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>> DAVID J. Malan: Hivyo hii ni CS50.

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Na hii ilikuwa CS50 ya mwenyewe Colton Ogden,
kwa zaidi ya ambaye ni muziki unaweza

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00:00:18,970 --> 00:00:22,820
download saa soundcloud.com/cs50.

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>> Hivyo leo sisi lengo wote zaidi
juu ya sanaa ya programu.

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00:00:26,690 --> 00:00:28,980
Na sisi kuchukua ambapo sisi kushoto
mbali wiki iliyopita, kwa kulenga

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00:00:28,980 --> 00:00:31,660
juu ya Scratch, ambayo ilikuwa hii
graphical lugha ya programu.

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Na kuchukua mambo ya chini kwa kiwango cha chini,
kutumia programu zaidi ya jadi

9
00:00:35,490 --> 00:00:38,420
lugha inajulikana kama C. Lakini
njiani, kutambua

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kwamba mawazo huo sisi
aliyesema kuhusu Ijumaa iliyopita

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itakuwa kurudia si tu katika hii
lugha C, lakini katika wengi kila mengine

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00:00:44,390 --> 00:00:46,350
kwamba sisi kuangalia muhula huu.

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>> Hivyo sisi kuitwa jambo hili
hapa nini wakati wa mwisho?

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00:00:50,247 --> 00:00:51,830
Hii ni mwakilishi wa taarifa.

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Hivyo sisi kuitwa kauli hii.

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Na hana kitu.

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Ni maelekezo kwamba
kompyuta au Scratch ili kutekeleza.

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00:00:56,910 --> 00:00:59,910
Na sasa, hebu pia kuanza
wito kitu kama hii kazi,

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kwa sababu sisi watakuja kuona.

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>> Wakati huo huo, tuliona mambo kama hayo.

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Na hawa ni kwa ujumla
inayojulikana kama nini kujenga?

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>> Watazamaji: Loop.

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>> DAVID J. Malan: Hivyo kitanzi.

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00:01:06,860 --> 00:01:07,943
Hivyo pretty moja kwa moja.

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Ni literally anafanya nini anasema.

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Na katika Scratch, kama unataka
Cram vipande zaidi puzzle huko,

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00:01:12,210 --> 00:01:13,950
kipande kukua na kifafa yake.

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Na tutaweza kuona katika C kwamba
tunaweza kufanya kitu kimoja.

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>> Aina nyingine ya kitanzi, ingawa,
katika Scratch inaweza kuwa milele,

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au kuna idadi yoyote
ya mbinu nyingine.

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Lakini hebu kuchukua zaidi
generalist kuangalia, na uso

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hiyo ni uwezekano familiar kabisa,
katika loops zaidi kwa ujumla.

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Mark Zuckerberg: One
kitu kwamba kompyuta

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ni mzuri katika ni
kurudia amri.

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Kama mtu, wewe Ningependa kupata
kweli kuchoka kama wewe

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alikuwa na kufanya kitu kimoja
kura ya mara katika mfululizo.

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Lakini kompyuta unaweza kufanya kitu kimoja
mamilioni au hata mabilioni ya mara kwa mara,

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na si kupata kuchoka, na kuwa na uwezo
kubeba kwamba nje vizuri.

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>> Hivyo kwa mfano, kama mimi
alitaka unataka kila mtu

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00:01:45,650 --> 00:01:48,840
juu ya Facebook furaha ya kuzaliwa
kwa kutuma barua pepe,

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inaweza kuchukua mimi zaidi kuliko
karne ya kweli kuandika nje

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yote ya barua pepe wale kwa kila mtu.

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Lakini mistari na chache tu ya code, siwezi
kuwa na mfumo wa kutuma barua pepe kwa kila mtu

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juu ya Facebook wanaotaka
yao furaha ya kuzaliwa.

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Hivyo kwamba ni nini loops ni na nini
wao uko thamani na kitu

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kwamba kompyuta anaweza kufanya vizuri sana.

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>> DAVID J. Malan: Hivyo kama
tumekuwa mpokeaji

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wa baadhi ya CS50 na
Dropbox ya nafasi ya marehemu,

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hiyo ni kweli just nini sisi
kufanya, kwa kutumia kanuni kabisa kama hiyo.

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Sisi kimsingi kuwa kubwa
spreadsheet katika ambayo

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folks wamekuwa inputting yao
majina na anwani ya barua pepe.

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Na sisi aliandika kidogo kidogo ya kificho kwamba
unaweza iterate juu ya wale anwani

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na mate nje anwani kipekee katika
kesi ya mtu kuwasilishwa mara nyingi.

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Na baada ya hapo, sisi kutuma
automatiska email kutoka bot CS50 ya,

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ikiwa ni pamoja na Coupon code.

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>> Sasa sisi pia inaonekana katika
hii kujenga wakati wa mwisho.

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Na hii ni hasa
mfano wa nini?

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Hivyo, yeah, kujieleza Boolean.

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Na sura ni maana
kukamata kwamba kama vizuri.

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Maswali yote hiyo ya
kuunda kweli au uongo katika Scratch

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kuangalia kitu kidogo kama hii.

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Na sisi wito huu kujieleza Boolean.

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Hiyo ni kweli kweli au uongo, ndiyo au hapana.

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Ni njia ya kujibu swali.

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>> Na Wakati huo huo unaweza kutumia haya Boolean
maneno ndani ya constructs

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kama haya, ambayo ya
Bila shaka ni hali ya

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au matawi, proverbial
uma katika barabara.

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Na wanaweza kuangalia si tu
kama hii, lakini wanaweza pia

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kuwa elses kuhusishwa na wao.

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Na unaweza kweli kuwa na njia tatu
uma katika barabara au njia nne uma

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katika barabara, tu kwa
nesting mambo haya,

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kama utaona katika Scratch
kama una si tayari.

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Na kama unaweza kufanya katika C kama vizuri.

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>> Hebu kuchukua generalist mwingine
kuangalia alumnist, kama vile, ambao

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wanaweza kuwasilisha mbinu mbalimbali
kwa mambo haya kuitwa masharti.

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>> BILL GATES: Watu kufanya
maamuzi kila siku.

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Kwa mfano, kabla ya kwenda nje wewe
aina ya kuwa kama taarifa kwamba anasema,

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kama ni mvua basi mimi
haja ya kupata koti langu.

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Na kompyuta ni ajabu mara moja wewe
kuamua aina wale wa kauli,

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kwamba wanaweza reliably nitafanya
mambo hayo katika ajabu kasi.

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Na hivyo programu ya kompyuta kweli
ni kidogo ya math na baadhi ya

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kama kauli ambapo
uamuzi anapata alifanya.

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>> DAVID J. Malan: Hivyo kama
unaweza kujua, ilikuwa

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folks kama Bill Gates,
Paul Allen, na wengine

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kwamba kweli mateke mbali
kinachojulikana kompyuta binafsi

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mapinduzi ya baadhi ya miaka iliyopita.

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Nilidhani, kabla ya sisi kupiga mbizi
katika baadhi ya administrivia,

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tunatarajia yanahusiana tale kutoka Albuquerque,
New Mexico makumbusho ya Historia za

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na sayansi ambapo baadhi ya Bill Gates '
na Paul Allen ya hadithi ya kwanza

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ni alielezea jinsi sisi sasa
PC leo na Macs na zaidi.

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Kwa hili, ingawa, tunahitaji watu wawili wa kujitolea
ambao wana sauti nzuri sana simulizi

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kusoma script kwa sauti.

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>> Zote haki, vipi kuhusu katika nyuma huko.

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Kuja juu juu.

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Na vipi kuhusu mbele hapa.

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Kuja juu chini.

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Kuchukua maeneo yako hapa.

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Kama wewe guys kuja, wanandoa
matangazo ya kiutawala.

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sectioning, mchakato
ya kuchagua sehemu,

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itaanza hii
Jumatano kwa njia ya Ijumaa.

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Zaidi juu ya kwamba hii kuja
Jumatano katika hotuba.

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>> Sehemu Super, wakati huo huo, ni
kitu ambacho sisi kutoa wiki ijayo

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ambapo darasa zima ni walioalikwa
ya kushiriki katika wadogo haki kubwa

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sehemu, moja zaidi comfy,
moja chini ya starehe.

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Na sisi kutangaza maelezo
ya kwamba, kama vile, baadaye wiki hii.

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>> Sehemu Wakati huo huo,
wenyewe, itaanza

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katika wiki tatu bila shaka, sifuri index,
ambayo ina maana wale ni michache ya wiki

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nje.

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Hivyo si kuwa na wasiwasi.

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Wewe bado amekosa
kitu chochote pamoja na mistari hayo.

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Wakati huo huo katika huo huo, kama wewe
una maswali yoyote kiutawala,

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email mwenyewe na Devon na Gabe
na Rob katika anwani hii hapa.

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>> Mwisho, kuweka tatizo
0 ni, bila shaka, nje.

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Unaweza kuwa niliona ni
kwenye tovuti bila shaka ya.

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Ni lazima kutoa kwa
majibu yote ya maswali

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unaweza kuwa njiani kwa
kupata ilianza na kuweka tatizo.

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Lakini kama wewe mwenyewe kupata
katika haja ya mkono kusaidia,

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kwa njia zote kuhudhuria masaa ya ofisi,
Jumatatu, Jumanne, Jumatano, Alhamisi

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wa wiki hii katika jioni
katika kumbi dining nne.

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Kuona kwamba URL huko kwa maelezo
ambapo masaa ya ofisi itakuwa.

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>> Sasa Tukutane yetu
wageni wawili hapa leo.

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Nini jina lako?

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>> JAY PAUL: Jay Paul.

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>> DAVID J. Malan: Jay
Paul, nzuri ya kukutana na wewe.

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>> Hikari: Hikari.

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>> DAVID J. Malan: Hikari?

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>> Hikari: Hikari.

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>> DAVID J. Malan: Hikari.

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Nice kukutana na wewe pia.

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Jay Paulo na Hikari na katika
mbele yao juu ya haya muziki

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anasimama scripts mbili kwamba mimi kuchapishwa
nje asubuhi ya leo kutoka New Mexico

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Makumbusho ya Historia na Sayansi.

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Na nini Nilidhani
Ningependa kufanya juu ya uendeshaji

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ni kuongozana kisomo yako
ya script na historia hii

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na baadhi ya picha Visual, hakuna mshangao.

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>> Na kile nimepata kufanyika mapema
ni prehighlight juu ya script yako

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nini unapaswa kusoma,
na nini unapaswa kusoma.

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Na tutaweza kimsingi
tu mbadala aya.

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Hivyo ni kiasi kama wewe nguvu
wamefanya katika lugha ya Kiingereza darasani.

140
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Hiyo ni kweli kumlazimisha watazamaji
kuamini katika tale lako hapa.

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Itakuwa sisi?

142
00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:13,272
Hivyo hadithi hapa ni, tuna
BASIC, na inaanza katika Cambridge.

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>> JAY PAUL: Ilikuwa majira ya baridi, 1974,
katika Cambridge, Massachusetts

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ambapo winters inaweza kuwa baridi.

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bearded, kwa muda mrefu haired
chuo kuacha shule aitwaye

146
00:06:22,800 --> 00:06:27,280
Paul Allen mara drudging katika Harvard
Square, kufyonzwa katika mawazo yake.

147
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Preoccupation wake kuu katika siku hizo
ni jinsi ya kupata rafiki yake, Bill Gates,

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kuacha shule na kwenda
katika biashara pamoja naye.

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Hikari: mbili walikuwa tayari wamekwenda
njia ya idadi ya ubia biashara

150
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pamoja, kuanzia Lakeside
shule katika Seattle ambapo

151
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walikuwa kulipwa katika muda wa bure kompyuta
mtihani kompyuta PDP-10 katika muda wa ndani

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kugawana kampuni.

153
00:06:46,580 --> 00:06:50,930
mpango wa hivi karibuni alikuwa na kuacha
shule na kuunda kampuni ya programu.

154
00:06:50,930 --> 00:06:53,440
Allen alikuwa kushoto Washington
Chuo Kikuu cha Jimbo.

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Lakini katika dakika ya mwisho, Gates
aliamua kwa fimbo na Harvard.

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>> JAY PAUL: Siku hiyo, kuvuka Harvard
Square, Allen spotted Januari,

157
00:07:02,080 --> 00:07:07,530
1975 suala la Popular Electronics
na nchi kuacha kichwa cha habari,

158
00:07:07,530 --> 00:07:11,900
Dunia ya kwanza ya Minicomputer Kit
kwa mpinzani Commercial Models.

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00:07:11,900 --> 00:07:14,430
Chini ya kichwa cha habari mara
picha ya sanduku ndogo

160
00:07:14,430 --> 00:07:16,160
kupambwa na taa na swichi.

161
00:07:16,160 --> 00:07:19,770
Ilikuwa inaitwa MITS Altair 8800.

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Na Allen alijua hii ni nini
yeye alikuwa kuangalia kwa.

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00:07:24,100 --> 00:07:26,350
>> Hikari: Siku ya majadiliano kufuatwa.

164
00:07:26,350 --> 00:07:30,170
Allen na Gates kueleweka
umuhimu wa Altair.

165
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Walishaongelea mara nyingi
kuhusu microprocessors

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00:07:32,480 --> 00:07:35,250
na walikuwa wanasubiri kuona nini
itafanyika pamoja nao.

167
00:07:35,250 --> 00:07:39,770
Sasa kulikuwa na minicomputer kit juu ya
cover ya Popular Electronics.

168
00:07:39,770 --> 00:07:42,830
Ni inaonekana alikuwa na hakuna programu bado.

169
00:07:42,830 --> 00:07:46,830
Wao kufikiri taifa ya
programmers kushuka juu ya MITS.

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Na hivyo kuitwa Ed Roberts,
mkuu wa kampuni,

171
00:07:49,590 --> 00:07:53,330
wakidai kuwa na toleo la
BASIC lugha ya programu karibu tayari

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kwa Altair.

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Wao hawana.

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Na Roberts lazima inajulikana wao hawana.

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Alikuwa kupata wito 10 kwa siku kutoka
watu ambao walikuwa na BASIC karibu tayari.

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Na wake hisa majibu
ilikuwa, "mtu wa kwanza

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00:08:05,570 --> 00:08:11,090
ambao inaonyesha juu na kufanya kazi
BASIC anapata mkataba. "

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>> JAY PAUL: Gates na Allen
sijawahi kuona Altair.

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Walikuwa kamwe hata kuonekana
Intel 8080 Microprocessor

180
00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:19,060
katika moyo wa Altair.

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00:08:19,060 --> 00:08:21,470
Lakini miaka michache mapema
Allen ameandika mpango

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00:08:21,470 --> 00:08:25,220
juu ya mainframe kompyuta ambayo kuigwa
uendeshaji wa Intel uliopita

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Microprocessor.

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00:08:26,217 --> 00:08:28,300
Na wakati huu wao
bila kufanya kitu kimoja.

185
00:08:28,300 --> 00:08:31,530

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>> Hikari: Kwa Intel
8080 mwongozo upande wake,

187
00:08:34,380 --> 00:08:37,770
Allen akaketi
Harvard PDP-10 kompyuta

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00:08:37,770 --> 00:08:42,010
na aliandika emulator na programu
nyenzo muhimu ya kufanya programu.

