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00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:00,500

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00:00:00,500 --> 00:00:03,340
[Music kucheza]

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00:00:03,340 --> 00:00:11,020

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00:00:11,020 --> 00:00:14,010
>> DAVID Malan: Hii ni CS50.

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00:00:14,010 --> 00:00:18,090
Na hii ni wa mwanzo na
end-- kama literally-- karibu mwisho

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00:00:18,090 --> 00:00:18,825
ya wiki sita.

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00:00:18,825 --> 00:00:20,030

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>> Nilidhani ningependa kushiriki
kidogo ya ukweli na furaha.

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00:00:22,640 --> 00:00:25,370
Nimekuwa vunjwa hii kutoka
data ya nyuma muhula ya kuweka.

10
00:00:25,370 --> 00:00:29,710
Unaweza kukumbuka kwamba sisi kuuliza wewe juu ya kila
p kuweka aina kama wameweza watched online

11
00:00:29,710 --> 00:00:31,580
au kama wameweza walihudhuria katika mtu.

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00:00:31,580 --> 00:00:33,020
Na hapa ni data.

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00:00:33,020 --> 00:00:34,710
Hivyo leo ilikuwa sana kutabirika.

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00:00:34,710 --> 00:00:37,126
Lakini sisi alitaka kutumia kidogo
muda na wewe hata hivyo.

15
00:00:37,126 --> 00:00:40,599
Je, mtu yeyote kama dhana nini hii
graph ni hivyo jaggy, hadi chini, juu chini,

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00:00:40,599 --> 00:00:41,265
hivyo mara kwa mara?

17
00:00:41,265 --> 00:00:42,980

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Nini kufanya kila ya peaks
na Mabwawa kuwakilisha?

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>> Watazamaji: [inaudible]

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00:00:46,005 --> 00:00:47,002

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DAVID Malan: Hakika.

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00:00:47,835 --> 00:00:50,900

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Na zaidi amusingly, mungu apishe,
sisi kushikilia hotuba moja Ijumaa

24
00:00:55,480 --> 00:00:58,960
mwanzoni mwa muhula,
kwamba ni nini tunaona kutokea.

25
00:00:58,960 --> 00:01:03,430
Hivyo leo, sisi kushiriki katika kidogo
zaidi kuhusu miundo ya data.

26
00:01:03,430 --> 00:01:06,660
Na kukupa zaidi ya imara
mfano wa akili kwa ajili ya matatizo saa tano,

27
00:01:06,660 --> 00:01:07,450
ambayo sasa ni nje.

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Misspellings, eti, tutaweza
mkono wewe faili Nakala baadhi 100,000

29
00:01:10,817 --> 00:01:12,650
pamoja maneno ya Kiingereza, na
wewe ni kwenda kuwa na

30
00:01:12,650 --> 00:01:17,770
kufikiri jinsi ya cleverly shehena yao
katika kumbukumbu, katika RAM, kwa kutumia baadhi ya data

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muundo wa uchaguzi wako.

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>> Sasa mmoja kama data muundo inaweza
kuwa, lakini pengine lazima kuwa,

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uungwana simplistic wanaohusishwa orodha,
ambayo sisi ilianzisha mara ya mwisho.

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Na orodha wanaohusishwa alikuwa angalau
faida moja juu ya safu.

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Nini faida moja ya
orodha wanaohusishwa arguably?

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>> Watazamaji: Insertion.

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>> DAVID Malan: Insertion.

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00:01:33,908 --> 00:01:34,155

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00:01:34,155 --> 00:01:35,196
Nini maana na kwamba?

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>> Watazamaji: popote pamoja
orodha [inaudible].

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>> DAVID Malan: Good.

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Hivyo unaweza kuingiza kipengele popote
unataka katikati ya orodha

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bila ya kuwa na changa chochote,
ambayo sisi alihitimisha, katika kuchagua wetu

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majadiliano, si
lazima jambo jema,

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kwa sababu inachukua muda wa kweli hoja
yote ya binadamu wale wa kushoto au kulia.

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Na hivyo na orodha wanaohusishwa, unaweza
tu kutenga na malloc, nodi mpya,

47
00:01:55,540 --> 00:01:58,385
na kisha update michache
pointers-- mbili, shughuli tatu max--

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00:01:58,385 --> 00:02:01,480
na sisi ni uwezo wa yanayopangwa mtu
katika mahali popote katika orodha.

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00:02:01,480 --> 00:02:03,550
>> Kile kingine ilikuwa faida
kuhusu orodha wanaohusishwa?

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00:02:03,550 --> 00:02:04,980

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00:02:04,980 --> 00:02:05,659
Yeah?

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00:02:05,659 --> 00:02:06,534
>> Watazamaji: [inaudible]

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00:02:06,534 --> 00:02:07,538

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00:02:07,538 --> 00:02:08,413
DAVID Malan: Perfect.

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00:02:08,413 --> 00:02:10,590

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00:02:10,590 --> 00:02:11,090
Kamilifu.

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00:02:11,090 --> 00:02:12,070
Ni kweli nguvu.

58
00:02:12,070 --> 00:02:15,100
Na kwamba wewe si kufanya,
mapema, baadhi ya ukubwa fasta

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00:02:15,100 --> 00:02:18,750
chunk ya kumbukumbu, kama ingekuwa
kwa pamoja na safu, kichwa ambayo

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ni kwamba unaweza kutenga nodes tu juu ya
mahitaji na hivyo kutumia nafasi kama kiasi tu

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kweli kama unahitaji.

62
00:02:23,330 --> 00:02:26,830
Kwa kulinganisha na safu, unaweza
ajali kutenga kidogo sana.

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00:02:26,830 --> 00:02:28,871
Na basi ni kwenda tu
kuwa maumivu ya shingo

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kwa reallocate mpya kubwa safu, nakala
kila kitu juu, bure safu ya zamani,

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na kisha kuondoka kuhusu biashara yako.

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00:02:33,990 --> 00:02:37,479
Au mbaya zaidi, unaweza kutenga njia
zaidi ya kumbukumbu kuliko wewe kweli haja,

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00:02:37,479 --> 00:02:40,520
na hivyo wewe ni kwenda kuwa na sana
wachache-wakazi safu, hivyo kusema.

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00:02:40,520 --> 00:02:44,350
>> Hivyo orodha wanaohusishwa inakupa haya
faida ya mabadiliko na kubadilika

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00:02:44,350 --> 00:02:46,080
na insertions na kufuta maneno.

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00:02:46,080 --> 00:02:48,000
Lakini hakika lazima kuna bei ya kulipwa.

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00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:50,000
Kwa kweli, moja ya mandhari
Kugundua juu ya jaribio sifuri

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00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:52,430
ilikuwa michache ya biashara awamu ya pili
tumeona hivi sasa.

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Basi nini au bei ya kulipwa
upande wa chini ya orodha wanaohusishwa?

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00:02:56,161 --> 00:02:56,660
Yeah.

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00:02:56,660 --> 00:02:57,560
>> Watazamaji: Hakuna upatikanaji random.

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>> DAVID Malan: Hakuna upatikanaji random.

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Lakini anayejali?

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00:02:59,540 --> 00:03:01,546
Random upatikanaji haina sauti ya kulazimisha.

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>> Watazamaji: [inaudible]

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00:03:02,421 --> 00:03:04,865

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DAVID Malan: Hasa.

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00:03:05,740 --> 00:03:07,580
Kama unataka kuwa
algorithm-- fulani

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00:03:07,580 --> 00:03:10,170
na napenda kweli kupendekeza
binary tafuta hasa, ambayo

84
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ni moja tumekuwa kutumika kabisa bit--
kama huna upatikanaji random,

85
00:03:12,600 --> 00:03:15,516
unaweza kufanya hivyo hesabu rahisi
ya kutafuta kama kipengele katikati

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00:03:15,516 --> 00:03:16,530
na kuruka haki yake.

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00:03:16,530 --> 00:03:20,239
Wewe badala kuanza kwa mara ya kwanza
kipengele na linearly kutafuta kutoka kushoto

88
00:03:20,239 --> 00:03:22,780
na haki kama unataka kupata
katikati au kipengele nyingine yoyote.

89
00:03:22,780 --> 00:03:24,410
>> Watazamaji: Ni pengine inachukua zaidi ya kumbukumbu.

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00:03:24,410 --> 00:03:25,040
>> DAVID Malan: inachukua zaidi ya kumbukumbu.

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Ambapo ni kwamba ziada
gharama kuja kutoka katika kumbukumbu?

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>> Watazamaji: [inaudible]

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00:03:28,339 --> 00:03:32,566

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DAVID Malan: Hasa.

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00:03:33,440 --> 00:03:35,679
Katika kesi hii hapa, tulikuwa
orodha wanaohusishwa kwa integers,

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na bado tuko mara dufu
kiasi cha kumbukumbu

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00:03:37,470 --> 00:03:39,680
tunahitaji na pia kuhifadhi kuyatumia haya.

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00:03:39,680 --> 00:03:42,090
Sasa chini ya mpango kubwa kama
structs yako kupata kubwa

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na wewe ni hifadhi si idadi lakini
labda mwanafunzi au baadhi kitu kingine.

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00:03:45,320 --> 00:03:46,880
Lakini uhakika hakika bado.

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Na hivyo idadi ya shughuli
katika orodha wanaohusishwa waliitwa

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walikuwa O kubwa ya n-- linear.

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Mambo kama insertion au tafuta
au kufutwa katika kesi ya kipengele

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kilichotokea kwa kuwa katika mwisho sana ya
orodha kama ni vyema au la.

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>> Wakati mwingine unaweza kupata bahati na katika
mipaka hivyo chini juu ya shughuli hizo

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anaweza pia kuwa wakati mara kwa mara kama wewe ni
daima kuangalia kipengele kwanza,

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kwa mfano.

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00:04:05,070 --> 00:04:09,360
Lakini hatimaye, sisi aliahidi
kufikia grail takatifu

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wa miundo data, au
baadhi yake makadirio,

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kwa njia ya muda wa mara kwa mara.

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Tunaweza kupata mambo au kuongeza mambo
au kuondoa vipengele kutoka orodha?

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00:04:17,579 --> 00:04:19,059
Tutaona kabisa hivi karibuni.

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Na zinageuka kuwa moja
ya taratibu tuko

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kwenda kuanza kutumia leo,
matumizi ya kila mwaka katika p kuweka tano,

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ni kweli pretty ukoo.

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Kwa mfano, kama hii ni rundo
vitabu mtihani, ambayo kila mmoja

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ina mwanafunzi wa kwanza
jina na jina la mwisho juu yake,

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na mimi kuwachukua kutoka
mwishoni mwa mtihani,

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na wao uko wote pretty
kiasi ili random,

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na tunataka kwenda juu ya kuchagua
mitihani hizi hivyo kwamba mara graded

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ni tu rahisi sana na
kasi ya mkono wao nyuma nje

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kwa wanafunzi alphabetically.

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Gani silika yako kuwa
kwa rundo la mitihani kama hii?

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>> Naam, kama wewe ni kama mimi, wewe
ili kuona kwamba hii ni m,

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hivyo mimi nina kwenda aina ya kuweka hii katika,
kama hii ni meza yangu au sakafu yangu ambapo

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Mimi kueneza mambo
out-- au safu yangu really--

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Nipate kuweka yote ya Bi huko.

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Oh.

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Hapa ni A. Hivyo mimi ili
kuweka Kama zaidi ya hapa.

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Oh.

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Hapa ni A. mwingine mimi nina kwenda
kuweka kwamba zaidi ya hapa.

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Hapa ni Z. Hapa ni mwingine M. Na hivyo
Mimi ili kuanza kufanya piles kama hii.

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Na kisha labda Ningependa kwenda katika baadaye
na aina ya nitpicky-ly sana aina

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piles ya mtu binafsi.

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00:05:07,710 --> 00:05:11,300
Lakini uhakika ni mimi bila kuangalia
katika pembejeo kwamba mimi nina mitupu

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na napenda kufanya baadhi ya mahesabu
uamuzi kulingana na pembejeo kwamba.

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00:05:14,016 --> 00:05:15,640
Kama ni kuanza na, kuiweka zaidi ya hapo.

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00:05:15,640 --> 00:05:18,980
Kama ni kuanza kwa Z, kuiweka juu ya
huko, na kila kitu katika kati.

