista 'jkun Ox123 jew xi ħaġa
bħal dik, li turi l-indirizz 123

211
00:13:44,720 --> 00:13:47,050
x'imkien ġewwa tal tiegħi
memorja tal-kompjuter.

212
00:13:47,050 --> 00:13:50,600
>> Iżda naturalment, jinqalgħu xi problemi
minħabba dan sottostanti

213
00:13:50,600 --> 00:13:51,520
implimentazzjoni.

214
00:13:51,520 --> 00:13:55,930
U tfakkar li I ħa stab fuq
implimentazzjoni ta 'funzjoni bħal dan -

215
00:13:55,930 --> 00:14:00,260
jqabblu sing 0 dot c aħħar ġimgħa, li
anki jekk dehru qishom kien

216
00:14:00,260 --> 00:14:04,270
dritt, hija sempliċement ma qabbilx
żewġ kordi korrett.

217
00:14:04,270 --> 00:14:07,470
>> Stajt tintrema prinċipali, u stajt jintefa
bogħod l-kummenti biss biex tiffoka fuq

218
00:14:07,470 --> 00:14:08,970
il-kodiċi li l-'interess hawnhekk.

219
00:14:08,970 --> 00:14:10,660
U huwa bl-aħmar għaliex dan huwa Buggy.

220
00:14:10,660 --> 00:14:11,670
Għal liema raġuni?

221
00:14:11,670 --> 00:14:15,890
>> Ukoll, fil-quċċata hemm meta I ddikjarat
string, dak li kien verament għaddejjin

222
00:14:15,890 --> 00:14:17,260
taħt il-barnuża?

223
00:14:17,260 --> 00:14:19,530
Well, let me jmorru fuq l-
iskrin hawn u jqabbluhom.

224
00:14:19,530 --> 00:14:23,230
So I iddikjarat, għal darb'oħra,
string s GetString.

225
00:14:23,230 --> 00:14:26,640
>> Hekk jien ser jimxi 'l quddiem u issa
jiġbed s għal dak li hu verament.

226
00:14:26,640 --> 00:14:28,590
Huwa ser tkun kwadru hawn.

227
00:14:28,590 --> 00:14:30,490
U jien ser titlob
li dan huwa 32 bits.

228
00:14:30,490 --> 00:14:32,890
Mill-inqas huwa normalment hi,
inqas fuq il-CS50

229
00:14:32,890 --> 00:14:34,520
apparat fil-lott ta 'kompjuters.

230
00:14:34,520 --> 00:14:35,980
Jien ser sejħa hija s.

231
00:14:35,980 --> 00:14:39,070
>> Imma issa jfakkru li aħna
imsejħa GetString.

232
00:14:39,070 --> 00:14:41,430
Prospetti hekk GetString,
naturalment, string.

233
00:14:41,430 --> 00:14:45,790
Jekk it-tipi utent fil-h e-l-l-o jidħol
l-sekwenza bonjour gets lura.

234
00:14:45,790 --> 00:14:51,010
U li string, kif aħna biss qal, truf
up x'imkien fil-memorja tal-kompjuter tiegħek

235
00:14:51,010 --> 00:14:53,240
ma 'backslash 0 fl-aħħar.

236
00:14:53,240 --> 00:14:56,650
I ser tiġbed bħall-firxa - jew
blokk kontigwi ta 'karattri -

237
00:14:56,650 --> 00:14:58,330
li fil-fatt hu.

238
00:14:58,330 --> 00:15:01,790
>> U issa, dak li huwa GetString
attwalment jirritornaw?

239
00:15:01,790 --> 00:15:04,340
Dak li GetString ġie jirritornaw
kollha ta 'dan iż-żmien?

240
00:15:04,340 --> 00:15:07,520
Well, nistgħu ngħidu, fil-ġimgħat minn qabel,
dan jirritorna string.

241
00:15:07,520 --> 00:15:10,250
Iżda aktar teknikament, dak ma
GetString ritorn apparentement?

242
00:15:10,250 --> 00:15:11,610
>> UDJENZA: An indirizz.

243
00:15:11,610 --> 00:15:12,600
>> SPEAKER 1: An indirizz.

244
00:15:12,600 --> 00:15:16,630
Speċifikament dan jirritorna l-indirizz ta '
l-ewwel gidma, tkun xi tkun.

245
00:15:16,630 --> 00:15:18,830
I biss iżommu użu ta 'wieħed, tnejn, tlieta
għaliex dan huwa konvenjenti.

246
00:15:18,830 --> 00:15:21,380
>> Dan jirritorna l-indirizz ta 'l-ewwel
karattru fis-sekwenza.

247
00:15:21,380 --> 00:15:23,510
U aħna qal aħħar ġimgħa li
li huwa biżżejjed.

248
00:15:23,510 --> 00:15:26,710
Minħabba nistgħu dejjem insemmu fejn
l-aħħar tas-sekwenza biss billi

249
00:15:26,710 --> 00:15:30,150
iterazzjoni fuqha, forsi, ma 'għall-
loop jew filwaqt li loop jew xi ħaġa simili

250
00:15:30,150 --> 00:15:34,990
li, biss tfittex għal "backslash 0",
l-karattru speċjali sentinella.

251
00:15:34,990 --> 00:15:37,220
>> U allura aħna nafu li l-sekwenza
jiġri li jkun ta 'tul -

252
00:15:37,220 --> 00:15:37,980
f'dan il-każ -

253
00:15:37,980 --> 00:15:38,670
ħamsa.

254
00:15:38,670 --> 00:15:43,800
Allura teknikament dak GetString ma
huwa dan jirritorna Ox123 f'dan il-każ.

255
00:15:43,800 --> 00:15:53,670
U teknikament dak allura jiġri huwa
li aħna taħżen, ġewwa ta 'i, Ox123.

256
00:15:53,670 --> 00:15:56,460
Fl-aħħar tal-ġurnata, anke jekk din
huwa kunċett ġdid, pointers, dawn qed

257
00:15:56,460 --> 00:15:57,350
biss varjabbli.

258
00:15:57,350 --> 00:16:00,440
Iżda jiġri li jaħżnu bits li
jirrappreżentaw kollettivament l-indirizz.

259
00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:03,700
Allura teknikament kollha li gets
maħżuna s huwa Ox123.

260
00:16:03,700 --> 00:16:04,680
>> Iżda aħna bħala bnedmin -

261
00:16:04,680 --> 00:16:06,020
inklużi illum onward -

262
00:16:06,020 --> 00:16:09,290
huma verament mhux se kura, tipikament,
dak l-indirizz attwali hija

263
00:16:09,290 --> 00:16:10,520
ta 'xi blokki ta' memorja.

264
00:16:10,520 --> 00:16:14,040
Huwa biss mal-livell baxx ta 'dettall li
jkun intellettwalment interessanti.

265
00:16:14,040 --> 00:16:15,440
Hekk jien ser teqred dan.

266
00:16:15,440 --> 00:16:19,810
U minflok, livell aktar għoli, biss jgħidu
li meta aħna qed jitkellem dwar pointers

267
00:16:19,810 --> 00:16:22,170
Jien ser biss jiġbed aktar
arrow faċli għall-utent li twassal l-

268
00:16:22,170 --> 00:16:26,060
istess idea u astratti bogħod l-
dettalji ta 'dak l-attwali

269
00:16:26,060 --> 00:16:27,700
indirizz sottostanti huwa.

270
00:16:27,700 --> 00:16:33,290
>> Issa jekk immorru lura għall-kodiċi, liema
ġara aħħar ġimgħa jekk ikollna string t

271
00:16:33,290 --> 00:16:34,510
ugwali GetString?

272
00:16:34,510 --> 00:16:38,630
Ukoll, jekk I darb'oħra, tip bonjour
dan iż-żmien jien ser tikseb

273
00:16:38,630 --> 00:16:40,460
ieħor fi blokki ta 'memorja.

274
00:16:40,460 --> 00:16:44,820
h-e-l-l-o backslash 0.

275
00:16:44,820 --> 00:16:48,320
>> Iżda minħabba I imsejħa GetString
għat-tieni darba -

276
00:16:48,320 --> 00:16:51,100
u naf dan mill tħares lejn l-
source code għall GetString - anke

277
00:16:51,100 --> 00:16:54,350
għalkemm huwa koinċidenza li bonjour kien
ittajpjat fil darbtejn, GetString mhuwiex

278
00:16:54,350 --> 00:16:55,890
ser jippruvaw jottimizzaw
u tkun għaqlija.

279
00:16:55,890 --> 00:16:58,550
Huwa biss se tikseb ieħor fi blokki ta '
memorja mill-kompjuter, li hija

280
00:16:58,550 --> 00:16:59,640
se tkun fuq indirizz ieħor.

281
00:16:59,640 --> 00:17:02,330
Ejja ngħidu biss arbitrarju 456.

282
00:17:02,330 --> 00:17:04,079
>> U allura dak huwa se jirritorna?

283
00:17:04,079 --> 00:17:08,030
Huwa ser jirritorna 456
u jaħżnu f't.

284
00:17:08,030 --> 00:17:12,010
Allura dak li hu verament għaddej, fuq il-
naħa tax-xellug huwa Għandi ieħor fi blokki

285
00:17:12,010 --> 00:17:14,260
tal-memorja, 32 bits tipikament.

286
00:17:14,260 --> 00:17:16,720
U fil hemm se jmorru Ox456.

287
00:17:16,720 --> 00:17:20,140
Iżda għal darb'oħra, jien ma interessati f'dawn
numri partikolari jibqgħalu.

288
00:17:20,140 --> 00:17:23,069
Jien biss ser astratt
tiġbed bħala vleġġa.

289
00:17:23,069 --> 00:17:25,202
>> Allura dan issa huwa spjegazzjoni ġdida.

290
00:17:25,202 --> 00:17:28,735
Imma hija l-istess idea eżatt li l-
kien jiġri dan il-ħin.

291
00:17:28,735 --> 00:17:33,150
U għalhekk l-raġuni allura, li din l-ewwel
verżjoni tal tqabbel kien buggy

292
00:17:33,150 --> 00:17:34,480
aħħar ġimgħa huwa għaliex?

293
00:17:34,480 --> 00:17:38,000
Meta inti tagħmel jekk i ugwali ugwali
t X'Ser verament

294
00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:40,550
taħt il-barnuża jitqabblu?

295
00:17:40,550 --> 00:17:41,910
>> Inti jitqabblu l-indirizzi.

296
00:17:41,910 --> 00:17:47,950
U biss intuwittivament, b'mod ċar, Ox123
mhux se ugwali Ox456.

297
00:17:47,950 --> 00:17:49,380
Dawn in-numri, dawk bits
huma biss differenti.

298
00:17:49,380 --> 00:17:53,220
>> U għalhekk konsistenti, ġimgħa li għaddiet huwa qal
inti tip affarijiet differenti, anke jekk il-

299
00:17:53,220 --> 00:17:55,360
kliem kienu verbatim-istess.

300
00:17:55,360 --> 00:17:58,770
Allura aħna jiffissaw dan.

301
00:17:58,770 --> 00:18:00,120
F'termini layman, dak li kien l-jiffissaw?

302
00:18:00,120 --> 00:18:02,110
>> UDJENZA: Uża funzjoni.

303
00:18:02,110 --> 00:18:02,870
>> SPEAKER 1: Uża funzjoni.

304
00:18:02,870 --> 00:18:05,190
Jew istilel huma definittivament involuti,
imma jużaw funzjoni biex jagħmlu dak?

305
00:18:05,190 --> 00:18:05,962
>> UDJENZA: Biex tqabbel il-kordi.

306
00:18:05,962 --> 00:18:07,390
>> SPEAKER 1: Biex tqabbel il-kordi.

307
00:18:07,390 --> 00:18:11,030
Allura l-problema fundamentali hawn kien
li I kien biss tikkunsidra l-

308
00:18:11,030 --> 00:18:15,870
kwalità ta 'kordi li għandhom jiġu definiti mill-
paragun ta 'indirizzi tagħhom.

309
00:18:15,870 --> 00:18:18,540
U ovvjament dan huwa biss mutu issa darba
inti tifhem x'inhu għaddej

310
00:18:18,540 --> 00:18:19,510
taħt il-barnuża.

