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>> [Daqq tal-mużika]

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>> SPEAKER: Merħba lura, kulħadd.

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Dan huwa CS50.

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U llum, aħna għandna ħafna ta '
affarijiet interessanti li jitkellmu dwar.

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L-ewwel, għalkemm, għandi biex tfakkar
inti ta 'affarijiet amministrattivi ftit.

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Din il-ġimgħa hija kwizz waħda, l-Erbgħa
jew għas-sezzjoni Yale

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nhar ta 'Tlieta u Ħamis, nhar il-Ħamis.

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Hemm reviżjonijiet kwizz
tonight fil-Yale, 5:30-07:00.

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Fil-Harvard, huma rreġistrati bieraħ wieħed.

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U kulħadd jistgħu jaraw dak online.

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>> Ukoll, din il-ġimgħa jew ġimgħa d-dieħla kmieni,
għandna aħħar lecture CS50 tagħna.

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[Groans] I know.

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Daħal hekk malajr.

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Istudenti Yale se jkollhom live
jagħti konferenza hawn fil--iskola liġi

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sala nhar il-Ġimgħa.

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Se jkun hemm kejk.

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Istudenti Harvard se jkollhom l-
aħħar lecture fil Sanders nhar it-Tnejn.

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Se jkun hemm ukoll kejk.

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>> Ukoll, din il-ġimgħa nhar il-Ġimgħa, għal dawk
minnkom li huma ġejjin lejn New Haven,

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aħna għandna l-Expo CS50.

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Għamilna aktar minn 30
gruppi differenti rreġistrati

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biex turi li inti dak kollu
minn sailboats awtonomi,

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għal sistemi li jirrikonoxxu
ritratti diġitali, għall-kompjuter

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mużika u mużika prodotta bil-kompjuter.

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Allura jekk jogħġbok jingħaqdu magħna.

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Naħseb li għaddej biex tkun ħafna ħin.

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>> Illum, għalkemm, we biex
tkompli jitkellem dwar AI,

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dwar intelliġenza artifiċjali.

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U waħda mill-affarijiet li
aħna qed tmur biex tikseb llum

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hija l-idea ta 'kif
użu AI sabiex isolvu problemi.

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Issa, kif dejjem, Nibdew
ma 'xi ħaġa sempliċi.

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U aħna qed tmur biex tibda
bi idea sempliċi.

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U li jużaw search.

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>> Allura immaġina għal minuta li I
għandhom kompitu li għandi bżonn biex iwettqu.

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U nixtieq li jkollhom dak il-kompitu
awtomatizzat billi xi aġent software.

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Immaġina li jien tipprova ktieb sett
ta 'titjiriet minn, ejja ngħidu, Boston

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li San Francisco.

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I tista 'tmur permezz u I jistgħu jużaw
wieħed mill-tiftix online isbaħ

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għodod, li se tagħmel
bażikament l-istess proċess li aħna qed

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ser jimxu permezz llum.

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Imma jekk inti ma kellhiex dak
għodda, dak li għandek tagħmel?

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>> Well, inti tista 'tfittex u
tara u jgħidu, jien fil Boston.

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Liema titjiriet huma disponibbli għalija?

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Issa, forsi għandi tliet
titjiriet possibbli minn Boston

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li se jaqbel l-ħin
I meta bżonn leave.

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I jistgħu jtiru lejn Chicago.

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Jew I jistgħu jtiru lejn Miami.

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Jew I jistgħu jtiru lejn New York.

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I jistgħu mbagħad jidhru minn kull
wieħed minn dawk l-ibliet destinazzjoni

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u jaħsbu dwar dak postijiet
I jista 'possibbilment tilħaq

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minn kull wieħed minn dawk l-ibliet individwali.

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>> Allura forsi minn Chicago, I jistgħu jiksbu
titjira diretta lejn San Francisco.

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Li eċċellenti.

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Jew I jistgħu jiksbu titjira lejn Denver.

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Issa, forsi dik it-titjira lejn San Francisco
huwa s-soluzzjoni perfetta għalija,

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imma forsi le.

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Forsi jien tfittex xi ħaġa
li l-ftit irħas

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jew ftit aħjar għall-iskeda tiegħi.

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U so I tista 'tfittex dak oħra
possibbiltajiet jista 'jkun hemmhekk.

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So I tista 'tħares lejn Denver.

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U minn Denver, ukoll, forsi
I jistgħu jiksbu titjira lejn Austin.

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U minn Austin, forsi I jistgħu jiksbu
titjira lejn Phoenix, u minn Phoenix

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li San Francisco.

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Issa, jien ma isir s'issa.

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Minħabba forsi hemm
titjira diretta minn New York

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li San Francisco li perfett għalija.

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Jew forsi hemm titjira minn Miami
permezz Denver li l-lott orħos.

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So I għad iridu jgħaddu.

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U għadni għandek tfittex fil kollha ta 'dawk
bliet li jien ma investigati għadhom.

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I għandhom jiċċekkjaw b'mod eżawrjenti kollha
il-possibbiltajiet li I jista 'jkollhom.

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>> Allura minn New York, forsi I jistgħu jiksbu
titjira lejn Nashville, u minn Nashville

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li Austin.

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U allura naf fejn jien.

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U mbagħad naf minn Austin, nista '
jtiru lejn Phoenix, u minn Phoenix

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li San Francisco.

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Jekk I ħallsu għall-ewwel għal Miami, għalkemm,
forsi I jistgħu jiksbu titjira minn Miami

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li Nashville, jew minn Miami għall Austin.

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>> U issa stajt ppruvaw kollha
dwar il-possibbiltajiet.

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Stajt mibnija din il-graff li
turi me kollha tar-rotot possibbli

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li I jista 'jkun kapaċi li jieħu.

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Meta aħna jirrappreżentaw dawn
tipi ta 'problemi,

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aħna mhux qed tmur biex jirrappreżentaw
minnhom espliċitament bħala din il-graff,

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minħabba li graff ma tirrappreżentax
l-istorja ta 'fejn konna marret.