189
00:08:42,010 --> 00:08:45,820
Wakati huo huo Gates aliacha kwenda
madarasa na kujitoa mwenyewe

190
00:08:45,820 --> 00:08:48,120
kwa kubuni BASIC,
kutumia kila hila

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00:08:48,120 --> 00:08:53,130
alijua kupata ukubwa
chini chini ya 4 kilobytes.

192
00:08:53,130 --> 00:08:55,870
>> JAY PAUL: Kati katika Albuquerque,
Ed Roberts got simu kutoka Gates

193
00:08:55,870 --> 00:08:59,754
kuuliza kwa maelezo kuhusu jinsi
Altair kubebwa routines maalum.

194
00:08:59,754 --> 00:09:01,170
Hakuna mtu aliyewahi aliuliza kwamba kabla ya.

195
00:09:01,170 --> 00:09:02,670
Na Roberts alianza kupata nia.

196
00:09:02,670 --> 00:09:05,240

197
00:09:05,240 --> 00:09:07,970
>> Hikari: Pamoja na maendeleo ya
zana na kubuni tayari,

198
00:09:07,970 --> 00:09:10,780
Gates na Allen aliandika
kanuni ya PDP-10,

199
00:09:10,780 --> 00:09:16,060
kuhusisha mwingine mwanafunzi Harvard,
Monte Davidoff, kuandika routines math.

200
00:09:16,060 --> 00:09:19,450
Baada ya usiku ya mwisho ya
programu, Allen got juu ya ndege

201
00:09:19,450 --> 00:09:22,970
kutoa BASIC yao kwa MITS.

202
00:09:22,970 --> 00:09:25,800
Yeye alitumia ndege kujinasua katika wasiwasi.

203
00:09:25,800 --> 00:09:28,490
Na nyuma katika Cambridge
Gates inatia mashaka.

204
00:09:28,490 --> 00:09:32,100
Walikuwa majaribio yao BASIC na
ni alikuwa na kazi juu ya emulator.

205
00:09:32,100 --> 00:09:35,444
Lakini nini kama emulator ilikuwa na makosa?

206
00:09:35,444 --> 00:09:37,360
JAY PAUL: Kama ndege
akakaribia Albuquerque,

207
00:09:37,360 --> 00:09:40,070
Allen waligundua kwamba wao
BASIC, sasa neatly zilizomo

208
00:09:40,070 --> 00:09:42,460
juu ya roll ndogo ya
mangumi karatasi mkanda, bila

209
00:09:42,460 --> 00:09:44,970
kuwa haina maana bila tofauti
mpango, aitwaye loader, kwamba

210
00:09:44,970 --> 00:09:47,550
waliniambia Altair jinsi
kusoma karatasi mkanda kuwa

211
00:09:47,550 --> 00:09:49,620
kulishwa ndani ya teletype mashine.

212
00:09:49,620 --> 00:09:52,970
Alichukua nje daftari yake na kwa haraka
scribbled chini ya mpango loader

213
00:09:52,970 --> 00:09:56,819
katika lugha Bunge, kisha manually
kutafsiriwa kuwa ndani ya 1s na sekunde 0

214
00:09:56,819 --> 00:09:57,985
Altair bila kuelewa.

215
00:09:57,985 --> 00:10:00,530

216
00:10:00,530 --> 00:10:03,830
>> Hikari: Allen alikuwa akitarajia
safi, kidogo, high tech kampuni

217
00:10:03,830 --> 00:10:05,470
inayoendeshwa na wanaume katika suti biashara.

218
00:10:05,470 --> 00:10:09,210
Hivyo yeye alishangaa wakati Roberts alikutana
naye katika uwanja wa ndege kuangalia kama ranchi

219
00:10:09,210 --> 00:10:10,270
mkono.

220
00:10:10,270 --> 00:10:12,070
Roberts pia alishangaa.

221
00:10:12,070 --> 00:10:16,340
Wakati yeye imeshuka Harvard
programu katika hoteli ya gharama kubwa,

222
00:10:16,340 --> 00:10:20,790
Allen alikuwa na kukiri kwamba
hakuweza kumudu kununua chumba.

223
00:10:20,790 --> 00:10:24,510
>> JAY PAUL: MITS, yenyewe, alikuwa
iko katika vumbi strip maduka.

224
00:10:24,510 --> 00:10:27,040
Ndani ya juu ya cluttered
workbench mara Altair

225
00:10:27,040 --> 00:10:30,390
kubeba up na 5 kilobytes ya
kumbukumbu na kushikamana na cable

226
00:10:30,390 --> 00:10:32,030
kwa teletype mashine.

227
00:10:32,030 --> 00:10:37,200
Roberts na Mhandisi Mkuu,
Bill Yates, walisubiri expectantly

228
00:10:37,200 --> 00:10:40,660
kama Allen toggled loader yake
programu hii katika Altair.

229
00:10:40,660 --> 00:10:44,980
teletype alianza chugging kama vunjwa
karatasi mkanda kupitia msomaji mkanda.

230
00:10:44,980 --> 00:10:47,215
Ni alichukua labda dakika 15
kupakia programu.

231
00:10:47,215 --> 00:10:52,110
Kisha teletype ghafla kuchapishwa
kumbukumbu ya haraka, basi haraka tayari,

232
00:10:52,110 --> 00:10:55,340
na Allen alianza kuandika
mtihani chache amri.

233
00:10:55,340 --> 00:10:57,400
Kwa mshangao wa kila mtu,
programu kazi.

234
00:10:57,400 --> 00:10:58,525
Kulikuwa na mende, bila shaka.

235
00:10:58,525 --> 00:11:02,070
Lakini jambo kuu ilikuwa ni kazi.

236
00:11:02,070 --> 00:11:06,570
>> Hikari: Baadaye, juu ya njia yao ya
$ 3.00 chakula cha mchana katika Pancho ya, wasp akaruka

237
00:11:06,570 --> 00:11:10,470
katika dirisha ya Pickup
lori na stung Allen juu ya mkono.

238
00:11:10,470 --> 00:11:13,070
Lakini katika hatua hiyo kitu
inaweza nyara mood.

239
00:11:13,070 --> 00:11:17,210
Altair sasa alikuwa BASIC yake,
kwanza programu ya kibiashara kwa ajili ya nyumba

240
00:11:17,210 --> 00:11:23,260
kompyuta, yaliyotolewa na Paul Allen na Bill
Gates, kufanya biashara kama Microsoft.

241
00:11:23,260 --> 00:11:25,336
>> DAVID J. Malan: Wengi
shukrani kwa wasomaji wetu wawili.

242
00:11:25,336 --> 00:11:30,690
>> [Makofi]

243
00:11:30,690 --> 00:11:32,520
>> DAVID J. Malan: Sasa
una uchaguzi wako,

244
00:11:32,520 --> 00:11:35,880
kabla ya kuondoka, ya sparkly
au mwanga katika dark-- oh,

245
00:11:35,880 --> 00:11:40,810
kusubiri sec moja, wait-- sparkly
na mwanga katika giza tembo

246
00:11:40,810 --> 00:11:42,534
kutoka CS50 ya mwenyewe Cheng Gong.

247
00:11:42,534 --> 00:11:43,450
Hikari: Aw, asante.

248
00:11:43,450 --> 00:11:45,324
DAVID J. Malan: All
haki, asante sana.

249
00:11:45,324 --> 00:11:49,855
[Makofi]

250
00:11:49,855 --> 00:11:51,105
DAVID J. Malan: Hivyo hadithi ya kweli.

251
00:11:51,105 --> 00:11:54,380
Hii ni kusema kwamba yote haya
mashine na urahisi na ambayo sisi

252
00:11:54,380 --> 00:11:56,270
matumizi yao sasa na kuchukua
kwa nafasi, kwa kweli

253
00:11:56,270 --> 00:12:00,070
ilianza hapa, tu paces chache
kutoka ukumbi wa michezo hii halisi.

254
00:12:00,070 --> 00:12:03,930
Na sasa leo, kama wameweza si kuwa,
hii ni Maxwell Dworkin, kompyuta

255
00:12:03,930 --> 00:12:05,810
sayansi jengo,
pia kuzunguka kona.

256
00:12:05,810 --> 00:12:09,760
Na juu ya ghorofa ya pili ya hii
jengo gani hutegemea kurasa tatu

257
00:12:09,760 --> 00:12:12,740
kutoka code awali chanzo kwamba
Bill Gates na Paul Allen aliandika.

258
00:12:12,740 --> 00:12:14,770
Kwa kweli, kama wewe zoom matumizi
katika unaweza kuona si tu

259
00:12:14,770 --> 00:12:17,350
majina yao katika
aina ya awali, lakini pia

260
00:12:17,350 --> 00:12:22,100
saini zao kwamba wao kupambwa
miaka michache nyuma wakati wao mwisho alitembelea.

261
00:12:22,100 --> 00:12:25,800
>> Lakini kile ambacho kilikuwa hasa kulazimisha
kuhusu hili ni nini wao kuweka nje kufanya

262
00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:29,760
mara kwa kuandika mpango kwamba ingekuwa
kuwawezesha watu wengine kuandika

263
00:12:29,760 --> 00:12:30,950
programu zao.

264
00:12:30,950 --> 00:12:34,280
Wakati huo wote kulikuwa na
mashine hii Altair yaliyotolewa na MITS.

265
00:12:34,280 --> 00:12:40,020
Na wote walihitaji baadhi ya njia ya
kufanya kuwa rahisi kwa hobbyists na watu

266
00:12:40,020 --> 00:12:45,300
kama sisi katika chumba hii kwa kweli mpango
kwamba bila lazima kuelewa

267
00:12:45,300 --> 00:12:49,060
Bunge code, au mashine
code, au Hasha, sekunde 0 na 1s.

268
00:12:49,060 --> 00:12:51,190
Sisi programmers, kama
wale walio katika nafasi hii, sisi

269
00:12:51,190 --> 00:12:54,070
wanataka kuwa na uwezo wa kueleza
wenyewe zaidi kama Pseudo code

270
00:12:54,070 --> 00:12:57,330
hata kama ni kidogo zaidi nit
picky kuliko sisi aliyesema wiki iliyopita.

271
00:12:57,330 --> 00:13:00,970
Hatutaki kuandika kanuni kama hii,
ambayo Paul Allen na Bill Gates alifanya.

272
00:13:00,970 --> 00:13:04,850
Sisi, badala yake, unataka kuandika kificho kwamba
inaonekana kidogo zaidi user kirafiki.

273
00:13:04,850 --> 00:13:07,150
>> Sasa hii ni lugha inajulikana kama BASIC.

274
00:13:07,150 --> 00:13:11,497
Na mstari namba kuna nini
kutumia tu idadi mstari wa kanuni

275
00:13:11,497 --> 00:13:12,330
kwamba wewe ni kuandika.

276
00:13:12,330 --> 00:13:14,038
Sisi si hata kuwa na
kufanya hivyo siku hizi.

277
00:13:14,038 --> 00:13:16,060
Lakini unaweza kuona hapa
jinsi magazeti "hello, dunia"

278
00:13:16,060 --> 00:13:18,660
bila ya shaka labda magazeti tu.

279
00:13:18,660 --> 00:13:22,710
Na hivyo kile Bill na Paulo alifanya alikuwa
kuwawezesha watu kuandika kanuni kama hii

280
00:13:22,710 --> 00:13:27,240
badala of-- kama wewe kuangalia
sayansi ya kompyuta wall-- code kama hii.

281
00:13:27,240 --> 00:13:29,290
>> Kwa kweli, CS50 hivi karibuni
alikuwa na nafasi

282
00:13:29,290 --> 00:13:32,540
kukaa chini na Profesa Harry Lewis
katika Sayansi ya Kompyuta idara, ambao

283
00:13:32,540 --> 00:13:34,640
kweli kufundishwa Bill
Gates baadhi ya miaka iliyopita,

284
00:13:34,640 --> 00:13:38,460
Na papa hapa kabla ya
kurasa hizo tatu za Sammandrag.

285
00:13:38,460 --> 00:13:39,560
Hebu tuangalie.

286
00:13:39,560 --> 00:13:45,520
>> HARRY LEWIS: Nini una hapa ni
orodha ya kipande ya kwanza ya programu

287
00:13:45,520 --> 00:13:50,240
Imeandikwa na Bill Gates na Paul
Allen, waanzilishi wa Microsoft.

288
00:13:50,240 --> 00:13:52,570
Hivyo code ni ya kuvutia
kwa sababu mbili.

289
00:13:52,570 --> 00:13:55,480
Awali ya yote, na ikawa
Bidhaa Microsoft ya kwanza,

290
00:13:55,480 --> 00:14:01,810
ambayo ilikuwa mkalimani kwa
BASIC lugha ya programu.

291
00:14:01,810 --> 00:14:04,940
Na pili, hii ilikuwa
moja ya majaribio ya kwanza

292
00:14:04,940 --> 00:14:10,580
kujenga mkalimani hivyo kawaida
watu wanaweza kutumia kompyuta binafsi.

293
00:14:10,580 --> 00:14:12,670
>> Hivyo Bill Gates alikuwa
shahada ya kwanza katika Harvard.

294
00:14:12,670 --> 00:14:14,820
Nilianza kufundisha katika Harvard katika 1974.

295
00:14:14,820 --> 00:14:16,560
Hii ilifanyika mwaka 1975.

296
00:14:16,560 --> 00:14:20,180
Hivyo ilikuwa mapema katika kazi yake
na mapema katika kazi yangu.

297
00:14:20,180 --> 00:14:23,790
Mimi kwa kweli kufundishwa Bill katika
Bila shaka kote wakati huu.

298
00:14:23,790 --> 00:14:27,130
Paul Allen alikuwa si
Harvard mwanafunzi, lakini yeye

299
00:14:27,130 --> 00:14:31,020
alikuwa wa shule ya sekondari
classmate ya Bill Gates.

300
00:14:31,020 --> 00:14:33,740
Kama wewe kuja na kuangalia
katika listing, itabidi

301
00:14:33,740 --> 00:14:36,230
kweli kupata tatu
jina, Monte Davidoff,

302
00:14:36,230 --> 00:14:39,260
ambaye alikuwa classmate Gates ya
hapa katika Harvard.

303
00:14:39,260 --> 00:14:41,340
>> OK, hivyo hapa ni
kuvutia maoni hapa.

304
00:14:41,340 --> 00:14:47,150
Ni anasema "Katika 4K unaweza kufuta mraba mizizi
lakini kwa loops lazima bado kazi. "

305
00:14:47,150 --> 00:14:53,080
OK, hivyo nini maana ni kwamba kuna
njia mbili za kukusanya mpango huu.

306
00:14:53,080 --> 00:14:57,860
Mmoja alikuwa na kukimbia kwenye toleo
wa kompyuta hii Altair

307
00:14:57,860 --> 00:15:04,310
kwamba tu alikuwa na maneno 4K ya
kumbukumbu, maneno 4096 ya kumbukumbu.