311
00:18:19,510 --> 00:18:23,270
Biex verament tqabbel kordi biex tara jekk
dawn qed ugwali fil-mod li bniedem

312
00:18:23,270 --> 00:18:26,680
jikkunsidraw żewġ kordi li jkun ugwali
għandna bżonn biex iqabblu lilhom karattru għal

313
00:18:26,680 --> 00:18:28,070
karattru għall-karattru.

314
00:18:28,070 --> 00:18:30,020
>> Issa I seta 'jsir
dan ħafna tediously.

315
00:18:30,020 --> 00:18:32,240
Iżda familjari, aħna qed
tuża għall-loop.

316
00:18:32,240 --> 00:18:36,050
U biss jqabblu bracket s
i kontra t bracket i.

317
00:18:36,050 --> 00:18:39,590
s bracket i plus 1 kontra t bracket
i plus 1, u oħrajn, ġewwa

318
00:18:39,590 --> 00:18:40,580
xi tip ta 'loop.

319
00:18:40,580 --> 00:18:44,950
U jekk I post xi żewġ karattri li
differenti, jew jekk Nifhem li ooh, s hija

320
00:18:44,950 --> 00:18:48,410
iqsar minn t jew itwal minn t
I jista 'immedjatament ngħid falza,

321
00:18:48,410 --> 00:18:49,390
dawn mhux qed l-istess.

322
00:18:49,390 --> 00:18:55,370
>> Imma jekk jien jiksbu permezz iu t u jgħidu
istess, l-istess, l-istess, l-istess, l-istess, tmiem ta '

323
00:18:55,370 --> 00:18:58,520
kemm kordi, nista 'ngħid
veru, huma ugwali.

324
00:18:58,520 --> 00:19:01,040
Ukoll, B'xorti tajba, sena ilu xi ħadd
kiteb li kodiċi għall us.

325
00:19:01,040 --> 00:19:03,790
>> U huma qalu li din StrComp
għal string jqabblu.

326
00:19:03,790 --> 00:19:11,900
U anki jekk huwa kontro ftit
intuwittivi, StrComp prospetti 0 jekk dawk

327
00:19:11,900 --> 00:19:14,520
żewġ kordi, iu t huma l-istess.

328
00:19:14,520 --> 00:19:18,090
Iżda dan jirritorna valur negattiv jekk i
Għandu jiġi qabel t alfabetikament jew

329
00:19:18,090 --> 00:19:20,610
valur pożittiv jekk hu għandu jaqa '
wara t alfabetikament.

330
00:19:20,610 --> 00:19:24,030
>> Mela jekk inti qatt tixtieq li sort xi ħaġa,
jirriżulta li StrComp huwa utli.

331
00:19:24,030 --> 00:19:26,660
Għaliex ma biss jgħidu
iva jew le, ugwali jew le.

332
00:19:26,660 --> 00:19:30,440
Dan jagħtik sens ta 'tordna
bħal Jista dizzjunarju.

333
00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:33,770
Allura StrComp, s comma t tkun daqs
ugwali 0 tfisser li l-

334
00:19:33,770 --> 00:19:35,200
kordi huma verament ugwali.

335
00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:38,680
Minħabba min kiteb din il-funzjoni
snin ilu preżumibbilment użati għall loop

336
00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:42,840
jew filwaqt li loop jew xi ħaġa bħal dik
biex jintegraw aktar l-karattri mill-ġdid

337
00:19:42,840 --> 00:19:45,270
u għal darb'oħra u għal darb'oħra.

338
00:19:45,270 --> 00:19:47,300
>> Iżda tnejn problema nħolqot hawn.

339
00:19:47,300 --> 00:19:48,750
Dan kien copy0.c.

340
00:19:48,750 --> 00:19:51,680
U t-tnejn bl-aħmar huwa
għaliex dan huwa difettuż.

341
00:19:51,680 --> 00:19:52,800
U dak li ma nagħmlu hawn?

342
00:19:52,800 --> 00:19:54,310
Ukoll, qabel I imsejħa GetString.

343
00:19:54,310 --> 00:19:56,255
U jien maħżuna l-valur tar-ritorn fl-i.

344
00:19:56,255 --> 00:20:00,260
Allura dak pretty ħafna l-istess bħal
din il-parti ta 'fuq tal-istampa.

345
00:20:00,260 --> 00:20:01,490
>> Imma dak li jiġi wara dak?

346
00:20:01,490 --> 00:20:04,980
Well, let me imorru quddiem u jeħles
ta mazz sħiħ ta 'dan.

347
00:20:04,980 --> 00:20:09,650
Aħna ser kontrina fil-ħin biex fejn aħna biss
jkollhom i, li issa huwa konsistenti ma '

348
00:20:09,650 --> 00:20:10,940
linja waħda up hemm.

349
00:20:10,940 --> 00:20:11,400
>> I check.

350
00:20:11,400 --> 00:20:13,450
Jekk i ugwali egwali għal 0.

351
00:20:13,450 --> 00:20:18,670
Issa, nota naħa quick, meta
jista GetString ritorn 0?

352
00:20:18,670 --> 00:20:19,580
Hemm ma memorja biżżejjed.

353
00:20:19,580 --> 00:20:19,880
Dritt?

354
00:20:19,880 --> 00:20:22,310
>> Huwa rari li dan jiġri,
ċertament fuq kompjuter li l-

355
00:20:22,310 --> 00:20:24,740
ltqajna mijiet ta 'megs jew
anki gigs ta 'RAM.

356
00:20:24,740 --> 00:20:27,080
Iżda tista ', fit-teorija, ir-ritorn
0, speċjalment jekk il-

357
00:20:27,080 --> 00:20:28,080
utent ma tikkoperax.

358
00:20:28,080 --> 00:20:31,640
Hemm modi biex nippretendu simili ikollok ma
xejn inputted u trick

359
00:20:31,640 --> 00:20:34,100
GetString fis jirritornaw
0 effettiv.

360
00:20:34,100 --> 00:20:35,470
>> Allura li għaddej biex jiċċekkja għal dan.

361
00:20:35,470 --> 00:20:39,430
Għaliex jekk kwalunkwe inti bdew
tikseb, diġà, difetti segmentazzjoni -

362
00:20:39,430 --> 00:20:42,280
li x'aktarx ilha sors
ta 'xi frustrazzjoni -

363
00:20:42,280 --> 00:20:46,150
dawn huma kważi dejjem l-riżultat
ta 'memorja relatati żball.

364
00:20:46,150 --> 00:20:50,440
B'xi inti messed up fir-rigward ta '
pointer, anki jekk inti ma jirrealizzaw

365
00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:51,530
kien hemm pointer.

366
00:20:51,530 --> 00:20:55,260
Allura inti jista 'jkollok indotta segmentazzjoni
difetti kmieni kemm ġimgħa li jużaw

367
00:20:55,260 --> 00:21:02,100
xi ħaġa bħal għal loop jew waqt
loop u l-firxa minn esaġerata

368
00:21:02,100 --> 00:21:05,900
passat il-konfini ta 'xi firxa li
inti ddikjarat, f'żewġ ġimgħa

369
00:21:05,900 --> 00:21:06,690
partikolari.

370
00:21:06,690 --> 00:21:09,220
>> Inti jista 'jkollok għamlu dan anki fil-problema
stabbiliti erba bi tbegħid.

371
00:21:09,220 --> 00:21:12,910
Anke jekk inti probabilment ma bbenefikawx
stilla fil-kodiċi tad-distribuzzjoni għal

372
00:21:12,910 --> 00:21:17,410
Tbegħid, jirriżulta li dawk GRect
u GOval u oħrajn affarijiet bħal dawn,

373
00:21:17,410 --> 00:21:19,650
dawk huma attwalment pointers
taħt il-barnuża.

374
00:21:19,650 --> 00:21:23,430
>> Iżda Stanford, bħalna, tip ta 'ġlud
li jiddettalja mill-inqas għal-libreriji

375
00:21:23,430 --> 00:21:26,540
skopijiet, simili ħafna nagħmlu
għal string u char *.

376
00:21:26,540 --> 00:21:30,060
Iżda GRect u GOval u kollha ta 'dawk
affarijiet inti guys huma jew se tuża

377
00:21:30,060 --> 00:21:32,630
din il-ġimgħa huma finalment
indirizzi memorja.

378
00:21:32,630 --> 00:21:33,650
Inti biss ma jafu.

379
00:21:33,650 --> 00:21:37,240
>> Għalhekk mhuwiex sorprendenti allura, forsi,
li inti tista 'vjaġġ fuq xi

380
00:21:37,240 --> 00:21:38,580
difetti segmentazzjoni.

381
00:21:38,580 --> 00:21:41,290
Imma x'hemm interessanti hawn issa,
jekk wara we jiċċekkja għal 0 nagħmlu

382
00:21:41,290 --> 00:21:43,460
string t gets s.

383
00:21:43,460 --> 00:21:44,690
Well, let me tiddikjara t.

384
00:21:44,690 --> 00:21:47,730
Jien ser tiġbed bħala kwadru,
32 bits, sejħa hija t.

385
00:21:47,730 --> 00:21:49,740
U allura jien ser tagħmel gets s.

386
00:21:49,740 --> 00:21:51,130
>> Well, dak ma jfisser?

387
00:21:51,130 --> 00:21:53,280
Ukoll, huwa ftit diffiċli li wieħed jaħseb
dwar dan stampa għaqli.

388
00:21:53,280 --> 00:21:55,025
Imma ejja jaħsbu dwar
x'hemm ġewwa ta 'x?

389
00:21:55,025 --> 00:21:59,430
X'hemm litteralment ġewwa dan il-varjabbli?

390
00:21:59,430 --> 00:22:01,500
Il Ox123 valur.

391
00:22:01,500 --> 00:22:05,815
>> Allura meta I say string t gets s, li ftit
tfisser litteralment tieħu n-numru

392
00:22:05,815 --> 00:22:10,070
fil i, li huwa Ox123 u poġġih Ox123.

393
00:22:10,070 --> 00:22:13,740
Jew pictorially, jekk I tip ta 'astratt
bogħod minn dak dettall hija għandha l-

394
00:22:13,740 --> 00:22:16,600
effett ta 'litteralment tagħmel
dan ukoll.

395
00:22:16,600 --> 00:22:22,110
>> Allura issa, naħseb lura għall-aħħar ġimgħa meta
aħna ipproċediet biex kapitalist T. I

396
00:22:22,110 --> 00:22:23,800
għamlet T bracket 0.

397
00:22:23,800 --> 00:22:27,150
Ukoll, T parentesi 0, anki jekk huwa
pointer, inti tista 'titratta dan bħala għalkemm

398
00:22:27,150 --> 00:22:29,220
huwa ta 'firxa, bi kwadru
notazzjoni bracket.

399
00:22:29,220 --> 00:22:31,550
>> Għalhekk, fejn huwa T bracket 0?

400
00:22:31,550 --> 00:22:32,990
Ukoll, huwa l-h.

401
00:22:32,990 --> 00:22:36,800
U hekk meta nużaw dik il-linja ta 'kodiċi,
tnejn ta 'fuq, li huwa f'dak c type.h

402
00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:38,460
fajl tal-header, li fejn
huwa ddikjarat.

403
00:22:38,460 --> 00:22:44,410
Inti kapitalizzazzjoni dan H. Iżda
Naturalment, dak l-istess h eżatt li l-

404
00:22:44,410 --> 00:22:46,540
ġewwa ta 'i, biex ngħidu hekk.

405
00:22:46,540 --> 00:22:51,930
U hekk issa inti nbidlu jew
kapitalizzat kemm l-oriġinali u l-

406
00:22:51,930 --> 00:22:53,120
hekk imsejħa kopja.

407
00:22:53,120 --> 00:22:56,620
Għaliex inti ma tagħmel kopja fil-
mod li bniedem tkunx tixtieq li jkun.

408
00:22:56,620 --> 00:22:59,710
>> Allura dak li kien l-tiffissa hawn,
fl-aħħar ġimgħa copy1.c?

409
00:22:59,710 --> 00:23:03,070

410
00:23:03,070 --> 00:23:05,580
Funzjonijiet, hekk nistgħu attwalment
kopja-sekwenza.

411
00:23:05,580 --> 00:23:08,700
U fundamentalment, dak li għandna bżonn li
jagħmlu sabiex kopja-sekwenza?

412
00:23:08,700 --> 00:23:12,070
>> Ukoll, f'dan il-verżjoni aħdar hawn jien
se tagħmel dan livell pjuttost baxx.