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Jafu li I tellgħu mill
Phoenix lejn San Francisco

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ma tell me jekk I daħal permezz
Nashville, jew permezz Denver, jew permezz Miami.

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>> Allura dak I ser tagħmel minflok qed
I ser tieħu din l-istess problema,

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u jien ser jirrappreżentaw bħala siġra.

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U fl-għerq tal-siġra, fil-
top, jien ser tpoġġi l-post li bdejt,

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Boston.

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U minn Boston, I ser tħares lejn
kollha tal-postijiet possibbli

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li I jistgħu jivjaġġaw lejn.

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Ukoll, f'dan il-każ, kelli tlieta,
Chicago, New York, u Miami.

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U mbagħad I ser tesplora kull wieħed
dawn it-tfal fil-siġra.

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>> Minn Chicago, I raw
li kelli żewġ titjiriet.

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I jistgħu jtiru direttament lill
San Francisco jew biex Denver.

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Issa San Francisco, li l-għan tiegħi.

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C'est destinazzjoni tiegħi.

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Li għaddej biex tkun werqa ta 'din is-siġra.

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Dan huwa, jien qatt ma se jmorru
x'imkien wara San Francisco.

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Mill Denver, għalkemm,
I jistgħu jtiru minn Denver

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li Austin, minn Austin għal Phoenix,
u minn Phoenix għal San Francisco.

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U issa għal darb'oħra, stajt laħaq werqa.

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>> I tista 'imbagħad mur lura għall-ieħor
belt li jien ma esplorati bis-sħiħ.

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Dan ikun New York, mur
lura sa l-quċċata ta 'siġra tiegħi,

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tinżel għal New York.

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Minn New York, I jistgħu jtiru lejn
Nashville, minn Nashville għal Austin,

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minn Austin għall Phoenix, u
minn Phoenix lejn San Francisco.

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U fl-aħħarnett, belt waħda I
ma jkunux ħarsu lejn għadhom, Miami.

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>> Well, minn Miami I said I kellhom żewġ
possibbiltajiet, Nashville jew Austin.

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Jekk I jtiru lejn Nashville, tajjeb allura I fly
minn Nashville, Austin, Phoenix,

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li San Francisco.

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Jekk I jtiru lejn Austin, I fly Austin,
biex Phoenix, li San Francisco.

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U issa għandi siġra.

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Huwa siġra komplet.

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Dan kollu tal-possibbiltajiet u
kollha tal-mogħdijiet li I tista 'tieħu.

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Dan huwa, jekk nibda fil-
għerq tal-siġra fil-quċċata

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u I jinżlu għal wieħed mill-
weraq, hija me dice mhux biss

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fejn jien ser
jispiċċaw, San Francisco,

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iżda jgħidlekx me-rotta li
I bżonn tieħu biex naslu s'hemm.

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>> Issa, li wieħed minn dawn huwa l-aħjar?

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Well, xejn dwar dan
problema għadhom jgħidlekx me

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liema minn dawn huwa l-aħjar soluzzjoni.

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Forsi I kura l-aktar dwar
kemm ħin jien fl-arja,

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jew id-distanza li jien jtajru.

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F'dak il-każ, Chicago lejn San
Francisco jista 'jkun l-iqsar numru

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ta 'mili fl-arja.

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>> Maybe I care about ispiża.

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U lkoll nafu titjiriet diretti
huma ġeneralment aktar għaljin.

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Hekk forsi jekk I jieħdu din
tip ta 'rotta lura

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permezz Miami, Nashville,
Austin, Phoenix, forsi imbagħad

138
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I jiksbu prezz aktar baxx.

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Imma I jistgħu jottimizzaw fuq kwalunkwe
kriterji li I jimpurtahom.

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Li ltqajna l-aħjar fl
titjira Wi-Fi, jew li

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ajruporti jkollhom l-aħjar ikel disponibbli.

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U kull wieħed minn dawk jista
tagħti me soluzzjoni differenti

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li nara bħala l-aħjar.

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145
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>> Dawn it-tipi ta 'problemi,
fejn aħna qed tmur

146
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biex jibnu din is-siġra tal
possibbiltajiet, u mbagħad

147
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tħares lejn kull wieħed minn dawk
mogħdijiet individwali, u jeżamina

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liema minn dawk jissodisfa
a kriterji għalina,

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aħna qed tmur biex sejħa
dawk il-problemi tat-tiftix.

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U għandna lottijiet ta '
algoritmi, li wħud minnhom

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Rajna diġà, li jmorru
u jesploraw dawk is-siġar.

152
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Stajna nagħmlu dan fil-mod li I
biss għamlet, tfittxija-fond ewwel,

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jinżel 'l isfel safejn nistgħu sakemm aħna
hit weraq, u mbagħad jiġu lura up,

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u jmorru lura d-dritt isfel.

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Jew nistgħu nagħmlu dak li hu
imsejħa tfittxija wisa ewwel.

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Nistgħu jespandu kollox
fil-quċċata, u mbagħad

157
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kollox linja waħda
taħt dik, u mbagħad

158
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kollox linja waħda taħt dak.

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Dawk is-siġar tat-tiftix
huma fundamentali biex AI.

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Iżda dawn ma pjuttost tikseb
dan id-dritt l-ħin kollu.

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Fil-fatt, fil-lott tal-każijiet
li aħna verament jimpurtak,

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rridu nibnu siġra,
imma aħna ma attwalment

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nikseb biex jagħmlu kollha tad-deċiżjonijiet.

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>> Dawn huma sitwazzjonijiet msejħa
tfittxija tal-kontradittorju, magħrufa wkoll

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kif kif jiktbu jilagħbu logħba
sistemi u nikseb mħallas għaliha.

166
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Iżda dawn huma t-tipi
ta 'sistemi fejn I

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tista 'tikseb li jagħżlu meta mmur minn
Boston, li belt mmur jmiss.

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Iżda wara dan, xi ħadd ieħor tista 'tikseb
jieħdu d-deċiżjoni dwar fejn I fly.