308
00:15:04,310 --> 00:15:07,050
Lakini toleo kubwa alikuwa 8k.

309
00:15:07,050 --> 00:15:09,770
Na hivyo kile hii anasema ni
kwamba katika toleo 4K

310
00:15:09,770 --> 00:15:12,770
alikuwa na kufuta baadhi
code kwa kufanya hivyo inafaa.

311
00:15:12,770 --> 00:15:14,790
Na moja ya mambo
kwamba itakuwa ilifutwa

312
00:15:14,790 --> 00:15:16,290
itakuwa mraba mizizi mara kwa mara.

313
00:15:16,290 --> 00:15:20,360
Lakini inaonekana
kwa loops lazima bado

314
00:15:20,360 --> 00:15:26,392
kazi hata wakati wewe ni kuandaa chini
kwa tu 4K toleo la kompyuta.

315
00:15:26,392 --> 00:15:29,350
DAVID J. Malan: Hivyo moja ya mandhari,
kama tutaweza kuona katika sayansi ya kompyuta,

316
00:15:29,350 --> 00:15:31,430
ni wazo hili la
layering na kufikirika,

317
00:15:31,430 --> 00:15:34,670
na kwa kweli amesimama juu ya mabega
ya folks ambao wamekuja mbele yetu, si

318
00:15:34,670 --> 00:15:37,890
tofauti na baadhi ya Bill Gates
na Paul Allen hadithi hapa.

319
00:15:37,890 --> 00:15:40,080
Na nini maana ya hii ni
kwamba leo tunaweza kuchukua kwa

320
00:15:40,080 --> 00:15:43,490
nafasi ya kuwa mambo ni kweli
rahisi kwa sisi kuandika code.

321
00:15:43,490 --> 00:15:47,170
Hakika code, kama sisi alisema siku ya Ijumaa, ni
zaidi kitaalam hujulikana kama chanzo code.

322
00:15:47,170 --> 00:15:52,210
Na ni hii syntax Kiingereza kama
hiyo ni sahihi zaidi na vizuri zaidi inavyoelezwa

323
00:15:52,210 --> 00:15:55,480
kuliko kitu kama Pseudo code, kwa
ambayo hakuna ufafanuzi rasmi.

324
00:15:55,480 --> 00:15:58,320
>> Na leo nini tunakwenda
kuzingatia ni chanzo code

325
00:15:58,320 --> 00:16:01,010
kwamba inaonekana kama hii, ambayo
admittedly katika mtazamo wa kwanza

326
00:16:01,010 --> 00:16:02,690
inaonekana cryptic kabisa.

327
00:16:02,690 --> 00:16:08,540
Na kusema ukweli, ni njia zaidi aesthetically
ngumu zaidi kuliko mpango msingi ni.

328
00:16:08,540 --> 00:16:13,300
Mpango huu wote gani,
wanakumbuka, ni nini sisi kusema?

329
00:16:13,300 --> 00:16:14,990
Ni tu Prints "hello dunia."

330
00:16:14,990 --> 00:16:19,600
Na bado kuangalia yote ya mambo ya sisi haja
kufungia kwamba maneno rahisi sana.

331
00:16:19,600 --> 00:16:21,750
Lakini kabla ya muda mrefu yote ya
mistari haya na zaidi

332
00:16:21,750 --> 00:16:24,800
itakuwa kufanya maana sana bora na wewe.

333
00:16:24,800 --> 00:16:26,940
>> Na kati yake ni kama ifuatavyo.

334
00:16:26,940 --> 00:16:31,220
Nini tunahitaji tulizonazo
ni kuchukua code, kama chanzo

335
00:16:31,220 --> 00:16:32,340
kificho kwamba sisi tu kuona.

336
00:16:32,340 --> 00:16:35,060
Na tunahitaji mpango mpya
kuendesha kupitia.

337
00:16:35,060 --> 00:16:39,130
Tunahitaji algorithms ambayo inaweza
kubadilisha chanzo code, kama hii,

338
00:16:39,130 --> 00:16:41,932
ndani ya kitu code, sekunde 0 na 1s.

339
00:16:41,932 --> 00:16:43,890
Kwa maneno mengine, kile
tunakwenda kujifunza leo

340
00:16:43,890 --> 00:16:46,620
ni jinsi ya kufanya hivyo, kuandika
chanzo code juu juu,

341
00:16:46,620 --> 00:16:49,930
kupita kama pembejeo kwa maalum
mpango inayojulikana kama compiler,

342
00:16:49,930 --> 00:16:52,140
na sisi ni kwenda kuzalisha kitu code.

343
00:16:52,140 --> 00:16:54,600
Ambayo ni njia tu ya dhana ya
akisema sisi kuchukua kitu

344
00:16:54,600 --> 00:16:58,350
kwamba inaonekana kama hii, kupita
ndani ya programu inayoitwa compiler,

345
00:16:58,350 --> 00:17:01,210
kuzalisha kitu code
kwamba inaonekana kama hii.

346
00:17:01,210 --> 00:17:04,720
>> Basi hizi ni literally
mifumo ya sekunde 0 na 1s

347
00:17:04,720 --> 00:17:08,550
kwamba ni kueleweka kwa
Intel kompyuta siku hizi,

348
00:17:08,550 --> 00:17:12,480
kwamba kama kufasiriwa kwa CPU,
akili ndani ya kompyuta,

349
00:17:12,480 --> 00:17:16,130
mapenzi halisi magazeti nje,
kwa urahisi kabisa, "hello dunia."

350
00:17:16,130 --> 00:17:19,670
Sasa kuna sekunde 0 na 1s njia zaidi kuliko wewe
bila matumaini inaweza kuwa muhimu kwa ajili hiyo.

351
00:17:19,670 --> 00:17:22,520
Lakini hiyo ni kwa sababu sisi ni kujenga
juu ya mpango mzuri wa utata

352
00:17:22,520 --> 00:17:24,270
kwamba tunaweza sasa na kuchukua kwa nafasi.

353
00:17:24,270 --> 00:17:27,869
Kwa maneno mengine, mengi ya watu smart
ametupa mengi ya zana baridi

354
00:17:27,869 --> 00:17:32,480
na nguvu programu ambayo sisi
Sasa unaweza kufanya miradi ya yetu wenyewe.

355
00:17:32,480 --> 00:17:33,400
>> Basi hebu kupata kuanza.

356
00:17:33,400 --> 00:17:36,640
Wakati Ijumaa iliyopita, na
Tatizo Set kwa 0 wiki hii,

357
00:17:36,640 --> 00:17:39,000
wewe utakuwa kucheza katika
dunia ambayo inaonekana kama hii.

358
00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:42,180
Kuanzia leo na kwa Tatizo
Kuweka 1 wiki ijayo, kanuni na

359
00:17:42,180 --> 00:17:45,410
ni kwenda kuangalia kidogo zaidi
cryptic, lakini functionally ni

360
00:17:45,410 --> 00:17:46,940
kwenda kuwa sawa.

361
00:17:46,940 --> 00:17:50,770
Hivyo taarifa, top ni Scratch,
chini ni C. Kwa kweli Scratch

362
00:17:50,770 --> 00:17:52,780
ni mengi zaidi user
kirafiki na kupatikana.

363
00:17:52,780 --> 00:17:56,890
Lakini kama wewe sasa kulinganisha kuibua juu kwa
chini, kuna aina ya 1-1

364
00:17:56,890 --> 00:17:59,690
mawasiliano kati ya
vipande puzzle na lugha

365
00:17:59,690 --> 00:18:00,870
sisi ni juu ya kucheza na.

366
00:18:00,870 --> 00:18:04,420
Hasa, kusema,
bluu puzzle kipande juu juu,

367
00:18:04,420 --> 00:18:08,370
ni inaonekana sawa na kile keyword
au maneno maalum katika lugha hii

368
00:18:08,370 --> 00:18:09,062
kuitwa C?

369
00:18:09,062 --> 00:18:09,770
Watazamaji: printf.

370
00:18:09,770 --> 00:18:10,728
DAVID J. Malan: printf.

371
00:18:10,728 --> 00:18:12,140
Hiyo ina maana uchapishaji formatted.

372
00:18:12,140 --> 00:18:15,240
Na kwamba ni dhana tu
njia ya kusema printf katika C

373
00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:18,615
ni kwenda kuwa kauli au kazi
kwamba Prints kitu screen.

374
00:18:18,615 --> 00:18:19,990
Ni nini magazeti kwa screen?

375
00:18:19,990 --> 00:18:23,627
Chochote kuwaambia ni ndani ya
ya quotes, ndani ya mabano.

376
00:18:23,627 --> 00:18:25,460
Hivyo tena, admittedly,
kuna mengi ya mambo

377
00:18:25,460 --> 00:18:27,990
kwamba una kuweka katika akili,
mabano, quotes, semicolons,

378
00:18:27,990 --> 00:18:28,656
na hii yote.

379
00:18:28,656 --> 00:18:30,600
Lakini yote ya kwamba ni aina
ya kando ya uhakika.

380
00:18:30,600 --> 00:18:33,660
takeaway kuvutia kwa ajili ya sasa
ni kwamba kusema block katika Scratch

381
00:18:33,660 --> 00:18:37,520
ni pretty much sawa na
printf taarifa katika C.

382
00:18:37,520 --> 00:18:41,390
>> Wakati huo huo, njano puzzle kipande
juu juu, wakati kijani bendera clicked,

383
00:18:41,390 --> 00:18:44,736
pengine ni sawa
kwa nini Keyword hapa?

384
00:18:44,736 --> 00:18:45,360
Watazamaji: Main.

385
00:18:45,360 --> 00:18:46,359
DAVID J. Malan: Hivyo kuu.

386
00:18:46,359 --> 00:18:47,410
Labda int, labda batili.

387
00:18:47,410 --> 00:18:51,280
Lakini aina kuu ya sauti kama
ni muhimu, na kwa kweli ni.

388
00:18:51,280 --> 00:18:54,080
Hivyo wakati kijani bendera clicked
ni, tena, puzzle kipande

389
00:18:54,080 --> 00:18:56,390
kwamba mateke mbali
nzima Scratch mpango.

390
00:18:56,390 --> 00:19:02,140
Lakini sisi ni kwenda sasa kuanza wito
kuu, kazi kwamba hii inajulikana kama kuu.

391
00:19:02,140 --> 00:19:06,410
>> Sasa wakati huo huo tutaweza
kujumlisha hii kama ifuatavyo.

392
00:19:06,410 --> 00:19:08,780
Sisi tupate kuwaita kusema kazi.

393
00:19:08,780 --> 00:19:10,580
Na ili kuangalia
hasa kama hii.

394
00:19:10,580 --> 00:19:11,770
Naam, nini kuhusu loops?

395
00:19:11,770 --> 00:19:16,540
Kama tunataka kuanza kuwabadili au
kutafsiri zaidi katika Scratch kwa C,

396
00:19:16,540 --> 00:19:19,400
jambo hili hapa inaonekana tu
anasema "hello dunia" milele.

397
00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:23,060
Hivyo kama wewe kujiunga hizi
scripts na paka katika Scratch,

398
00:19:23,060 --> 00:19:26,560
ni tu kwenda kwa kuendelea kusema
katika baadhi ya aina ya cartoon Bubble,

399
00:19:26,560 --> 00:19:29,922
"Hello dunia, hello dunia, hello
dunia, "ad nauseum, milele.

400
00:19:29,922 --> 00:19:33,130
Kama tunataka kufanya kitu sawa katika
C, ni kwenda kuangalia cryptic kidogo.

401
00:19:33,130 --> 00:19:35,463
Lakini tunaweza kufikia huo
matokeo, kama tutaweza hatimaye

402
00:19:35,463 --> 00:19:36,861
kujua, pamoja na syntax kama hii.

403
00:19:36,861 --> 00:19:39,360
Mimi naenda kutumia printf tena,
kwa sababu mwisho wa siku

404
00:19:39,360 --> 00:19:42,040
Nataka magazeti "hello dunia."

405
00:19:42,040 --> 00:19:45,610
Na mimi nina inaonekana kutumia
Keyword kwamba ni si milele.

406
00:19:45,610 --> 00:19:47,320
Ni badala neno wakati.

407
00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:49,650
Lakini tu semantically katika
Kiingereza, wakati aina ya

408
00:19:49,650 --> 00:19:52,120
unaonyesha baadhi ya aina ya kitanzi au mzunguko.

409
00:19:52,120 --> 00:19:55,070
>> Hivyo kwamba hutokea kwa kuwa
Keyword kwamba C anatumia.

410
00:19:55,070 --> 00:20:00,700
Na wakati kweli, kwa nini wakati
kweli na maana milele?

411
00:20:00,700 --> 00:20:04,240
Naam, wakati, kama tutaweza hivi karibuni
kufahamu yote zaidi,

412
00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:08,140
ana hili mabano karibu na hiyo
ambapo unaweza kuweka kujieleza Boolean.

413
00:20:08,140 --> 00:20:11,360
Na hivyo kwa muda mrefu kama kwamba
kujieleza ni kweli, kanuni hii,

414
00:20:11,360 --> 00:20:14,750
kama ulionyehsa kati ya hizi mbili
braces curly kama tutaweza kuwaita,

415
00:20:14,750 --> 00:20:16,880
tu kuweka mbio tena na tena.

416
00:20:16,880 --> 00:20:18,410
>> Hivyo kweli ni kweli.

417
00:20:18,410 --> 00:20:20,900
Hivyo wakati njia ya kweli
tu kufanya hivyo milele.

418
00:20:20,900 --> 00:20:23,480
Ni karibu kijinga
kujenga kwa kueleza mwenyewe.

419
00:20:23,480 --> 00:20:26,590
Lakini hapakuwa na milele
keyword katika C. Kulikuwa na wakati.

420
00:20:26,590 --> 00:20:29,390
Na kulikuwa na rahisi sana
Boolean kujieleza kama kweli.

421
00:20:29,390 --> 00:20:32,210
Na hivyo hii, tutaweza kuona,
kinafikia matokeo sawa.

422
00:20:32,210 --> 00:20:33,890
>> Jinsi mwingine gani unaweza kutekeleza kitanzi?

423
00:20:33,890 --> 00:20:36,980
Naam, katika Scratch waweza
code kwa bidii idadi maalum

424
00:20:36,980 --> 00:20:39,430
ya iterations katika kitanzi hapa.

425
00:20:39,430 --> 00:20:43,210
Na hivyo hiyo ni nini hasa sisi
wanaweza kufanya katika toleo la C,

426
00:20:43,210 --> 00:20:46,140
ambapo tuna kinachojulikana kwa kitanzi.

427
00:20:46,140 --> 00:20:49,850
Na kwa kitanzi hapa ni kwenda
iterate, kwa kiasi fulani isiyoeleweka kirahisi,

428
00:20:49,850 --> 00:20:54,100
kutoka thamani 0 juu ya up
kwa lakini chini ya 10.

429
00:20:54,100 --> 00:20:55,955
>> Sasa vigezo katika Scratch.

430
00:20:55,955 --> 00:20:57,830
Unaweza kuwa alikuwa
nafasi ya matumizi haya.

431
00:20:57,830 --> 00:21:02,516
Lakini nini uhakika, kwa ujumla,
ya kutofautiana gani sisi kusema wiki iliyopita?