413
00:23:12,070 --> 00:23:14,260
Hemm effettivament il-funzjonijiet
dawn jistgħu jgħinu ma 'dan.

414
00:23:14,260 --> 00:23:17,710
Iżda l-aktar waħda bażika, u l-aktar
waħda familjari, għall-inqas, dalwaqt se tkun

415
00:23:17,710 --> 00:23:19,600
familjari għalina, huwa dan li ġej -

416
00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:21,910
għalhekk wieħed fuq l-ewwel linja
tal-kodiċi fl-aħdar issa.

417
00:23:21,910 --> 00:23:23,970
>> I biss rewrote s bħala char *.

418
00:23:23,970 --> 00:23:25,250
M'hemm l-ebda funzjonali
differenza hemmhekk.

419
00:23:25,250 --> 00:23:28,790
I biss threw bogħod il-librerija CS50 u
Jien ssejjaħ dak li hi, char *.

420
00:23:28,790 --> 00:23:31,640
>> Issa dot, dot, dot, minħabba li kien hemm
xi verifika żball li mhux

421
00:23:31,640 --> 00:23:33,200
interessanti biex jitkellmu dwar mill-ġdid.

422
00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:34,710
Allura issa t hija ddikjarata.

423
00:23:34,710 --> 00:23:35,780
Huwa wisq huwa char *.

424
00:23:35,780 --> 00:23:38,280
So I ġibdet kwadru ftit fuq
l-iskrin bħal qabel.

425
00:23:38,280 --> 00:23:41,870
>> Iżda fuq in-naħa tal-lemin, malloc,
għidna huwa memorja allokati.

426
00:23:41,870 --> 00:23:44,130
Allura jalloka xi blokki ta 'memorja.

427
00:23:44,130 --> 00:23:48,830
U kemm bytes għandna attwalment
tixtieq li jallokaw, ma jidhirx?

428
00:23:48,830 --> 00:23:50,340
>> Ukoll, it-tul sensiela ta 's.

429
00:23:50,340 --> 00:23:52,310
Mela jekk huwa bonjour dan huwa
se tkun ħamsa.

430
00:23:52,310 --> 00:23:53,950
Aħna ser jgħidu h-e-l-l-o.

431
00:23:53,950 --> 00:23:55,090
Allura ħames bytes.

432
00:23:55,090 --> 00:23:57,960
>> Iżda mbagħad plus 1, għaliex 1?

433
00:23:57,960 --> 00:23:58,830
Il-karattru 0.

434
00:23:58,830 --> 00:24:03,640
Jekk aħna ma jħallu spazju għal dan Guy aħna
jistgħu aċċidentalment joħolqu sitwazzjoni

435
00:24:03,640 --> 00:24:05,600
meta l-sekwenza huwa h-e-l-l-o.

436
00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:08,470
U allura l-ħin li jmiss hu GetString
imsejħa u I tip, per eżempju,

437
00:24:08,470 --> 00:24:14,020
David, D-a-vs-i-d, il-kompjuter huwa għaddej
li jaħsbu li s huwa attwalment

438
00:24:14,020 --> 00:24:18,900
h-e-l-l-o-d-a-vs-i-d għaliex hemm
ebda waqfa fl bejn dawn il-kliem.

439
00:24:18,900 --> 00:24:19,810
>> Għalhekk għandna bżonn li break.

440
00:24:19,810 --> 00:24:20,720
Allura aħna ma rridux ħamsa.

441
00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:22,100
Irridu sitt bytes.

442
00:24:22,100 --> 00:24:23,110
>> U bytes I say.

443
00:24:23,110 --> 00:24:25,220
Imma huwa daqs tassew ħin ta 'char.

444
00:24:25,220 --> 00:24:28,040
Teknikament char huwa kważi
dejjem f'byte wieħed.

445
00:24:28,040 --> 00:24:31,030
>> Iżda biss biex jagħmlu kodiċi tagħna portabbli,
biex ngħidu hekk, b'tali mod li taħdem fuq

446
00:24:31,030 --> 00:24:33,750
kompjuters differenti anke jekk dawn jistgħu
jkun kemmxejn differenti minn taħt il-

447
00:24:33,750 --> 00:24:36,590
barnuża, jien ser ġenerikament
jgħidu daqs tal char sabiex

448
00:24:36,590 --> 00:24:37,660
kodiċi tiegħi dejjem xogħol.

449
00:24:37,660 --> 00:24:40,610
U jien ma jkollhom recompile hija biss
minħabba I jaġġornaw il-kompjuter tiegħi jew l-użu

450
00:24:40,610 --> 00:24:42,140
xi pjattaforma differenti.

451
00:24:42,140 --> 00:24:45,300
>> Allura stajt ltqajna 6 darbiet id-daqs ta '
a char, li jiġri li jkun 1.

452
00:24:45,300 --> 00:24:47,440
Allura dan ifisser malloc jistgħu
tagħti me sitt bytes.

453
00:24:47,440 --> 00:24:49,140
X'inhu li fil-fatt jagħmlu?

454
00:24:49,140 --> 00:24:52,810
Well, let me roll lura fil-ħin hawn
biex fejn ninsabu fl-istorja.

455
00:24:52,810 --> 00:24:57,620
>> Mela jekk jien tmur lura hawn, stajt iddikjarat
a char * imsejjaħ t.

456
00:24:57,620 --> 00:25:00,280
Stajt issa msejjaħ malloc għal sitt bytes.

457
00:25:00,280 --> 00:25:06,400
U issa jien ser tiġbed dawk sitta
bytes bħad-firxa qabel.

458
00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:10,570
Imma I attwalment ma nafx x'hemm
ġewwa dan array.

459
00:25:10,570 --> 00:25:14,640
>> Jekk inti talloka memorja jirriżulta li
inti ma tistax fiduċja li hemm xi

460
00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:15,810
valur magħrufa hemmhekk.

461
00:25:15,810 --> 00:25:18,400
Dan jista 'jkunu ġew użati minn xi ħaġa
inkella, xi funzjoni oħra, xi oħrajn

462
00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:19,630
linja tal-kodiċi li inti kiteb.

463
00:25:19,630 --> 00:25:22,870
Allura aħna ser ġeneralment sejħa dawn żibel
valuri u tiġbed minnhom, forsi, kif

464
00:25:22,870 --> 00:25:26,170
trade marks in kwistjoni, biss li jindika li aħna
ma nafx x'hemm attwalment hemm.

465
00:25:26,170 --> 00:25:30,390
U li l-ebda big deal sakemm aħna
huma intelliġenti biżżejjed biex jissostitwixxu dawk

466
00:25:30,390 --> 00:25:34,550
Valuri taż-żibel bin-numri jew
Chars li aħna jimpurtahom.

467
00:25:34,550 --> 00:25:36,340
>> Allura f'dan il-każ dak li jien se jagħmlu?

468
00:25:36,340 --> 00:25:38,670
Ukoll, il-kodiċi linja tiegħi ta '
jmiss, I jkollhom erba.

469
00:25:38,670 --> 00:25:41,350
Int I nikseb 0, n gets l-
tul sensiela ta 's.

470
00:25:41,350 --> 00:25:42,750
Allura familjari għal loop.

471
00:25:42,750 --> 00:25:45,875
I hija inqas minn jew ugwali għal n,
li normalment huwa ogħla.

472
00:25:45,875 --> 00:25:47,500
>> Iżda dan iż-żmien huwa intenzjonat.

473
00:25:47,500 --> 00:25:51,890
I + +, u mbagħad I sempliċiment tagħmel
t bracket i gets s.

474
00:25:51,890 --> 00:25:56,320
Minħabba stampa tiegħi tidher bħal dan fil
dan il-mument, maħżuna t hija l-

475
00:25:56,320 --> 00:25:59,530
indirizz ta 'dik blokki każwali ta' memorja
Valuri tagħhom huma magħrufa.

476
00:25:59,530 --> 00:26:03,030
Iżda hekk kif nagħmel t bracket
0 li tpoġġi me hawn.

477
00:26:03,030 --> 00:26:07,430
>> U dak jispiċċa jkollna mfassla hemmhekk?

478
00:26:07,430 --> 00:26:08,740
Aħna jispiċċaw tqegħid h.

479
00:26:08,740 --> 00:26:11,170
Għaliex dan huwa dak i fil s bracket 0.

480
00:26:11,170 --> 00:26:14,300
U allura l-istess ħaġa għall-
e, u l, u l, u o.

481
00:26:14,300 --> 00:26:17,930
>> n, għaliex ma mmur up permezz
ugwali għal n?

482
00:26:17,930 --> 00:26:19,200
Minħabba l-karattru 0.

483
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:23,580
Hekk biss tkun ċara, allura, jekk I attwalment
iħassar kwalunkwe dawn żibel

484
00:26:23,580 --> 00:26:28,870
Valuri huma u mbagħad fil-fatt tiġbed
dak I jistennew, dan huwa s parentesi 1, 2,

485
00:26:28,870 --> 00:26:32,440
3, 4, plus thats batuta
karattru ġdid.

486
00:26:32,440 --> 00:26:36,080
>> U hekk issa jekk aħna kompliet passat il-dot,
dot, dot f'dan il-verżjoni korretta

487
00:26:36,080 --> 00:26:41,930
u kategorija kapitalizzat t 0 I għandux,
Naturalment, jiġu kapitalizzazzjoni biss dan

488
00:26:41,930 --> 00:26:47,050
Guy hawn, li kunċettwalment,
kien finalment il-għan.

489
00:26:47,050 --> 00:26:48,040
Allura dak l-pointer huwa.

490
00:26:48,040 --> 00:26:51,430
>> U inti stajt ilhom jużawhom għal ġimgħat
issa fil-kuntest ta 'spag.

491
00:26:51,430 --> 00:26:53,530
Iżda taħt il-barnuża li qed
ftit aktar kumplessa.

492
00:26:53,530 --> 00:26:57,520
Imma jekk inti taħseb dwarhom f'dan
forma bl-istampi nipproponi li dawn qed

493
00:26:57,520 --> 00:27:01,720
probabbilment mhux kollha li scary kif
jista 'jidher l-ewwel mad-daqqa t'għajn,

494
00:27:01,720 --> 00:27:04,730
partikolarment ma 'tali sintassi ġdid.

495
00:27:04,730 --> 00:27:07,290
Kwalunkwe mistoqsijiet dwar pointers,
kordi, jew jaħraq?

496
00:27:07,290 --> 00:27:07,580
Yeah?

497
00:27:07,580 --> 00:27:09,252
>> UDJENZA: Tista 'tmur lura
għall-[inaudible]?

498
00:27:09,252 --> 00:27:10,502
>> SPEAKER 1: Sure.

499
00:27:10,502 --> 00:27:14,058

500
00:27:14,058 --> 00:27:19,525
>> UDJENZA: Allura kif jidħlu fil aħħar tiegħek ħafna
linja, inti ma għandekx * linja t

501
00:27:19,525 --> 00:27:21,513
u * i fil-linja?

502
00:27:21,513 --> 00:27:23,004
M'għandekx ikollok-referenza għall--

503
00:27:23,004 --> 00:27:24,640
>> SPEAKER 1: Ah, kwistjoni verament tajba.

504
00:27:24,640 --> 00:27:26,800
Għaliex ma I jkollhom * t * u s?

505
00:27:26,800 --> 00:27:30,340
Minħabba fil-qosor, l-aħħar ġimgħa, bħal fil tagħna
tpartit funzjoni, I ma jgħidu li meta

506
00:27:30,340 --> 00:27:33,350
inti stajt ltqajna pointer l-mezzi
li inti tmur hemm kif għamilna

507
00:27:33,350 --> 00:27:36,590
fiżikament fuq il-palk, kien li fil-fatt
jużaw l-operatur star.

508
00:27:36,590 --> 00:27:40,570
>> Jirriżulta li din square-bracket
notazzjoni huwa dak li aħna ser sejħa sintattika

509
00:27:40,570 --> 00:27:44,190
zokkor, li huwa biss mod sexy ta '
qal huwa notazzjoni shorthand għal

510
00:27:44,190 --> 00:27:45,950
eżattament dak li qed tiddeskrivi.

511
00:27:45,950 --> 00:27:49,385
Imma hija ftit aktar intuwittivi.

512
00:27:49,385 --> 00:27:53,510
U għar-riskju ta 'teħid din jidhru aktar
ikkumplikata milli jeħtieġ li jkun,

513
00:27:53,510 --> 00:27:56,990
x'inhu verament jiġri hawn fuq
huwa dan li ġej -

514
00:27:56,990 --> 00:28:01,450
Jekk ngħid * t li jfisser mur
l-indirizz maħżuna t.