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Allura biex jibnu dawn
istrutturi tipi, aħna qed

170
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se jkollhom jieħdu xi ftit
approċċ differenti lilha.

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Aħna mhux se tkun tista '
biss tfittex permezz-siġra

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aktar, għaliex aħna mhux qed
il-wieħed li fil-kontroll

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ta 'kull wieħed minn dawn il-punti deċiżjonijiet.

174
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>> Mela ejja jimmaġina sempliċi
logħba bħal tic tac toe.

175
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I tista 'tibda bil
board kompletament vojta.

176
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U fil tic tac toe,
X gets jilagħbu l-ewwel.

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U so I jista 'jaħseb dwar l-
jiċċaqlaq possibbli li X tista 'tagħmel.

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00:09:53,890 --> 00:09:57,420
U jekk jien l playing wieħed
l-X, li l-kbir.

179
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Għandi disa possibbli
jiċċaqlaq li I jistgħu jagħmlu.

180
00:10:01,020 --> 00:10:05,000
I tista 'tpoġġi X fi kwalunkwe wieħed
ta 'dawk disa pożizzjonijiet.

181
00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:10,710
>> U mbagħad minn kull wieħed minn dawn, I
jista 'jimmaġina dak li jiġri li jmiss.

182
00:10:10,710 --> 00:10:14,130
Ukoll, f'dan il-każ, l-ieħor
player se tikseb biex tieħu dawran.

183
00:10:14,130 --> 00:10:15,660
O se tikseb biex tieħu dawran.

184
00:10:15,660 --> 00:10:19,510
U minn kull wieħed minn dawn, hemm
Ikun tmien postijiet differenti

185
00:10:19,510 --> 00:10:22,980
li O tista 'tpoġġi markatur tagħhom.

186
00:10:22,980 --> 00:10:25,790
>> Ejja ngħidu I iddeċieda li I kien
se timplimenta X fil-ċentru.

187
00:10:25,790 --> 00:10:28,810
Li dejjem tidher qisha
ftuħ mossa tajba.

188
00:10:28,810 --> 00:10:34,870
I tista 'tħares lejn taħtha dan, il-
tmien passi possibbli li O jagħmel.

189
00:10:34,870 --> 00:10:37,320
Issa, jekk jien playing X, li mill-isbaħ.

190
00:10:37,320 --> 00:10:41,740
I nikseb li jagħżel liema waħda I
mur, il-wieħed fin-nofs.

191
00:10:41,740 --> 00:10:45,000
Imma issa O gets li jagħżlu.

192
00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:48,750
U jien ma jkollhom kontroll
fuq dik id-deċiżjoni.

193
00:10:48,750 --> 00:10:51,670
>> Iżda minn kull wieħed minn dawk
posizzjonijiet possibbli tal-bord,

194
00:10:51,670 --> 00:10:54,020
hemm mbagħad ieħor
sett ta 'possibbiltajiet.

195
00:10:54,020 --> 00:10:56,700
Meta niġu li tkun
tiegħi dawran darb'oħra, nixtieq

196
00:10:56,700 --> 00:11:01,500
jiksbu toqgħod jgħidu, ukoll,
jekk O jiċċaqlaq fil-, ukoll,

197
00:11:01,500 --> 00:11:06,110
il-post tan-nofs fuq ix-xellug, imbagħad
I ikollhom sett ta 'possibbiltajiet

198
00:11:06,110 --> 00:11:09,740
fejn I tista 'tieħu pass li jmiss tiegħi.

199
00:11:09,740 --> 00:11:14,140
Minn dawk, I tista 'tikkunsidra li kollha
il-possibilitajiet taħthom.

200
00:11:14,140 --> 00:11:18,030
U allura O se tikseb
jagħżlu fost dawk.

201
00:11:18,030 --> 00:11:22,290
>> UI jistgħu jżommu bini dan
siġra out sal I ltqajna sal-punt

202
00:11:22,290 --> 00:11:26,960
fejn jew xi ħadd
jirbaħ l game-- li l-

203
00:11:26,960 --> 00:11:31,070
ltqajna biex jiġu kkunsidrati werqa node--
jew il-bord huwa kompletament sħiħa

204
00:11:31,070 --> 00:11:32,704
u l-ebda wieħed rebaħ.

205
00:11:32,704 --> 00:11:34,370
U li wkoll se tkun node werqa.

206
00:11:34,370 --> 00:11:35,411
Li għaddej biex tkun rabta.

207
00:11:35,411 --> 00:11:37,820

208
00:11:37,820 --> 00:11:41,680
>> Imma l-ħaġa delikata ma 'dan huwa
jekk dan kienu biss tfittxija regolari

209
00:11:41,680 --> 00:11:44,269
problema, I d jkun kapaċi
jiġifieri, ukoll, X għandu mur hawn.

210
00:11:44,269 --> 00:11:45,560
U O għandhom imorru mod hemmhekk.

211
00:11:45,560 --> 00:11:46,770
U mbagħad X għandhom imorru minn hawn.

212
00:11:46,770 --> 00:11:48,269
U mbagħad O għandhom imorru mod hemmhekk.

213
00:11:48,269 --> 00:11:51,860
U allura X tista 'tikseb tliet
in fila, u nirbaħ.

214
00:11:51,860 --> 00:11:54,870
U l-logħba se tkun fuq
fil-ħames jiċċaqlaq, tlieta għalija,

215
00:11:54,870 --> 00:11:57,710
tnejn għal avversarju tiegħi.

216
00:11:57,710 --> 00:12:01,300
Imma jien ma dejjem jiksbu li jagħżlu dan.

217
00:12:01,300 --> 00:12:03,720
>> Allura minflok, dak li aħna qed
ser ikollhom jagħmlu

218
00:12:03,720 --> 00:12:06,270
huwa aħna qed tmur biex ikollhom
li għandhom strateġija ġdida.

219
00:12:06,270 --> 00:12:09,350
U l-istrateġija li
algoritmi logħba playing spiss jużaw

220
00:12:09,350 --> 00:12:12,000
huwa dak li sejjaħ minimax.