432
00:21:02,516 --> 00:21:03,015
Nini hiyo?

433
00:21:03,015 --> 00:21:03,780
>> Watazamaji: Points.

434
00:21:03,780 --> 00:21:05,200
>> DAVID J. Malan: Kwa uhakika?

435
00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:05,700
Oh, anasema.

436
00:21:05,700 --> 00:21:07,620
OK, kuweka wimbo wa pointi,
kwa mfano, katika mchezo.

437
00:21:07,620 --> 00:21:09,510
Au zaidi kwa ujumla kufanya
nini na variable?

438
00:21:09,510 --> 00:21:10,450
Nini matumizi ya yao?

439
00:21:10,450 --> 00:21:10,825
>> Watazamaji: Kumbukumbu.

440
00:21:10,825 --> 00:21:11,750
>> DAVID J. Malan: Yeah, hivyo kumbukumbu.

441
00:21:11,750 --> 00:21:13,000
Ni kwa ajili ya kuhifadhi kitu.

442
00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:17,336
Na aina ya silly Visual mimi kutumika
mara ya mwisho ilikuwa kama hili bakuli kioo.

443
00:21:17,336 --> 00:21:19,710
Na kama sisi alitaka kuhifadhi
kitu ndani ya kutofautiana,

444
00:21:19,710 --> 00:21:21,918
kwa mfano sasa hivi
thamani ya kitu sita kwa sababu kuna

445
00:21:21,918 --> 00:21:23,450
ni sita mipira Ping Pong katika hapa.

446
00:21:23,450 --> 00:21:26,158
Ni baadhi tu ya aina ya kuhifadhi
chombo kwamba chini ya Hood

447
00:21:26,158 --> 00:21:30,030
unatekelezwa kwa bits, sekunde 0 na 1s,
Hata hivyo kompyuta kinachotokea kwa kufanya hivyo.

448
00:21:30,030 --> 00:21:32,900
>> Hivyo katika Scratch, kama sisi
wanataka kuwa na variable,

449
00:21:32,900 --> 00:21:34,840
tunaweza kutumia block machungwa kama hii.

450
00:21:34,840 --> 00:21:37,050
Tutaweza wito kwamba counter
katika kesi fulani.

451
00:21:37,050 --> 00:21:38,890
Mimi initialized kwa 0.

452
00:21:38,890 --> 00:21:41,080
Na nini mimi kisha nini?

453
00:21:41,080 --> 00:21:44,780
Forever, kusema counter, ambayo kama
wewe kucheza na kwamba katika Scratch,

454
00:21:44,780 --> 00:21:45,780
utasikia tu kuona Scratch.

455
00:21:45,780 --> 00:21:49,920
paka au chochote Costume kuweka juu ya
naye atazungumza simu katika swali.

456
00:21:49,920 --> 00:21:52,840
>> Lugha ya kukabiliana na na 1 ni
kama incrementing na 1.

457
00:21:52,840 --> 00:21:56,580
Na hivyo hii ni kwenda
kuhesabu kutokana na kile ili nini?

458
00:21:56,580 --> 00:21:59,114
Kutoka 0 til infinity, au
mpaka Scratch mapumziko,

459
00:21:59,114 --> 00:22:01,030
au mpaka aina ya
kupoteza maslahi katika kuangalia

460
00:22:01,030 --> 00:22:02,650
jinsi ya juu anaweza kweli kuhesabu.

461
00:22:02,650 --> 00:22:04,800
>> Hivyo jinsi gani sisi kubadilisha hii kwa C?

462
00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:06,480
Ni kwenda kuangalia cryptic kidogo.

463
00:22:06,480 --> 00:22:08,896
Lakini tena, kama ukiangalia katika kila
ya mistari haya mmoja mmoja

464
00:22:08,896 --> 00:22:10,410
wao aina ya lineup kwa ujumla.

465
00:22:10,410 --> 00:22:13,526
Hivyo inaonekana int ni kwenda
kuwa na baadhi ya maana maalum katika C.

466
00:22:13,526 --> 00:22:14,400
Tutaweza kuona kwamba tena.

467
00:22:14,400 --> 00:22:15,810
Kama kando ina maana integer.

468
00:22:15,810 --> 00:22:16,990
Hivyo ni tu ina maana idadi.

469
00:22:16,990 --> 00:22:18,920
Hivyo hiyo ni aina ya
kioo bakuli nataka, moja

470
00:22:18,920 --> 00:22:21,120
kwamba wanaweza kuhifadhi namba,
si Ping pong mipira.

471
00:22:21,120 --> 00:22:25,520
Na mimi nina kwenda kutumia ishara sawa
kuna hawawajui ni thamani ya 0.

472
00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:29,440
Hivyo kwamba ni kabisa kama kuweka
kinyume na 0, lakini katika C.

473
00:22:29,440 --> 00:22:32,840
>> Wakati huo huo, wakati kweli, kwamba alikuwa
sawa, bila shaka, kwa milele,

474
00:22:32,840 --> 00:22:35,980
hata kama ni kidogo cryptic,
na kisha ndani ya braces curly.

475
00:22:35,980 --> 00:22:39,188
Na unaweza kufikiria braces haya curly,
ambayo unaweza aina kwenye keyboard yako,

476
00:22:39,188 --> 00:22:43,110
kama kweli kuwa kama curvature katika
hizi njano kitanzi vitalu katika Scratch.

477
00:22:43,110 --> 00:22:45,700
Ni unadhihirisha mistari mingi ya code.

478
00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:48,120
>> Printf ni kupata
kidogo inatisha sasa kwa sababu mimi

479
00:22:48,120 --> 00:22:51,120
kuona si tu quotes katika mabano.

480
00:22:51,120 --> 00:22:55,160
Lakini kile kingine ni mpya
syntactically katika mfano huu?

481
00:22:55,160 --> 00:22:57,300
Kuna asilimia d.

482
00:22:57,300 --> 00:22:58,551
Na kisha backslash n ni huko.

483
00:22:58,551 --> 00:23:00,883
Hatukuwa kuona kwamba kabla, hata
ingawa mimi si kutaja hayo.

484
00:23:00,883 --> 00:23:01,886
Kisha kuna comma.

485
00:23:01,886 --> 00:23:03,010
Na kisha kuna counter.

486
00:23:03,010 --> 00:23:05,010
>> Lakini tutaweza kuona katika tu
wakati kwamba hii ni

487
00:23:05,010 --> 00:23:09,080
njia standard ya kusema magazeti a
"Idadi decimal," quote, unquote,

488
00:23:09,080 --> 00:23:10,500
baadhi ya simu decimal.

489
00:23:10,500 --> 00:23:13,370
Lakini mimi nina kwenda kukuambia baadaye
nini kwamba idadi decimal ni.

490
00:23:13,370 --> 00:23:16,835
Hivyo ukweli kwamba kuna comma
katika hii line msemo printf,

491
00:23:16,835 --> 00:23:18,710
ina maana kwenda mbele na magazeti
baadhi ya simu decimal.

492
00:23:18,710 --> 00:23:23,110
Oh, na kwa njia, idadi ni
chochote thamani ya variable hii ni.

493
00:23:23,110 --> 00:23:25,880
Na hivyo kufanya hili zaidi
wazi, tutaweza kuona mfano

494
00:23:25,880 --> 00:23:30,930
kabla ya muda mrefu kuwashirikisha hasa printf
katika mazingira ya programu halisi C.

495
00:23:30,930 --> 00:23:33,472
>> Sasa tu wrap up baadhi
ya constructs haya.

496
00:23:33,472 --> 00:23:36,680
Maneno Boolean, unaweza kuwa
nafasi ya matumizi haya katika mpango wako

497
00:23:36,680 --> 00:23:39,450
lakini waweza vizuri sana,
hasa kama kutumia masharti.

498
00:23:39,450 --> 00:23:43,460
Na hivyo mifano hii miwili kutoka
Scratch mean kama x ni chini ya y,

499
00:23:43,460 --> 00:23:48,770
au kama x ni chini ya y na y ni chini ya
kuliko z, jinsi gani sisi kutafsiri kwamba?

500
00:23:48,770 --> 00:23:50,810
>> Naam, katika C ni tu
kwenda kuangalia kama hii.

501
00:23:50,810 --> 00:23:55,300
kidogo cryptic, zaidi mabano,
baadhi ampersands weird, lakini kimsingi

502
00:23:55,300 --> 00:23:59,160
mawazo ni rahisi kama wao
ni katika puzzle kipande dunia.

503
00:23:59,160 --> 00:24:02,690
Sisi ni kuangalia tu kama kitu fulani
ni chini ya kitu kingine.

504
00:24:02,690 --> 00:24:03,910
>> Vipi kuhusu masharti?

505
00:24:03,910 --> 00:24:09,710
Kwa kifupi katika lugha ya Kiingereza, nini hii
chunk ya Scratch code gani unaweza kusema?

506
00:24:09,710 --> 00:24:11,050
>> Watazamaji: Inalinganisha namba mbili.

507
00:24:11,050 --> 00:24:13,760
>> DAVID J. Malan: Inalinganisha mbili
namba, na kama x ni chini ya y

508
00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:14,860
inasema kama mengi.

509
00:24:14,860 --> 00:24:18,080
Kama x ni mkubwa kuliko y
inasema kama mengi, mwingine

510
00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:20,740
kama x ni sawa na y inasema kama mengi.

511
00:24:20,740 --> 00:24:22,180
Sasa wapi x na y kuja kutoka?

512
00:24:22,180 --> 00:24:22,680
Nani anajua.

513
00:24:22,680 --> 00:24:25,380
Chunk hii ya Scratch
code ni nje ya muktadha.

514
00:24:25,380 --> 00:24:29,050
Lakini nini tunataka kufanya sasa ni kutafsiri
hii kwa muda tu kuona.

515
00:24:29,050 --> 00:24:31,660
>> Hivyo kama wewe kupata starehe
wiki hii katika Tatizo Set

516
00:24:31,660 --> 00:24:34,190
0 kucheza katika dunia hii
upande wa kushoto, kutambua

517
00:24:34,190 --> 00:24:36,940
kwamba mawazo si kubadilisha
wiki hii au ijayo au zaidi.

518
00:24:36,940 --> 00:24:38,690
Sisi ni tu kwenda
kuanza kuandika mambo

519
00:24:38,690 --> 00:24:41,240
kwa njia tofauti na yetu
keyboard badala ya panya yetu.

520
00:24:41,240 --> 00:24:44,577
>> Hivyo kama x ni chini ya y, na
kuna baadhi ya mabano hapo,

521
00:24:44,577 --> 00:24:47,160
kisha kuna baadhi braces curly
tena kwa aina ya kurejelea ni

522
00:24:47,160 --> 00:24:48,970
tu kama vipande njano puzzle kufanya.

523
00:24:48,970 --> 00:24:53,000
Na mimi nina kwenda printf x
ni chini ya y na kadhalika.

524
00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:56,540
>> Nini ni nzuri kuhusu C,
kama unaweza kuona hapa,

525
00:24:56,540 --> 00:25:00,480
ni kwamba huwezi kupata nesting hii,
nesting, nesting hiyo ni lazima

526
00:25:00,480 --> 00:25:02,220
kwenda kushinikiza code yako kwa haki.

527
00:25:02,220 --> 00:25:04,990
Unaweza badala kuwa na kila kitu
lineup neatly kama hii.

528
00:25:04,990 --> 00:25:08,960
Lakini hiyo ni aesthetic
undani tutaona tena kabla ya muda mrefu.

529
00:25:08,960 --> 00:25:09,660
>> Wote haki.

530
00:25:09,660 --> 00:25:13,290
Hivyo kwamba unatuleta nyuma kwa
hii cryptic kuangalia mpango.

531
00:25:13,290 --> 00:25:15,180
Hebu kweli kuandika baadhi code.

532
00:25:15,180 --> 00:25:16,830
Sasa jinsi gani unaweza kwenda juu ya kuandika code?

533
00:25:16,830 --> 00:25:21,310
Miaka yote ambayo umefanya inayomilikiwa
Mac au PC, desktop au laptop,

534
00:25:21,310 --> 00:25:24,520
umefanya kweli alikuwa na uwezo
kuanza kuandika programu code.

535
00:25:24,520 --> 00:25:27,050
Lakini wewe pengine kukosa
aina maalum ya mpango huo.

536
00:25:27,050 --> 00:25:28,470
Unaweza shaka kuandika code.

537
00:25:28,470 --> 00:25:30,740
Lakini unaweza siyo lazima,
nje ya boksi,

538
00:25:30,740 --> 00:25:34,210
kubadilisha kwamba chanzo kanuni
ndani ya kitu code, sekunde 0 na 1s

539
00:25:34,210 --> 00:25:35,619
bila nini kwenye kompyuta yako?

540
00:25:35,619 --> 00:25:36,410
Watazamaji: Compiler.

541
00:25:36,410 --> 00:25:37,630
DAVID J. Malan: Hivyo compiler, haki.

542
00:25:37,630 --> 00:25:39,730
Sasa wengi wa pengine
si wenyewe compiler,

543
00:25:39,730 --> 00:25:41,259
hawajawahi kupakuliwa compiler.

544
00:25:41,259 --> 00:25:44,300
Lakini utaona unaweza kushusha ni
kama wengi kipande yoyote nyingine ya programu.

545
00:25:44,300 --> 00:25:47,470
Katika ulimwengu wa Mac OS, unaweza
download au kupakuliwa tayari

546
00:25:47,470 --> 00:25:50,437
kitu kinachoitwa Xcode au GCC au Clang.

547
00:25:50,437 --> 00:25:52,270
Kama wewe kuja kutoka
Windows dunia waweza

548
00:25:52,270 --> 00:25:56,190
kupakuliwa Visual Studio,
Visual Basic, mazingira kama hayo.

549
00:25:56,190 --> 00:25:59,200
Kuna kadhaa ya compilers
siku hizi kwamba unaweza kutumia.

550
00:25:59,200 --> 00:26:01,940
Lakini short yake hapa
ni kwamba itakuwa maumivu

551
00:26:01,940 --> 00:26:04,480
na, kusema ukweli, kiteknolojia
ndoto kwa mamia

552
00:26:04,480 --> 00:26:07,680
ya watu wenye mbalimbali
mazungumzo kompyuta kwa wote

553
00:26:07,680 --> 00:26:09,800
configure mashine zao
katika hasa kwa njia hiyo

554
00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:11,700
ili tuweze wote kuwa katika ukurasa huo huo.

555
00:26:11,700 --> 00:26:15,240
>> Hivyo kile sisi, badala yake, kufanya
katika CS50 ni sisi kukupa

556
00:26:15,240 --> 00:26:18,349
mazingira standard,
Linux mazingira ambayo ni

557
00:26:18,349 --> 00:26:20,140
kwenda kuangalia kidogo
kitu kama hiki.

558
00:26:20,140 --> 00:26:22,980
Wewe utakuwa kuona zaidi ya hii katika
Tatizo Set 1 vipimo ambayo

559
00:26:22,980 --> 00:26:25,330
kwenda online hii Ijumaa usiku.