515
00:28:01,450 --> 00:28:04,350
>> Allura litteralment, jekk t hija ħażna
l-indirizz ta 'dik h

516
00:28:04,350 --> 00:28:07,300
inizjalment, * mezzi t mur hawn.

517
00:28:07,300 --> 00:28:10,730
Issa, dak ma t bracket 0 jfisser?

518
00:28:10,730 --> 00:28:11,560
Ħaġa eżatt istess.

519
00:28:11,560 --> 00:28:13,510
Huwa biss aktar faċli ftit
friendly li tikteb.

520
00:28:13,510 --> 00:28:14,430
>> Imma jien ma isir s'issa.

521
00:28:14,430 --> 00:28:17,800
I ma tistax biss jgħidu * t gets * i.

522
00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:19,440
Minħabba dak li nkun tagħmel allura?

523
00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:22,950
I d tkun tqegħid h, h, h, h, h
matul il-ħaġa sħiħa.

524
00:28:22,950 --> 00:28:22,995
Dritt?

525
00:28:22,995 --> 00:28:26,020
>> Minħabba * t hija tmur għall-indirizz f't.

526
00:28:26,020 --> 00:28:27,580
Iżda aħna qed ġewwa ta 'loop.

527
00:28:27,580 --> 00:28:32,150
U liema valur am I inkrementazzjoni,
naturalment, fuq kull iterazzjoni?

528
00:28:32,150 --> 00:28:32,690
i.

529
00:28:32,690 --> 00:28:34,590
>> Iżda hemm opportunità
hawn, id-dritt?

530
00:28:34,590 --> 00:28:37,870
Anke jekk dan iħoss bħal huwa jkollna
ftit aktar sofistikati

531
00:28:37,870 --> 00:28:40,730
mill-notazzjoni square-bracket
konna użati għal xi żmien -

532
00:28:40,730 --> 00:28:43,840
let me jneħħu bidla h tiegħi hemm -

533
00:28:43,840 --> 00:28:48,870
anke jekk din issa qed jkollna ftit
fancier, l-idea bażika, jekk * t

534
00:28:48,870 --> 00:28:53,630
ifisser hawn u * t huwa biss
mur l-indirizz f't.

535
00:28:53,630 --> 00:28:54,990
>> Imma dak li kien l-indirizz fl t?

536
00:28:54,990 --> 00:28:56,850
In-numru inżommu tuża?

537
00:28:56,850 --> 00:29:00,540
Bħal Ox456, ejja idaħħlu dak lura
biss għall-fini ta 'diskussjoni.

538
00:29:00,540 --> 00:29:05,380
Ukoll, jekk nixtieq nikseb fil-e fl
t string, I biss trid tmur,

539
00:29:05,380 --> 00:29:06,460
essenzjalment, 456.

540
00:29:06,460 --> 00:29:09,230
>> Jew pjuttost, 457.

541
00:29:09,230 --> 00:29:10,590
I biss bżonn li żżid waħda.

542
00:29:10,590 --> 00:29:11,790
Imma I tista 'tagħmel dan, id-dritt?

543
00:29:11,790 --> 00:29:14,680
Minħabba t, anki jekk I iżommu tpinġija
issa bħala vleġġa, huwa biss

544
00:29:14,680 --> 00:29:16,570
numru, Ox456.

545
00:29:16,570 --> 00:29:21,400
U jekk I żid għal dan, jew aktar
ġeneralment, jekk I żid I ta 'dak I tista'

546
00:29:21,400 --> 00:29:24,350
fil-fatt tikseb eżattament fejn irrid.

547
00:29:24,350 --> 00:29:26,260
Mela jekk jien fil-fatt jagħmlu dan -

548
00:29:26,260 --> 00:29:28,970
u dan huwa dak li issa msejjaħ
aritmetika pointer -

549
00:29:28,970 --> 00:29:30,375
I tista 'tneħħi din il-linja.

550
00:29:30,375 --> 00:29:33,550
Liema hija, franchement, I think aktar ċara u
aktar utent ftit faċli biex jinqara.

551
00:29:33,550 --> 00:29:35,970
Iżda dan huwa mhux inqas korretta.

552
00:29:35,970 --> 00:29:38,570
>> Din il-linja tal-kodiċi issa qiegħda tuża
aritmetika pointer.

553
00:29:38,570 --> 00:29:40,920
Huwa qal tmur għall-
indirizz li ġej -

554
00:29:40,920 --> 00:29:44,670
tkun xi tkun il-bidu ta 't huwa, li
huwa t plus i, li inizjalment

555
00:29:44,670 --> 00:29:45,730
huwa 0, li hija kbira.

556
00:29:45,730 --> 00:29:49,280
Minħabba dan ifisser il-bidu ta 't
plus 1, flimkien ma '2, miżjuda bi 3, u oħrajn.

557
00:29:49,280 --> 00:29:51,030
U l-istess jittrattaw s.

558
00:29:51,030 --> 00:29:52,750
>> Zokkor hekk sintatttiku għal dan.

559
00:29:52,750 --> 00:29:55,900
Imma fehim x'inhu verament għaddej
taħt il-barnuża, nixtieq jargumentaw,

560
00:29:55,900 --> 00:29:57,410
huwa attwalment utli u fih innifsu.

561
00:29:57,410 --> 00:30:00,620
Għaliex dan ikun ifisser issa hemm mhux
ħafna aktar magic jiġri

562
00:30:00,620 --> 00:30:01,620
taħt il-barnuża.

563
00:30:01,620 --> 00:30:03,920
Hemm mhumiex ser ikunu ħafna aktar
saffi li nistgħu Qaxxar għalik.

564
00:30:03,920 --> 00:30:04,810
Dan huwa ċ.

565
00:30:04,810 --> 00:30:06,410
U dan huwa l-ipprogrammar.

566
00:30:06,410 --> 00:30:08,002
Verament tajba kwistjoni.

567
00:30:08,002 --> 00:30:11,570
>> Kull dritt, u għalhekk din kienet l buggy
programm I kien qed jirreferi għal qabel.

568
00:30:11,570 --> 00:30:12,650
swap kien difettuż.

569
00:30:12,650 --> 00:30:14,070
Jekk ma jidhirx li jaħdmu.

570
00:30:14,070 --> 00:30:17,390
Ifakkar li bħad mal-ħalib u
il-meraq tal-larinġ - li bdejt

571
00:30:17,390 --> 00:30:18,660
xorb dimostrazzjoni tal-lum.

572
00:30:18,660 --> 00:30:22,220
Hekk biss bħala bil-meraq tal-larinġ u
l-ħalib, aħna ma għandek tuża

573
00:30:22,220 --> 00:30:26,200
varjabbli temporanja, TMP, li jkollhom
temporanjament b'tali mod li nistgħu mbagħad

574
00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:28,820
bidla valur tagħha u mbagħad taġġorna b.

575
00:30:28,820 --> 00:30:32,870
>> Iżda din il-funzjoni, għidna, jew dan
programm li fih din il-funzjoni kienet

576
00:30:32,870 --> 00:30:35,670
miktuba kienet żbaljata u difettuż, għaliex?

577
00:30:35,670 --> 00:30:38,870

578
00:30:38,870 --> 00:30:39,090
Iva?

579
00:30:39,090 --> 00:30:42,471
>> UDJENZA: [inaudible].

580
00:30:42,471 --> 00:30:44,940
>> SPEAKER 1: Eżattament, meta
inti sejħa swap -

581
00:30:44,940 --> 00:30:47,820
jew b'mod iktar ġenerali, meta inti
sejħa aktar xi funzjoni -

582
00:30:47,820 --> 00:30:51,210
jekk l-argumenti għal dik il-funzjoni huma
primittiv, biex ngħidu hekk, ints u Chars

583
00:30:51,210 --> 00:30:56,740
u doubles u sufruni, affarijiet mingħajr
stilla, inti tgħaddi fil-kopja ta '

584
00:30:56,740 --> 00:30:57,540
l-argument.

585
00:30:57,540 --> 00:31:01,580
Mela jekk x 1 kien uy kien 2, a va
li jkun 1, u b se tkun 2.

586
00:31:01,580 --> 00:31:05,250
Iżda dawn qed tmur biex tkun biċċiet differenti
ta 'bits, biċċiet differenti ta'

587
00:31:05,250 --> 00:31:07,540
memorja li jiġri li tkun ħażna
valuri identiċi.

588
00:31:07,540 --> 00:31:12,160
>> Allura din il-kodiċi huwa super perfetta
fi iskambji au b.

589
00:31:12,160 --> 00:31:13,850
Hija l-ebda tajba fil jagħmlu skambju -

590
00:31:13,850 --> 00:31:15,290
fl-eżempju ġimgħa li għaddiet -

591
00:31:15,290 --> 00:31:16,390
xuy.

592
00:31:16,390 --> 00:31:18,780
Minħabba darb'oħra, dawn qed
fl-ambitu ħażin.

593
00:31:18,780 --> 00:31:21,310
>> Issa, kif ma immorru dwar l-iffissar dan?

594
00:31:21,310 --> 00:31:23,140
Kellna biex jagħmlu l-funzjoni
tfittex uglier ftit.

595
00:31:23,140 --> 00:31:25,250
Iżda għal darb'oħra, jikkunsidraw dak
dan ifisser biss.

596
00:31:25,250 --> 00:31:27,840

597
00:31:27,840 --> 00:31:31,500
>> U fil-fatt, let me, għall-konsistenza,
bidla ħaġa waħda hekk huwa identiku għal

598
00:31:31,500 --> 00:31:33,200
dak li aħna biss għamlet.

599
00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:35,690
Kif semmejt aħħar ġimgħa, ma
jimpurtax fejn tmur.

600
00:31:35,690 --> 00:31:38,120
Fil-fatt, tipikament inti tpoġġi l-
star ħdejn l-isem varjabbli.

601
00:31:38,120 --> 00:31:40,750
Imma jien naħseb li jkun ftit aktar faċli
tikkunsidra l-* li jmiss għall-

602
00:31:40,750 --> 00:31:44,910
tip ta 'data fis-sens huwa pointer
għal int f'dan il-każ.

603
00:31:44,910 --> 00:31:46,270
>> Allura dak am I tagħmel hawn?

604
00:31:46,270 --> 00:31:49,590
Jien qal ma jagħtux me int
segwit minn int ieħor,

605
00:31:49,590 --> 00:31:50,810
ssejjaħ minnhom u b.

606
00:31:50,810 --> 00:31:52,460
Agħtini l-indirizz ta 'int.

607
00:31:52,460 --> 00:31:53,960
Agħtini l-indirizz ta int ieħor.

608
00:31:53,960 --> 00:31:56,330
Sejħa dawk tindirizza u b.

609
00:31:56,330 --> 00:32:00,860
>> U mbagħad tuża l-notazzjoni * isfel
hawn taħt, mur kull wieħed minn dawk l-indirizzi

610
00:32:00,860 --> 00:32:05,290
kif meħtieġ biex tikseb jew
jew sett valur tagħha.

611
00:32:05,290 --> 00:32:07,400
Iżda hemm eċċezzjoni hawn.

612
00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:11,130
Għaliex I ma jkollhom * jmiss TMP?

613
00:32:11,130 --> 00:32:15,070
Għaliex għandi ma tagħmel dan, per eżempju?

614
00:32:15,070 --> 00:32:19,370
Hija tħoss bħal I għandhom biss jmorru kollha
out u jikkoreġu l-ħaġa sħiħa.

615
00:32:19,370 --> 00:32:19,752
Yeah?

616
00:32:19,752 --> 00:32:21,002
>> UDJENZA: [inaudible].

617
00:32:21,002 --> 00:32:23,280

618
00:32:23,280 --> 00:32:25,480
>> SPEAKER 1: I ma dikjarati
TMP bħala sekwenza.

619
00:32:25,480 --> 00:32:28,830

620
00:32:28,830 --> 00:32:34,950
Allura dan ikollu jiddikjara, f'dan il-każ,
f'TMP li tkun l-indirizz ta 'int.

621
00:32:34,950 --> 00:32:37,380
Iżda li ma tantx huwa dak li nixtieq,
għal ftit ta 'raġunijiet.

622
00:32:37,380 --> 00:32:38,616
>> UDJENZA: Inti ma tridx li tpartit lilhom.