221
00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:15,500
L-idea ċentrali tar
minimax huwa li aħna qed

222
00:12:15,500 --> 00:12:21,365
ser pick-mossa li tagħti
avversarju tagħna l-agħar sett possibbli

223
00:12:21,365 --> 00:12:22,790
ta 'jiċċaqlaq li jistgħu jagħmlu.

224
00:12:22,790 --> 00:12:25,570

225
00:12:25,570 --> 00:12:28,870
Huwa ma jagħmel me kwalunkwe tajba
li jagħżlu mossa fejn

226
00:12:28,870 --> 00:12:31,952
I jista 'jkun kapaċi jirbħu wara
li, minħabba avversarju tiegħi mhuwiex

227
00:12:31,952 --> 00:12:33,160
ser jagħti lili dak iċ-ċans.

228
00:12:33,160 --> 00:12:37,770
Huma qed tmur biex jagħżlu xi
riżultat terribbli għalija.

229
00:12:37,770 --> 00:12:42,010
Hekk jien ser tagħmel l-
jimxu li l-forzi avversarju tiegħi

230
00:12:42,010 --> 00:12:45,760
li jagħmel xi ħaġa aħjar għalija.

231
00:12:45,760 --> 00:12:46,260
Kull dritt.

232
00:12:46,260 --> 00:12:48,410
Ejja naraw kif dan jilgħab barra.

233
00:12:48,410 --> 00:12:51,640
Allura hawnhekk algoritmu tagħna fil pseudocode.

234
00:12:51,640 --> 00:12:54,450
Aħna qed tmur biex jiġġeneraw
l-siġra logħba kollha.

235
00:12:54,450 --> 00:12:56,757
Aħna qed tmur biex jibnu
l-istruttura sħiħa.

236
00:12:56,757 --> 00:12:57,840
U allura aħna ser jgħaddu.

237
00:12:57,840 --> 00:13:02,100
U fil-qiegħ nett f'kull tal-
lymph terminali, f'kull wieħed mill-weraq,

238
00:13:02,100 --> 00:13:07,850
aħna ser tevalwa kif
valur huwa li għalija?

239
00:13:07,850 --> 00:13:11,690
U aħna qed tmur biex affarijiet ta 'valur li
huma tajbin għalija bħala pożittiv.

240
00:13:11,690 --> 00:13:14,460
Affarijiet li mhumiex tajbin għalija
se jkunu inqas pożittivi, jew żero,

241
00:13:14,460 --> 00:13:16,480
jew saħansitra negattiv.

242
00:13:16,480 --> 00:13:19,240
>> Għalhekk fl tic tac toe, forsi
rebħa għalija hija tajba.

243
00:13:19,240 --> 00:13:20,290
Li l-wieħed.

244
00:13:20,290 --> 00:13:22,400
U rabta huwa żero.

245
00:13:22,400 --> 00:13:26,230
U xi ħaġa li l-telf għal
me, forsi li waħda negattiva.

246
00:13:26,230 --> 00:13:29,620
Uniku fatt rilevanti huwa li l-aħjar
huwa għalija, l-ogħla punteġġ

247
00:13:29,620 --> 00:13:32,160
li tirċievi.

248
00:13:32,160 --> 00:13:36,690
Minn dawk il-possibbiltajiet fil-
qiegħ, allura aħna ser filtru fuq.

249
00:13:36,690 --> 00:13:40,650
U meta huwa ċ-ċans tiegħi biex jagħżlu
fost sett ta 'alternattivi,

250
00:13:40,650 --> 00:13:44,460
I ser jagħżlu l-waħda li
ltqajna l-ogħla punteġġ.

251
00:13:44,460 --> 00:13:47,200
>> U kull meta huwa tiegħi
avversarji jduru biex jagħżlu,

252
00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:52,350
I ser tassumi li dawn qed tmur biex
jagħżlu dik bl-punteġġ aktar baxx.

253
00:13:52,350 --> 00:13:56,090
U jekk nagħmel dan it-triq kollha
sal-quċċata tas-siġra,

254
00:13:56,090 --> 00:14:03,150
I ser għażilt triq li tagħti
me l-aħjar riżultat li nista 'nikseb,

255
00:14:03,150 --> 00:14:09,110
jekk wieħed jassumi li l-avversarju tiegħi
jagħmel l-passi dritt.

256
00:14:09,110 --> 00:14:11,940
>> Kull dritt, so ejja naraw
dan fl-azzjoni ewwel.

257
00:14:11,940 --> 00:14:14,980
U allura aħna ser fil-fatt
tħares lejn il-kodiċi għal dan.

258
00:14:14,980 --> 00:14:16,780
Allura immaġina I jkollhom din is-siġra kbira.

259
00:14:16,780 --> 00:14:18,280
U issa jien ma playing tic tac toe.

260
00:14:18,280 --> 00:14:20,405
Jien ridt li jtik
xi ħaġa ftit aktar sinjuri.

261
00:14:20,405 --> 00:14:23,560
Allura stajt ltqajna xi logħba fejn
hemm punteġġi differenti ħafna

262
00:14:23,560 --> 00:14:26,390
li I jista 'jkollhom fl-aħħar.

263
00:14:26,390 --> 00:14:27,980
U so I jibnu din is-siġra sħiħa.

264
00:14:27,980 --> 00:14:29,070
U jien nikseb li jiċċaqalqu ewwel.

265
00:14:29,070 --> 00:14:31,290
Jien l-għerq tal-siġra.

266
00:14:31,290 --> 00:14:36,150
>> U nasal biex jagħżlu that-- so I nikseb
biex timmassimizza madwar li l-ewwel node.

267
00:14:36,150 --> 00:14:38,410
U mbagħad avversarju tiegħi gets li jmorru.

268
00:14:38,410 --> 00:14:41,910
U mbagħad niġi biex tmur darba aktar.