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00:05:18,980 --> 00:05:22,730
>> Hivyo hii ni mbinu hiyo ni
ujumla inayojulikana kama hashing-- H-A-S-H--

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00:05:22,730 --> 00:05:26,550
ambayo kwa ujumla ina maana ya kuchukua kama
pembejeo na kutumia pembejeo kwamba compute

141
00:05:26,550 --> 00:05:30,940
thamani, kwa ujumla idadi, na kwamba
idadi ni index katika kuhifadhi

142
00:05:30,940 --> 00:05:32,260
chombo, kama safu.

143
00:05:32,260 --> 00:05:35,490
Hivyo kwa maneno mengine, mimi ili kuwa na
kazi hash, kama mimi kufanya katika kichwa changu,

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00:05:35,490 --> 00:05:37,940
kwamba kama mimi kuona mtu ni
jina ambao huanza na A,

145
00:05:37,940 --> 00:05:40,190
Mimi nina kwenda ramani kwamba
kwa sifuri katika kichwa changu.

146
00:05:40,190 --> 00:05:44,160
Na kama mimi kuona mtu na Z, mimi nina
kwenda ramani kwamba 25 katika kichwa changu

147
00:05:44,160 --> 00:05:46,220
na kisha kuweka kwamba katika
mwisho zaidi ya rundo.

148
00:05:46,220 --> 00:05:50,990
>> Sasa, kama unafikiri kuhusu si ubongo wangu
lakini C mpango, nini naweza namba

149
00:05:50,990 --> 00:05:53,170
wanategemea kufikia matokeo kwamba huo?

150
00:05:53,170 --> 00:05:55,594
Kwa maneno mengine, kama wewe
alikuwa ASCII tabia A,

151
00:05:55,594 --> 00:05:57,510
jinsi gani unaweza kuamua
nini ndoo ili kuweka katika?

152
00:05:57,510 --> 00:05:59,801
Pengine hawataki
kuiweka katika ndoo 65, ambayo

153
00:05:59,801 --> 00:06:01,840
itakuwa kama zaidi ya hapo
kwa maana hakuna sababu nzuri.

154
00:06:01,840 --> 00:06:04,320
Ambapo unataka kuweka A
katika suala la thamani yake ASCII?

155
00:06:04,320 --> 00:06:05,600

156
00:06:05,600 --> 00:06:08,920
Ambapo unataka kufanya ASCII wake
thamani kuja na ndoo nadhifu

157
00:06:08,920 --> 00:06:09,480
kuiweka katika?

158
00:06:09,480 --> 00:06:10,206
>> Watazamaji: Minus A.

159
00:06:10,206 --> 00:06:10,956
>> DAVID Malan: Yeah.

160
00:06:10,956 --> 00:06:13,190
Hivyo minus A au bala
hasa 65 kama ni

161
00:06:13,190 --> 00:06:18,240
mji mkuu A. Au 98 kama
ni ndogo a.

162
00:06:18,240 --> 00:06:21,300
Na hivyo kwamba itakuwa kuruhusu sisi, sana
tu na kihisabati sana,

163
00:06:21,300 --> 00:06:23,260
kuweka kitu ndani ya ndoo kama hiyo.

164
00:06:23,260 --> 00:06:26,010
Hivyo ni zamu nje sisi kwa kweli kufanya
hii vilevile hata kwa Quizzes.

165
00:06:26,010 --> 00:06:29,051
>> Hivyo unaweza kukumbuka you ikizunguka yako
jina mafundisho wenzake juu ya bima.

166
00:06:29,051 --> 00:06:32,270
Na majina TF walikuwa kupangwa
ndani ya nguzo hizi alphabetically,

167
00:06:32,270 --> 00:06:34,400
vizuri, amini au si,
wakati wote pamoja na 80 wa kwetu

168
00:06:34,400 --> 00:06:37,800
got pamoja usiku mengine daraja,
hatua ya mwisho katika mchakato wetu grading

169
00:06:37,800 --> 00:06:41,830
ni hash Quizzes katika kubwa
nafasi ya sakafu katika [inaudible]

170
00:06:41,830 --> 00:06:45,110
na kuweka Quizzes kila mtu nje
katika hasa utaratibu wa TF yao

171
00:06:45,110 --> 00:06:47,700
majina juu ya bima, kwa sababu
basi ni rahisi sana kwa ajili yetu

172
00:06:47,700 --> 00:06:51,290
kutafuta njia ya kwamba kwa kutumia linear
kutafuta au aina fulani ya ujanja

173
00:06:51,290 --> 00:06:54,050
kwa TF kupata au wake
wanafunzi wake 'Quizzes.

174
00:06:54,050 --> 00:06:56,060
>> Hivyo hii wazo la hashing
kwamba utaona ni

175
00:06:56,060 --> 00:07:00,520
nguvu kabisa ni kweli pretty
kawaida na Intuitive sana,

176
00:07:00,520 --> 00:07:03,000
kiasi kama labda kugawanya na
kushinda alikuwa katika wiki sifuri.

177
00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:05,250
Mimi mbele kwa haraka na hackathon
miaka michache iliyopita.

178
00:07:05,250 --> 00:07:08,040
Hii ilikuwa Zamyla na michache ya
mengine ya wanafunzi wafanyakazi salamu

179
00:07:08,040 --> 00:07:09,030
walipokuwa katika.

180
00:07:09,030 --> 00:07:12,680
Na tulikuwa na rundo zima la Folding
meza kuna na vitambulisho jina.

181
00:07:12,680 --> 00:07:15,380
Na tulikuwa na vitambulisho jina kupangwa
na kama Kama zaidi ya hapo

182
00:07:15,380 --> 00:07:16,690
na ZS zaidi ya hapo.

183
00:07:16,690 --> 00:07:20,350
Na hivyo moja ya TFS cleverly sana
aliandika hii kama maelekezo

184
00:07:20,350 --> 00:07:21,030
kwa siku.

185
00:07:21,030 --> 00:07:24,480
Na katika wiki ya 12 ya muhula hii
yote yaliyotolewa akili kamilifu na kila mtu

186
00:07:24,480 --> 00:07:25,310
alijua nini cha kufanya.

187
00:07:25,310 --> 00:07:27,900
Lakini wakati wowote wameweza
queued katika njia hiyo hiyo,

188
00:07:27,900 --> 00:07:30,272
wewe ni kutekeleza
dhana hiyo ya hash.

189
00:07:30,272 --> 00:07:31,730
Basi hebu kurasimisha ni kidogo.

190
00:07:31,730 --> 00:07:32,890
Hapa ni safu.

191
00:07:32,890 --> 00:07:36,820
Ni inayotolewa kwa kuwa ni kidogo
pana tu depict, kuibua,

192
00:07:36,820 --> 00:07:38,920
tupate kuweka masharti
katika kitu kama hiki.

193
00:07:38,920 --> 00:07:41,970
Na safu hii ni
wazi ya jumla ukubwa 26.

194
00:07:41,970 --> 00:07:43,935
Na jambo inaitwa
meza kiholela.

195
00:07:43,935 --> 00:07:48,930
Lakini hii ni tu mpenyo msanii
nini meza hash inaweza kuwa.

196
00:07:48,930 --> 00:07:52,799
>> Hivyo meza hash sasa ni kwenda
kuwa juu ya muundo data ngazi.

197
00:07:52,799 --> 00:07:54,840
Mwisho wa siku
sisi ni juu ya kuona kwamba

198
00:07:54,840 --> 00:07:58,700
unaweza kutekeleza hash meza, ambayo
ni kiasi kama line kuangalia katika

199
00:07:58,700 --> 00:08:02,059
katika hackathon kiasi kama hii
meza kutumika kwa ajili ya kuchagua vitabu mtihani.

200
00:08:02,059 --> 00:08:03,850
Lakini meza hash ni
aina ya ngazi hii ya juu

201
00:08:03,850 --> 00:08:08,250
dhana kwamba inaweza kutumia safu
chini ya kofia ya kutekeleza,

202
00:08:08,250 --> 00:08:11,890
au inaweza kutumia orodha urefu, au hata
labda baadhi wengine miundo data.

203
00:08:11,890 --> 00:08:15,590
Na sasa kwamba kuchukua theme--
baadhi ya viungo haya ya msingi

204
00:08:15,590 --> 00:08:18,310
kama safu na jengo hili
kuzuia sasa ya orodha urefu

205
00:08:18,310 --> 00:08:21,740
na kuona nini kingine tunaweza kujenga
juu ya wale, kama viungo

206
00:08:21,740 --> 00:08:26,550
ndani ya kichocheo, na kufanya zaidi na zaidi
kuvutia na manufaa ya mwisho matokeo.

207
00:08:26,550 --> 00:08:28,680
>> Hivyo pamoja na meza hash
tupate kutekeleza

208
00:08:28,680 --> 00:08:32,540
katika kumbukumbu pictorially kama hii, lakini
jinsi gani ni kweli kuwa kutolewa up?

209
00:08:32,540 --> 00:08:33,789
Vizuri, labda kama tu ni hii.

210
00:08:33,789 --> 00:08:38,270
Kama UWEZO katika mechi zote, ni tu
baadhi constant-- kwa mfano 26,

211
00:08:38,270 --> 00:08:42,030
kwa herufi 26 ya alphabet--
Nipate kuwaita meza yangu variable,

212
00:08:42,030 --> 00:08:45,630
na mimi ili kudai kwamba mimi nina kwenda
kuweka nyota Char huko, au kamba.

213
00:08:45,630 --> 00:08:49,880
Hivyo ni rahisi kama hii kama wewe
wanataka kutekeleza meza hash.

214
00:08:49,880 --> 00:08:51,490
Na bado, hii ni kweli tu safu.

215
00:08:51,490 --> 00:08:53,198
Lakini tena, hash
meza ni sasa nini tutaweza

216
00:08:53,198 --> 00:08:57,470
kuwaita data abstract aina hiyo ni
aina ya layering dhana juu

217
00:08:57,470 --> 00:09:00,780
wa kitu zaidi mundane
sasa kama safu.

218
00:09:00,780 --> 00:09:02,960
>> Sasa, jinsi gani sisi kwenda
kuhusu kutatua matatizo?

219
00:09:02,960 --> 00:09:06,980
Naam, awali nilikuwa anasa
ya kuwa na nafasi ya kutosha meza hapa

220
00:09:06,980 --> 00:09:09,460
ili niweze kuweka
Quizzes popote nilitaka.

221
00:09:09,460 --> 00:09:10,620
Hivyo Kama wanaweza kwenda hapa.

222
00:09:10,620 --> 00:09:12,100
ZS wanaweza kwenda hapa.

223
00:09:12,100 --> 00:09:13,230
Bi wanaweza kwenda hapa.

224
00:09:13,230 --> 00:09:14,740
Na kisha mimi alikuwa na baadhi ya nafasi ya ziada.

225
00:09:14,740 --> 00:09:18,740
Lakini hii ni kidogo ya kudanganya haki
sasa kwa sababu meza hii, kama kweli

226
00:09:18,740 --> 00:09:22,720
mawazo ya kama safu, ni tu
itakuwa ya baadhi ya kawaida fasta.

227
00:09:22,720 --> 00:09:25,380
>> Basi kitaalam, kama mimi kuvuta
up jaribio mwanafunzi mwingine

228
00:09:25,380 --> 00:09:28,490
na kuona, oh, mtu huyu
jina huanza na A pia,

229
00:09:28,490 --> 00:09:30,980
Mimi aina ya kutaka kuiweka huko.

230
00:09:30,980 --> 00:09:34,740
Lakini haraka kama mimi kuiweka huko, kama
meza hii kweli inawakilisha safu,

231
00:09:34,740 --> 00:09:37,840
Mimi nina kwenda kuwa kuu au clobbering
yeyote Jaribio mwanafunzi huu ni.

232
00:09:37,840 --> 00:09:38,340
Haki?

233
00:09:38,340 --> 00:09:41,972
Kama hii ni safu, jambo moja tu unaweza
kwenda katika kila moja ya seli hizi au vipengele.

234
00:09:41,972 --> 00:09:43,680
Na hivyo mimi aina ya kuwa
kuchukua na kuchagua.

235
00:09:43,680 --> 00:09:45,735
>> Sasa mapema Mimi aina ya
cheated na alifanya hii au mimi

236
00:09:45,735 --> 00:09:47,526
tu aina ya sifa
yao juu ya kila mmoja.

237
00:09:47,526 --> 00:09:49,170
Lakini kwamba si kwenda kuruka katika kanuni.