623
00:32:38,616 --> 00:32:41,800
>> SPEAKER 1: Eżattament, Ma rridx li tpartit
xejn ma TMP. TMP huwa biss

624
00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:42,790
Jittieħed ġimgħa waħda.

625
00:32:42,790 --> 00:32:45,150
All I trid hu varjabbli
biex jaħżnu xi numru.

626
00:32:45,150 --> 00:32:47,330
Jien ma anki kura dwar l-indirizzi
f'dan il-mument.

627
00:32:47,330 --> 00:32:50,530
>> I biss bżonn 32 bits jew
hekk biex jaħżnu int.

628
00:32:50,530 --> 00:32:56,690
U nixtieq li tqiegħed f'dawk 32 bits
kwalunkwe ma jkunx, biex ngħidu hekk, iżda

629
00:32:56,690 --> 00:33:01,260
dak li huwa fi, biss biex tkun iktar preċiża.

630
00:33:01,260 --> 00:33:06,420
Għaliex jekk huwa indirizz, * mezz
jmorru hemm u jiksbu l-valur 1.

631
00:33:06,420 --> 00:33:10,560
Per eżempju, fl-eżempju ġimgħa li għaddiet
jew fil-każ b tal, jiksbu mill-valur 2.

632
00:33:10,560 --> 00:33:11,750
>> Allura x'inhu verament għaddej?

633
00:33:11,750 --> 00:33:15,070
Let me tfassal stampa hawn li se
tease apparti biss parti tal-lum.

634
00:33:15,070 --> 00:33:18,580
Iżda dan se jibqgħu jidhru
għal żmien pjuttost twil.

635
00:33:18,580 --> 00:33:22,430
>> Dan, nitlob, huwa dak tal-kompjuter tiegħek
memorja qisu meta inti tmexxi

636
00:33:22,430 --> 00:33:24,060
programm, kwalunkwe programm.

637
00:33:24,060 --> 00:33:28,340
Meta inti tmexxi programm fuq nett
ta 'RAM kompjuter tiegħek - sabiex jaħsbu

638
00:33:28,340 --> 00:33:33,530
dan ir-rettangolu, verament, kif tiegħek
RAM jew memorja tal-kompjuter, kollha 101

639
00:33:33,530 --> 00:33:36,920
biljun bytes ta 'dan, kull żewġ biljuni ta
bytes, kollha żewġ gigabytes ta 'dan,

640
00:33:36,920 --> 00:33:39,910
tkun xi tkun il-kwantità għandek huwa,
ejja tiġbed bħala rettangolu.

641
00:33:39,910 --> 00:33:43,260
U jien jsostnu li meta inti tmexxi programm
bħal Microsoft Word jew Chrome

642
00:33:43,260 --> 00:33:49,220
jew xi ħaġa bħal dik, l-bits li
Microsoft jew li Google kiteb -

643
00:33:49,220 --> 00:33:50,910
fil-każijiet ta 'dawk il-programmi -

644
00:33:50,910 --> 00:33:54,490
huma mgħobbija fil-memorja tal-kompjuter tiegħek
fejn jistgħu jiġu esegwiti aktar

645
00:33:54,490 --> 00:33:57,520
malajr u mitmugħa fil-CPU, li
huwa l-imħuħ tal-kompjuter.

646
00:33:57,520 --> 00:34:00,940
>> U fil TAM dawn qed maħżuna fil-ħafna
quċċata tal-programm tiegħek, biex ngħidu hekk.

647
00:34:00,940 --> 00:34:03,300
Fi kliem ieħor, jekk dan huwa blokki ta '
memorja, meta inti ikklikkja darbtejn fuq

648
00:34:03,300 --> 00:34:05,740
Microsoft Word, il-bits come
off-hard drive.

649
00:34:05,740 --> 00:34:06,680
Huma jiksbu mgħobbija fil RAM.

650
00:34:06,680 --> 00:34:10,330
U aħna ser shove lilhom up fuq nett
ta 'dan ir-rettangolu kunċettwalment.

651
00:34:10,330 --> 00:34:13,010
>> Ukoll, il-bqija tal-memorja tiegħek huwa
użat għall-affarijiet differenti.

652
00:34:13,010 --> 00:34:16,460
Fuq nett tara initialize
data u uninitialize data.

653
00:34:16,460 --> 00:34:20,500
Dan għandu ma, għall-parti l-kbira, mal-
kostanti jew varjabbli globali

654
00:34:20,500 --> 00:34:21,340
li għandhom valuri.

655
00:34:21,340 --> 00:34:22,980
Iżda aktar fuq dawk ieħor żmien.

656
00:34:22,980 --> 00:34:25,150
>> Imbagħad għandek l-borġ, li
aħna ser terga 'lura għal.

657
00:34:25,150 --> 00:34:28,420
Iżda fil-qiegħ hija l-parti li l-
partikolarment germane dritt issa.

658
00:34:28,420 --> 00:34:30,210
Hu l-munzell hekk imsejħa.

659
00:34:30,210 --> 00:34:33,850
Allura eżatt bħal fil-maġġoranza f'kull sala D hawn fuq
kampus, inti għandek trejs dawk li

660
00:34:33,850 --> 00:34:37,210
biss munzell fuq quċċata ta 'xulxin li
inti tista 'tpoġġi l-ikel u whatnot.

661
00:34:37,210 --> 00:34:40,139
Il-munzell ta 'sistema tal-kompjuter
huwa simili ħafna.

662
00:34:40,139 --> 00:34:42,679
Ħlief billi l-trej, kif nużaw fil
-sala dining, naturalment, huwa maħsub

663
00:34:42,679 --> 00:34:45,710
biex iwettqu affarijiet-trejs
jew il-frejms -

664
00:34:45,710 --> 00:34:49,469
kif aħna ser sejħa minnhom - fi tal-kompjuter
memorja huwa użat biex iżomm

665
00:34:49,469 --> 00:34:51,610
varjabbli u valuri.

666
00:34:51,610 --> 00:34:53,929
>> Allura dak li verament tmur fuq
taħt il-barnuża?

667
00:34:53,929 --> 00:34:55,820
Well, let me flip fuq
għall-iskrin hawn.

668
00:34:55,820 --> 00:34:58,370
U ejja tiffoka biss fuq il-
parti t'isfel għal mument.

669
00:34:58,370 --> 00:35:02,770
Jekk dan huwa l-porzjon qiegħ tal tiegħi
memorja tal-kompjuter jirriżulta meta I

670
00:35:02,770 --> 00:35:05,350
sejħa tal-funzjoni prinċipali -
li jiġri, franchement,

671
00:35:05,350 --> 00:35:06,950
awtomatikament għalija -

672
00:35:06,950 --> 00:35:10,510
I nikseb blokki ta 'memorja fil-
qiegħ ta 'RAM tiegħi biex ngħidu hekk.

673
00:35:10,510 --> 00:35:13,390
U dan huwa fejn l-prinċipali
varjazzjonijiet lokali go.

674
00:35:13,390 --> 00:35:16,770
Huwa fejn argc u ARGV forsi
imorru, u kwalunkwe varjabbli I

675
00:35:16,770 --> 00:35:18,170
tiddikjara ġewwa ta 'prinċipali.

676
00:35:18,170 --> 00:35:20,260
Huma jispiċċaw fil-qiegħ
ta 'RAM kompjuter tiegħi.

677
00:35:20,260 --> 00:35:25,040
>> Issa ejja ngħidu li s-sejħiet ewlenin ta 'funzjoni
bħal tpartit, ma bhalu aħħar ġimgħa?

678
00:35:25,040 --> 00:35:30,620
Well, aħna essenzjalment tpoġġi trej ġdid,
qafas ġdid, fuq blokki tiegħi ta 'memorja.

679
00:35:30,620 --> 00:35:34,160
U jien ser tiddeskrivi dan bħala
jappartjenu għall-funzjoni tpartit.

680
00:35:34,160 --> 00:35:35,770
>> Issa x'hemm ġewwa tal swap?

681
00:35:35,770 --> 00:35:39,240
Ukoll, ibbażata fuq programm ġimgħa li għaddiet u
l-waħda aħna biss raw silta minn,

682
00:35:39,240 --> 00:35:46,590
ġewwa tal-qafas tal tpartit, jew fuq l-swap
trej, huma dak varjabbli?

683
00:35:46,590 --> 00:35:47,970
Well, au b.

684
00:35:47,970 --> 00:35:51,850
Għaliex dawk kienu l-argumenti lokali tiegħu,
flimkien ma 'terz, PAT.

685
00:35:51,850 --> 00:35:54,470
Allura verament, I jista 'jiġbed dan
ftit aktar nadif.

686
00:35:54,470 --> 00:35:56,680
Let me imorru quddiem u jneħħu t-tikketta.

687
00:35:56,680 --> 00:35:58,520
U let me jsostnu li inti taf liema?

688
00:35:58,520 --> 00:36:00,560
>> a huwa probabbilment se jispiċċaw here.

689
00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:02,160
B hija ser jispiċċaw here.

690
00:36:02,160 --> 00:36:03,810
U TMP huwa ser jispiċċaw here.

691
00:36:03,810 --> 00:36:05,160
Issa, l-ordni jista '
tkun ftit differenti.

692
00:36:05,160 --> 00:36:06,840
Iżda kunċettwalment dan huwa l-idea.

693
00:36:06,840 --> 00:36:11,490
>> U biss kollettivament, dan huwa dak
aħna ser sejħa frame tpartit ta, jew

694
00:36:11,490 --> 00:36:12,136
trej dining sala-.

695
00:36:12,136 --> 00:36:13,150
U l-istess jittrattaw prinċipali.

696
00:36:13,150 --> 00:36:14,040
Imma jien mhux se tiġbed dik.

697
00:36:14,040 --> 00:36:17,810
Iżda li meta argc u ARGV u kull
ta 'varjabbli lokali tiegħu bħal xuy

698
00:36:17,810 --> 00:36:18,940
jista 'jkun ukoll.

699
00:36:18,940 --> 00:36:22,170
>> Allura issa jqisu x'inhu verament jiġri
meta inti sejħa swap.

700
00:36:22,170 --> 00:36:26,370
Meta inti sejħa tpartit, eżekuzzjoni kodiċi bħal
dan, int tgħaddi fi, fil-

701
00:36:26,370 --> 00:36:30,670
verżjoni Buggy, aub
bħala kopji ta 'xuy.

702
00:36:30,670 --> 00:36:34,300
Mela jekk jien issa tiġbed
fuq l-iskrin -

703
00:36:34,300 --> 00:36:36,700
ltqajna biex tikseb aħjar fil dan -

704
00:36:36,700 --> 00:36:40,850
hekk l-istorja I kien javżak li myself
Kien f'dan il-verżjoni Buggy, meta aħna

705
00:36:40,850 --> 00:36:46,130
sejħa tpartit tgħaddi fis litteralment u b
bħala numri sħaħ, dak li verament jiġri?

706
00:36:46,130 --> 00:36:48,250
>> Ukoll, dak li verament jiġri huwa dan.

707
00:36:48,250 --> 00:36:52,850
Let me imorru quddiem u jneħħu biss
biex tnaddaf xi spazju here.

708
00:36:52,850 --> 00:36:54,720
Allura dan huwa memorja tal-kompjuter tiegħi.

709
00:36:54,720 --> 00:36:57,510
>> Mela jekk jien, per eżempju -

710
00:36:57,510 --> 00:36:58,910
attwalment ejja tagħmel dan il-mod -

711
00:36:58,910 --> 00:37:02,690
jekk I jsostnu li din hija x-ħażna
il-valur 1 bħad aħħar ġimgħa.

712
00:37:02,690 --> 00:37:05,930
U dan huwa y, il-ħażna tal-valur
2 bħad aħħar ġimgħa.

713
00:37:05,930 --> 00:37:11,370
U dan huwa prinċipali, meta I sejħa tpartit,
b'hekk myself aċċess għal u

714
00:37:11,370 --> 00:37:15,150
b u TMP, jien ser jsostnu li
dan huwa u dan huwa 1.

715
00:37:15,150 --> 00:37:16,080
>> Dan huwa b.

716
00:37:16,080 --> 00:37:17,010
Dan huwa 2.

717
00:37:17,010 --> 00:37:18,370
Din tissejjaħ TMP.