269
00:14:41,910 --> 00:14:46,830
Allura stabbiliti fuq il-qiegħ, I ikollhom sett ta '
possibbiltajiet li I jistgħu jagħżlu minn,

270
00:14:46,830 --> 00:14:50,570
stati terminali differenti tal-logħba.

271
00:14:50,570 --> 00:14:54,980
Jekk jien mill-imsemmi
xellug kantuniera idejn,

272
00:14:54,980 --> 00:14:58,867
u nara li stajt ltqajna għażla
bejn tmienja, seba, u tnejn,

273
00:14:58,867 --> 00:15:00,450
ukoll, jien il-wieħed li gets biex jagħżlu.

274
00:15:00,450 --> 00:15:02,910
Hekk jien ser jagħżlu
l-aħjar waħda minn dawk.

275
00:15:02,910 --> 00:15:05,650
Jien ser jagħżlu l-tmienja.

276
00:15:05,650 --> 00:15:10,090
>> So I jafu li jekk jien qatt
għonqna dak il-punt,

277
00:15:10,090 --> 00:15:13,890
I ser tkun kapaċi tikseb li tmien punti.

278
00:15:13,890 --> 00:15:17,410
Jekk I jispiċċaw fil-punt li jmiss
fuq, il-node li jmiss fuq,

279
00:15:17,410 --> 00:15:20,760
ta 'disa, waħda, jew sitt, ukoll, jien
ser jagħżlu l-aħjar ta 'dawk.

280
00:15:20,760 --> 00:15:21,950
I ser jagħżlu l-disgħa.

281
00:15:21,950 --> 00:15:24,880
Jekk I jkollhom għażla bejn
tnejn, u erba, u wieħed,

282
00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:28,240
I ser jagħżlu l-erba ', l-ogħla.

283
00:15:28,240 --> 00:15:31,990
>> Issa, jekk I tħares lejn il-livell
hawn fuq li, avversarju tiegħi

284
00:15:31,990 --> 00:15:34,440
hija dik gets li jagħmlu din l-għażla.

285
00:15:34,440 --> 00:15:37,040
Allura avversarju tiegħi gets
tagħżel, ma nixtieq li jagħtih

286
00:15:37,040 --> 00:15:39,250
il-ħaġa li għaddej
tikseb lilu tmien punti,

287
00:15:39,250 --> 00:15:41,916
jew għandi jagħtih il-ħaġa li l-
ser jagħtih disa 'punti,

288
00:15:41,916 --> 00:15:45,240
jew il-ħaġa li għaddej
li jagħtih erba 'punti?

289
00:15:45,240 --> 00:15:49,130
U l-avversarju tiegħi, li
razzjonali, va

290
00:15:49,130 --> 00:15:53,470
li jagħżlu l-minimu ta 'dawn,
se jagħżlu l-erbgħa.

291
00:15:53,470 --> 00:15:56,020
>> U nista 'tagħmel dan
permezz tal-siġra kollu.

292
00:15:56,020 --> 00:15:59,110
I tista 'tmur għal dan il
sett nofs ta 'tlieta.

293
00:15:59,110 --> 00:16:01,517
UI jistgħu jagħżlu bejn
wieħed, tlieta, u ħamsa.

294
00:16:01,517 --> 00:16:02,350
U nasal biex jagħżlu.

295
00:16:02,350 --> 00:16:03,810
So I jagħżlu ħamsa.

296
00:16:03,810 --> 00:16:05,340
I jistgħu jagħżlu tlieta, disa ', jew tnejn.

297
00:16:05,340 --> 00:16:07,570
I nikseb li jagħżlu, so I jagħżlu l-disgħa.

298
00:16:07,570 --> 00:16:09,290
Sitta, ħames, jew tnejn, I jagħżlu.

299
00:16:09,290 --> 00:16:11,539
I nikseb li jagħżlu l-sitt.

300
00:16:11,539 --> 00:16:13,080
Livell ogħla minn dak, li jottjeni li jagħżlu?

301
00:16:13,080 --> 00:16:16,280

302
00:16:16,280 --> 00:16:18,140
Li jottjeni li jagħżlu?

303
00:16:18,140 --> 00:16:20,000
Il Guy-oħra, avversarju tiegħi.

304
00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:22,583
Allura dawn jagħżlu ħames,
disa ', jew sitt, liema waħda?

305
00:16:22,583 --> 00:16:23,410
>> UDJENZA: Il-ħamsa.

306
00:16:23,410 --> 00:16:25,250
>> SPEAKER: Huma jagħżlu l-ħames.

307
00:16:25,250 --> 00:16:27,400
Huma jiksbu li jagħżlu l-minimu.

308
00:16:27,400 --> 00:16:29,690
U allura l-aħħar wieħed,
jagħżlu wieħed, tnejn, jew tlieta.

309
00:16:29,690 --> 00:16:31,720
I nikseb li jagħżlu, so I jagħżlu tlieta.

310
00:16:31,720 --> 00:16:34,370
Disa ', seba', jew tnejn, I jagħżlu disgħa.

311
00:16:34,370 --> 00:16:37,070
U 11, sitta, jew erba ', I jagħżlu 11.

312
00:16:37,070 --> 00:16:41,190
Avversarju tiegħi mbagħad jagħżel tlieta,
disa ', jew 11, jagħżel il-minimu.

313
00:16:41,190 --> 00:16:43,290
Huwa jagħti me a tlieta.

314
00:16:43,290 --> 00:16:47,780
U mbagħad finalment fil-quċċata tal
l-siġra, nasal biex jagħżlu mill-ġdid.

315
00:16:47,780 --> 00:16:51,190
U nasal biex jagħżlu bejn
erba, ħames, jew tlieta.

316
00:16:51,190 --> 00:16:52,270
So I jieħdu l-ħames.

317
00:16:52,270 --> 00:16:55,070

318
00:16:55,070 --> 00:17:00,891
>> Jekk Sirt kontroll kollox, I d
tieħu t-triq li wasslet għall-11.

319
00:17:00,891 --> 00:17:02,390
Imma jien ma jsibux li tagħmel din l-għażla.