238
00:09:49,170 --> 00:09:52,260
Hivyo ambapo naweza kuweka
mwanafunzi wa pili jina lake

239
00:09:52,260 --> 00:09:54,964
A ni kama wote nilikuwa ni hii
inapatikana meza nafasi?

240
00:09:54,964 --> 00:09:57,880
Na nimekuwa kutumika inafaa tatu na
Inaonekana kama kuna wengine chache tu.

241
00:09:57,880 --> 00:09:58,959
Unaweza kufanya nini?

242
00:09:58,959 --> 00:09:59,834
Watazamaji: [inaudible]

243
00:09:59,834 --> 00:10:00,565

244
00:10:00,565 --> 00:10:01,315
DAVID Malan: Yeah.

245
00:10:01,315 --> 00:10:02,370
Labda hebu tu kushika ni rahisi.

246
00:10:02,370 --> 00:10:02,660
Haki?

247
00:10:02,660 --> 00:10:04,243
Haina fit ambapo nataka kuweka.

248
00:10:04,243 --> 00:10:07,450
Hivyo nina kwenda kwa kuiweka
kitaalam ambapo B aliamua kwenda.

249
00:10:07,450 --> 00:10:09,932
Sasa, bila shaka, mimi nina kuanza
rangi mwenyewe katika kona.

250
00:10:09,932 --> 00:10:11,890
Kama mimi kupata mwanafunzi
ambaye jina lake ni kweli B,

251
00:10:11,890 --> 00:10:14,840
sasa B ni kwenda kuwa wakiongozwa kidogo
mbele, kama inaweza kutokea, yep,

252
00:10:14,840 --> 00:10:17,530
kama hii ni B, sasa ina kwenda hapa.

253
00:10:17,530 --> 00:10:20,180
>> Na hivyo hii haraka sana
inaweza kuwa tatizo,

254
00:10:20,180 --> 00:10:23,850
lakini ni mbinu ambayo kweli
ni inajulikana kama linear uchunguzi,

255
00:10:23,850 --> 00:10:26,650
ambapo wewe tu kufikiria yako
safu kuwa pamoja mstari.

256
00:10:26,650 --> 00:10:29,680
Na wewe tu aina ya kuchunguza au
kukagua kila kipengele inapatikana

257
00:10:29,680 --> 00:10:31,360
kuangalia kwa doa inapatikana.

258
00:10:31,360 --> 00:10:34,010
Na haraka kama wewe kupata
moja, wewe kushuka huko.

259
00:10:34,010 --> 00:10:38,390
>> Sasa, bei kulipwa sasa
kwa ufumbuzi huu ni nini?

260
00:10:38,390 --> 00:10:41,300
Tuna fasta ukubwa safu,
na wakati mimi kuingiza majina

261
00:10:41,300 --> 00:10:44,059
ndani yake, angalau awali, nini
wakati mbio za insertion

262
00:10:44,059 --> 00:10:46,350
kwa ajili ya kuweka ya wanafunzi '
Quizzes katika ndoo haki?

263
00:10:46,350 --> 00:10:48,710

264
00:10:48,710 --> 00:10:50,002
Big O nini?

265
00:10:50,002 --> 00:10:51,147
>> Watazamaji: n.

266
00:10:51,147 --> 00:10:52,480
DAVID Malan: nikasikia O kubwa ya n.

267
00:10:52,480 --> 00:10:53,530

268
00:10:53,530 --> 00:10:54,300
Si kweli.

269
00:10:54,300 --> 00:10:56,490
Lakini tutaweza tease mbali
nini katika muda tu.

270
00:10:56,490 --> 00:10:57,702
Nini kingine inaweza kuwa kitu gani?

271
00:10:57,702 --> 00:10:58,755
>> Watazamaji: [inaudible]

272
00:10:58,755 --> 00:11:00,380
DAVID Malan: Na napenda kufanya hivyo kuibua.

273
00:11:00,380 --> 00:11:04,720
Hivyo tuseme hii ni barua S.

274
00:11:04,720 --> 00:11:05,604
>> Watazamaji: Ni moja.

275
00:11:05,604 --> 00:11:06,520
DAVID Malan: Ni moja.

276
00:11:06,520 --> 00:11:06,710
Haki?

277
00:11:06,710 --> 00:11:08,950
Hii ni safu, ambayo
ina maana sisi kupata random.

278
00:11:08,950 --> 00:11:11,790
Na kama sisi kufikiri ya hii
kama sifuri na hii kama 25,

279
00:11:11,790 --> 00:11:13,800
na sisi kutambua kwamba,
oh, hapa pembejeo yangu S,

280
00:11:13,800 --> 00:11:16,350
Mimi tunaweza kubadilisha
S, tabia ASCII,

281
00:11:16,350 --> 00:11:18,540
kwa idadi inayolingana
kati ya sifuri na 25

282
00:11:18,540 --> 00:11:20,910
na kisha mara moja
kuiweka ambapo ni mali.

283
00:11:20,910 --> 00:11:26,120
>> Lakini bila shaka, haraka kama mimi kupata
mtu wa pili ambaye ni jina ni A au B au C

284
00:11:26,120 --> 00:11:29,300
hatimaye, kama nimekuwa kutumika
linear uchunguzi kama ufumbuzi yangu,

285
00:11:29,300 --> 00:11:31,360
wakati mbio za
insertion katika kesi mbaya

286
00:11:31,360 --> 00:11:33,120
ni kweli kwenda devolve katika nini?

287
00:11:33,120 --> 00:11:34,270

288
00:11:34,270 --> 00:11:36,045
Na mimi kusikia hapa
usahihi mapema.

289
00:11:36,045 --> 00:11:36,920
Watazamaji: [inaudible]

290
00:11:36,920 --> 00:11:41,620
DAVID Malan: Hivyo ni kweli n mara moja
una kubwa ya kutosha data kuweka.

291
00:11:41,620 --> 00:11:44,410
Hivyo, kwa upande mmoja, kama
safu yako ni kubwa ya kutosha

292
00:11:44,410 --> 00:11:48,287
na data yako ni sparse kutosha,
kupata muda huu mzuri wa mara kwa mara.

293
00:11:48,287 --> 00:11:50,620
Lakini haraka kama wewe kuanza
kupata mambo zaidi na zaidi,

294
00:11:50,620 --> 00:11:53,200
na tu kitakwimu kupata
watu zaidi na barua

295
00:11:53,200 --> 00:11:56,030
kama jina yao au barua
B, inaweza uwezekano

296
00:11:56,030 --> 00:11:57,900
kukabidhi katika kitu zaidi linear.

297
00:11:57,900 --> 00:11:59,640
Hivyo si kabisa kamilifu.

298
00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:00,690
Hivyo tunaweza kufanya vizuri zaidi?

299
00:12:00,690 --> 00:12:03,210
>> Naam, nini ilikuwa wetu
ufumbuzi kabla ya wakati sisi

300
00:12:03,210 --> 00:12:06,820
wanataka kuwa zaidi kuliko mabadiliko
kitu kama safu kuruhusiwa?

301
00:12:06,820 --> 00:12:08,085

302
00:12:08,085 --> 00:12:08,960
Watazamaji: [inaudible]

303
00:12:08,960 --> 00:12:10,030
DAVID Malan: Je, sisi kuanzisha?

304
00:12:10,030 --> 00:12:10,530
Yeah.

305
00:12:10,530 --> 00:12:11,430
Hivyo orodha wanaohusishwa.

306
00:12:11,430 --> 00:12:14,430
Naam, hebu angalia nini wanaohusishwa
orodha inaweza kufanya kwa ajili yetu badala yake.

307
00:12:14,430 --> 00:12:17,630
Naam, napenda kupendekeza kwamba sisi
kuchora picha kama ifuatavyo.

308
00:12:17,630 --> 00:12:19,620
Sasa hii ni tofauti
picha kutoka kwa mfano

309
00:12:19,620 --> 00:12:24,750
kutoka Nakala tofauti, kwa kweli, kwamba
ni kweli kutumia safu ya ukubwa 31.

310
00:12:24,750 --> 00:12:28,220
Na mwandishi hii tu
aliamua hash masharti

311
00:12:28,220 --> 00:12:32,430
si kulingana na majina ya mtu,
lakini kulingana na birthdates yao.

312
00:12:32,430 --> 00:12:35,680
Bila kujali mwezi, wao figured
kama wewe ni mzaliwa wa siku ya kwanza ya mwezi

313
00:12:35,680 --> 00:12:39,580
au 31 ya mwezi, mwandishi
itakuwa hash kulingana na thamani ya kwamba,

314
00:12:39,580 --> 00:12:44,154
ili kuenea majina nje kidogo
zaidi kuliko tu 26 matangazo ili kuruhusu.

315
00:12:44,154 --> 00:12:47,320
Na labda ni kidogo zaidi sare
kuliko kwenda kwa herufi herufi,

316
00:12:47,320 --> 00:12:50,236
kwa sababu bila shaka kuna pengine
watu zaidi katika dunia na majina

317
00:12:50,236 --> 00:12:54,020
kwamba kuanza na kuliko kwa hakika
baadhi ya barua nyingine ya alfabeti.

318
00:12:54,020 --> 00:12:56,380
Hivyo labda hii ni kidogo
sare zaidi, kuchukua

319
00:12:56,380 --> 00:12:58,640
usambazaji sare
ya watoto katika mwezi.

320
00:12:58,640 --> 00:12:59,990
>> Lakini, bila shaka, hii ni bado kamili.

321
00:12:59,990 --> 00:13:00,370
Haki?

322
00:13:00,370 --> 00:13:01,370
Sisi ni kuwa migongano.

323
00:13:01,370 --> 00:13:04,680
Watu mbalimbali katika hii
Muundo data bado

324
00:13:04,680 --> 00:13:08,432
kuwa tarehe ya kuzaliwa sawa angalau
wewe ni bila ya kujali kwa mwezi.

325
00:13:08,432 --> 00:13:09,640
Lakini kile mwandishi kosa gani?

326
00:13:09,640 --> 00:13:13,427
Naam, inaonekana kama tuna safu
upande wa kushoto mkono inayotolewa wima,

327
00:13:13,427 --> 00:13:15,010
lakini hiyo ni mpenyo msanii.

328
00:13:15,010 --> 00:13:18,009
Haijalishi nini mwelekeo
kuteka safu, bado safu.

329
00:13:18,009 --> 00:13:20,225
Ni nini hii safu ya inaonekana?

330
00:13:20,225 --> 00:13:21,500
>> Watazamaji: Wanaohusishwa orodha.

331
00:13:21,500 --> 00:13:21,650
>> DAVID Malan: Yeah.

332
00:13:21,650 --> 00:13:23,490
Inaonekana kama ni
safu ya orodha wanaohusishwa.

333
00:13:23,490 --> 00:13:26,490
Hivyo tena, hatua hii ya aina
ya kutumia miundo hizi data sasa

334
00:13:26,490 --> 00:13:28,550
kama viungo zaidi
ufumbuzi kuvutia,

335
00:13:28,550 --> 00:13:30,862
unaweza kabisa kuchukua
msingi, kama safu,

336
00:13:30,862 --> 00:13:33,320
na kisha kuchukua kitu zaidi
kuvutia kama orodha wanaohusishwa

337
00:13:33,320 --> 00:13:36,660
na hata kuchanganya yao katika hata
zaidi ya kuvutia data muundo.

338
00:13:36,660 --> 00:13:39,630
Na kwa kweli, hii pia ingekuwa
kuitwa meza hash,

339
00:13:39,630 --> 00:13:42,610
ambapo safu ni
kweli meza hash,

340
00:13:42,610 --> 00:13:45,600
lakini kwamba meza hash ina
minyororo, ili kuzungumza,

341
00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:50,220
ambayo inaweza kukua au kuogopa kulingana na
idadi ya vipengele unataka kuingiza.

342
00:13:50,220 --> 00:13:52,990
>> Sasa, ipasavyo, nini
mbio wakati sasa?

343
00:13:52,990 --> 00:13:58,030
Kama nataka kuingiza mtu
ambao siku ya kuzaliwa ni Oktoba 31,

344
00:13:58,030 --> 00:13:59,040
ambapo haina yeye au yeye kwenda?

345
00:13:59,040 --> 00:14:00,530

346
00:14:00,530 --> 00:14:01,030
Wote haki.

347
00:14:01,030 --> 00:14:02,819
Chini sana ambapo anasema 31.