560
00:26:25,330 --> 00:26:28,360
>> Na hii ina maana gani
ni kwamba tangu sasa

561
00:26:28,360 --> 00:26:32,060
ni kwenda kuwa na uwezo wa
download na kufunga programu

562
00:26:32,060 --> 00:26:33,650
kuitwa CS50 Appliance.

563
00:26:33,650 --> 00:26:36,275
Na wewe ni kwenda kushusha na
kufunga mpango mwingine aitwaye

564
00:26:36,275 --> 00:26:40,300
hypervisor, ambayo ni tu
dhana njia mojawapo ya kufanikisha hili.

565
00:26:40,300 --> 00:26:44,600
Kama wewe mwenyewe Mac au PC au a
Linux kompyuta au kompyuta Solaris,

566
00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:46,830
au chochote mambo ya uendeshaji
mfumo wa wewe ni mbio,

567
00:26:46,830 --> 00:26:49,820
wewe ni kwenda download mpango
kuitwa hypervisor hiyo ni

568
00:26:49,820 --> 00:26:53,350
kwenda kukimbia CS50
Appliance kwenye kompyuta yako

569
00:26:53,350 --> 00:26:55,430
bila kujali mfumo wa uendeshaji wako ni.

570
00:26:55,430 --> 00:27:00,640
hypervisor kwa maneno mengine waongofu
mambo yetu kwa lugha yoyote,

571
00:27:00,640 --> 00:27:03,850
chochote maelekezo yako
kompyuta mwenyewe anaelewa.

572
00:27:03,850 --> 00:27:04,962
>> Hivyo hii ni layering.

573
00:27:04,962 --> 00:27:06,920
Na tena, hii ni aina
ya ufadhili katika kompyuta

574
00:27:06,920 --> 00:27:08,722
sayansi, jengo juu ya mambo.

575
00:27:08,722 --> 00:27:09,680
Unaweza kuwa na Windows.

576
00:27:09,680 --> 00:27:10,710
Unaweza kuwa na Mac OS.

577
00:27:10,710 --> 00:27:12,960
Lakini kuanza wiki ijayo wewe ni
kwenda kupakuliwa

578
00:27:12,960 --> 00:27:14,980
kipande bure ya programu
kuitwa hypervisor.

579
00:27:14,980 --> 00:27:17,800
Wewe ni kwenda kupakuliwa kipande
ya programu inayoitwa CS50 Appliance.

580
00:27:17,800 --> 00:27:21,050
>> Hiyo kwenda kukimbia katika hypervisor,
ambayo ni kwenda kukimbia kwenye kompyuta yako.

581
00:27:21,050 --> 00:27:23,030
Na matokeo ya mwisho ni
kwamba sisi sote mapenzi

582
00:27:23,030 --> 00:27:26,220
kuwa na dirisha rahisi kama
hii juu ya Mac au PC yako

583
00:27:26,220 --> 00:27:30,160
kwamba inatupa udanganyifu wa kila
mbio huo mfumo wa uendeshaji,

584
00:27:30,160 --> 00:27:32,800
bila nyingine yoyote
athari kwenye kompyuta yako.

585
00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:34,870
Na unaweza screen kamili
yake na kimsingi kuishi

586
00:27:34,870 --> 00:27:37,550
kana kwamba wewe ni mbio
mfumo wa uendeshaji kuitwa Linux,

587
00:27:37,550 --> 00:27:40,270
ambayo ni nini CS50
Appliance ni msingi.

588
00:27:40,270 --> 00:27:42,930
>> Basi hebu kweli kutumia hii
sasa kuandika mpango.

589
00:27:42,930 --> 00:27:45,450
Unaweza kuandika mpango
kutumia Microsoft Word.

590
00:27:45,450 --> 00:27:48,160
Unaweza kuandika mpango
kutumia TextEdit, au Notepad,

591
00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:51,880
au WordPad, au pretty much neno lolote
usindikaji mpango ve milele kutumika.

592
00:27:51,880 --> 00:27:55,174
Lakini ukweli ni lazima si
kutumia kweli yoyote ya programu hizo.

593
00:27:55,174 --> 00:27:57,840
Wewe hakika wasitumie
kitu kama Microsoft Word, ambayo

594
00:27:57,840 --> 00:28:01,120
ina ujasiri inakabiliwa na italics, na
fonts kubwa na fonts ndogo,

595
00:28:01,120 --> 00:28:03,560
kwa sababu kompyuta haina
huduma kuhusu yoyote ya kwamba.

596
00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:05,600
Kompyuta yote ni
kwenda kwa huduma ya juu ni

597
00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:09,040
Kiingereza kama maelekezo yaliyoandikwa katika C.

598
00:28:09,040 --> 00:28:12,050
>> Basi nini tutaweza kufanya ndani ya
ya CS50 Appliance

599
00:28:12,050 --> 00:28:14,290
ni kutumia mpango kwa uhuru
inapatikana, na ni

600
00:28:14,290 --> 00:28:17,360
kabla ya imewekwa katika hii
appliance, iitwayo gedit.

601
00:28:17,360 --> 00:28:22,280
Na gedit ni tu super rahisi
Nakala mhariri kama Mac OS ya TextEdit,

602
00:28:22,280 --> 00:28:26,200
kama Windows Notepad ambayo inaenda
kuangalia kitu kidogo kama hii.

603
00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:28,910
>> Basi hebu kweli si
kuangalia slides ya hili.

604
00:28:28,910 --> 00:28:32,580
Lakini hebu kweli kwenda katika
mazingira yenyewe.

605
00:28:32,580 --> 00:28:36,090
Mimi nina kwenda mbele na
kuingia kwenye, katika dirisha hii nyingine,

606
00:28:36,090 --> 00:28:40,910
na yangu CS50 Appliance, ambayo nimekuwa
kabla ya imewekwa juu ya mbali yangu hapa.

607
00:28:40,910 --> 00:28:43,771
>> Taarifa kwamba, kama Windows na
Mac OS, ni got baadhi menus.

608
00:28:43,771 --> 00:28:45,520
Kama Windows unaweka
ni chini huko badala

609
00:28:45,520 --> 00:28:47,020
ya Mac OS, ambayo kuiweka chini huko.

610
00:28:47,020 --> 00:28:48,930
Lakini ukweli ni ni
kila aina ya sawa.

611
00:28:48,930 --> 00:28:50,770
Na katika hapa ni mzima
rundo la programu.

612
00:28:50,770 --> 00:28:51,770
Kuna Dropbox.

613
00:28:51,770 --> 00:28:54,780
Kuna rundo zima la vifaa,
mipango graphical kwamba tutaweza

614
00:28:54,780 --> 00:28:56,430
matumizi ya baadaye katika muda kwa seti tatizo.

615
00:28:56,430 --> 00:28:59,650
Kuna browser mtandao kujengwa katika hivyo
kwamba hii ni full fledged kompyuta

616
00:28:59,650 --> 00:29:01,240
ndani ya kompyuta.

617
00:29:01,240 --> 00:29:04,170
>> Lakini mimi nina kwenda click hii
leftmost icon nyeupe hapa,

618
00:29:04,170 --> 00:29:05,890
ambayo ni icon kwa gedit.

619
00:29:05,890 --> 00:29:09,650
Na ni kwenda kufungua dirisha
ambayo ina paneli tatu kwa hiyo,

620
00:29:09,650 --> 00:29:12,590
kushoto moja, moja ya juu, na moja chini.

621
00:29:12,590 --> 00:29:16,071
>> Sasa ni katika haki hii moja juu ya kuwa
Mimi nina kwenda kweli kuandika baadhi code.

622
00:29:16,071 --> 00:29:16,820
Basi hebu kufanya hili ,.

623
00:29:16,820 --> 00:29:19,040
Mimi nina kwenda na Picha, Save.

624
00:29:19,040 --> 00:29:22,100
Na unaweza si milele tumeona
dirisha hii hasa kabla ya.

625
00:29:22,100 --> 00:29:23,620
Lakini hii ni kama Mac OS au Windows.

626
00:29:23,620 --> 00:29:25,490
Ni tu dirisha
na wote wa folders

627
00:29:25,490 --> 00:29:27,290
kwamba nina ndani ya kompyuta hii.

628
00:29:27,290 --> 00:29:30,320
>> Na mimi nina kwenda kuokoa
faili kama hello.c.

629
00:29:30,320 --> 00:29:32,690
Na mimi nina kwenda
mbele na bonyeza Save.

630
00:29:32,690 --> 00:29:36,364
Na sasa taarifa nina tab
juu kushoto kuitwa hello.c.

631
00:29:36,364 --> 00:29:38,280
Basi pengine pretty
familiar hata kama wameweza si

632
00:29:38,280 --> 00:29:40,240
kutumika mpango huu hasa kabla ya.

633
00:29:40,240 --> 00:29:44,890
>> Na sasa mimi nina kwenda aina katika wale
haki cryptic mlolongo wa amri

634
00:29:44,890 --> 00:29:46,360
kuwa tuliona wakati iliyopita.

635
00:29:46,360 --> 00:29:49,330
Ni pamoja na, kiwango I / O.h.

636
00:29:49,330 --> 00:29:50,600
Zaidi juu ya kwamba hivi karibuni.

637
00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:55,670
Int kuu batili, wazi curly
brace, imefungwa curly brace.

638
00:29:55,670 --> 00:30:01,570
Na kisha ndani ya huko nadhani ni
ambapo tulikuwa "hello dunia," semicolon.

639
00:30:01,570 --> 00:30:03,100
Na sasa kuokoa.

640
00:30:03,100 --> 00:30:08,780
>> Hivyo hii ni mpango imeandikwa katika C,
imeandikwa, kwa hiyo, katika chanzo code.

641
00:30:08,780 --> 00:30:10,720
Lakini siwezi kukimbia tu mpango huu.

642
00:30:10,720 --> 00:30:13,390
Mimi aina ya kutaka mara mbili
bonyeza icon mahali fulani,

643
00:30:13,390 --> 00:30:16,390
lakini hakuna icon ipo nyingine
kuliko chanzo code file.

644
00:30:16,390 --> 00:30:20,359
Je, tena, ni mchakato sasa kwamba
Mimi haja ya kuendesha faili hili kupitia?

645
00:30:20,359 --> 00:30:21,150
Watazamaji: Compiler.

646
00:30:21,150 --> 00:30:22,399
DAVID J. Malan: Hivyo compiler.

647
00:30:22,399 --> 00:30:24,890
Hivyo katika kompyuta tofauti wewe
kufanya hivyo kwa njia tofauti.

648
00:30:24,890 --> 00:30:27,480
Lakini kile ambacho tumefanya hapa katika
CS50 Appliance hiyo ni

649
00:30:27,480 --> 00:30:31,260
mwakilishi wa jinsi nguvu
kufanya hivyo juu ya mifumo mingi tofauti,

650
00:30:31,260 --> 00:30:34,036
ni mimi nina tu kwenda
kukimbia amri kuitwa kufanya.

651
00:30:34,036 --> 00:30:35,660
Na kufanya ni halisi kwenda kufanya hivyo.

652
00:30:35,660 --> 00:30:36,640
Kufanya mimi mpango.

653
00:30:36,640 --> 00:30:39,060
>> Hivyo kufanya ni kwenda
kukimbia compiler kwa ajili yangu.

654
00:30:39,060 --> 00:30:42,160
Na jina la mpango
Nataka kufanya ni hello.

655
00:30:42,160 --> 00:30:43,510
Sasa kufanya ni mpango.

656
00:30:43,510 --> 00:30:47,170
Na kufanya ni smart kutosha
kutambua kwamba kama mimi kusema kufanya hello,

657
00:30:47,170 --> 00:30:50,980
ni kwenda kuangalia moja kwa moja
kwa faili inayoitwa hello.c

658
00:30:50,980 --> 00:30:53,420
kwa sababu tu kwamba
njia ni configured.

659
00:30:53,420 --> 00:31:00,300
>> Hivyo wakati mimi hit Enter sasa hapa, hii
mambo cryptic line tu got kunyongwa.

660
00:31:00,300 --> 00:31:02,720
Na imani yangu, kabla ya
muda mrefu, ndani ya siku tu,

661
00:31:02,720 --> 00:31:05,590
wewe utakuwa kuelewa nini wote
ya kwamba njia yasiyo na msingi.

662
00:31:05,590 --> 00:31:11,150
Lakini kwa sasa, tu kujua kwamba kufanya
yalisababisha utekelezaji wa compiler.

663
00:31:11,150 --> 00:31:13,290
Kwa maneno mengine, ni kupatikana
compiler kwenye kompyuta yangu

664
00:31:13,290 --> 00:31:14,820
hiyo ni kabla ya imewekwa
juu ya CS50 Appliance

665
00:31:14,820 --> 00:31:16,560
kwamba tutaweza mkono na wewe katika Tatizo Set 1.

666
00:31:16,560 --> 00:31:20,990
Na kisha alichukua hello.c kama
pembejeo, na zinazozalishwa inaonekana

667
00:31:20,990 --> 00:31:23,040
Sekunde 0 na 1s kama pato.

668
00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:29,410
>> Na by default kile yake ni anaokoa
wale sekunde 0 na 1s katika faili inayoitwa hello.

669
00:31:29,410 --> 00:31:33,180
Na ingawa syntax hii pia nguvu
kuwa mpya, tu kwa kusema dot

670
00:31:33,180 --> 00:31:37,110
kufyeka hodi ni kwenda kuwa
njia ambayo mimi kukimbia mpango huu.

671
00:31:37,110 --> 00:31:40,360
>> Kwa sasa na kwa wanandoa angalau
kipindi cha wiki, karibu wote wa programu

672
00:31:40,360 --> 00:31:44,230
Sisi kuandika ni kwenda kuwa katika
nyeusi na nyeupe Nakala madirisha.

673
00:31:44,230 --> 00:31:47,006
Hakuna panya, hakuna kubonyeza,
hakuna madirisha, hakuna icons.

674
00:31:47,006 --> 00:31:49,630
Sisi ni kwenda kushika ni rahisi
na kuzingatia mawazo ya msingi

675
00:31:49,630 --> 00:31:52,490
awali kabla ya sisi kupata kitu
ngazi ya juu, kwa mfano,

676
00:31:52,490 --> 00:31:56,410
kama mapumziko nje mchezo kwamba sisi aliyesema
kuhusu katika hotuba ya kwanza wiki iliyopita.

677
00:31:56,410 --> 00:32:00,820
>> Hivyo wakati mimi hit Enter hapa, ni
sawa katika maandishi mazingira tu

678
00:32:00,820 --> 00:32:03,272
kwa mara mbili kubonyeza icon aitwaye hello.

679
00:32:03,272 --> 00:32:05,480
Unatarajia mapenzi
kutokea wakati mimi hit Enter, basi?

680
00:32:05,480 --> 00:32:07,120
>> Watazamaji: Ni itabidi magazeti "hello dunia."

681
00:32:07,120 --> 00:32:10,000
>> DAVID J. Malan: Hopefully
itakuwa magazeti "hello dunia."

682
00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:11,370
Na hakika alifanya.

683
00:32:11,370 --> 00:32:13,690
Sasa kuna kuwa baadhi
cryptic syntax hapa.