320
00:17:02,390 --> 00:17:04,220
Jekk I jinżlu f'din it-triq.

321
00:17:04,220 --> 00:17:10,710
Opponent My se seħħ me fis
l-għażla li twassal għal tlieta.

322
00:17:10,710 --> 00:17:14,530
Allura l-aħjar li nista 'nagħmlu huwa
li jieħdu dik il-fergħa tan-nofs,

323
00:17:14,530 --> 00:17:19,859
jagħmlu din l-għażla li l-eventwalment
ser iwasslu lili biex ħames punti.

324
00:17:19,859 --> 00:17:23,230
Dak hu minimax ma.

325
00:17:23,230 --> 00:17:23,807
>> Kull dritt.

326
00:17:23,807 --> 00:17:24,890
Ejja tagħti ħarsa lejn dak.

327
00:17:24,890 --> 00:17:27,480

328
00:17:27,480 --> 00:17:32,330
Allura hawn fil-CS50
IDE huwa programm li

329
00:17:32,330 --> 00:17:36,540
timplimenta minimax jilagħbu tic tac toe.

330
00:17:36,540 --> 00:17:40,100
Aħna qed tmur biex jibnu
up rappreżentazzjoni.

331
00:17:40,100 --> 00:17:44,390
Aħna ser ikollhom żewġ opponent--
jew żewġ plejers, kompjuter tagħna

332
00:17:44,390 --> 00:17:46,090
player u player bniedem.

333
00:17:46,090 --> 00:17:48,980

334
00:17:48,980 --> 00:17:53,090
Numru wieħed player se jilagħbu
l O. Li ser tkun l-attur magna.

335
00:17:53,090 --> 00:17:55,747
Huma jiksbu biex jiċċaqalqu tieni.

336
00:17:55,747 --> 00:17:57,830
U l-plejer l-oħra, tagħna
player bniedem, se jkun X.

337
00:17:57,830 --> 00:17:59,880
>> U biex jagħmlu l-ħajja tiegħi
ftit sempliċi, jien ser

338
00:17:59,880 --> 00:18:03,060
twaħħal tikketti li juru waħda negattiva player.

339
00:18:03,060 --> 00:18:05,026
So I tista 'biss jimmultiplikaw
billi wieħed negattiv li tpartit

340
00:18:05,026 --> 00:18:06,400
bejn wieħed player u l-oħra.

341
00:18:06,400 --> 00:18:09,030

342
00:18:09,030 --> 00:18:12,250
Kull dritt, so ejja tagħti ħarsa lejn
dak li aħna qed attwalment se jagħmlu.

343
00:18:12,250 --> 00:18:15,840
Aħna ser jiddefinixxu bord tagħna.

344
00:18:15,840 --> 00:18:19,060
Huwa ser tkun, ukoll, aħna qed tmur
biex ikun jista 'jkun tliet minn tlieta,

345
00:18:19,060 --> 00:18:21,580
jew nistgħu wkoll jilgħab
ħamsa minn ħames jew seba

346
00:18:21,580 --> 00:18:28,870
minn seba 'tic tac toe jekk youd
bħal, ibbażata fuq uħud dimensjoni D.

347
00:18:28,870 --> 00:18:31,260
>> U aħna ser ikollhom koppja
tal-funzjonijiet helper

348
00:18:31,260 --> 00:18:34,360
li ser tagħmel affarijiet simili
initialize l screen-- jew sorry,

349
00:18:34,360 --> 00:18:38,900
initialize varjabbli tagħna, ċar l-
screen, jiġbed l-bord fuq l-iskrin,

350
00:18:38,900 --> 00:18:41,060
wieħed li l-kontrolli bord
biex tara jekk jew le

351
00:18:41,060 --> 00:18:44,520
hemm rebbieħ, wieħed li
parses permezz tal-linja tal-kmand,

352
00:18:44,520 --> 00:18:50,670
biss biex jgħinu, wieħed li jaqra fil
input, u l-funzjoni wieħed imsejjaħ minimax.

353
00:18:50,670 --> 00:18:52,746
U li l-waħda
aħna ser kura aktar dwar.

354
00:18:52,746 --> 00:18:54,120
Imma ejja nħarsu ewwel fil-prinċipali.

355
00:18:54,120 --> 00:18:57,490

356
00:18:57,490 --> 00:18:58,510
>> X'nagħmlu?

357
00:18:58,510 --> 00:19:00,570
Well, aħna qed tmur biex
parse linja tal-kmand tagħna,

358
00:19:00,570 --> 00:19:04,300
aqra biss fi u ara dak
dimensjoni bord aħna tixtieq li jkollha.

359
00:19:04,300 --> 00:19:07,330
Aħna ser initialize bord tagħna.

360
00:19:07,330 --> 00:19:10,360
U allura aħna ser jidħol wieħed
loop selvaġġi kbar, ripetutament

361
00:19:10,360 --> 00:19:16,630
jaċċettaw jiċċaqlaq sakemm il-logħba hija
rebaħ, jew hemm l-ebda jiċċaqlaq xellug.

362
00:19:16,630 --> 00:19:20,560
Kull darba aħna jgħaddu dik
loop, aħna ser ċar l-iskrin.

363
00:19:20,560 --> 00:19:23,290
Aħna ser jiġbed l-bord fuq l-iskrin.

364
00:19:23,290 --> 00:19:28,750
U aħna qed deliberatament tip ta '
abstracting dawn bogħod bħala subroutines,

365
00:19:28,750 --> 00:19:32,030
hekk li aħna ma jkollhomx għalfejn tinkwieta wisq
dwar id-dettalji ta 'kif jigru.

366
00:19:32,030 --> 00:19:33,480
>> Int ser ikollok l-kodiċi aktar tard illum.

367
00:19:33,480 --> 00:19:37,970
U jekk inti tixtieq li tfittex permezz
u taf, inti tista 'tarahom kollha.

368
00:19:37,970 --> 00:19:39,890
Iżda aħna ser jiġbed bord fuq l-iskrin.