348
00:14:02,819 --> 00:14:03,610
Na kwamba ni kamilifu.

349
00:14:03,610 --> 00:14:05,060
Hiyo ilikuwa mara ya mara kwa mara.

350
00:14:05,060 --> 00:14:08,760
Lakini nini kama sisi kupata mtu mwingine
ambao siku ya kuzaliwa ni, hebu angalia,

351
00:14:08,760 --> 00:14:10,950
Oktoba, Novemba, Desemba 31?

352
00:14:10,950 --> 00:14:12,790
Ambapo ni yeye au yeye kwenda?

353
00:14:12,790 --> 00:14:13,290
Same kitu.

354
00:14:13,290 --> 00:14:13,970
Hatua mbili ingawa.

355
00:14:13,970 --> 00:14:15,303
Hiyo ni mara kwa mara ingawa si hivyo?

356
00:14:15,303 --> 00:14:16,360

357
00:14:16,360 --> 00:14:16,860
Wote haki.

358
00:14:16,860 --> 00:14:17,840
Kwa sasa ni.

359
00:14:17,840 --> 00:14:20,570
Lakini katika kesi ujumla,
watu zaidi sisi kuongeza,

360
00:14:20,570 --> 00:14:23,790
probabilistically, tunakwenda
kupata collisions zaidi na zaidi.

361
00:14:23,790 --> 00:14:26,820
>> Sasa hii ni kidogo
bora kwa sababu kitaalam

362
00:14:26,820 --> 00:14:34,580
sasa kifungoni inaweza kuwa katika
kesi mbaya kwa muda gani?

363
00:14:34,580 --> 00:14:38,890
Kama mimi kuingiza n watu katika hii zaidi
Muundo wa kisasa data, n watu,

364
00:14:38,890 --> 00:14:41,080
katika kesi mbaya ni kwenda kuwa n.

365
00:14:41,080 --> 00:14:41,815
Kwa nini?

366
00:14:41,815 --> 00:14:43,332
>> Watazamaji: Kwa sababu kama kila mtu
ina siku ya kuzaliwa huo,

367
00:14:43,332 --> 00:14:44,545
wao ni kwenda kuwa mstari mmoja.

368
00:14:44,545 --> 00:14:45,420
DAVID Malan: Perfect.

369
00:14:45,420 --> 00:14:47,480
Ni inaweza kuwa ni kidogo contrived,
lakini kweli katika kesi mbaya,

370
00:14:47,480 --> 00:14:50,117
kama kila mtu ana siku ya kuzaliwa huo,
kupewa pembejeo una,

371
00:14:50,117 --> 00:14:51,950
wewe ni kwenda kuwa na
massively mlolongo mrefu.

372
00:14:51,950 --> 00:14:54,241
Na hivyo, unaweza kuiita
hash meza, lakini kwa kweli ni

373
00:14:54,241 --> 00:14:56,810
tu kubwa wanaohusishwa orodha kwa
mengi yote ya kupita nafasi.

374
00:14:56,810 --> 00:15:00,460
Lakini kwa ujumla, kama sisi kudhani kwamba
angalau siku za kuzaliwa ni uniform--

375
00:15:00,460 --> 00:15:01,750
na pengine si.

376
00:15:01,750 --> 00:15:02,587
Mimi nina kufanya kwamba up.

377
00:15:02,587 --> 00:15:04,420
Lakini kama sisi kudhani, kwa
ajili ya majadiliano

378
00:15:04,420 --> 00:15:07,717
kwamba wao ni, basi katika nadharia, kama
hii ni ya uwakilishi wima

379
00:15:07,717 --> 00:15:11,050
wa safu, vizuri basi hopefully wewe ni
kwenda kupata minyororo kwamba ni, unajua,

380
00:15:11,050 --> 00:15:15,880
takribani urefu huo ambapo kila mmoja
hizi inawakilisha siku ya mwezi.

381
00:15:15,880 --> 00:15:19,930
>> Sasa kama kuna siku 31 katika mwezi,
hiyo ina maana mbio wangu wakati kweli

382
00:15:19,930 --> 00:15:25,230
ni O kubwa ya n juu ya 31, ambayo
anahisi bora kuliko linear.

383
00:15:25,230 --> 00:15:27,950
Lakini nini alikuwa mmoja wa wetu
ahadi wiki kadhaa

384
00:15:27,950 --> 00:15:31,145
iliyopita wakati wowote alikuja kuonyesha
wakati wa algorithm mbio?

385
00:15:31,145 --> 00:15:33,450

386
00:15:33,450 --> 00:15:35,190
Tu tu kuangalia juu ili mfupi.

387
00:15:35,190 --> 00:15:35,690
Haki?

388
00:15:35,690 --> 00:15:37,400
31 ni dhahiri manufaa.

389
00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:39,610
Lakini hii bado O kubwa ya n.

390
00:15:39,610 --> 00:15:41,730
Lakini moja ya mandhari
tatizo kuweka tano

391
00:15:41,730 --> 00:15:43,950
ni kwenda kuwa na
kukiri kwamba kabisa,

392
00:15:43,950 --> 00:15:47,320
asymptotically, kinadharia
muundo huu data

393
00:15:47,320 --> 00:15:50,470
hakuna bora kuliko tu
moja kubwa wanaohusishwa orodha.

394
00:15:50,470 --> 00:15:53,550
Na kwa kweli, katika kesi mbaya, hii
hash meza inaweza kukabidhi katika hiyo.

395
00:15:53,550 --> 00:15:57,620
>> Lakini katika ulimwengu wa kweli, na sisi binadamu
kwamba Macs mwenyewe au PC au chochote

396
00:15:57,620 --> 00:16:01,240
na ni mbio ulimwengu halisi
programu kwenye data halisi ya dunia,

397
00:16:01,240 --> 00:16:03,260
ambayo algorithm ni wewe kwenda kupendelea?

398
00:16:03,260 --> 00:16:09,180
moja kwamba inachukua hatua ya mwisho au
moja kwamba inachukua n kugawanywa na hatua 31

399
00:16:09,180 --> 00:16:12,900
kupata baadhi ya kipande cha data au
kuangalia juu ya baadhi ya taarifa?

400
00:16:12,900 --> 00:16:16,580
I mean, kabisa 31 hufanya
tofauti katika ulimwengu wa kweli.

401
00:16:16,580 --> 00:16:18,540
Ni mara 31 kwa kasi zaidi.

402
00:16:18,540 --> 00:16:20,880
Na sisi wanadamu ni hakika
kwenda kufahamu kwamba.

403
00:16:20,880 --> 00:16:23,004
>> Hivyo kutambua dichotomy
kuna kati ya kweli

404
00:16:23,004 --> 00:16:25,920
kuzungumza juu ya mambo kinadharia
na asymptotically ambayo dhahiri

405
00:16:25,920 --> 00:16:28,760
ina thamani kama tumeona,
lakini katika ulimwengu wa kweli,

406
00:16:28,760 --> 00:16:32,930
kama huduma ya juu maamuzi tu
furaha ya binadamu kwa ajili ya pembejeo kwa ujumla,

407
00:16:32,930 --> 00:16:36,010
unaweza vizuri sana wanataka kukubali
ukweli kwamba, ndiyo, hii ni linear,

408
00:16:36,010 --> 00:16:38,360
lakini ni mara 31 kwa kasi
kuliko linear inaweza kuwa.

409
00:16:38,360 --> 00:16:41,610
Na bado bora, sisi si tu na
kufanya kitu kiholela kama tarehe ya kuzaliwa,

410
00:16:41,610 --> 00:16:44,030
tunaweza kutumia kidogo
muda zaidi na ujanja

411
00:16:44,030 --> 00:16:47,140
na kufikiri kuhusu nini sisi tupate kufanya,
kupewa jina la mtu na labda

412
00:16:47,140 --> 00:16:50,130
tarehe ya kuzaliwa yao kwa kuchanganya wale
viungo kufikiri kitu

413
00:16:50,130 --> 00:16:52,720
kwamba ni kweli zaidi
sare na chini jaggy,

414
00:16:52,720 --> 00:16:56,250
hivyo kusema kuliko picha hii
sasa unaonyesha inaweza kuwa.

415
00:16:56,250 --> 00:16:57,750
Jinsi gani sisi kutekeleza hili katika kanuni?

416
00:16:57,750 --> 00:17:00,280
Naam, napenda kupendekeza kwamba sisi
tu kukopa baadhi syntax tumekuwa

417
00:17:00,280 --> 00:17:01,799
kutumika mara kadhaa hivi sasa.

418
00:17:01,799 --> 00:17:03,590
Na mimi nina kwenda kufafanua
nodi, ambayo tena

419
00:17:03,590 --> 00:17:06,812
ni mrefu generic kwa baadhi tu
chombo kwa ajili ya baadhi ya muundo data.

420
00:17:06,812 --> 00:17:09,020
Mimi nina kwenda kupendekeza kwamba
kamba ni kwenda huko.

421
00:17:09,020 --> 00:17:11,369
Lakini sisi ni kwenda kuanza kuchukua
wale mafunzo magurudumu mbali sasa.

422
00:17:11,369 --> 00:17:13,230
>> Hakuna zaidi CS50 maktaba
kweli, isipokuwa unataka

423
00:17:13,230 --> 00:17:15,230
kuitumia kwa ajili ya fainali yako
mradi, ambayo ni mzuri,

424
00:17:15,230 --> 00:17:18,569
lakini sasa tunakwenda kuvuta nyuma
pazia na kusema ni tu nyota Char.

425
00:17:18,569 --> 00:17:22,069
Hivyo neno kuna ni kwenda kuwa na
jina la mtu katika swali.

426
00:17:22,069 --> 00:17:25,079
Na sasa nina kiungo
hapa nodi ijayo

427
00:17:25,079 --> 00:17:28,170
hivyo kwamba hawa kuwakilisha
kila nodes

428
00:17:28,170 --> 00:17:30,950
katika mlolongo, uwezekano,
ya orodha wanaohusishwa.

429
00:17:30,950 --> 00:17:34,090
>> Na sasa jinsi ya kufanya Mimi kutangaza
hash meza yenyewe?

430
00:17:34,090 --> 00:17:36,660
Je, mimi kutangaza muundo huu wote?

431
00:17:36,660 --> 00:17:40,960
Vizuri, kwa kweli, kiasi kama mimi kutumika pointer
tu kipengele kwanza ya orodha

432
00:17:40,960 --> 00:17:44,510
kabla, vile vile naweza kusema tu
Mimi tu haja rundo la kuyatumia

433
00:17:44,510 --> 00:17:46,270
kutekeleza hash hii nzima meza.

434
00:17:46,270 --> 00:17:49,484
Mimi nina kwenda kuwa safu
aitwaye meza hash meza kwa.

435
00:17:49,484 --> 00:17:50,900
Ni kwenda kuwa ukubwa wa uwezo.

436
00:17:50,900 --> 00:17:52,525
Hiyo ni jinsi mambo mengi unaweza fit katika hilo.

437
00:17:52,525 --> 00:17:56,180
Na kila moja ya mambo hayo katika hii
safu ni kwenda kuwa nyota nodi.

438
00:17:56,180 --> 00:17:56,810
Kwa nini?

439
00:17:56,810 --> 00:18:00,160
Naam, kwa picha hii, nini mimi nina
kutekeleza hash meza kama

440
00:18:00,160 --> 00:18:04,330
ufanisi katika mwanzo tu
safu hii kwamba tumepata wima,

441
00:18:04,330 --> 00:18:06,820
kila mmoja wa viwanja ambao
inawakilisha pointer.

442
00:18:06,820 --> 00:18:09,170
Kwamba wale ambao mikwaju
njia yao ni tu null.

443
00:18:09,170 --> 00:18:11,410
Na wale ambao
mishale ya kwenda haki

444
00:18:11,410 --> 00:18:16,140
ni kuyatumia halisi kwa nodes halisi,
Ergo mwanzo wa orodha wanaohusishwa.

445
00:18:16,140 --> 00:18:19,050
>> Hivyo hapa, basi, ni jinsi sisi anaweza
kutekeleza meza hash kwamba

446
00:18:19,050 --> 00:18:21,580
kutekeleza tofauti chaining.

447
00:18:21,580 --> 00:18:22,840
Sasa tunaweza kufanya vizuri zaidi?