684
00:32:13,690 --> 00:32:15,950
Hebu rewind kwa tu
wakati na kuona kama sisi

685
00:32:15,950 --> 00:32:19,530
hawezi kuanza inferring tu kwa
kuchezea, kujaribu na kushindwa,

686
00:32:19,530 --> 00:32:21,130
kama kwa nini kinaendelea hapa.

687
00:32:21,130 --> 00:32:23,609
Nini kama mimi kujikwamua backslash n?

688
00:32:23,609 --> 00:32:25,650
Sasa baadhi yenu ambao wameweza
iliyowekwa kabla ya pengine

689
00:32:25,650 --> 00:32:27,054
kujua instantly nini maana ya.

690
00:32:27,054 --> 00:32:29,220
Lakini kwa wale ambao wameweza
kamwe iliyowekwa kabla,

691
00:32:29,220 --> 00:32:34,052
angalau kufikiri kwa mwenyewe nini ni kwenda
kubadilika wakati mimi rerun mpango huu?

692
00:32:34,052 --> 00:32:37,010
Hivyo mimi nina kwenda nyuma chini ya yangu
nyeusi na nyeupe dirisha kidogo, ambayo

693
00:32:37,010 --> 00:32:39,290
ni dirisha katika ambayo
Mimi unaweza kukusanya hii.

694
00:32:39,290 --> 00:32:41,130
Mimi nina kwenda recompile hello.

695
00:32:41,130 --> 00:32:43,520
Sisi ni kwenda kuona sawa
cryptic mlolongo wa amri.

696
00:32:43,520 --> 00:32:45,719
Na mimi nina kwenda kufanya dot slash hello.

697
00:32:45,719 --> 00:32:48,260
Na sasa mtu, kama wewe ungekuwa,
ambao kamwe iliyowekwa kabla,

698
00:32:48,260 --> 00:32:49,770
nini inaweza kuwa tofauti wakati huu?

699
00:32:49,770 --> 00:32:50,020
Yeah.

700
00:32:50,020 --> 00:32:51,840
>> Watazamaji: Ni si kuacha
uchapishaji "hello dunia."

701
00:32:51,840 --> 00:32:52,660
>> DAVID J. Malan: Ni kwenda to-- pole?

702
00:32:52,660 --> 00:32:54,210
>> Watazamaji: Ni si kuacha uchapishaji ni?

703
00:32:54,210 --> 00:32:55,810
>> DAVID J. Malan: Ni si
kuacha uchapishaji "hello dunia."

704
00:32:55,810 --> 00:32:56,560
Hivyo si wazo mbaya.

705
00:32:56,560 --> 00:32:58,633
Mawazo mengine?

706
00:32:58,633 --> 00:32:59,132
Yeah.

707
00:32:59,132 --> 00:33:00,060
>> Watazamaji: Error ujumbe?

708
00:33:00,060 --> 00:33:01,750
>> DAVID J. Malan: Error
ujumbe, OK, inaweza kuwa.

709
00:33:01,750 --> 00:33:02,250
Nini kingine?

710
00:33:02,250 --> 00:33:05,479
Watazamaji: Ni wanaweza magazeti
bracket kwa semicolon vile vile?

711
00:33:05,479 --> 00:33:08,270
DAVID J. Malan: Yanayoweza magazeti
bracket kwa semicolon kama vizuri.

712
00:33:08,270 --> 00:33:11,950
Hivyo labda kwamba backslash kisha ni baadhi
aina ya terminous hayo ni muhimu.

713
00:33:11,950 --> 00:33:14,860
Yoyote mawazo mengine?

714
00:33:14,860 --> 00:33:16,412
>> Mawazo hivyo wote nzuri.

715
00:33:16,412 --> 00:33:18,370
Na kwa kweli, ni kwenda
kuwa ujumbe wa kosa.

716
00:33:18,370 --> 00:33:20,400
Kwamba pengine zaidi uwezekano
kuwa jibu kwa ujumla

717
00:33:20,400 --> 00:33:22,420
kwa wiki chache zijazo
kama sisi kujifunza na kanuni hapa.

718
00:33:22,420 --> 00:33:27,680
>> Lakini kwa sasa kumbuka kwamba kompyuta
tu kufanya hivyo wewe kuwaambia cha kufanya.

719
00:33:27,680 --> 00:33:30,400
Mengi kama karanga ridiculous
siagi na jelly mfano.

720
00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:33,860
Kompyuta yetu ya kibinadamu walikuwa tu walidhani
kufanya nini aliwaagiza kufanya.

721
00:33:33,860 --> 00:33:36,250
Hivyo katika kesi hii, kama wewe
usimwambie kompyuta

722
00:33:36,250 --> 00:33:41,190
kutoa hoja kwamba mshale blinking kwa
mstari wa pili, ni si kwenda kufanya hivyo.

723
00:33:41,190 --> 00:33:45,390
Hivyo wakati mimi kuendesha mpango huu
sasa, taarifa tofauti.

724
00:33:45,390 --> 00:33:46,900
>> Inaonekana kama mdudu.

725
00:33:46,900 --> 00:33:49,190
Ni mdudu aesthetic, labda.

726
00:33:49,190 --> 00:33:53,310
Lakini nini ni tofauti kuhusu hili
pato dhidi ya moja mwisho wazi?

727
00:33:53,310 --> 00:33:53,810
Yeah.

728
00:33:53,810 --> 00:33:54,920
>> Watazamaji: Ni hakufanya mstari mpya.

729
00:33:54,920 --> 00:33:56,586
>> DAVID J. Malan: Ni hakufanya mstari mpya.

730
00:33:56,586 --> 00:33:58,740
Sasa wale ambao
kurasa labda alifanya mtandao

731
00:33:58,740 --> 00:34:01,910
kabla ya, unaweza kujua ya
BR tag au aya tag,

732
00:34:01,910 --> 00:34:03,120
sawa sana katika roho.

733
00:34:03,120 --> 00:34:06,680
browser mtandao kupuuza wewe mpaka
kumweleza ni hasa nini cha kufanya.

734
00:34:06,680 --> 00:34:10,020
Vile vile, ni lugha kama C tu
kwenda kufanya nini kuwaambia ni kufanya.

735
00:34:10,020 --> 00:34:12,730
>> Hivyo sababu kwamba
mifano yote haya,

736
00:34:12,730 --> 00:34:15,350
hivi sasa, kuwa na aina ya
casually alikuwa backslash hii

737
00:34:15,350 --> 00:34:18,560
katika huko, hiyo ni njia
na ambayo kueleza mwenyewe

738
00:34:18,560 --> 00:34:21,380
kama mpya line tabia, hivyo kusema.

739
00:34:21,380 --> 00:34:26,219
Na unaweza aina ya kufahamu, pengine,
kwamba hii itakuwa kuangalia aina ya kijinga

740
00:34:26,219 --> 00:34:27,070
kama kitu kingine.

741
00:34:27,070 --> 00:34:29,150
Kama nilitaka line mpya, tu
kupiga Kuingia na kisha aina

742
00:34:29,150 --> 00:34:32,219
ya butchering code kama kwamba
lazima si kweli kusugua wewe njia ya haki.

743
00:34:32,219 --> 00:34:33,830
Na hata kama huna
kweli huduma katika hatua hii,

744
00:34:33,830 --> 00:34:35,830
utagundua kuwa
hii si hasa

745
00:34:35,830 --> 00:34:37,870
mzuri kipande wa kanuni.

746
00:34:37,870 --> 00:34:39,969
>> Na hivyo kile dunia
miaka iliyopita aliamua ni

747
00:34:39,969 --> 00:34:43,420
kwamba wakati unataka kuweka
mshale kwenye mstari wa mwezi wazi,

748
00:34:43,420 --> 00:34:46,332
lazima wazi kusema
mstari wa mwezi, backslash n.

749
00:34:46,332 --> 00:34:48,040
Na kuna baadhi ya wengine
alama kama hiyo.

750
00:34:48,040 --> 00:34:50,719
Lakini kwa sasa tutaweza tu
kuzingatia backslash n.

751
00:34:50,719 --> 00:34:53,790
>> Sasa hebu kufanya mpango
kidogo zaidi ya kuvutia.

752
00:34:53,790 --> 00:34:59,200
Mimi nina kwenda mbele na
wakati huu kufungua faili mpya.

753
00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:02,520
Mimi nina kwenda kuokoa hii kama hodi-1.c.

754
00:35:02,520 --> 00:35:05,540
Na tu kwa ajili mateke, mimi nina kwenda
kwenda kuiweka katika folder Dropbox yangu.

755
00:35:05,540 --> 00:35:09,030
>> Kama utaona katika CS50
nyaraka kwa ajili ya appliance,

756
00:35:09,030 --> 00:35:11,210
baadaye wiki hii kwa Tatizo
Kuweka 1, tutaweza kuhamasisha

757
00:35:11,210 --> 00:35:13,230
wewe kutumia Dropbox au
baadhi ya huduma sawa,

758
00:35:13,230 --> 00:35:15,430
kwa sababu basi wote wa code yako
kwenda kuwa yanayoambatana moja kwa moja.

759
00:35:15,430 --> 00:35:17,830
Na hivyo ndiyo sababu mimi wameweza
wamekwenda katika folder hii hapa.

760
00:35:17,830 --> 00:35:20,230
>> Na sasa mimi nina kwenda kuandika
tofauti kidogo mpango.

761
00:35:20,230 --> 00:35:24,740
Ni pamoja na, kiwango I / O.h, int kuu utupu.

762
00:35:24,740 --> 00:35:29,660
Na kisha katika hapa printf, hello dunia,
ambayo ni sawa kama kabla.

763
00:35:29,660 --> 00:35:32,450
>> Lakini sasa nataka magazeti kitu
hiyo ni tofauti kidogo.

764
00:35:32,450 --> 00:35:34,800
Nataka magazeti nje,
kusema, "Hello, Daudi."

765
00:35:34,800 --> 00:35:37,590
Haki zote, hivyo ni wazi,
ni lazima hopefully

766
00:35:37,590 --> 00:35:40,360
kuwa kesi hiyo kama mimi recompile
mpango huu, rerun yake,

767
00:35:40,360 --> 00:35:41,840
ni kwenda kusema "hello, Daudi."

768
00:35:41,840 --> 00:35:45,160
>> Lakini nini kama mimi nataka kuanzisha
aina hii ya kutofautiana,

769
00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:49,240
dhana ya chombo kwamba kinaendelea
kuhifadhi D-v-i-d na kanuni ni si ngumu

770
00:35:49,240 --> 00:35:50,600
ndani ya mpango wangu.

771
00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:53,430
Naam nini kama mimi kuanza
kufanya kitu kama hii?

772
00:35:53,430 --> 00:35:57,120
>> Kamba s, hivyo hii ni kutofautiana.

773
00:35:57,120 --> 00:36:00,250
Kama unataka kamba,
a.k.a. neno au maneno.

774
00:36:00,250 --> 00:36:03,485
mlolongo wa wahusika ni nini
sisi katika programu kuwaita kamba.

775
00:36:03,485 --> 00:36:06,610
Sisi ni kwenda tu kwa generically simu
ni s, kwa sababu ni nzuri jina rahisi.

776
00:36:06,610 --> 00:36:08,010
Lakini mimi naweza kuiita kitu chochote.

777
00:36:08,010 --> 00:36:12,920
>> Mimi nina kwenda kusema kamba s sawa
quote unquote, "David," semicolon.

778
00:36:12,920 --> 00:36:18,330
Na sasa mimi unataka Insert
D-v-i-d katika kile mimi nina uchapishaji.

779
00:36:18,330 --> 00:36:23,720
Na kabla ya tuliona teaser juu ya
screen ya baadhi syntax maalum

780
00:36:23,720 --> 00:36:26,050
kwamba alituruhusu
mbadala katika thamani.

781
00:36:26,050 --> 00:36:29,250
Nini ilikuwa maalum
ishara slides michache iliyopita?

782
00:36:29,250 --> 00:36:30,040
>> Hivyo asilimia.

783
00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:33,830
Wakati huo ilikuwa asilimia
d kwa idadi decimal.

784
00:36:33,830 --> 00:36:35,850
Hiyo haina kweli wanaonekana muhimu hapa.

785
00:36:35,850 --> 00:36:38,650
Zinageuka kuna ya
alama nyingine asilimia,

786
00:36:38,650 --> 00:36:42,810
ambayo ni asilimia s, ambayo inasimamia
kwa placeholder kwa kamba.

787
00:36:42,810 --> 00:36:49,350
>> Hivyo sasa, sana tu, mimi nina
kwenda kufanya hujambo-1,

788
00:36:49,350 --> 00:36:54,210
kwa sababu faili hili kuitwa
hujambo-1.c, na hit Enter.

789
00:36:54,210 --> 00:36:56,230
Na mimi Star up.

790
00:36:56,230 --> 00:36:57,394
Nini kinaendelea?

791
00:36:57,394 --> 00:37:00,560
Naam, hapa ni mahali ambapo tuna kuanza
kufahamu kwamba tuko katika amri hii

792
00:37:00,560 --> 00:37:02,810
line mazingira, hii
Nakala mazingira tu.

793
00:37:02,810 --> 00:37:06,114
Hakuna kubonyeza icons
kama folders hivi sasa.

794
00:37:06,114 --> 00:37:07,280
Na kufikiri nyuma wakati iliyopita.

795
00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:10,740
Katika kile folder Je, mimi kusema
Mimi nilikuwa kuokoa code wangu?

796
00:37:10,740 --> 00:37:11,657
Hivyo folder Dropbox.

797
00:37:11,657 --> 00:37:12,989
Wangeweza kuitwa kitu.

798
00:37:12,989 --> 00:37:14,530
Lakini hutokea kuitwa Dropbox.

799
00:37:14,530 --> 00:37:18,380
Kwa hiyo mimi kwa namna fulani haja ya bonyeza mara mbili
kwamba Dropbox folder ili kupata

800
00:37:18,380 --> 00:37:21,657
ndani yake na kupata katika wangu
code aitwaye hodi-1.c.

801
00:37:21,657 --> 00:37:24,490
Kwa kweli, basi mimi kwenda mbele na kupunguza
dirisha hili kwa muda tu.

802
00:37:24,490 --> 00:37:27,560
Tu kama Windows na Mac OS,
kuna folders katika Linux.

803
00:37:27,560 --> 00:37:29,410
Kuna folders katika CS50 Appliance.

804
00:37:29,410 --> 00:37:32,380
Ni tu sasa hivi sisi ni kuwalazimu
wenyewe kwa mazingira haya maandishi.

805
00:37:32,380 --> 00:37:34,700
>> Lakini kama mimi mara mbili click
juu ya Dropbox, taarifa kuna

806
00:37:34,700 --> 00:37:37,210
ni faili kwamba mimi nataka kukusanya.

807
00:37:37,210 --> 00:37:41,430
Lakini mimi haja hii nyeusi na nyeupe
terminal dirisha, hivyo kusema.

808
00:37:41,430 --> 00:37:45,750
Lakini mimi haja, kwa hiyo, kwa hoja
ndani ya kwamba folder au directory.