369
00:19:39,890 --> 00:19:43,620
U allura aħna ser jiċċekkja u
tara, għandna rebbieħ?

370
00:19:43,620 --> 00:19:46,290
Has xi ħadd rebaħ il-logħba?

371
00:19:46,290 --> 00:19:49,260
Jekk ikollhom, aħna ser jistampaw
messaġġ rebħa.

372
00:19:49,260 --> 00:19:51,680
U aħna ser itemmu l-logħba.

373
00:19:51,680 --> 00:19:54,510
>> Aħna ser jivverifika wkoll u
ara jekk hemm rabta.

374
00:19:54,510 --> 00:19:56,620
Dan ser ikun faċli li wieħed jara jekk hemm rabta.

375
00:19:56,620 --> 00:20:00,700
Dan ifisser li l-ispazji huma sħiħa,
iżda ma kien hemm rebbieħ s'issa.

376
00:20:00,700 --> 00:20:03,580
Nistgħu tiddikjara rabta u jsir.

377
00:20:03,580 --> 00:20:10,530
Imbagħad il-meat-- reali jekk
huwa player magna,

378
00:20:10,530 --> 00:20:14,120
aħna ser jippermettu li
player magna ta 'tiftix

379
00:20:14,120 --> 00:20:19,500
permezz ta 'użu dan algoritmu minimax,
biex isibu l-aħjar mossa li jista '.

380
00:20:19,500 --> 00:20:22,310
U allura aħna ser iqiegħed dak ningranaw.

381
00:20:22,310 --> 00:20:27,640
>> Inkella, jekk huwa player tal-bniedem,
aħna ser taqra xi kontribut mill-bniedem.

382
00:20:27,640 --> 00:20:30,800
U allura jekk huwa l-bniedem
player jew il-player magna,

383
00:20:30,800 --> 00:20:32,800
aħna ser nagħmlu ftit ftit
bits ta 'verifika żball,

384
00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:36,910
kun żgur li jibqa fil-konfini
tad-dimensjonijiet attwali tal-bord

385
00:20:36,910 --> 00:20:40,040
li għandna, kun żgur
li dan l-ispazju ikun vojt,

386
00:20:40,040 --> 00:20:43,570
dik implementata ebda wieħed minn
biċċa fil hemm diġà.

387
00:20:43,570 --> 00:20:45,810
U allura aħna ser biss jitqiegħed
biċċa fuq il-bord,

388
00:20:45,810 --> 00:20:51,550
jibdlu l-attur għall-saff li jmiss, u
inkrement kemm jiċċaqlaq ġara.

389
00:20:51,550 --> 00:20:54,090
>> Dik hija l-linja prinċipali għall
logħba tic tac toe tagħna.

390
00:20:54,090 --> 00:20:57,000

391
00:20:57,000 --> 00:21:02,340
MINIMAX, allura, huwa eżattament
l-algoritmu li aħna qabel.

392
00:21:02,340 --> 00:21:04,710
L-unika aġġustament li
ħadna sabiex inkunu

393
00:21:04,710 --> 00:21:07,290
tista 'tilgħab ogħla
bordijiet dimensjonali hija konna

394
00:21:07,290 --> 00:21:11,070
miżmuma dan il-parametru extra imsejħa fond.

395
00:21:11,070 --> 00:21:14,870
U l-fond biss jgħid, jekk jien
tiftix isfel permezz ta 'dak siġra

396
00:21:14,870 --> 00:21:19,022
u I nikseb s'issa isfel
lil hinn xi fond livell

397
00:21:19,022 --> 00:21:20,730
li jien biss ma jridux
li jittieħdu passi oħra,

398
00:21:20,730 --> 00:21:25,630
Jien ser tieqaf u biss
jevalwa l-bord f'dak il-punt.

399
00:21:25,630 --> 00:21:27,310
I ser jiċċekkja u ara jekk hemm rebbieħ.

400
00:21:27,310 --> 00:21:29,240
Jekk hemm rebbieħ, I ritorn tagħhom.

401
00:21:29,240 --> 00:21:31,720
Inkella, I ser jgħaddu minn linja.

402
00:21:31,720 --> 00:21:34,380
U jien ser jgħidu, għal kulħadd ta '
il-postijiet possibbli

403
00:21:34,380 --> 00:21:38,080
li I jista 'possibbilment
jieħdu bħala pass tiegħi, jien ser

404
00:21:38,080 --> 00:21:43,760
jibnu bord ipotetiku li
jinkludi jiċċaqilqu tiegħi fuq dak il-bord,

405
00:21:43,760 --> 00:21:45,960
u mbagħad recursively jitlob minimax.

406
00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:49,360

407
00:21:49,360 --> 00:21:53,900
>> Jekk huwa pass tiegħi, nasal biex isibu l-
wieħed li ltqajna l-akbar punteġġ.

408
00:21:53,900 --> 00:21:58,710
Jekk huwa pass avversarju tiegħi, insibu
il-wieħed li ltqajna l-punteġġ minimu.

409
00:21:58,710 --> 00:22:02,240
U kull ħaġa oħra huwa
żamma biss ta 'rekords.

410
00:22:02,240 --> 00:22:04,789
Kull dritt, so ejja ara din ir-run.

411
00:22:04,789 --> 00:22:06,830
Fil-fatt, forsi nistgħu
jiksbu koppja ta 'voluntiera

412
00:22:06,830 --> 00:22:09,930
biex toħroġ u play tic tac toe.

413
00:22:09,930 --> 00:22:12,780
[Inaudible] waħda, u wieħed
aktar, tnejn, hemm dritt.

414
00:22:12,780 --> 00:22:13,550
Come fuq up.

415
00:22:13,550 --> 00:22:19,290

416
00:22:19,290 --> 00:22:23,650
>> Mela ejja imorru quddiem u
terġa 'tibda dan kompletament.

417
00:22:23,650 --> 00:22:24,150
Allura, hi.

418
00:22:24,150 --> 00:22:24,920
>> UDJENZA: Hi.