718
00:37:18,370 --> 00:37:23,360
>> U inizjalment, hija għandha xi valur żibel
sal I attwalment jaħżnu ġewwa fih,

719
00:37:23,360 --> 00:37:24,450
li huwa 1.

720
00:37:24,450 --> 00:37:28,320
Imbagħad I jimxi 'l quddiem u l-bidla
a li jkun dak li?

721
00:37:28,320 --> 00:37:29,720
Valur B.

722
00:37:29,720 --> 00:37:31,980
>> U hekk issa għandi tnejn hawn.

723
00:37:31,980 --> 00:37:34,050
U allura għidna b gets TMP.

724
00:37:34,050 --> 00:37:37,670
Għal darb'oħra, biss bħala tiċċekkja sanità, it-tielet
linja tal-kodiċi hawn hija sempliċement dan

725
00:37:37,670 --> 00:37:39,440
waħda, b gets TMP.

726
00:37:39,440 --> 00:37:41,730
>> U għalhekk fl-aħħarnett, x'għandi nagħmel?

727
00:37:41,730 --> 00:37:46,800
I jimxi 'l quddiem u l-bidla b li jkun x'ikun
il-valur tal-TMP huwa, li huwa 1.

728
00:37:46,800 --> 00:37:48,390
I ma tmissx darb'oħra TMP.

729
00:37:48,390 --> 00:37:54,100
>> Imma issa, il-problema hija hekk kif swap
prospetti, għaliex mhuwiex għoti

730
00:37:54,100 --> 00:37:57,540
lura xi valur, hemm ebda ritorn
dikjarazzjoni b'mod espliċitu fiha.

731
00:37:57,540 --> 00:37:59,080
X'qed verament jiġri?

732
00:37:59,080 --> 00:38:03,480
Ukoll, essenzjalment dan kollu memorja -

733
00:38:03,480 --> 00:38:07,410
OK, apparentement l-Eraser jħobb
finger wieħed biss kull darba -

734
00:38:07,410 --> 00:38:08,180
kemm xejn jispartixxi.

735
00:38:08,180 --> 00:38:10,070
>> Issa fir-realtà mhuwiex
jmorru kullimkien.

736
00:38:10,070 --> 00:38:11,810
Iżda int tista 'taħseb
issa bħala trade marks in kwistjoni.

737
00:38:11,810 --> 00:38:14,040
Għaliex dan huwa m'għadux
attwalment użati.

738
00:38:14,040 --> 00:38:17,470
U ma jsir xejn ma 'dawk il-valuri.

739
00:38:17,470 --> 00:38:21,920
>> Allura fil-każ tal-verżjoni aħdar ta '
dan il-kodiċi, dak minflok qed

740
00:38:21,920 --> 00:38:24,640
għadda fis swap?

741
00:38:24,640 --> 00:38:25,770
Allura tindirizza.

742
00:38:25,770 --> 00:38:28,520
Allura l-indirizz tal xu
l-indirizz ta 'y.

743
00:38:28,520 --> 00:38:35,790
Allura jekk aħna mill-ġdid tgħid din l-istorja wieħed aħħar
ħin, u I attwalment tiġbed swap mill-ġdid,

744
00:38:35,790 --> 00:38:44,620
iżda ma pointers, peress li din hija, dan
jkunu b, u dan TMP tkun, dak li huwa

745
00:38:44,620 --> 00:38:49,080
attwalment maħżuna f'dan aħdar
verżjoni tal-kodiċi tiegħi fejn jien tgħaddi

746
00:38:49,080 --> 00:38:52,110
fl indirizzi?

747
00:38:52,110 --> 00:38:53,780
>> Huwa ser tkun pointer li x.

748
00:38:53,780 --> 00:38:54,890
So I jista 'jiġbed vleġġa.

749
00:38:54,890 --> 00:38:57,310
Imma ejja jużaw l-istess arbitrarja
Eżempju bħal qabel.

750
00:38:57,310 --> 00:39:01,220
Ejja ngħidu li dan huwa
xi ħaġa bħal Ox123.

751
00:39:01,220 --> 00:39:04,970
U dan se tkun Ox127 minħabba
huwa l-erba 'bytes bogħod għax huwa ta'

752
00:39:04,970 --> 00:39:07,370
int, hekk Ox127.

753
00:39:07,370 --> 00:39:09,080
>> U għal darb'oħra, jien tieħu xi libertajiet
man-numri.

754
00:39:09,080 --> 00:39:11,430
Huma qed ħafna iżgħar milli kieku
fil-fatt tkun u f'ordni differenti.

755
00:39:11,430 --> 00:39:14,350
Imma li kif l-istampa
issa hija differenti.

756
00:39:14,350 --> 00:39:19,060
>> Imma meta I jużaw dan il-kodiċi aħdar
u jien TMP int jiksbu * a.

757
00:39:19,060 --> 00:39:25,010
* Mezz biex tagħmel li ġej, jieħdu l-
jindirizzaw li fil au mur għaliha,

758
00:39:25,010 --> 00:39:26,190
li huwa 1.

759
00:39:26,190 --> 00:39:28,480
U dan huwa dak I mbagħad titqiegħed fl TMP.

760
00:39:28,480 --> 00:39:32,480
Sadanittant, fil-linja li jmiss tal-kodiċi
hawn, * a gets b, xi jfisser?

761
00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:36,910
>> Well, * a, hekk mur hawn gets * b,
li jfisser jmorru hemm.

762
00:39:36,910 --> 00:39:39,310
U dan ifisser tpoġġi l-valur li hemm.

763
00:39:39,310 --> 00:39:43,670
Fl-aħħarnett, l-aħħar linja tal-kodiċi
sempliċement qalet * b gets TMP.

764
00:39:43,670 --> 00:39:48,900
>> Allura b jgħid jmorru hemm u jissostitwixxu ma '
TMP li, f'dan il-każ, huwa għaddej

765
00:39:48,900 --> 00:39:51,520
li tkun, għal darb'oħra, 1.

766
00:39:51,520 --> 00:39:54,920
U dan huwa għaliex l-verżjoni aħdar ta '
xogħlijiet kodiċi tagħna, billi l-aħmar

767
00:39:54,920 --> 00:39:56,010
verżjoni qatt ma għamlu.

768
00:39:56,010 --> 00:39:59,020
Huwa kollha biss jeħodna dwar kif il-
memorja huwa ġestit u fejn huwa

769
00:39:59,020 --> 00:40:02,580
fil-fatt imqiegħed tiegħek
RAM kompjuter.

770
00:40:02,580 --> 00:40:07,270
U għal issa, li waħda mill-affarijiet
li l-munzell ikun qed jintuża għall.

771
00:40:07,270 --> 00:40:09,225
>> Mistoqsijiet dwar il-format?

772
00:40:09,225 --> 00:40:10,380
Fuq pointers?

773
00:40:10,380 --> 00:40:11,630
Jew fuq tpartit?

774
00:40:11,630 --> 00:40:13,740

775
00:40:13,740 --> 00:40:17,043
>> Kull dritt, hekk malloc, recall,
għamilt xi ħaġa bħal din.

776
00:40:17,043 --> 00:40:18,260
Dan kien eżempju sempliċi super.

777
00:40:18,260 --> 00:40:20,550
U dan kien il-wieħed li Binky
introdotti magħna biex, għalkemm pjuttost

778
00:40:20,550 --> 00:40:21,870
malajr, fl-aħħar tal-klassi.

779
00:40:21,870 --> 00:40:24,480
Dammit, hemm aħna go darb'oħra.

780
00:40:24,480 --> 00:40:28,780
>> Allura wieħed jiftakar li din kienet l-eżempju li
Binky introdotti magħna biex, għalkemm

781
00:40:28,780 --> 00:40:30,360
kemmxejn malajr fl-aħħar tal-klassi.

782
00:40:30,360 --> 00:40:33,640
U hawn aħna użati malloc verament
għat-tieni darba.

783
00:40:33,640 --> 00:40:37,330
Minħabba li l-ewwel darba aħna użati biex
joħolqu RAM biżżejjed, jallokaw biżżejjed RAM

784
00:40:37,330 --> 00:40:38,340
taħżen string.

785
00:40:38,340 --> 00:40:40,250
>> Din id-darba Binky jinżammu sempliċi.

786
00:40:40,250 --> 00:40:42,465
Allura huwa li taħżen biss
l int, apparentement.

787
00:40:42,465 --> 00:40:43,510
U li totalment multa.

788
00:40:43,510 --> 00:40:46,560
Huwa ftit stramb, franchement, li
użu malloc talloka int wieħed.

789
00:40:46,560 --> 00:40:50,650
Imma l-punt ta 'claymation Nick kienet
verament ftit tgħid l-istorja ta 'dak li

790
00:40:50,650 --> 00:40:53,830
jiġri jew ma jiġri meta
inti maltrattati memorja.

791
00:40:53,830 --> 00:40:56,520
>> Allura f'dan il-każ, dan il-programm
ma ftit affarijiet.

792
00:40:56,520 --> 00:41:01,580
Fl-ewwel każ hawnhekk, tiddikjara
a pointer msejħa x għal int.

793
00:41:01,580 --> 00:41:04,480
Imbagħad tiddikjara pointer
imsejħa y għal int.

794
00:41:04,480 --> 00:41:06,150
Imbagħad imħażen x, liema?

795
00:41:06,150 --> 00:41:07,110
Xi ħadd ieħor issa.

796
00:41:07,110 --> 00:41:09,685
Liema gets maħżuna x skond
it-tielet linja ta 'dan il-programm?

797
00:41:09,685 --> 00:41:12,380
>> UDJENZA: [inaudible].

798
00:41:12,380 --> 00:41:14,130
>> SPEAKER 1: Well, pjuttost mhux
bytes, kull say.

799
00:41:14,130 --> 00:41:16,760
Ikunu aktar preċiżi issa.

800
00:41:16,760 --> 00:41:18,325
Liema gets maħżuna x?

801
00:41:18,325 --> 00:41:21,000

802
00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:22,060
An indirizz, I think I smajt dan.

803
00:41:22,060 --> 00:41:23,570
>> Allura dak li ma malloc lura?

804
00:41:23,570 --> 00:41:26,030
malloc behaviorally jalloka
blokki ta 'memorja.

805
00:41:26,030 --> 00:41:27,850
Imma kif ma jagħtik aċċess għal dan?

806
00:41:27,850 --> 00:41:29,460
Dan jirritorna liema?

807
00:41:29,460 --> 00:41:32,000
L-indirizz ta 'l-ewwel byte
fil-blokki ta 'memorja.

808
00:41:32,000 --> 00:41:33,020
>> Issa, dan huwa sempliċi super.

809
00:41:33,020 --> 00:41:35,380
Huwa wieħed biss byte, li tfisser il-
tindirizza aħna jkollna lura hija l-

810
00:41:35,380 --> 00:41:37,300
indirizz tal-ħaġa sħiħa.

811
00:41:37,300 --> 00:41:42,070
Allura maħżuna x allura, huwa l-indirizz
ta 'dik blokki ta' memorja.

812
00:41:42,070 --> 00:41:43,400
Sadanittant, dak li jiġri li jmiss?

813
00:41:43,400 --> 00:41:45,890
Allura fil-fatt, ejja imorru quddiem u
tiġbed fast out reali.

814
00:41:45,890 --> 00:41:52,490
>> Allura jekk aħna jmorru fuq l-iskrin hawn u
we play dan out int * x u int * y

815
00:41:52,490 --> 00:41:53,740
huwa se jagħmel dak għalija?

816
00:41:53,740 --> 00:41:58,280
I jsostnu li huwa biss se jagħmlu
xi ħaġa bħal din u sejħa hija x, u

817
00:41:58,280 --> 00:42:00,010
dan u sejħa hija y.

818
00:42:00,010 --> 00:42:03,110
Sadanittant, it-tielet linja ta 'kodiċi
ser jalloka l-daqs ta 'int,

819
00:42:03,110 --> 00:42:06,160
li jiġri li jkun - sorry jekk I qal
wieħed qabel I fisser int wieħed -

820
00:42:06,160 --> 00:42:08,280
erba bytes fuq kompjuter tipiku.

821
00:42:08,280 --> 00:42:09,720
Mill-inqas ma 'l-appliance CS50.

822
00:42:09,720 --> 00:42:11,490
>> Allura dan se talloka
dan, li jaf?

823
00:42:11,490 --> 00:42:12,800
X'imkien hawn.

824
00:42:12,800 --> 00:42:15,780
U dan huwa maħżun f'xi
indirizz OX, li jaf?