809
00:37:45,750 --> 00:37:48,290
Hivyo kidogo arcane, lakini
utapata kutumika kwa hii pia.

810
00:37:48,290 --> 00:37:50,430
>> Katika ulimwengu wa Linux,
ambayo tena ni uendeshaji

811
00:37:50,430 --> 00:37:54,860
mfumo wa sisi ni mbio ndani ya CS50
Appliance, kuna amri kuitwa CD.

812
00:37:54,860 --> 00:37:58,310
Ambayo ina maana siwezi kufanya CD, nafasi, Dropbox.

813
00:37:58,310 --> 00:37:59,900
CD, mabadiliko directory.

814
00:37:59,900 --> 00:38:00,400
Haki.

815
00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:02,890
Nyuma katika siku wakati watu walikuwa
kubuni kompyuta na uendeshaji

816
00:38:02,890 --> 00:38:05,806
mifumo kama hii, walitaka
aina keystrokes fewest iwezekanavyo.

817
00:38:05,806 --> 00:38:08,760
Hivyo njia rahisi kusema
mabadiliko directory mara CD.

818
00:38:08,760 --> 00:38:13,910
>> Hivyo kama mimi hit CD, nafasi Dropbox,
taarifa ya nini imebadilika hapa.

819
00:38:13,910 --> 00:38:16,480
Ndani ya mabano
appliance ni aina

820
00:38:16,480 --> 00:38:19,360
ya humoring mimi na
kuwakumbusha yangu ambapo mimi.

821
00:38:19,360 --> 00:38:21,480
Hivyo folder wazi ni Dropbox.

822
00:38:21,480 --> 00:38:24,950
Kama mimi sasa aina ls kwa
orodha, tena succinct,

823
00:38:24,950 --> 00:38:27,540
kwa sababu watu hakutaka
aina nyuma katika siku l-i-s-t.

824
00:38:27,540 --> 00:38:29,300
Hivyo wao badala alifanya hivyo LS.

825
00:38:29,300 --> 00:38:30,110
>> Kuingia.

826
00:38:30,110 --> 00:38:35,740
Taarifa naona mambo mawili, hello-1.c,
na kisha jambo hili cryptic, chanzo 1m.

827
00:38:35,740 --> 00:38:38,310
Hiyo ni njia tu yangu ya kusema
chanzo code kwa wiki 1 Jumatatu.

828
00:38:38,310 --> 00:38:42,020
Hiyo ni folder mimi kupakuliwa kutoka
Tovuti CS50 kwamba mimi alifanya mapema leo

829
00:38:42,020 --> 00:38:43,990
na tu kuiweka katika
appliance mapema.

830
00:38:43,990 --> 00:38:47,550
>> Lakini kwa sasa kitu pekee sisi
huduma ya juu ni kufanya mpango huu.

831
00:38:47,550 --> 00:38:50,440
Hivyo wakati mimi aina kufanya hujambo-1, kuingia.

832
00:38:50,440 --> 00:38:51,320
Damn yake.

833
00:38:51,320 --> 00:38:53,060
Kitu potoka.

834
00:38:53,060 --> 00:38:54,580
Basi hebu tease hii mbali.

835
00:38:54,580 --> 00:38:58,489
Na kwa bahati mbaya hii ni mahali ambapo mambo
kupata kidogo yanayokusumbua mara ya kwanza,

836
00:38:58,489 --> 00:39:00,280
angalau kama wameweza
kamwe iliyowekwa mbele.

837
00:39:00,280 --> 00:39:00,980
>> Mungu wangu.

838
00:39:00,980 --> 00:39:04,990
Niliandika mbili line mpango na
Nina mistari minne ya makosa.

839
00:39:04,990 --> 00:39:07,180
Hivyo nini kinaendelea hapa.

840
00:39:07,180 --> 00:39:11,370
Kwanza kabisa daima kitabu nyuma
up na kupata kwanza ujumbe wa kosa,

841
00:39:11,370 --> 00:39:15,730
kwa sababu mara nyingi Compilers tu
kupata kuchanganyikiwa yale ambayo wewe na mimi kufanya.

842
00:39:15,730 --> 00:39:17,000
Compilers ni pretty bubu.

843
00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:18,360
Wao itabidi tu kufanya kile
wewe kuwaambia cha kufanya.

844
00:39:18,360 --> 00:39:21,484
Na kama wewe kuwachanganya, wao uko tu
kwenda aina ya kutupa juu ya mikono yao

845
00:39:21,484 --> 00:39:25,010
na labda kutupa ujumbe zaidi kosa
kuliko ni kweli husika.

846
00:39:25,010 --> 00:39:26,380
>> Hivyo hebu tuangalie kwanza.

847
00:39:26,380 --> 00:39:27,540
Super cryptic kwa mara ya kwanza.

848
00:39:27,540 --> 00:39:31,050
Lakini sikia, hapa ni jina la
faili katika ambayo mimi Star up inaonekana.

849
00:39:31,050 --> 00:39:36,570
Colon 5, koloni 5 tu ina maana juu ya
line 5 katika tabia ya tano.

850
00:39:36,570 --> 00:39:39,760
Hivyo safu ya tano ya wahusika,
kama wewe, makosa.

851
00:39:39,760 --> 00:39:41,870
Matumizi ya kamba Undeclared kitambulisho.

852
00:39:41,870 --> 00:39:43,120
Je, maana standard n?

853
00:39:43,120 --> 00:39:44,850
>> Hakuna, mimi maana kamba.

854
00:39:44,850 --> 00:39:47,640
Na kisha ni aina ya
kuiga na pasting

855
00:39:47,640 --> 00:39:50,700
kile typed kwa kweli kuteka yangu
makini na ambapo mimi Star up.

856
00:39:50,700 --> 00:39:54,260
Hivyo kwa baadhi ya sababu C,
au angalau compiler

857
00:39:54,260 --> 00:39:56,470
haina kuelewa kamba neno.

858
00:39:56,470 --> 00:39:57,890
Na kwamba ni kwa sababu sisi alifanya hivyo up.

859
00:39:57,890 --> 00:40:01,440
Hivyo string haipo
katika C. Nini CS50 gani,

860
00:40:01,440 --> 00:40:03,380
kwa mara ya kwanza wiki chache
tu ya darasani,

861
00:40:03,380 --> 00:40:05,700
ni sisi kutoa baadhi ya mafunzo ya
magurudumu, hivyo kusema.

862
00:40:05,700 --> 00:40:11,160
Na sisi kuweka magurudumu haya mafunzo
ndani ya faili maalum iitwayo CS50.h.

863
00:40:11,160 --> 00:40:14,970
>> Hivyo hii ni ya pili ya faili mbili
majina kwamba inaonekana mwisho katika dot h.

864
00:40:14,970 --> 00:40:16,300
Hebu rewind.

865
00:40:16,300 --> 00:40:19,360
Printf ni kauli au kazi
kwamba inaonekana Prints kitu

866
00:40:19,360 --> 00:40:20,580
kwa screen.

867
00:40:20,580 --> 00:40:23,470
Lakini hakuwa na kuona mimi
kutekeleza printf, haki.

868
00:40:23,470 --> 00:40:26,360
Mtu miaka iliyopita kutekelezwa printf.

869
00:40:26,360 --> 00:40:30,420
Katika kile file gani unaweza wager yeye
au yeye kuweka utekelezaji

870
00:40:30,420 --> 00:40:34,270
kwa printf, kanuni na kwa printf?

871
00:40:34,270 --> 00:40:36,860
>> Katika faili inayoitwa standard I / O.h.

872
00:40:36,860 --> 00:40:39,930
Kwa kweli, pengine ni katika
files mbili, standard I / O.h,

873
00:40:39,930 --> 00:40:42,650
ambayo inasimamia kwa header
faili, na standard I / O.c,

874
00:40:42,650 --> 00:40:44,060
ambayo inasimamia kwa C chanzo code.

875
00:40:44,060 --> 00:40:48,220
Hivyo yeye au yeye baadhi ya miaka iliyopita plopped
kificho kwamba wao aliandika katika faili kwamba

876
00:40:48,220 --> 00:40:51,240
ili watu kama sisi
miaka ya baadaye unaweza kujumuisha,

877
00:40:51,240 --> 00:40:53,040
hivyo kusema, katika mipango yetu wenyewe.

878
00:40:53,040 --> 00:40:56,320
>> Na hakika, kwamba ni nini pound ishara
ikifuatiwa na neno ni pamoja na gani.

879
00:40:56,320 --> 00:41:00,250
Inaonekana kwenye gari mitaa ngumu,
hupata faili inayoitwa standard I / O.h,

880
00:41:00,250 --> 00:41:03,840
na kisha kwa ufanisi nakala na
pastes ni ndani ya faili yangu mwenyewe.

881
00:41:03,840 --> 00:41:07,210
Hivyo sasa mpango wangu anajua
jinsi ya magazeti kwa screen.

882
00:41:07,210 --> 00:41:11,120
>> Hivyo kwa kuwa mantiki, ambapo
ni kamba defined?

883
00:41:11,120 --> 00:41:12,260
>> Watazamaji: CS50.h.

884
00:41:12,260 --> 00:41:13,290
>> DAVID J. Malan: CS50.h.

885
00:41:13,290 --> 00:41:15,540
Na hakika, kwamba ni nini sisi,
wafanyakazi msingi, wamefanya.

886
00:41:15,540 --> 00:41:19,590
Tumekuwa zuliwa aina chache data,
hivyo kusema, kama kamba,

887
00:41:19,590 --> 00:41:22,370
katika Mbali na ndio wewe
kupata kwa bure, kama int.

888
00:41:22,370 --> 00:41:26,010
Na tutaweza kuona watu wengine kama char
kwa ajili ya tabia na wachache zaidi.

889
00:41:26,010 --> 00:41:30,670
Ndani ya CS50.h inaonekana ni
angalau baadhi ya kutaja ya kamba.

890
00:41:30,670 --> 00:41:34,980
>> Hivyo sasa napenda kwenda mbele
na rerun kufanya hujambo-1.

891
00:41:34,980 --> 00:41:37,100
Mimi itabidi zoom katika tena na msalaba vidole yangu.

892
00:41:37,100 --> 00:41:41,370
Sasa kwa kuwa alifanya moja
mabadiliko ya mimi fasta mambo mengi.

893
00:41:41,370 --> 00:41:42,100
Lakini damn it.

894
00:41:42,100 --> 00:41:44,290
Percents zaidi ya data hoja.

895
00:41:44,290 --> 00:41:45,980
Nini mimi kufanya makosa wakati huu?

896
00:41:45,980 --> 00:41:47,420
>> Hivyo bado ni pretty cryptic.

897
00:41:47,420 --> 00:41:51,560
Lakini kosa hili ni juu ya
line 7 na tabia ya 21.

898
00:41:51,560 --> 00:41:53,880
Basi hebu kwenda kuangalia juu hapa.

899
00:41:53,880 --> 00:41:55,350
Ni kidogo hila.

900
00:41:55,350 --> 00:41:59,167
Lakini kama wewe kufikiri juu ya nini
mawazo ya msingi hapa ni,

901
00:41:59,167 --> 00:42:00,500
labda tunaweza tease hii mbali.

902
00:42:00,500 --> 00:42:02,300
>> Hivyo printf ni jina ya kazi.

903
00:42:02,300 --> 00:42:04,960
Mabano, hivi sasa, ni
tu kama kile sisi kuweka karibu

904
00:42:04,960 --> 00:42:07,005
mambo sisi ni kupita
kama pembejeo kwa kazi.

905
00:42:07,005 --> 00:42:08,921
Haki wote, tu
holela mkataba binadamu.

906
00:42:08,921 --> 00:42:09,919
Kutumia mabano.

907
00:42:09,919 --> 00:42:12,460
Ndani ya mabano wale
tumekuwa kuweka quotes mbili,

908
00:42:12,460 --> 00:42:14,810
na kisha kamba kama "hello dunia."

909
00:42:14,810 --> 00:42:18,160
>> Lakini katika mfano kwamba mapema sana
kwa ufupi alifanya sisi kuangalia kwa Scratch.

910
00:42:18,160 --> 00:42:22,590
Na tulikuwa na asilimia d, kile kingine
alikuwa ndani ya mabano wale

911
00:42:22,590 --> 00:42:23,730
kwamba mimi kuitwa nje kwa maneno?

912
00:42:23,730 --> 00:42:24,230
Yeah.

913
00:42:24,230 --> 00:42:28,166
>> Watazamaji: Hivyo ni nini wewe kuchukua
[Inaudible] kutoka ndani ya [inaudible]

914
00:42:28,166 --> 00:42:30,200
nini hawa [inaudible]?

915
00:42:30,200 --> 00:42:31,200
DAVID J. Malan: Hasa.

916
00:42:31,200 --> 00:42:32,700
Hivyo tulikuwa asilimia d.

917
00:42:32,700 --> 00:42:36,620
Lakini basi sisi alikuwa karibu
quote, comma, counter.

918
00:42:36,620 --> 00:42:37,120
Haki.

919
00:42:37,120 --> 00:42:40,680
Sisi maalum nini tunataka
kufanya kama placeholder.

920
00:42:40,680 --> 00:42:44,621
Basi nini mimi nina kwenda kufanya hapa ni
comma, je, unataka mimi kuweka?

921
00:42:44,621 --> 00:42:45,120
Watazamaji: S.

922
00:42:45,120 --> 00:42:46,828
DAVID J. Malan: S,
kwa sababu s katika kesi hii

923
00:42:46,828 --> 00:42:48,700
ni jina la chombo hifadhi.

924
00:42:48,700 --> 00:42:50,180
Ni jina la kioo bakuli.

925
00:42:50,180 --> 00:42:53,610
Wakati kabla ilikuwa counter katika kwamba
rahisi Scratch mfano sisi inaonekana saa.

926
00:42:53,610 --> 00:42:56,630
Hivyo sasa kuwa alifanya mbili
mabadiliko, basi mimi zoom katika

927
00:42:56,630 --> 00:42:59,800
na kujaribu mara moja zaidi kwa
kukusanya mpango huu.

928
00:42:59,800 --> 00:43:01,596
>> Sasa naona kwamba line cryptic.

929
00:43:01,596 --> 00:43:03,470
Lakini hiyo ni kweli
jina la compiler.

930
00:43:03,470 --> 00:43:04,886
Clang ni jina la compiler.

931
00:43:04,886 --> 00:43:07,100
Kufanya ni kuokoa mimi tu
maumivu ya kichwa ya milele

932
00:43:07,100 --> 00:43:09,830
kuandika kwamba amri ya muda mrefu mambo nje.

933
00:43:09,830 --> 00:43:14,900
Hivyo sasa kama mimi dot kufyeka hodi-1,
Mimi lazima kuona "hello, Daudi."

934
00:43:14,900 --> 00:43:16,450
>> Pretty aghali, ingawa, haki?

935
00:43:16,450 --> 00:43:18,158
Sisi wangefanya
hii tu mengi zaidi

936
00:43:18,158 --> 00:43:20,940
bila kuzungumza juu ya vigezo
na CS50.h na yote hayo.

937
00:43:20,940 --> 00:43:23,080
Basi hebu kufanya hivyo
kidogo zaidi ya kuvutia.