448
00:18:22,840 --> 00:18:25,632
Haki zote mimi aliahidi mara ya mwisho kwamba
tunaweza kufikia wakati wa mara kwa mara.

449
00:18:25,632 --> 00:18:27,381
Na mimi aina ya alitoa wewe
wakati mara kwa mara hapa,

450
00:18:27,381 --> 00:18:29,850
lakini basi alisema si kweli
wakati mara kwa mara kwa sababu ni bado

451
00:18:29,850 --> 00:18:31,890
tegemezi jumla
idadi ya vipengele

452
00:18:31,890 --> 00:18:34,500
wewe ni inputting katika
data ya muundo.

453
00:18:34,500 --> 00:18:35,980
Lakini tuseme sisi alifanya hivyo.

454
00:18:35,980 --> 00:18:39,550
Napenda kwenda nyuma ya screen ya juu hapa.

455
00:18:39,550 --> 00:18:44,520
Napenda pia mradi huu hadi hapa, wazi
screen, na nadhani alifanya hivyo.

456
00:18:44,520 --> 00:18:49,300
Tuseme nilitaka kuingiza jina
Daven katika katika muundo wangu data.

457
00:18:49,300 --> 00:18:52,100
>> Hivyo nataka kuingiza kamba
Daven katika muundo data.

458
00:18:52,100 --> 00:18:54,370
Nini kama mimi si kutumia
hash meza, lakini mimi kutumia

459
00:18:54,370 --> 00:18:56,980
kitu ambacho ni zaidi ya mti-kama
kama familia mti, ambapo

460
00:18:56,980 --> 00:18:59,670
una baadhi ya mizizi katika
nodes juu na kisha na majani

461
00:18:59,670 --> 00:19:01,440
kwamba kwenda kushuka na nje.

462
00:19:01,440 --> 00:19:04,450
Tuseme basi, kwamba mimi
wanataka kuingiza Daven ya

463
00:19:04,450 --> 00:19:06,430
ndani ya nini sasa orodha tupu.

464
00:19:06,430 --> 00:19:09,780
Mimi nina kwenda kufanya yafuatayo: Mimi nina
kwenda kujenga nodi katika familia hii

465
00:19:09,780 --> 00:19:15,170
mti-kama muundo data kwamba inaonekana
kidogo kama hii, ambayo kila mmoja

466
00:19:15,170 --> 00:19:19,640
mistatili ina, hebu sema,
kwa sasa 26 mambo ndani yake.

467
00:19:19,640 --> 00:19:21,650
Na kila seli
katika safu hii ni kwenda

468
00:19:21,650 --> 00:19:23,470
kuwakilisha barua ya alfabeti.

469
00:19:23,470 --> 00:19:28,190
>> Hasa, mimi nina kwenda kutibu
hii ni, basi B, basi C, basi D,

470
00:19:28,190 --> 00:19:29,310
hii moja hapa.

471
00:19:29,310 --> 00:19:32,940
Hivyo hii ni kwenda kwa ufanisi
kuwakilisha barua D.

472
00:19:32,940 --> 00:19:36,040
Lakini kuingiza yote ya Daven ya
jina mimi haja ya kufanya kidogo zaidi.

473
00:19:36,040 --> 00:19:37,840
Hivyo mimi nina kwanza kwenda hash, hivyo kusema.

474
00:19:37,840 --> 00:19:41,049
Mimi nina kwenda kuangalia barua ya kwanza
katika Daven ambayo ni wazi D,

475
00:19:41,049 --> 00:19:42,840
na mimi nina kwenda kutenga
nodi kwamba inaonekana

476
00:19:42,840 --> 00:19:45,570
kama this-- Mstatili kubwa kubwa
kutosha fit alfabeti nzima.

477
00:19:45,570 --> 00:19:47,140
>> Sasa D ni kosa.

478
00:19:47,140 --> 00:19:49,720
Sasa A. D-A-V-E-N ni lengo.

479
00:19:49,720 --> 00:19:51,220
Hivyo sasa nini mimi kwenda kufanya ni hii.

480
00:19:51,220 --> 00:19:54,027
Haraka kama mimi kuanza D taarifa
hakuna pointer huko.

481
00:19:54,027 --> 00:19:56,860
Ni wakati maadili ya takataka,
au mimi ili initialize kwa null.

482
00:19:56,860 --> 00:19:59,630
Lakini ngoja kuendelea na
wazo hili la kujenga mti.

483
00:19:59,630 --> 00:20:04,260
Napenda kutenga mwingine mmoja wa haya
nodes kwamba ina mambo 26 ndani yake.

484
00:20:04,260 --> 00:20:05,150
>> Na unajua nini?

485
00:20:05,150 --> 00:20:09,130
Kama hii ni tu nodi katika kumbukumbu kwamba
Mimi iliundwa na malloc, kwa kutumia struct

486
00:20:09,130 --> 00:20:11,240
kama tutaweza hivi karibuni kuona,
Mimi nina kwenda kufanya this--

487
00:20:11,240 --> 00:20:14,450
Mimi nina kwenda kuteka mshale kutoka
Jambo kwamba kuwakilishwa D chini

488
00:20:14,450 --> 00:20:15,860
nodi hii mpya.

489
00:20:15,860 --> 00:20:19,240
Na sasa, kwanza ijayo
barua katika jina Daven wa,

490
00:20:19,240 --> 00:20:24,150
V-- D-A-V-- mimi nina kwenda mbele
na kuteka nodi mwingine kama huu,

491
00:20:24,150 --> 00:20:30,150
ambapo, V mambo hapa, ambayo
tutaweza kuteka kwa whoops instance--.

492
00:20:30,150 --> 00:20:31,020
Sisi si kuteka huko.

493
00:20:31,020 --> 00:20:31,936
Ni kwenda hapa.

494
00:20:31,936 --> 00:20:32,890

495
00:20:32,890 --> 00:20:35,712
>> Kisha tunakwenda
kufikiria hili kuwa V.

496
00:20:35,712 --> 00:20:44,920
Na kisha chini hapa tunakwenda index
chini kutoka V katika kile tutaweza kufikiria E.

497
00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:50,100
Na kisha kutoka hapa tunakwenda
kwenda kuwa moja ya nodes hizi hapa.

498
00:20:50,100 --> 00:20:52,930
Na sasa tuna swali kujibu.

499
00:20:52,930 --> 00:20:57,840
Mimi haja ya namna fulani zinaonyesha kwamba
tuko katika mwisho wa kamba Daven.

500
00:20:57,840 --> 00:20:59,490
Ili niweze kuondoka tu null.

501
00:20:59,490 --> 00:21:02,670
>> Lakini nini kama tuna Daven ya
jina kamili pia, ambayo

502
00:21:02,670 --> 00:21:04,280
yaani, kama tumekuwa alisema, Davenport?

503
00:21:04,280 --> 00:21:06,970
Basi nini kama Daven ni
kweli substring,

504
00:21:06,970 --> 00:21:08,960
kiambishi ya kamba sana tena?

505
00:21:08,960 --> 00:21:11,450
Hatuwezi tu kudumu
kusema chochote ni kwenda

506
00:21:11,450 --> 00:21:14,410
kwenda huko, kwa sababu tunaweza
kamwe kuingiza neno kama Davenport

507
00:21:14,410 --> 00:21:15,840
ndani ya hii Muundo data

508
00:21:15,840 --> 00:21:19,560
>> Hivyo nini tunaweza kufanya badala ni
kutibu kila ya mambo haya

509
00:21:19,560 --> 00:21:22,170
kama labda kuwa na mbili
mambo ya ndani yao.

510
00:21:22,170 --> 00:21:24,810
Moja ni pointer, kwa hakika,
kama nimekuwa kufanya.

511
00:21:24,810 --> 00:21:27,100
Hivyo kila mmoja wa masanduku hayo
si kiini moja tu.

512
00:21:27,100 --> 00:21:29,855
Lakini nini kama juu
one-- chini moja ya

513
00:21:29,855 --> 00:21:32,230
itakuwa null, kwa sababu
hakuna Davenport bado tu.

514
00:21:32,230 --> 00:21:34,197
Nini kama moja ya juu
ni baadhi ya thamani maalum?

515
00:21:34,197 --> 00:21:36,530
Na ni kwenda kuwa kidogo
ngumu kuteka ni ukubwa huu.

516
00:21:36,530 --> 00:21:38,130
Lakini tuseme ni tu alama kuangalia.

517
00:21:38,130 --> 00:21:38,920
Kuangalia.

518
00:21:38,920 --> 00:21:44,230
D-A-V-E-N ni kamba
katika muundo huu data.

519
00:21:44,230 --> 00:21:48,350
>> Wakati huo huo, kama ningekuwa na nafasi zaidi
hapa, mimi naweza kufanya P-O-R-T,

520
00:21:48,350 --> 00:21:52,650
na mimi naweza kuweka hundi katika nodi
ambayo ina barua T mwishoni sana.

521
00:21:52,650 --> 00:21:55,460
Hivyo hii ni massively
tata-kuangalia muundo data.

522
00:21:55,460 --> 00:21:57,210
Na mwandiko wangu
hakika haina msaada.

523
00:21:57,210 --> 00:22:00,043
Lakini kama mimi alitaka kuingiza kitu
mwingine, kufikiria nini tunataka kufanya.

524
00:22:00,043 --> 00:22:03,370
Kama sisi alitaka kuweka Daudi katika,
tunatarajia kufuata mantiki hiyo, D-A-V,

525
00:22:03,370 --> 00:22:08,802
lakini sasa napenda kumweka katika ijayo
kipengele si kutoka E, lakini kutokana na mimi kwa D.

526
00:22:08,802 --> 00:22:10,760
Hivyo kuna kwenda kuwa
nodes zaidi katika mti huu.

527
00:22:10,760 --> 00:22:12,325
Tunakwenda kuwa wito malloc zaidi.

528
00:22:12,325 --> 00:22:14,700
Lakini mimi sitaki kufanya
fujo kamili ya picha hii.

529
00:22:14,700 --> 00:22:17,710
Basi hebu badala kuangalia moja
hiyo imekuwa kabla ya yaliyoandaliwa

530
00:22:17,710 --> 00:22:21,810
kama hii na si dot, dot,
dots, lakini arrays tu kifupi.

531
00:22:21,810 --> 00:22:23,950
Lakini kila mmoja wa nodes
katika hii hapa mti up

532
00:22:23,950 --> 00:22:26,700
inawakilisha thing-- sawa
safu Ray ya ukubwa 26.

533
00:22:26,700 --> 00:22:28,860
>> Au kama tunataka kuwa
kweli sahihi sasa, nini

534
00:22:28,860 --> 00:22:30,790
kama jina la mtu kama
apostrophe, hebu

535
00:22:30,790 --> 00:22:35,560
kudhani kuwa kila nodi kweli ina
kama 27 bahati katika hilo, si tu 26.

536
00:22:35,560 --> 00:22:42,020
Hivyo hii sasa ni kwenda kuwa na data
Muundo aitwaye trie-- T-R-I-E.

537
00:22:42,020 --> 00:22:46,120
trie, ambayo ni eti
kihistoria jina wajanja kwa mti

538
00:22:46,120 --> 00:22:49,040
hiyo ni optimized kwa ajili ya
retrieval, ambayo bila shaka,

539
00:22:49,040 --> 00:22:50,870
yameandikwa na mimi-E hivyo ni trie.

540
00:22:50,870 --> 00:22:52,710
Lakini hiyo ni historia ya trie.

541
00:22:52,710 --> 00:22:55,860
>> Hivyo trie ni hii data mti-kama
Muundo kama mti familia

542
00:22:55,860 --> 00:22:57,510
kwamba hatimaye kutenda kama hiyo.

543
00:22:57,510 --> 00:23:00,890
Na hapa ni mfano mwingine wa
rundo zima la majina ya watu wengine.

544
00:23:00,890 --> 00:23:03,540
Lakini swali sasa
upande ni nini na

545
00:23:03,540 --> 00:23:08,070
sisi kupata kwa kuanzisha arguably zaidi
ngumu data muundo, na moja,

546
00:23:08,070 --> 00:23:09,870
kusema ukweli, ambayo inatumia mengi ya kumbukumbu.

547
00:23:09,870 --> 00:23:11,703
>> Kwa sababu hata ingawa,
kwa wakati huu, mimi nina tu

548
00:23:11,703 --> 00:23:15,050
kutumia D's pointer na
A na V na Es na Ns,

549
00:23:15,050 --> 00:23:16,700
Mimi kupoteza heck ya mengi ya kumbukumbu.