825
00:42:15,780 --> 00:42:18,330
Imma dak li għaddej biex tikseb lura
huwa dak l-indirizz.

826
00:42:18,330 --> 00:42:22,270
Iżda aħna ser tiġbed pictorially
biss bħala vleġġa bħal dik.

827
00:42:22,270 --> 00:42:25,430
>> Issa fil-linja li jmiss * x gets 42.

828
00:42:25,430 --> 00:42:29,400
X'tagħmel * x jfissirx f'termini laymans?

829
00:42:29,400 --> 00:42:30,040
Just jmorru hemm.

830
00:42:30,040 --> 00:42:30,960
Tmur f'dak indirizz.

831
00:42:30,960 --> 00:42:35,900
Jew fi kliem ieħor, isegwu l-
vleġġa u mqiegħda 42 hemmhekk.

832
00:42:35,900 --> 00:42:38,140
Iżda mbagħad xi ħaġa ħażina ġara
li Binky, id-dritt?

833
00:42:38,140 --> 00:42:43,950
>> Ifakkar li linja ħamsa hawn, * y gets
13, fil-fatt numru unlucky,

834
00:42:43,950 --> 00:42:44,760
ma dak għalina?

835
00:42:44,760 --> 00:42:47,320
Ukoll, * mezzi y jmorru hemm.

836
00:42:47,320 --> 00:42:50,460
Ukoll, dan ma ngħatatx
valur għadhom, id-dritt?

837
00:42:50,460 --> 00:42:54,090
Il-kodiċi ma jkollhom y qed
initialized għal xejn.

838
00:42:54,090 --> 00:42:56,120
Kellna x qed initialized
għal indirizz.

839
00:42:56,120 --> 00:42:57,640
Iżda y ġiet iddikjarata top up.

840
00:42:57,640 --> 00:43:00,250
Iżda mbagħad virgola b'punt, ebda valur
kien effettivament tqiegħed fiha.

841
00:43:00,250 --> 00:43:02,330
Allura huwa ġust li sejħa dan
valur żibel.

842
00:43:02,330 --> 00:43:03,430
Min jaf x'hemm hemmhekk?

843
00:43:03,430 --> 00:43:07,160
Huwa l-fdalijiet ta bits li kienu użati
minn xi linja ta 'qabel tal-kodiċi fil-

844
00:43:07,160 --> 00:43:08,300
programm tiegħi.

845
00:43:08,300 --> 00:43:13,250
>> Mela jekk jien ngħid jmorru hemm, dan huwa simili,
Għandi l-ebda idea fejn dan vleġġa

846
00:43:13,250 --> 00:43:14,490
ser jispiċċaw.

847
00:43:14,490 --> 00:43:17,720
U li meta inti tipikament
tikseb tort segmentazzjoni.

848
00:43:17,720 --> 00:43:22,430
Jekk inti aċċidentalment dereference, biex
jitkellmu, jew mur l-indirizz li mhux

849
00:43:22,430 --> 00:43:25,400
attwalment indirizz leġittimu,
affarijiet ħżiena jiġri.

850
00:43:25,400 --> 00:43:27,550
>> U dan huwa eżattament dak li ġara
biex jaħsbu Binky.

851
00:43:27,550 --> 00:43:31,060
Allura ifakkar li l-istorja li Nick kien
javżak hawn kien l-istess idea bħala dak

852
00:43:31,060 --> 00:43:34,050
Stajt tinġibed l-illużjoni ta '
ġibs fuq il-bord hemmhekk.

853
00:43:34,050 --> 00:43:35,960
X u Y huma ddikjarati.

854
00:43:35,960 --> 00:43:39,690
>> Imbagħad aħna allokat id-daqs ta '
l int u maħżuna fil x.

855
00:43:39,690 --> 00:43:42,130
Imbagħad il-linja li jmiss għamilna * x.

856
00:43:42,130 --> 00:43:46,070
Dan kien bastun maġiku Nick
ta dereferencing.

857
00:43:46,070 --> 00:43:49,780
Li jpoġġu 42 fil-memorja
enfasizzat mill x.

858
00:43:49,780 --> 00:43:51,600
>> Iżda din hija fejn l-affarijiet
marru horribly ħażin.

859
00:43:51,600 --> 00:43:51,820
Dritt?

860
00:43:51,820 --> 00:43:53,550
Aħna ppruvaw y dereference.

861
00:43:53,550 --> 00:43:55,620
Iżda y kellhom xi valur fittizji, right?

862
00:43:55,620 --> 00:43:57,720
>> Li arrow fil-qiegħ tax-xellug
kantuniera, mhuwiex

863
00:43:57,720 --> 00:43:58,950
attwalment tipponta lejn xejn.

864
00:43:58,950 --> 00:44:01,520
Huwa tip ta 'tagħmel dak I
għamlet hawn fuq il-bord.

865
00:44:01,520 --> 00:44:05,900
Sabiex l-affarijiet ħżiena jiġri, segmentazzjoni
tort, jew Binky tort, f'dan il-każ.

866
00:44:05,900 --> 00:44:10,800
>> Imma jekk aħna mbagħad jiffissaw dan billi tagħmel x
gets y Kif jinbidel istorja?

867
00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:15,760
Ukoll, jekk I do x gets y, li l-
effettivament l-istess kif qal

868
00:44:15,760 --> 00:44:19,235
tkun xi tkun din hija, OX-ħaġa
se tkun l-istess hawn,

869
00:44:19,235 --> 00:44:20,080
Ox-ħaġa.

870
00:44:20,080 --> 00:44:22,970
Jew pictorially aħna ser tiġbed vleġġa.

871
00:44:22,970 --> 00:44:25,530
>> Allura hawn fuq il-bord ma 'Binky,
mal-linja li jmiss ta '

872
00:44:25,530 --> 00:44:28,350
kodiċi, * y ifisser jmorru hemm.

873
00:44:28,350 --> 00:44:29,400
Fejn hemm?

874
00:44:29,400 --> 00:44:30,820
Dan ifisser hawn fuq.

875
00:44:30,820 --> 00:44:36,050
>> U meta aħna aġġornament li biex jkun ta '13
hija biss jinvolvi għaddejjin u

876
00:44:36,050 --> 00:44:39,470
miktub 13 hawn issa.

877
00:44:39,470 --> 00:44:44,130
Allura forsi mhux kompletament
sempliċi ewwel daqqa t'għajn.

878
00:44:44,130 --> 00:44:47,740
Iżda biex terġa u jużaw l-istess lingwaġġ
li Binky kienet qed tuża hawn, hekk

879
00:44:47,740 --> 00:44:50,485
l-ewwel tnejn talloka l-pointers,
X u Y, iżda mhux il-pointees.

880
00:44:50,485 --> 00:44:54,750
U pointees mhix
terminu ġeneralment użat.

881
00:44:54,750 --> 00:44:56,120
Iżda pointer assolutament hu.

882
00:44:56,120 --> 00:44:59,200
Iżda huwa dak li qed osservat
fil fin-nomenklatura Binky tal.

883
00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:01,660
>> Din il-linja li jmiss, naturalment,
jalloka pointee int.

884
00:45:01,660 --> 00:45:04,840
Allura blokki ta 'memorja - kif I ġibdet fuq fuq
in-naħa tal-lemin hemm - u sett

885
00:45:04,840 --> 00:45:06,470
x ugwali għall-punt lilha.

886
00:45:06,470 --> 00:45:11,350
Dan dereferences x biex jaħżnu 42
l-memorja li huwa tipponta lejn.

887
00:45:11,350 --> 00:45:13,380
U allura dan, naturalment,
kienet ħaġa ħażina.

888
00:45:13,380 --> 00:45:15,600
Minħabba y ma kienx tipponta
fil xejn s'issa.

889
00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:16,530
Dan jiffissa dan.

890
00:45:16,530 --> 00:45:18,240
Allura dan għadu programm buggy.

891
00:45:18,240 --> 00:45:21,580
Sempliċiment għax aħna qed blowing permezz tal-
kodiċi linja b'linja u qal, oh ukoll,

892
00:45:21,580 --> 00:45:22,690
ħalliha crash hemmhekk.

893
00:45:22,690 --> 00:45:23,420
Li l-ħaġa ħażina.

894
00:45:23,420 --> 00:45:26,790
Odds huma l-programm jinsab biss ser
abort kollox f'dak linja.

895
00:45:26,790 --> 00:45:30,550
Imma jekk ġejt biex tneħħi l-ġġarraf
linja u tibdilha ma 'l-aħħar tnejn

896
00:45:30,550 --> 00:45:32,470
linji hemm inti tassenja -

897
00:45:32,470 --> 00:45:35,310
użu assenjazzjoni pointer - y
għall-punt li x bħala punt t.

898
00:45:35,310 --> 00:45:39,280
U allura inti dereference
y b'mod sikuri ferm.

899
00:45:39,280 --> 00:45:41,520
>> Għalhekk, fejn ma dan il-leave us?

900
00:45:41,520 --> 00:45:45,350
Ukoll, jirriżulta li taħt il-barnuża
fil-librerija CS50, pointers huma

901
00:45:45,350 --> 00:45:46,320
użat kollu.

902
00:45:46,320 --> 00:45:48,910
U aħna ser attwalment tibda titqaxxar
lura li saff qabel twil.

903
00:45:48,910 --> 00:45:51,740
Iżda jirriżulta wisq, espressjoni li
xi wħud minnkom jista 'jkun familjari ma',

904
00:45:51,740 --> 00:45:54,580
partikolarment dawk aktar komda,
huwa attwalment dak ta 'popolari ħafna

905
00:45:54,580 --> 00:45:56,390
websajt, jew overflow munzell,
dawn il-jiem.

906
00:45:56,390 --> 00:45:58,720
>> Iżda dan attwalment għandha ħafna
tifsira tekniku.

907
00:45:58,720 --> 00:46:00,160
Aħna issa jkunu jafu x'inhi munzell hu.

908
00:46:00,160 --> 00:46:02,550
Huwa bħal munzell ta 'dixxijiet
ġewwa ta 'sala dining.

909
00:46:02,550 --> 00:46:05,140
>> Jew ġewwa tal-kompjuter tiegħek
memorja tiegħu dawk frames

910
00:46:05,140 --> 00:46:06,900
li huma użati mill-funzjonijiet.

911
00:46:06,900 --> 00:46:10,760
Ukoll, jirriżulta li minħabba li
implimentazzjoni sempliċi ħafna ta '

912
00:46:10,760 --> 00:46:14,970
memorja u l-kwadri fuq l-hekk imsejħa
munzell, inti tista 'attwalment jieħdu l-kontroll

913
00:46:14,970 --> 00:46:17,050
ta 'sistema tal-kompjuter pjuttost faċilment.

914
00:46:17,050 --> 00:46:22,180
Tista Hack fis-sistema jekk in-nies
bħalna ma miktub kodiċi tagħna

915
00:46:22,180 --> 00:46:23,300
partikolarment tajjeb.

916
00:46:23,300 --> 00:46:26,670
>> Jekk in-nies bħalna jużaw biċċiet
tal-memorja jew l-użu arrays -

917
00:46:26,670 --> 00:46:27,810
saħansitra aktar komunement -

918
00:46:27,810 --> 00:46:31,800
imma xi kultant tinsa li jivverifika l-
konfini ta 'firxa tagħna kif inti tista'

919
00:46:31,800 --> 00:46:38,470
jkollhom yourself kultant, u tennew
mod wisq passat l-aħħar firxa.

920
00:46:38,470 --> 00:46:40,520
Fil-każ aħjar, program tiegħek
tista 'biss crash.

921
00:46:40,520 --> 00:46:42,280
Tort Segmentazzjoni, tip
ta 'embarrassing.

922
00:46:42,280 --> 00:46:45,480
Mhux kbira, iżda mhux neċessarjament
ħaġa immensament ħażina.

923
00:46:45,480 --> 00:46:49,480
>> Imma jekk program tiegħek huwa attwalment fuq reali
kompjuters utenti, jekk huwa taħdem

924
00:46:49,480 --> 00:46:53,070
fuq websajt li nies bl-addoċċ attwali
fuq l-internet qed tolqot, kiri

925
00:46:53,070 --> 00:46:56,690
nies jinduċi affarijiet ħżiena fuq kodiċi tiegħek huwa
ġeneralment mhux ħaġa tajba għaliex

926
00:46:56,690 --> 00:46:59,930
dan ifisser l-opportunità li jieħu
kontroll tal-kompjuter.