938
00:43:23,080 --> 00:43:31,010
>> Mbali na CS50.h,
kuwa na mambo kama kamba

939
00:43:31,010 --> 00:43:34,550
alitangaza, maktaba CS50
pia ina kazi chache.

940
00:43:34,550 --> 00:43:38,520
Hivyo tu kama miaka iliyopita, mtu aliandika
printf na kuiweka katika kiwango I / O.h

941
00:43:38,520 --> 00:43:39,530
na baadhi ya faili nyingine.

942
00:43:39,530 --> 00:43:44,010
>> Sisi, wafanyakazi CS50, aliandika kazi
kuitwa GetChar, GetDouble, GetFloat,

943
00:43:44,010 --> 00:43:47,610
GetInt, GetLongLong, GetString,
na sisi kuweka wale walio ndani ya faili

944
00:43:47,610 --> 00:43:49,890
kuitwa CS50.h na CS50.c.

945
00:43:49,890 --> 00:43:51,880
Na sisi kuziweka ndani ya
ya CS50 Appliance.

946
00:43:51,880 --> 00:43:53,880
Na watu unaweza pia
download yao online kama wao

947
00:43:53,880 --> 00:43:55,880
wanataka kuweka yao juu yao
mwenyewe kompyuta kama vizuri.

948
00:43:55,880 --> 00:44:00,880
Ambayo ni kusema kwamba tuna umba
kazi ili kupata pembejeo kutoka kwa mtumiaji.

949
00:44:00,880 --> 00:44:02,930
Sijui nini wote
ya data aina hizi ni.

950
00:44:02,930 --> 00:44:06,490
GetInt ni aina ya moja kwa moja, kama
kupata integer kwa namna fulani kutoka kwa mtumiaji.

951
00:44:06,490 --> 00:44:09,980
Na GetString ni pengine kama kupata
neno au sentensi kutoka kwa mtumiaji.

952
00:44:09,980 --> 00:44:11,770
>> Basi hebu kuzingatia kuwa.

953
00:44:11,770 --> 00:44:14,710
Na mimi nina kwenda nyuma katika
appliance na mimi nina kwenda mbele

954
00:44:14,710 --> 00:44:20,790
na kuokoa faili hii kama, hebu kuwaita
ni hodi-2.c kama toleo yangu ya pili.

955
00:44:20,790 --> 00:44:23,030
Na hebu kufanya michache ya mabadiliko.

956
00:44:23,030 --> 00:44:25,800
>> Wakati huu badala ya
ngumu coding David, ambayo

957
00:44:25,800 --> 00:44:29,120
hufanya incredibly thabiti
lakini aghali mpango,

958
00:44:29,120 --> 00:44:32,640
nini kama mimi badala kufanya GetString?

959
00:44:32,640 --> 00:44:35,660
Sasa taarifa GetString
ina mabano wazi,

960
00:44:35,660 --> 00:44:38,500
C. mabano, kwa sababu
haina haja yoyote ya pembejeo.

961
00:44:38,500 --> 00:44:40,850
Ni tu kwenda kupata
kamba kutoka kwa mtumiaji.

962
00:44:40,850 --> 00:44:42,460
>> Na sasa neno juu ya syntax nyingine.

963
00:44:42,460 --> 00:44:45,439
Semicolons mwisho tu mstari wa kanuni.

964
00:44:45,439 --> 00:44:46,730
You hawana haja nao kila mahali.

965
00:44:46,730 --> 00:44:48,896
Lakini kwamba tu maana mimi nina
kufanyika kwa mstari huu wa kanuni.

966
00:44:48,896 --> 00:44:51,080
Hebu kuhamia kwenye mwingine
kauli au kazi.

967
00:44:51,080 --> 00:44:53,010
Kamba anatangaza kutofautiana.

968
00:44:53,010 --> 00:44:55,920
String ni kama kusema
nipe bakuli, tafadhali.

969
00:44:55,920 --> 00:44:57,940
Na basi mimi kuweka kamba ndani yake.

970
00:44:57,940 --> 00:44:59,430
>> Na sasa ishara sawa.

971
00:44:59,430 --> 00:45:03,510
Ni ishara sawa Nini
kimsingi sawa na?

972
00:45:03,510 --> 00:45:04,500
>> Watazamaji: Hawawajui.

973
00:45:04,500 --> 00:45:06,190
>> DAVID J. Malan: Yeah, kumshirikisha thamani.

974
00:45:06,190 --> 00:45:09,872
Hivyo kama mimi, kwa mfano, simu
hii GetString kazi,

975
00:45:09,872 --> 00:45:12,830
na tutaweza kuona katika wakati kwamba
kwenda haraka user kwa kamba.

976
00:45:12,830 --> 00:45:17,810
Hii ni kama kuruhusu mimi kisha kuandika
D-v-i-d juu ya kipande cha karatasi.

977
00:45:17,810 --> 00:45:21,060
Na wakati mimi kusema kamba
s ni sawa na GetString,

978
00:45:21,060 --> 00:45:24,140
sawa kweli haina maana
sawa katika C programu.

979
00:45:24,140 --> 00:45:27,880
Ina maana hawawajui kutoka upande wa kulia
upande wa kwa upande wa kushoto.

980
00:45:27,880 --> 00:45:29,510
>> Hivyo nimekuwa wamezipata kamba.

981
00:45:29,510 --> 00:45:32,785
Na ishara sawa maana kuiweka
katika kuhifadhi kontena kuitwa s.

982
00:45:32,785 --> 00:45:36,730
Na Kisha kupita hii mbali na
printf kwa kweli kufanya kitu wake.

983
00:45:36,730 --> 00:45:39,790
>> Hivyo matokeo ya mwisho basi ni kwenda
kuangalia tofauti kidogo.

984
00:45:39,790 --> 00:45:40,840
Hebu kufanya kufanya hujambo-2.

985
00:45:40,840 --> 00:45:43,940

986
00:45:43,940 --> 00:45:45,260
Aidha anaweza kufanya kazi.

987
00:45:45,260 --> 00:45:46,450
Wewe ni kufuatia pamoja.

988
00:45:46,450 --> 00:45:47,940
Kufanya hujambo-2 kazi.

989
00:45:47,940 --> 00:45:52,640
Dot kufyeka hodi-2, kuingia.

990
00:45:52,640 --> 00:45:54,620
>> Mimi wanaonekana kuwa na usio
kitanzi au kitu.

991
00:45:54,620 --> 00:45:55,453
Hakuna kinachofanyika.

992
00:45:55,453 --> 00:45:56,134
Kwa nini?

993
00:45:56,134 --> 00:45:57,805
>> Watazamaji: Ni kufanya kitanzi usio.

994
00:45:57,805 --> 00:45:59,430
DAVID J. Malan: Ni kitanzi usio.

995
00:45:59,430 --> 00:46:02,710
Ni aina ya kusubiri kwa mimi
kweli kutoa ni pamoja na baadhi ya pembejeo.

996
00:46:02,710 --> 00:46:05,800
Hivyo basi mimi kwenda mbele na aina
katika David, na hit Enter.

997
00:46:05,800 --> 00:46:07,230
Na sasa anasema "hello, Daudi."

998
00:46:07,230 --> 00:46:09,040
Kama mimi kukimbia tena.

999
00:46:09,040 --> 00:46:11,530
Hebu aina katika Rob, "hello, Rob."

1000
00:46:11,530 --> 00:46:13,900
>> Sasa hii ni mbaya
user interface milele.

1001
00:46:13,900 --> 00:46:16,110
user ni inaonekana
wanatakiwa kujua nini cha kufanya.

1002
00:46:16,110 --> 00:46:17,120
Lakini hakuna jambo.

1003
00:46:17,120 --> 00:46:19,570
Kutumia hizi ujenzi huo
vitalu tu kama katika Scratch,

1004
00:46:19,570 --> 00:46:24,980
tunaweza kutatua tatizo hilo na kusema
kitu kama jina yako tafadhali, koloni,

1005
00:46:24,980 --> 00:46:27,820
nafasi, imefungwa quote, karibu
mabano, semicolon.

1006
00:46:27,820 --> 00:46:30,680
Hivyo mengi ya tena
puo na syntax.

1007
00:46:30,680 --> 00:46:34,040
>> Lakini taarifa Nimekuwa tu aliongeza
puzzle kipande juu ya hili moja

1008
00:46:34,040 --> 00:46:35,280
na juu ya hili moja.

1009
00:46:35,280 --> 00:46:38,870
Hivyo sasa kama mimi rerun hii, hello-2, kuingia.

1010
00:46:38,870 --> 00:46:41,180
Kusubiri dakika.

1011
00:46:41,180 --> 00:46:41,830
Nini mbaya?

1012
00:46:41,830 --> 00:46:43,570
Ni si tabia yoyote tofauti.

1013
00:46:43,570 --> 00:46:44,200
Yeah.

1014
00:46:44,200 --> 00:46:46,010
>> Watazamaji: You hawakuwa kukimbia kufanya tena.

1015
00:46:46,010 --> 00:46:47,968
>> DAVID J. Malan: Mimi si
kukimbia kufanya tena, haki.

1016
00:46:47,968 --> 00:46:49,430
Hivyo nimekuwa iliyopita chanzo code yangu.

1017
00:46:49,430 --> 00:46:50,638
Lakini tena, kuna kuwa kati yake.

1018
00:46:50,638 --> 00:46:54,530
Chanzo code kwa compiler inatoa
wewe mpya kitu code, au sekunde 0 na 1s.

1019
00:46:54,530 --> 00:47:00,209
Kwa hiyo mimi haja kwa kweli
rerun kufanya hujambo-2 kuingia.

1020
00:47:00,209 --> 00:47:01,750
OK, kitu inaonekana kuwa kilichotokea.

1021
00:47:01,750 --> 00:47:04,220
Dot kufyeka hodi-2.

1022
00:47:04,220 --> 00:47:05,390
Jina yako tafadhali.

1023
00:47:05,390 --> 00:47:09,990
Na kuwa wazi sasa, kwa nini ni
cursor juu ya mstari huo?

1024
00:47:09,990 --> 00:47:10,490
Hasa.

1025
00:47:10,490 --> 00:47:13,020
Mimi hakuwa na kuweka backslash
n hapa up katika code yangu.

1026
00:47:13,020 --> 00:47:16,110
Hivyo sasa siwezi kuandika
kitu kama Daven, kuingia.

1027
00:47:16,110 --> 00:47:18,710
Siwezi kukimbia tena na aina
kitu kama Gabe, Ingieni,

1028
00:47:18,710 --> 00:47:22,250
na sisi kupata mpango mbalimbali
tena na tena na tena.

1029
00:47:22,250 --> 00:47:28,940
>> Sasa hatimaye sisi ni kwenda haja ya
kutumia chache uwezo tofauti.

1030
00:47:28,940 --> 00:47:32,860
Tunahitaji kuanzisha hatimaye baadhi
hali ya kufanya mambo kwa masharti.

1031
00:47:32,860 --> 00:47:35,550
Labda loops ili tuweze kufanya
mambo tena na tena.

1032
00:47:35,550 --> 00:47:38,220
>> Labda itakuwa nzuri kama sisi
inaweza kutekeleza majukumu yetu wenyewe,

1033
00:47:38,220 --> 00:47:41,355
kama tunaweza kutekeleza yetu wenyewe
printf au toleo yetu wenyewe ya GetString

1034
00:47:41,355 --> 00:47:45,870
na GetFlow, kwa sababu hatimaye hata
kutumia amri line mazingira haya

1035
00:47:45,870 --> 00:47:49,780
Tunaweza kufanya hata wengi
kuibua kuvutia ya mambo.

1036
00:47:49,780 --> 00:47:51,950
>> Hakika katika hitimisho napenda kufanya hivyo.

1037
00:47:51,950 --> 00:47:54,020
Mimi nina kwenda mbele
na funga madirisha hayo

1038
00:47:54,020 --> 00:47:57,400
na kufungua icon hii hapa,
ambayo ni tu kubwa

1039
00:47:57,400 --> 00:48:00,020
toleo la kwamba iliyoingia
terminal dirisha.

1040
00:48:00,020 --> 00:48:02,329
Hivyo gedit ina si tu
mahali kwa code yangu,

1041
00:48:02,329 --> 00:48:05,620
lakini pia kujengwa katika terminal dirisha,
nyeusi na nyeupe dirisha ambapo naweza kukimbia

1042
00:48:05,620 --> 00:48:06,230
amri.

1043
00:48:06,230 --> 00:48:08,600
>> Mimi ilitokea tu kufungua
toleo kubwa ya hii.

1044
00:48:08,600 --> 00:48:11,170
Na sasa mimi nina kwenda katika
folder kwamba nimekuwa tayari

1045
00:48:11,170 --> 00:48:13,150
kuweka mapema kwenye tovuti bila shaka ya.

1046
00:48:13,150 --> 00:48:16,720
Na mimi nina kwenda mbele na
kufungua faili inayoitwa thadgavin.c,

1047
00:48:16,720 --> 00:48:18,710
ambayo ilikuwa imeandikwa na mtu mwingine.

1048
00:48:18,710 --> 00:48:21,220
>> Na kama sisi kuangalia hii,
hii ni si aina ya code

1049
00:48:21,220 --> 00:48:24,370
tutaweza kuwa na kuandika tangu
Lengo la kanuni hii

1050
00:48:24,370 --> 00:48:28,450
mara kwa kuandika prettiest
kuangalia kificho kwamba yeye au yeye anaweza,

1051
00:48:28,450 --> 00:48:31,290
bila kujali kama au si
binadamu mwingine inaweza milele

1052
00:48:31,290 --> 00:48:33,660
kuelewa kanuni hii.

1053
00:48:33,660 --> 00:48:37,050
>> Hakika, kila mwaka kuna nini
kuitwa obfuscated C mashindano, ambayo

1054
00:48:37,050 --> 00:48:39,570
ni kwa geeks halisi ambao kuandika
kificho kwamba hakuna mtu mwingine anaweza kusoma,

1055
00:48:39,570 --> 00:48:42,050
lakini kwamba hana kitu ama
kweli ni rahisi au kweli kushangaza.

1056
00:48:42,050 --> 00:48:43,890
Na sisi mawazo tunatarajia
kuhitimisha kwa kuangalia hii

1057
00:48:43,890 --> 00:48:48,300
katika kitu ambacho ni pretty ajabu
unaweza kuwa na kuonekana mara moja kabla ya.

1058
00:48:48,300 --> 00:48:52,650
Lakini tutaweza mwisho juu ya hili
kumbuka, dot slash, thadgavin.

1059
00:48:52,650 --> 00:48:53,860
Hii basi ni nini watapata.

1060
00:48:53,860 --> 00:48:57,140

1061
00:48:57,140 --> 00:48:58,500
>> Hiyo ni kwa CS50.

1062
00:48:58,500 --> 00:48:59,935
Sisi kuona juu ya Jumatano.

1063
00:48:59,935 --> 00:49:04,284

1064
00:49:04,284 --> 00:49:10,016
>> [MUSIC KUCHEZA]

1065
00:49:10,016 --> 00:53:31,883