550
00:23:16,700 --> 00:23:18,030

551
00:23:18,030 --> 00:23:22,660
Lakini ambapo mimi kutumia rasilimali moja,
Mimi huwa hawana kupata nyuma ya mwingine.

552
00:23:22,660 --> 00:23:26,020
Hivyo kama mimi nina kutumia nafasi zaidi,
nini pengine matumaini?

553
00:23:26,020 --> 00:23:27,407
Kwamba mimi nina matumizi ya chini ya nini?

554
00:23:27,407 --> 00:23:28,240
Watazamaji: Chini ya muda.

555
00:23:28,240 --> 00:23:28,990
DAVID Malan: Time.

556
00:23:28,990 --> 00:23:30,320
Sasa kwa nini huenda kuwa?

557
00:23:30,320 --> 00:23:33,880
Vizuri, ni nini insertion
muda, katika suala la big O sasa,

558
00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:37,660
jina kama Daven
au Davenport au Daudi?

559
00:23:37,660 --> 00:23:39,340
Naam, Daven ilikuwa hatua tano.

560
00:23:39,340 --> 00:23:42,350
Davenport itakuwa hatua tisa,
hivyo itakuwa hatua chache zaidi.

561
00:23:42,350 --> 00:23:44,250
Daudi itakuwa hatua tano kama vizuri.

562
00:23:44,250 --> 00:23:47,230
Hivyo wale ni halisi
namba, lakini hakika kuna

563
00:23:47,230 --> 00:23:49,550
amefungwa juu juu ya
urefu wa jina la mtu.

564
00:23:49,550 --> 00:23:52,240
Na kwa kweli, katika tatizo
seti ya tano vipimo,

565
00:23:52,240 --> 00:23:54,050
tunakwenda kupendekeza
kwamba ni kitu

566
00:23:54,050 --> 00:23:55,470
hiyo ni wahusika 40-baadhi-isiyo ya kawaida.

567
00:23:55,470 --> 00:23:58,180
>> Realistically, hakuna mtu ana
jina kubwa kwa muda mrefu,

568
00:23:58,180 --> 00:24:01,542
ambayo ni kusema kwamba urefu wa
jina au urefu wa kamba tupate

569
00:24:01,542 --> 00:24:03,750
kuwa baadhi ya hali ya
muundo ni arguably nini?

570
00:24:03,750 --> 00:24:05,550

571
00:24:05,550 --> 00:24:06,250
Ni mara kwa mara.

572
00:24:06,250 --> 00:24:06,430
Haki?

573
00:24:06,430 --> 00:24:09,310
Inaweza kuwa mara kwa mara kubwa kama
40-kitu, lakini ni mara kwa mara.

574
00:24:09,310 --> 00:24:13,752
Na ina hakuna utegemezi juu ya jinsi wengi
majina mengine ni katika muundo huu data.

575
00:24:13,752 --> 00:24:15,460
Kwa maneno mengine, kama mimi
alitaka sasa kuingiza

576
00:24:15,460 --> 00:24:20,540
Colton au Gabriel au Rob au Zamyla au
Alison au Belinda au majina mengine yoyote

577
00:24:20,540 --> 00:24:23,940
kutoka kwa wafanyakazi katika taarifa hii
muundo, ni wakati mbio

578
00:24:23,940 --> 00:24:26,750
ya kuingiza majina mengine
itakuwa wakati wote wanashikiliwa

579
00:24:26,750 --> 00:24:30,220
na mambo mengine jinsi wengi ni
katika muundo data tayari?

580
00:24:30,220 --> 00:24:31,040
Ni si.

581
00:24:31,040 --> 00:24:31,540
Haki?

582
00:24:31,540 --> 00:24:36,150
Sababu sisi ni kutumia kwa ufanisi
hii tabaka mbalimbali hash meza.

583
00:24:36,150 --> 00:24:38,280
Na wakati mbio ya
yoyote ya shughuli hizo

584
00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:41,510
ni tegemezi si juu ya idadi ya
mambo ambayo ni katika muundo data

585
00:24:41,510 --> 00:24:43,090
au kwamba ni hatimaye kwenda
kuwa katika muundo data,

586
00:24:43,090 --> 00:24:44,714
lakini juu ya urefu wa nini hasa?

587
00:24:44,714 --> 00:24:46,500

588
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:49,200
>> kamba kuwa
kuingizwa, ambayo haina kufanya

589
00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:52,580
hii asymptotically mara kwa mara
time-- kubwa O ya moja.

590
00:24:52,580 --> 00:24:54,720
Na kusema ukweli, tu katika
ulimwengu halisi, hii

591
00:24:54,720 --> 00:24:58,380
ina maana ya kuingiza jina Daven inachukua
kama hatua tano, au Davenport tisa

592
00:24:58,380 --> 00:25:00,100
hatua, au Daudi hatua tano.

593
00:25:00,100 --> 00:25:03,071
Hiyo ni pretty darn mara ndogo mbio.

594
00:25:03,071 --> 00:25:05,320
Na kwa kweli, hiyo ni sana
jambo jema, hasa wakati

595
00:25:05,320 --> 00:25:08,126
si tegemezi kwa jumla
idadi ya vipengele katika huko.

596
00:25:08,126 --> 00:25:10,500
Hivyo ni jinsi inaweza sisi kutekeleza hii
aina ya muundo katika kanuni?

597
00:25:10,500 --> 00:25:12,900
Ni kidogo zaidi
tata, lakini bado ni

598
00:25:12,900 --> 00:25:15,050
tu ya maombi ya
msingi jengo vitalu.

599
00:25:15,050 --> 00:25:17,830
Mimi nina kwenda kutafsiri upya
nasi nodi kama ifuatavyo:

600
00:25:17,830 --> 00:25:21,100
bool aitwaye word-- na hii
inaweza kuitwa chochote.

601
00:25:21,100 --> 00:25:23,970
Lakini bool inawakilisha
nini nilitoa kama alama ya kuangalia.

602
00:25:23,970 --> 00:25:24,490
Ndiyo.

603
00:25:24,490 --> 00:25:26,720
Hii ni mwisho wa kamba
katika muundo huu data.

604
00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:30,702
>> Na, bila shaka, nyota nodi
kuna akimaanisha watoto.

605
00:25:30,702 --> 00:25:32,410
Na kwa kweli, tu kama
mti familia,

606
00:25:32,410 --> 00:25:34,370
kufikiria nodes
kuwa ni kunyongwa mbali

607
00:25:34,370 --> 00:25:36,920
ya chini ya baadhi mzazi
kipengele kuwa watoto.

608
00:25:36,920 --> 00:25:40,510
Na hivyo watoto ni kwenda
kuwa safu ya 27, moja 27

609
00:25:40,510 --> 00:25:41,680
tu kuwa kwa apostrophe.

610
00:25:41,680 --> 00:25:43,390
Tunakwenda aina
ya kesi maalum kwamba.

611
00:25:43,390 --> 00:25:45,400
Hivyo unaweza kuwa na baadhi ya
majina na apostrophes.

612
00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:47,399
Labda hata hyphen lazima
kwenda huko, lakini utasikia

613
00:25:47,399 --> 00:25:50,330
kuona katika p kuweka 5 sisi tu huduma
kuhusu barua na apostrophes.

614
00:25:50,330 --> 00:25:52,990
>> Na kisha jinsi ya kufanya wewe kuwakilisha
data ya muundo yenyewe?

615
00:25:52,990 --> 00:25:56,454
Jinsi gani unaweza kuwakilisha mizizi
ya trie hii, ili kuzungumza?

616
00:25:56,454 --> 00:25:59,620
Naam, tu kama na orodha wanaohusishwa, unaweza
haja pointer kipengele kwanza.

617
00:25:59,620 --> 00:26:04,270
Na trie wewe tu haja moja
pointer mizizi ya trie hii.

618
00:26:04,270 --> 00:26:07,290
Na kutoka huko unaweza hash
njia yako chini zaidi na zaidi

619
00:26:07,290 --> 00:26:10,460
kila nodi nyingine katika muundo.

620
00:26:10,460 --> 00:26:13,440
Hivyo tu na unaweza hii
sisi kuwakilisha kwamba struct.

621
00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:15,877
>> Sasa Meanwhile-- Oh, swali.

622
00:26:15,877 --> 00:26:17,220
>> Watazamaji: Nini bool neno?

623
00:26:17,220 --> 00:26:20,490
>> DAVID Malan: Bool neno ni
tu hii mwili C

624
00:26:20,490 --> 00:26:22,920
ya kile ilivyoelezwa
katika hii sanduku hapa, wakati

625
00:26:22,920 --> 00:26:26,000
Mimi kuanza kugawanyika kila
mambo vipande viwili safu ya.

626
00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:27,600
Moja ni pointer nodi ijayo.

627
00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:30,280
nyingine ina kuwa
kitu kama sanduku hundi

628
00:26:30,280 --> 00:26:33,770
kusema ndiyo, kuna
neno Daven kwamba mwisho hapa,

629
00:26:33,770 --> 00:26:35,610
kwa sababu hatutaki,
kwa wakati huu, Dave.

630
00:26:35,610 --> 00:26:39,320
>> Ingawa Dave ni kwenda kuwa na
neno halali, yeye si katika trie

631
00:26:39,320 --> 00:26:39,830
bado.

632
00:26:39,830 --> 00:26:40,950
Na D ni neno.

633
00:26:40,950 --> 00:26:42,770
Na D-A ni si neno au jina.

634
00:26:42,770 --> 00:26:45,020
Hivyo alama hundi
inaonyesha mara moja tu

635
00:26:45,020 --> 00:26:48,190
kugonga nodi hii ni
njia ya awali ya wahusika

636
00:26:48,190 --> 00:26:50,700
kweli kamba kwamba umefanya kuingizwa.

637
00:26:50,700 --> 00:26:53,660
Hivyo hiyo ni bool wote
kuna ni kufanya kwa ajili yetu.

638
00:26:53,660 --> 00:26:55,500
>> Maswali yoyote nyingine juu ya inajaribu?

639
00:26:55,500 --> 00:26:56,215
Yeah.

640
00:26:56,215 --> 00:26:58,035
>> Watazamaji: ni kuingiliana nini?

641
00:26:58,035 --> 00:26:59,945
Nini kama una Dave na Daven?

642
00:26:59,945 --> 00:27:00,820
DAVID Malan: Perfect.

643
00:27:00,820 --> 00:27:02,580
Nini kama una Dave na Daven?

644
00:27:02,580 --> 00:27:06,240
Hivyo kama sisi kuingiza, wanasema jina la utani,
kwa David-- Dave-- D-A-V-E?

645
00:27:06,240 --> 00:27:07,370

646
00:27:07,370 --> 00:27:08,700
Hii ni kweli super rahisi.

647
00:27:08,700 --> 00:27:10,325
Hivyo sisi ni kwenda tu kuchukua hatua nne.

648
00:27:10,325 --> 00:27:11,042

649
00:27:11,042 --> 00:27:15,847
D-A-V-E. Na nini nina
kufanya mara moja mimi kugonga kwamba nodi ya nne?

650
00:27:15,847 --> 00:27:16,680
Tu kwenda kuangalia.

651
00:27:16,680 --> 00:27:18,000
Tuko tayari vizuri kwenda.

652
00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:18,840
Kufanyika.

653
00:27:18,840 --> 00:27:19,750
Hatua nne.

654
00:27:19,750 --> 00:27:21,590
Wakati mara kwa mara asymptotically.

655
00:27:21,590 --> 00:27:26,300
Na sasa tumekuwa zilionyesha kwamba wote Dave
na Daven ni masharti katika muundo.

656
00:27:26,300 --> 00:27:27,710
Hivyo si tatizo.

657
00:27:27,710 --> 00:27:30,200
Na taarifa jinsi uwepo
ya Daven hakuwa na kufanya hivyo

658
00:27:30,200 --> 00:27:34,750
kuchukua wakati wowote zaidi au chini ya
muda kwa ajili ya Dave na kinyume chake.

659
00:27:34,750 --> 00:27:36,000
>> Hivyo kile kingine tunaweza sasa kufanya?

660
00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:40,680
Tumekuwa alitumia mfano huu kabla
ya trays anayewakilisha kitu.