927
00:46:59,930 --> 00:47:01,350
U dan se tfittex
ftit cryptic.

928
00:47:01,350 --> 00:47:04,570
Imma ħsibt I d biża inti ma
dan l-aħħar eżempju hawn.

929
00:47:04,570 --> 00:47:05,650
>> Hawn eżempju ta 'kodiċi.

930
00:47:05,650 --> 00:47:07,370
U hemm Wikipedia tajba
artikolu li mixjiet permezz

931
00:47:07,370 --> 00:47:08,530
dan f'aktar dettal.

932
00:47:08,530 --> 00:47:13,890
Għandi prinċipali fuq is-sejħa tal-qiegħ
foo, li jgħaddi fil ARGV ta '1.

933
00:47:13,890 --> 00:47:15,750
U dan huwa biss sabiex inti tista '
tmexxi l-programm u jgħaddu

934
00:47:15,750 --> 00:47:17,080
input arbitrarja.

935
00:47:17,080 --> 00:47:20,180
>> U allura foo huwa ddikjarat up top
bħala taċċetta string, jew aktar

936
00:47:20,180 --> 00:47:21,700
preċiżament, char *.

937
00:47:21,700 --> 00:47:23,860
Imbagħad jiddikjara firxa ta 'Chars.

938
00:47:23,860 --> 00:47:27,130
Sejħa hija ta 'buffer, b'mod aktar ġenerali,
ta 'daqs 12.

939
00:47:27,130 --> 00:47:30,900
Allura 12 Chars jistgħu joqogħdu ġewwa
ta 'dak array imsejħa c.

940
00:47:30,900 --> 00:47:33,510
>> U allura juża din il-funzjoni l-ġdida,
li huwa ġdid imma mhux diffiċli biex

941
00:47:33,510 --> 00:47:34,930
jifhmu, kopja memorja.

942
00:47:34,930 --> 00:47:39,290
Hija kopji l-memorja minn bar, li kienet
il-varjabbli n passat, ikun x'ikun l-

943
00:47:39,290 --> 00:47:42,080
utent ittajpjat fil ARGV 1 fis c.

944
00:47:42,080 --> 00:47:43,090
Kemm bytes ħafna?

945
00:47:43,090 --> 00:47:44,260
It-tul sensiela ta 'bar.

946
00:47:44,260 --> 00:47:48,380
>> Allura fi kliem ieħor, jekk it-tipi l-utent fil-
h-e-l-l-o jidħlu, it-tul string

947
00:47:48,380 --> 00:47:49,260
ta bonjour huwa ħamsa.

948
00:47:49,260 --> 00:47:52,790
Allura ħamsa minn dawk bytes hija se tikseb
ikkopjata fil-firxa imsejħa c, li

949
00:47:52,790 --> 00:47:54,110
hija ta 'daqs 12.

950
00:47:54,110 --> 00:47:58,710
Imma dak it-tipi l-utent fil-ħafna itwal
kelma li l-13-karattri jew 14

951
00:47:58,710 --> 00:48:01,250
karattri jew 100 karattri jew aktar?

952
00:48:01,250 --> 00:48:02,660
>> Fejn huma se jmorru?

953
00:48:02,660 --> 00:48:06,090
Ukoll, dak il-qafas, li trej
fil-ċmieni dining sala-,

954
00:48:06,090 --> 00:48:06,930
dawn qed tmur biex jmorru hemm.

955
00:48:06,930 --> 00:48:10,080
U huwa biss ser tibda kitba fuq oħra
Jittieħed oħra li l-diġà

956
00:48:10,080 --> 00:48:12,880
fuq dik munzell, overflowing
l-munzell, biex ngħidu hekk.

957
00:48:12,880 --> 00:48:14,780
>> Allura pictorially, think ta 'dan il-mod.

958
00:48:14,780 --> 00:48:17,970
Dan huwa biss verżjoni mlewna ta '
l-istampa konna qed jieħu.

959
00:48:17,970 --> 00:48:20,060
Fil-qiegħ, ejja ngħidu, hija prinċipali.

960
00:48:20,060 --> 00:48:24,690
U fuq il-quċċata, dak li qed tara issa
huwa l-qafas, kulur kkodifikati issa, għal

961
00:48:24,690 --> 00:48:26,090
funzjoni msejħa foo.

962
00:48:26,090 --> 00:48:30,170
Imma x'hemm interessanti hawn dwar
foo hija li hawnhekk huwa frejm tagħha.

963
00:48:30,170 --> 00:48:32,860
Allura huwa mfassal bħad I
għamlet iżda bil-blu dawl.

964
00:48:32,860 --> 00:48:35,220
U issa dan huwa fejn
c bracket 0 tmur.

965
00:48:35,220 --> 00:48:37,410
U dan huwa fejn bracket c
11 huwa ser jispiċċaw.

966
00:48:37,410 --> 00:48:39,670
>> Fi kliem ieħor, dan jiġri
jkun irrappreżentat bħala kwadru.

967
00:48:39,670 --> 00:48:42,320
Imma jekk inti biss iżommu plopping bytes
isfel - jew jaħraq - dawn qed tmur biex tintemm

968
00:48:42,320 --> 00:48:46,070
up fil-post 0-triq kollha sa
sa 11, għaliex dan huwa 0 indiċjati.

969
00:48:46,070 --> 00:48:49,170
>> Iżda fejn huwa l-karattru 13
ser jispiċċaw?

970
00:48:49,170 --> 00:48:50,310
Fejn hi l-14 ta?

971
00:48:50,310 --> 00:48:52,430
Fejn hi l-karattru 50
ser jispiċċaw?

972
00:48:52,430 --> 00:48:54,070
>> Huwa ser jibqgħu għaddejjin isfel.

973
00:48:54,070 --> 00:48:57,350
Għaliex anki jekk konna ġibdu l-
istampa bil-munzell jikbru, il-

974
00:48:57,350 --> 00:48:59,920
indirizzi, jirriżulta, imorru minn
indirizzi żgħar, żgħar

975
00:48:59,920 --> 00:49:01,830
pointers, għal indirizzi kbar.

976
00:49:01,830 --> 00:49:03,540
Allura hija biss iżomm għaddej up u aġġornata.

977
00:49:03,540 --> 00:49:05,660
>> Mela jekk tipi l-utent fil-
hello, li l-kbir.

978
00:49:05,660 --> 00:49:08,650
Nru bug, l-ebda problema, sikur kulħadd.

979
00:49:08,650 --> 00:49:11,940
Iżda jekk it-tipi l-utent fil dak li aħna ser
sejħa kodiċi kontradittorju, irrappreżentata

980
00:49:11,940 --> 00:49:16,040
ġeneriku bħala, attakk, attakk,
attakk, attakk, dak li jista 'jiġri?

981
00:49:16,040 --> 00:49:19,760
>> Ukoll, jekk kollha ta 'l-input li l-utent
ttajpjata mhix biss ftit friendly

982
00:49:19,760 --> 00:49:21,540
jew sekwenza ta 'karattri offensiv.

983
00:49:21,540 --> 00:49:24,050
Huwa fil-fatt sekwenza ta 'karattri
li jekk inti miġbura dan,

984
00:49:24,050 --> 00:49:26,050
fil-fatt hu kodiċi.

985
00:49:26,050 --> 00:49:29,570
Forsi huwa kodiċi li tħassar l-
fajls fuq hard drive tiegħek jew jibgħat spam

986
00:49:29,570 --> 00:49:30,810
jew xi ħaġa bħal dik.

987
00:49:30,810 --> 00:49:35,110
Avviż li x'hemm prinċipali hawnhekk hija li
jekk il-Guy ħażina ltqajna xortik tajba biżżejjed biex

988
00:49:35,110 --> 00:49:37,830
jissostitwixxu l-blokki aħmar tal-memorja -

989
00:49:37,830 --> 00:49:41,080
li jien ma tibbaża fuq stampa tiegħi iżda
din l-istampa Wikipedija għandha hawnhekk -

990
00:49:41,080 --> 00:49:42,890
hekk imsejħa indirizz ta 'ritorn tagħha.

991
00:49:42,890 --> 00:49:47,470
>> Meta jerġa 'jibda l-ikel, meta tpartit prospetti,
kif ma 'l-kompjuter jaf li jmorru minn

992
00:49:47,470 --> 00:49:49,790
up hawn biex stabbiliti hawn?

993
00:49:49,790 --> 00:49:52,920
Jew fil-segment tech up hawn fuq, kif
ma taf li jmorru mit-tpartit

994
00:49:52,920 --> 00:49:54,870
kodiċi - il-0 u l-1
li jikkomponu swap -

995
00:49:54,870 --> 00:49:56,020
lura għall prinċipali?

996
00:49:56,020 --> 00:50:00,450
Hemm hekk imsejħa indirizz ta 'ritorn
maħżuna fl-istess qafas munzell, fuq

997
00:50:00,450 --> 00:50:02,140
l-istess trej kafetterija.

998
00:50:02,140 --> 00:50:06,080
>> Allura jekk il-Guy ħażina hija għaqlija biżżejjed biex
tpoġġi kodiċi attakk, attakk kodiċi, attakk

999
00:50:06,080 --> 00:50:07,960
kodiċi, u jiksbu xortik tajba biżżejjed -

1000
00:50:07,960 --> 00:50:11,630
spiss permezz ta 'prova u żball - li
jissostitwixxu dak l-indirizz tar-ritorn aħmar,

1001
00:50:11,630 --> 00:50:14,360
bl-indirizz u avviż
il-quċċata ħafna.

1002
00:50:14,360 --> 00:50:16,830
Avviż 0835C080.

1003
00:50:16,830 --> 00:50:20,650
Huwa bil-miktub lura up fuq għall-
raġunijiet aħna ser tirrevedi forsi.

1004
00:50:20,650 --> 00:50:22,050
Dan huwa dak in-numru.

1005
00:50:22,050 --> 00:50:25,790
>> Allura jekk il-Guy ħażina gets xortik tajba biżżejjed jew
huwa intelliġenti biżżejjed biex jissostitwixxu l-aħmar

1006
00:50:25,790 --> 00:50:29,480
strixxa ta 'memorja bl-indirizz ta'
kodiċi li hu jew hi għandu b'xi mod

1007
00:50:29,480 --> 00:50:34,980
injettat fis-kompjuter tiegħek, raden li
kodiċi se jiġu rritornati lill

1008
00:50:34,980 --> 00:50:38,260
malli foo isir eżekuzzjoni?

1009
00:50:38,260 --> 00:50:39,440
>> Kodiċi l-Guy ħażina tal.

1010
00:50:39,440 --> 00:50:43,610
Allura dan il-kodiċi attakk, AAA, għal darb'oħra, jista
jibgħat l-ispam, tista tħassar il-fajls kollha

1011
00:50:43,610 --> 00:50:44,500
fuq hard drive tiegħek.

1012
00:50:44,500 --> 00:50:48,740
Imma dan huwa dak verament overflow munzell
huwa, jew eċċess buffer, jew

1013
00:50:48,740 --> 00:50:51,060
protezzjoni kontra attakk overflow.

1014
00:50:51,060 --> 00:50:54,400
>> U huwa oerhört, oerhört komuni
din il-ġurnata ma 'programmi miktubin

1015
00:50:54,400 --> 00:50:58,220
C, C + +, u anki f'xi lingwi oħra.

1016
00:50:58,220 --> 00:51:02,275
Fuq din in-nota scary, aħna ser
jispiċċa bil Joke.

1017
00:51:02,275 --> 00:51:03,230
>> [Daħk]

1018
00:51:03,230 --> 00:51:04,550
>> Ara inti nhar l-Erbgħa.

1019
00:51:04,550 --> 00:51:07,920

1020
00:51:07,920 --> 00:51:10,310
Fl-CS50 jmiss -

1021
00:51:10,310 --> 00:51:15,920
Hekk jien kollha barra ta 'lampi disk lum, iżda
stenna, ħalib, nofs it-telefon bla xaħam

1022
00:51:15,920 --> 00:51:17,850
ktieb, il-meraq tal-larinġ
li I xorbu illum.

1023
00:51:17,850 --> 00:51:20,370

1024
00:51:20,370 --> 00:51:22,780
USB cable, a wrench.

1025
00:51:22,780 --> 00:51:24,800
>> [Daqq tal-mużika]