661
00:27:40,680 --> 00:27:43,380
Lakini zinageuka kuwa
stack ya trays ni kweli

662
00:27:43,380 --> 00:27:47,187
demonstrative ya mwingine data abstract
type-- juu ya muundo data ngazi

663
00:27:47,187 --> 00:27:49,770
kwamba mwishoni siku tu
kama safu au orodha wanaohusishwa

664
00:27:49,770 --> 00:27:50,970
au kitu zaidi mundane.

665
00:27:50,970 --> 00:27:53,270
Lakini ni zaidi ya kuvutia
dhana dhana.

666
00:27:53,270 --> 00:27:56,440
stack, kama haya
trays hapa katika Mather,

667
00:27:56,440 --> 00:27:58,750
ujumla aitwaye
tu that-- stack.

668
00:27:58,750 --> 00:28:02,540
>> Na katika aina hii ya muundo data
una mbili operations--

669
00:28:02,540 --> 00:28:05,880
una mtu mmoja aitwaye kushinikiza kwa
kuongeza kitu kwa stack,

670
00:28:05,880 --> 00:28:08,320
kama kuweka tray mwingine
nyuma juu ya stack.

671
00:28:08,320 --> 00:28:11,350
Na kisha pop, ambayo ina maana
kuchukua topmost tray mbali.

672
00:28:11,350 --> 00:28:16,210
Lakini nini muhimu kuhusu stack ni kwamba
ni got tabia hii curious.

673
00:28:16,210 --> 00:28:19,560
Kama wafanyakazi dining ukumbi ni
rearranging trays kwa ajili ya chakula ijayo,

674
00:28:19,560 --> 00:28:21,380
nini kinaendelea kuwa
kweli kuhusu jinsi wanafunzi

675
00:28:21,380 --> 00:28:22,856
kuingiliana na muundo huu data?

676
00:28:22,856 --> 00:28:24,480
Watazamaji: Wao wanaenda pop mbali moja.

677
00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:26,550
DAVID Malan: Wao wanaenda
pop mbali moja, hopefully juu.

678
00:28:26,550 --> 00:28:28,910
Vinginevyo ni aina tu ya kijinga
kwenda njia yote hadi chini.

679
00:28:28,910 --> 00:28:29,070
Haki?

680
00:28:29,070 --> 00:28:31,620
Muundo data si kweli kuruhusu
wewe kunyakua tray chini angalau

681
00:28:31,620 --> 00:28:32,520
urahisi.

682
00:28:32,520 --> 00:28:35,040
Hivyo kuna hii curious
mali kwa stack

683
00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:39,730
kwamba bidhaa ya mwisho katika ni
itakuwa kwanza moja nje.

684
00:28:39,730 --> 00:28:43,400
Na wanasayansi wa kompyuta kuwaita
hii LIFO-- mwisho katika, kwanza nje.

685
00:28:43,400 --> 00:28:45,540
Na ni kweli haina kuwa
kuvutia maombi.

686
00:28:45,540 --> 00:28:50,090
Ni si lazima kama wazi kama baadhi
wengine, lakini inaweza, kwa kweli, kuwa na manufaa,

687
00:28:50,090 --> 00:28:54,040
na inaweza, kwa kweli, kutekelezwa
katika michache ya njia tofauti.

688
00:28:54,040 --> 00:28:58,550
>> Hivyo moja, na kwa kweli, basi
mimi si kupiga mbizi katika hiyo.

689
00:28:58,550 --> 00:28:59,860
Hebu kufanya hili badala.

690
00:28:59,860 --> 00:29:03,700
Hebu tuangalie moja kwamba karibu
wazo moja, lakini ni ya haki kidogo.

691
00:29:03,700 --> 00:29:04,200
Haki?

692
00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:07,560
Kama wewe ni mmoja wa wavulana hawa mashabiki au
wasichana kwamba kweli anapenda bidhaa Apple

693
00:29:07,560 --> 00:29:10,130
na wewe woke hadi saa 3:00
line up katika baadhi ya kuhifadhi

694
00:29:10,130 --> 00:29:14,150
kupata latest sana iPhone, you
anaweza kuwa foleni juu kama hii.

695
00:29:14,150 --> 00:29:15,800
>> Sasa foleni makusudi sana jina.

696
00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:18,190
Ni mstari kwa sababu kuna
baadhi ya haki yake.

697
00:29:18,190 --> 00:29:18,690
Haki?

698
00:29:18,690 --> 00:29:21,690
Ingekuwa aina ya sucked kama wameweza
got huko kwanza katika Hifadhi Apple

699
00:29:21,690 --> 00:29:25,700
lakini wewe ni ufanisi bottommost
tray kwa sababu wafanyakazi Apple basi

700
00:29:25,700 --> 00:29:28,189
pop mtu wa mwisho ambaye
kweli got katika mstari.

701
00:29:28,189 --> 00:29:31,230
Hivyo mwingi na foleni, ingawa
functionally wao ni aina ya same--

702
00:29:31,230 --> 00:29:33,105
ni tu ukusanyaji hii
rasilimali hiyo ni

703
00:29:33,105 --> 00:29:36,210
kwenda kukua na shrink-- kuna
hili suala haki yake,

704
00:29:36,210 --> 00:29:39,634
angalau katika ulimwengu wa kweli,
ambapo shughuli zoezi

705
00:29:39,634 --> 00:29:40,800
ni tofauti kimsingi.

706
00:29:40,800 --> 00:29:43,360
stack-- foleni
rather-- alisema kuwa

707
00:29:43,360 --> 00:29:45,320
shughuli mbili: n foleni na d foleni.

708
00:29:45,320 --> 00:29:46,341

709
00:29:46,341 --> 00:29:48,090
Au unaweza kuwaita
idadi yoyote ya mambo.

710
00:29:48,090 --> 00:29:50,770
Lakini unataka tu kukamata
dhana kwamba moja ni kuongeza

711
00:29:50,770 --> 00:29:53,230
na moja ni hatimaye subtracting.

712
00:29:53,230 --> 00:29:58,840
>> Sasa chini ya Hood, wote stack
na foleni inaweza kutekelezwa jinsi gani?

713
00:29:58,840 --> 00:30:01,390
Sisi si kwenda katika kanuni za
ni kwa sababu kiwango cha juu

714
00:30:01,390 --> 00:30:03,387
wazo ni aina ya wazi zaidi.

715
00:30:03,387 --> 00:30:04,470
I mean, nini binadamu kufanya do?

716
00:30:04,470 --> 00:30:07,030
Kama mimi nina mtu wa kwanza katika Apple
Kuhifadhi na hii ni mlango wa mbele,

717
00:30:07,030 --> 00:30:08,130
unajua, mimi nina kwenda kusimama hapa.

718
00:30:08,130 --> 00:30:09,750
Na mtu ujao
kwenda kusimama hapa.

719
00:30:09,750 --> 00:30:11,500
Na mtu ujao
kwenda kusimama hapa.

720
00:30:11,500 --> 00:30:13,792
Hivyo kile muundo data
imejikita kwenye foleni?

721
00:30:13,792 --> 00:30:14,542
>> Watazamaji: foleni.

722
00:30:14,542 --> 00:30:15,667
DAVID Malan: Sawa, foleni.

723
00:30:15,667 --> 00:30:16,390
Uhakika.

724
00:30:16,390 --> 00:30:16,920
Nini kingine?

725
00:30:16,920 --> 00:30:17,600
>> Watazamaji: orodha wanaohusishwa.

726
00:30:17,600 --> 00:30:18,990
>> DAVID Malan: wanaohusishwa
orodha unaweza kutekeleza.

727
00:30:18,990 --> 00:30:22,500
Na orodha wanaohusishwa ni nzuri kwa sababu kisha
inaweza kukua kiholela muda mrefu kinyume

728
00:30:22,500 --> 00:30:24,880
kwa kuwa baadhi ya simu za kudumu
ya watu katika kuhifadhi.

729
00:30:24,880 --> 00:30:27,030
Lakini labda idadi fasta
ya maeneo ni halali.

730
00:30:27,030 --> 00:30:30,350
Kwa sababu kama wao tu kama 20
iphone siku ya kwanza, labda

731
00:30:30,350 --> 00:30:33,930
wao tu haja ya safu ya ukubwa
20 kwa kuwakilisha kwamba foleni, ambayo

732
00:30:33,930 --> 00:30:37,070
ni tu kusema sasa mara moja sisi kuanza kuzungumza
kuhusu hizi matatizo ngazi ya juu,

733
00:30:37,070 --> 00:30:38,890
unaweza kutekeleza
katika idadi yoyote ya njia.

734
00:30:38,890 --> 00:30:42,030
Na kuna pengine tu kwenda
kuwa biashara mbali katika nafasi na muda

735
00:30:42,030 --> 00:30:43,950
au tu katika kanuni yako mwenyewe utata.

736
00:30:43,950 --> 00:30:45,380
>> Nini kuhusu stack?

737
00:30:45,380 --> 00:30:48,190
Naam, stack, tumeona pia
inaweza tu kuwa trays haya.

738
00:30:48,190 --> 00:30:50,007
Na unaweza kutekeleza hili safu.

739
00:30:50,007 --> 00:30:53,090
Lakini katika baadhi ya uhakika kama wewe kutumia safu,
nini kitatokea kwa trays

740
00:30:53,090 --> 00:30:54,173
wewe ni kujaribu kuweka chini?

741
00:30:54,173 --> 00:30:55,170

742
00:30:55,170 --> 00:30:55,670
Wote haki.

743
00:30:55,670 --> 00:30:57,490
Wewe kwenda tu kwa
kuwa na uwezo wa kwenda juu mno.

744
00:30:57,490 --> 00:31:00,156
Na nadhani katika Mather wao ni
kweli recessed katika ufunguzi.

745
00:31:00,156 --> 00:31:01,950
Hivyo kweli, ni karibu
kama Mather ni kutumia

746
00:31:01,950 --> 00:31:03,783
safu ya fasta ukubwa,
kwa sababu unaweza tu

747
00:31:03,783 --> 00:31:08,302
fit trays wengi katika ufunguzi katika
ukuta chini chini ya magoti ya watu.

748
00:31:08,302 --> 00:31:10,010
Na hivyo ambayo inaweza kuwa
alisema kuwa safu,

749
00:31:10,010 --> 00:31:14,300
lakini tunaweza shaka kutekeleza kwamba
ujumla zaidi na orodha wanaohusishwa.

750
00:31:14,300 --> 00:31:16,390
>> Naam, nini kuhusu mwingine muundo wa data?

751
00:31:16,390 --> 00:31:18,760
Napenda kuvuta up moja nyingine Visual hapa.

752
00:31:18,760 --> 00:31:24,710
Kitu kama jinsi kuhusu hili moja hapa?

753
00:31:24,710 --> 00:31:28,920
Kwa nini huenda ni kuwa na manufaa kwa kuwa si
kitu kama dhana kama trie, ambayo

754
00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:32,370
tuliona alikuwa haya nodes pana sana,
ambayo kila mmoja ni katika safu?

755
00:31:32,370 --> 00:31:35,740
Lakini nini kama sisi kufanya kitu zaidi
tu, kama zamani mti familia shule,

756
00:31:35,740 --> 00:31:38,110
kila ambaye nodes hapa
ni hifadhi ya idadi tu.

757
00:31:38,110 --> 00:31:42,180
Badala ya jina au ukoo
ni hifadhi ya idadi tu kama hii.

758
00:31:42,180 --> 00:31:45,250
>> Naam, sisi kutumia jargon katika
miundo data ni inajaribu wote

759
00:31:45,250 --> 00:31:49,510
na miti, ambapo trie, tena, ni
mtu ambaye nodes ni arrays tu,

760
00:31:49,510 --> 00:31:51,680
bado nini huenda
kutumia kutoka daraja ya shule

761
00:31:51,680 --> 00:31:53,860
wakati alifanya familia
majani tree-- na mizizi

762
00:31:53,860 --> 00:31:57,250
ya mti na watoto wa
mzazi na ndugu zake.

763
00:31:57,250 --> 00:32:03,670
Na tuweze kutekeleza mti,
kwa mfano, kama tu kama hii.

764
00:32:03,670 --> 00:32:07,420
mti, ikiwa ni kama nodi, moja ya
duru hizi kwamba ina idadi,

765
00:32:07,420 --> 00:32:09,947
si kwenda kuwa na
moja pointer, lakini mbili.

766
00:32:09,947 --> 00:32:11,780
Na haraka kama wewe kuongeza
pointer pili,

767
00:32:11,780 --> 00:32:13,905
unaweza kweli sasa kufanya aina
ya data mbili-dimensional

768
00:32:13,905 --> 00:32:14,780
miundo katika kumbukumbu.

769
00:32:14,780 --> 00:32:16,660
Kiasi kama mbili-dimensional
safu, unaweza

770
00:32:16,660 --> 00:32:18,904
kuwa na aina ya pande mbili
orodha wanaohusishwa lakini wale

771
00:32:18,904 --> 00:32:20,820
kwamba kufuata mfano
ambapo hakuna mizunguko.

772
00:32:20,820 --> 00:32:24,487
Ni kweli mti na moja
grandparent njia ya juu hapa na kisha

773
00:32:24,487 --> 00:32:27,320
baadhi ya wazazi na watoto na
wajukuu na wajukuu kubwa.

774
00:32:27,320 --> 00:32:28,370
na kadhalika.

775
00:32:28,370 --> 00:32:32,390
>> Lakini nini nadhifu kweli kuhusu hili pia,
tu tease wewe kwa kidogo ya kificho,

776
00:32:32,390 --> 00:32:35,370
wanakumbuka recursion kutoka
muda nyuma, ambapo

777
00:32:35,370 --> 00:32:38,220
kuandika kazi kwamba wito yenyewe.

778
00:32:38,220 --> 00:32:41,140
Hii ni fursa nzuri
kutekeleza jambo

779
00:32:41,140 --> 00:32:42,920
kama recursion, kwa sababu kufikiria hili.

780
00:32:42,920 --> 00:32:43,860
>> Hii ni mti.

781
00:32:43,860 --> 00:32:48,040
Na nimekuwa anal kidogo na jinsi
Mimi kuweka integers katika mitaani.

782
00:32:48,040 --> 00:32:51,020
Hivyo kiasi kwamba ina maalum
name-- binary tafuta mti.

783
00:32:51,020 --> 00:32:53,460
Sasa tumekuwa habari ya binary
kutafuta, lakini unaweza

784
00:32:53,460 --> 00:32:55,180
kazi nyuma kutoka jina Kitu huyu?

785
00:32:55,180 --> 00:32:59,280
Ni mfano wa jinsi mimi nini
kuingizwa integers katika mti huu?

786
00:32:59,280 --> 00:33:00,696
Ni si holela.

787
00:33:00,696 --> 00:33:01,570
Kuna baadhi ya muundo.

788
00:33:01,570 --> 00:33:02,090
Yeah.

789
00:33:02,090 --> 00:33:03,370
>> Watazamaji: Ndogo ndio upande wa kushoto.

790
00:33:03,370 --> 00:33:03,690
>> DAVID Malan: Yeah.

791
00:33:03,690 --> 00:33:05,062
Ndogo ndio ni upande wa kushoto.

792
00:33:05,062 --> 00:33:06,270
Kubwa ndio ni juu ya haki.

793
00:33:06,270 --> 00:33:12,940
Kama kwamba kauli ya kweli ni
mzazi ni mkubwa kuliko mtoto wake wa kushoto,

794
00:33:12,940 --> 00:33:14,850
lakini chini ya mtoto wake wa kulia.

795
00:33:14,850 --> 00:33:17,750
Na kwamba peke yake ni hata
kujirudia matusi ufafanuzi

796
00:33:17,750 --> 00:33:20,500
kwa sababu unaweza kuomba kwamba
mantiki hiyo kwa kila node

797
00:33:20,500 --> 00:33:23,080
na tu bottoms
nje, kesi ya msingi kama wewe

798
00:33:23,080 --> 00:33:25,740
mapenzi, wakati hit moja ya
majani, hivyo kusema,

799
00:33:25,740 --> 00:33:28,580
ambapo idhini hana watoto zaidi.

800
00:33:28,580 --> 00:33:30,614
>> Sasa jinsi gani unaweza kupata idadi 44?

801
00:33:30,614 --> 00:33:32,280
Ungependa kuanza saa mizizi na kusema, hm.

802
00:33:32,280 --> 00:33:35,690
55 si 44 Hivyo kufanya mimi nataka kwenda
haki au kufanya mimi nataka kwenda kushoto?

803
00:33:35,690 --> 00:33:37,190
Naam, ni wazi unataka kwenda kushoto.

804
00:33:37,190 --> 00:33:40,060
Na hivyo ni kama simu
kitabu mfano katika kutafuta binary

805
00:33:40,060 --> 00:33:41,099
ujumla zaidi.

806
00:33:41,099 --> 00:33:43,390
Lakini sisi ni kutekeleza hilo
sasa zaidi kidogo dynamically

807
00:33:43,390 --> 00:33:45,339
kuliko safu ili kuruhusu.

808
00:33:45,339 --> 00:33:48,130
Na kwa kweli, kama unataka kuangalia
katika kanuni, katika mtazamo wa kwanza uhakika.

809
00:33:48,130 --> 00:33:49,671
Inaonekana kama rundo zima la mistari.

810
00:33:49,671 --> 00:33:51,220
Lakini ni uzuri rahisi.

811
00:33:51,220 --> 00:33:54,490
Kama unataka kutekeleza kazi
aitwaye search ambao lengo katika maisha

812
00:33:54,490 --> 00:33:57,290
ni kutafuta thamani
kama n, integer,

813
00:33:57,290 --> 00:34:01,756
na wewe ni kupita katika pointer-- moja
pointer nodi ya mizizi,

814
00:34:01,756 --> 00:34:04,380
badala yake, ya mti ambayo
unaweza kupata kila kitu kingine,

815
00:34:04,380 --> 00:34:08,850
taarifa jinsi straightforwardly
unaweza kutekeleza mantiki.

816
00:34:08,850 --> 00:34:10,880
Kama mti ni null,
wazi ni huko.

817
00:34:10,880 --> 00:34:11,880
Hebu tu kurudi uongo.

818
00:34:11,880 --> 00:34:12,000
Haki?

819
00:34:12,000 --> 00:34:14,040
Kama mkono ni kitu,
kuna kitu huko.

820
00:34:14,040 --> 00:34:17,900
>> Mwingine, kama n ni chini ya
mti mshale n-- sasa mshale n,

821
00:34:17,900 --> 00:34:20,670
kukumbuka sisi ilianzisha super
ufupi siku nyingine,

822
00:34:20,670 --> 00:34:25,100
na kwamba tu maana de-rejea
pointer na kuangalia uwanja aitwaye n.

823
00:34:25,100 --> 00:34:27,690
Hivyo ina maana kwenda huko na
kuangalia uwanja aitwaye n.

824
00:34:27,690 --> 00:34:33,810
Hivyo kama n, thamani wewe ni kupewa, ni chini
kuliko thamani katika miti integer,

825
00:34:33,810 --> 00:34:35,449
ambapo unataka kwenda?

826
00:34:35,449 --> 00:34:36,389
Upande wa kushoto.

827
00:34:36,389 --> 00:34:37,780
>> Hivyo taarifa recursion.

828
00:34:37,780 --> 00:34:39,860
Mimi returning-- si kweli.

829
00:34:39,860 --> 00:34:40,989
Si ya uongo.

830
00:34:40,989 --> 00:34:45,670
Mimi kurudi chochote jibu
ni kutoka wito kwa mwenyewe, kupita

831
00:34:45,670 --> 00:34:50,100
n tena, ambayo ni kutokuwa na maana,
lakini nini tofauti kidogo sasa?

832
00:34:50,100 --> 00:34:51,989
Jinsi mimi kufanya tatizo kubwa?

833
00:34:51,989 --> 00:34:54,920
Mimi kupita katika kama wa pili
hoja, si mizizi ya mti,

834
00:34:54,920 --> 00:34:59,616
lakini mtoto wa kushoto katika kesi hii.

835
00:34:59,616 --> 00:35:00,990
Hivyo mimi nina kupita katika mtoto wa kushoto.

836
00:35:00,990 --> 00:35:04,720
>> Wakati huo huo, kama n ni kubwa kuliko
nodi Mimi sasa kuangalia,

837
00:35:04,720 --> 00:35:06,690
Mimi kutafuta upande wa kulia.

838
00:35:06,690 --> 00:35:10,880
Mwingine, kama mti si null, na
kama kipengele si wa kushoto

839
00:35:10,880 --> 00:35:13,240
na si kwa haki,
nini ni ajabu kesi?

840
00:35:13,240 --> 00:35:14,630

841
00:35:14,630 --> 00:35:18,440
Tumekuwa kweli kupatikana nodi katika
swali, na hivyo sisi kurudi kweli.

842
00:35:18,440 --> 00:35:21,490
>> Hivyo tumekuwa tu scratched uso
sasa baadhi ya miundo haya data.

843
00:35:21,490 --> 00:35:24,370
Katika tatizo kuweka tano utasikia
kuchunguza hizi bado zaidi,

844
00:35:24,370 --> 00:35:27,250
na wewe utakuwa kupewa kubuni yako
uchaguzi wa jinsi ya kwenda kuhusu hili.

845
00:35:27,250 --> 00:35:30,250
Nini Ningependa kuhitimisha juu ya
ni tu 30 teaser pili

846
00:35:30,250 --> 00:35:32,080
ya nini watapata wiki ijayo na zaidi.

847
00:35:32,080 --> 00:35:35,390
>> Kama sisi begin-- nashiriki waweza
think-- mpito yetu polepole

848
00:35:35,390 --> 00:35:38,680
kutoka katika ulimwengu wa C na chini
maelezo ya utekelezaji ngazi,

849
00:35:38,680 --> 00:35:42,090
kwa dunia ambayo tunaweza kuchukua kwa
nafasi ya kuwa mtu mwingine ina hatimaye

850
00:35:42,090 --> 00:35:44,010
kutekelezwa data haya
miundo kwa ajili yetu,

851
00:35:44,010 --> 00:35:47,570
na tutaweza kuanza kuelewa
ulimwengu halisi ina maana ya kutekeleza

852
00:35:47,570 --> 00:35:50,560
programu mtandao msingi na
Nje ujumla zaidi

853
00:35:50,560 --> 00:35:52,910
na pia usalama sana
athari kwamba tumekuwa tu

854
00:35:52,910 --> 00:35:54,850
wameanza scratch ya uso wa.

855
00:35:54,850 --> 00:35:57,320
Hapa ni nini watapata sisi
katika siku zijazo.

856
00:35:57,320 --> 00:36:00,480
>> [Video avspelning]

857
00:36:00,480 --> 00:36:03,432

858
00:36:03,432 --> 00:36:12,780
>> Hapo akaja na ujumbe,
na itifaki zake zote wenyewe.

859
00:36:12,780 --> 00:36:26,110

860
00:36:26,110 --> 00:36:30,894
Alikuja ulimwengu wa kikatili
firewalls, asiyejali ruta,

861
00:36:30,894 --> 00:36:33,368
na hatari mbaya zaidi kuliko kifo.

862
00:36:33,368 --> 00:36:35,280

863
00:36:35,280 --> 00:36:36,236
Yeye ni kufunga.

864
00:36:36,236 --> 00:36:37,980
Yeye ni nguvu.

865
00:36:37,980 --> 00:36:42,830
Yeye ni TCP / IP, na yeye got anwani yako.

866
00:36:42,830 --> 00:36:45,290

867
00:36:45,290 --> 00:36:48,074
"Wapiganaji wa Net."

868
00:36:48,074 --> 00:36:49,660
[MWISHO video avspelning]

869
00:36:49,660 --> 00:36:50,910
DAVID Malan: Coming wiki ijayo.

870
00:36:50,910 --> 00:36:51,880
Tutaona wewe basi.

871
00:36:51,880 --> 00:36:54,615

872
00:36:54,615 --> 00:36:56,060
[Video avspelning]

873
00:36:56,060 --> 00:36:59,240
-Na Sasa, "Mawazo Deep"
na Daven Farnham.

874
00:36:59,240 --> 00:37:02,030

875
00:37:02,030 --> 00:37:05,820
-David Daima kuanza
mihadhara na, "haki zote."

876
00:37:05,820 --> 00:37:08,750
Nini, "Hapa ni ufumbuzi
kuweka tatizo wiki hii "

877
00:37:08,750 --> 00:37:12,180
au "Sisi ni kutoa nyote A?"

878
00:37:12,180 --> 00:37:13,380
[Laughing]

879
00:37:13,380 --> 00:37:15,530
[MWISHO video avspelning]