419
00:22:24,920 --> 00:22:25,420
>> SPEAKER: X'hemm isem tiegħek?

420
00:22:25,420 --> 00:22:26,086
>> UDJENZA: Gorav.

421
00:22:26,086 --> 00:22:26,840
SPEAKER: Gorav.

422
00:22:26,840 --> 00:22:27,800
>> UDJENZA: Ninsab Layla.

423
00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:29,490
>> SPEAKER: U Layla, u Layla, sorry.

424
00:22:29,490 --> 00:22:30,384
Come fuq up.

425
00:22:30,384 --> 00:22:32,050
Gorav, aħna qed tmur li jkunu inti tmur l-ewwel.

426
00:22:32,050 --> 00:22:37,710
U jien ser jgħidlek biex tkun mhux
terriblement tajba player tic tac toe.

427
00:22:37,710 --> 00:22:40,130
OK, hekk l-pressjoni hija off fuqek.

428
00:22:40,130 --> 00:22:44,660
Ejja naraw, madankollu, li magna tagħna
player jistgħu attwalment jagħmlu xi ħaġa intelliġenti.

429
00:22:44,660 --> 00:22:45,310
Allura aqbad.

430
00:22:45,310 --> 00:22:49,830
Int ser tip li fihom jikkoordina
inti tixtieq li jitqiegħdu X tiegħek fil.

431
00:22:49,830 --> 00:22:55,170
A0, OK, u l-magna tkun marret
dritt bogħod u mqiegħda trade mark tagħha fil A1.

432
00:22:55,170 --> 00:22:56,640
>> Poġġi l-O fuq il-bord.

433
00:22:56,640 --> 00:22:58,970
Kull dritt, issa jimxi 'l quddiem.

434
00:22:58,970 --> 00:23:00,193
Fejn kieku inti tixtieq li tmur?

435
00:23:00,193 --> 00:23:03,510

436
00:23:03,510 --> 00:23:05,090
C2.

437
00:23:05,090 --> 00:23:08,430
Player tagħna magna ħadet
l-kwadru tan-nofs, imblukkata inti.

438
00:23:08,430 --> 00:23:10,320
Allura li kien tajjeb,
ħaġa intelliġenti biex tagħmel.

439
00:23:10,320 --> 00:23:13,430

440
00:23:13,430 --> 00:23:14,250
You ħadthom imblukkata dan.

441
00:23:14,250 --> 00:23:15,210
Li eċċellenti.

442
00:23:15,210 --> 00:23:16,390
Huwa jieħu l-kantuniera hemmhekk.

443
00:23:16,390 --> 00:23:23,890

444
00:23:23,890 --> 00:23:30,430
>> U li għaddej biex seħħ inti
jieħdu l-aħħar spazju wieħed, B0.

445
00:23:30,430 --> 00:23:32,220
U l-logħba tispiċċa f'voti ndaqs.

446
00:23:32,220 --> 00:23:35,030
Iżda hija kellha raġonevoli
logħba kontra tiegħek, right?

447
00:23:35,030 --> 00:23:36,956
Kull dritt, grazzi ħafna, Gorav.

448
00:23:36,956 --> 00:23:40,860
>> [Applause]

449
00:23:40,860 --> 00:23:44,723
>> Kull dritt, Layla, aħna qed tmur
up l-logħba fuq inti hawn.

450
00:23:44,723 --> 00:23:46,940
>> UDJENZA: Oh, kbir.

451
00:23:46,940 --> 00:23:49,950
>> SPEAKER: Aħna ser tagħti
inti erbgħa minn erba 'tic tac toe.

452
00:23:49,950 --> 00:23:54,760
Issa, f'erba minn erba ', inti għandek biex tirbaħ
ma 'erba fir-ringiela, mhux tliet fir-ringiela.

453
00:23:54,760 --> 00:23:56,135
U huwa kollha tiegħek.

454
00:23:56,135 --> 00:24:02,180

455
00:24:02,180 --> 00:24:04,420
Allura Layla ħa D1.

456
00:24:04,420 --> 00:24:11,730
Aħna issa sejra ssegwi
player kompjuter tagħna hawn.

457
00:24:11,730 --> 00:24:16,910
Tliet minn tliet tic tac toe hu t-tip
ta 'ħaġa li hija faċli għalina lkoll.

458
00:24:16,910 --> 00:24:21,960
Iżda huwa għadu sabiħ li tara l-
player kompjuter jagħmlu jiċċaqlaq intelliġenti.

459
00:24:21,960 --> 00:24:23,725
Erbgħa mill-erba gets
jkun ftit delikati.

460
00:24:23,725 --> 00:24:42,960

461
00:24:42,960 --> 00:24:44,230
>> Nicely jsir.

462
00:24:44,230 --> 00:24:46,210
Dritt kollox, so tal Layla ikkonkluda azzjoni.

463
00:24:46,210 --> 00:24:48,270
Oh, u għandna jkunu spiċċaw hemmhekk.

464
00:24:48,270 --> 00:24:51,870
Imma ejja jagħmlu waħda aktar up here.

465
00:24:51,870 --> 00:24:53,480
Allura Layla, grazie.

466
00:24:53,480 --> 00:24:55,112
Nicely jsir.

467
00:24:55,112 --> 00:24:57,517
>> [Applause]

468
00:24:57,517 --> 00:25:00,410

469
00:25:00,410 --> 00:25:04,750
>> Allura player tagħna tic tac toe tmur
permezz ta 'u jsib postijiet,

470
00:25:04,750 --> 00:25:07,040
issolvi lilhom jużaw dan minimax.

471
00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:08,990
U kelli l-issettjar fond
fuq li sabiex

472
00:25:08,990 --> 00:25:11,010
ma jmur malajr wisq,
li hija probabbilment għala

473
00:25:11,010 --> 00:25:16,790
Layla kienet kapaċi li jmorru nicely quddiem
kif hi ma, u ma tajjeb ħafna.

474
00:25:16,790 --> 00:25:20,450
Iżda dawn is-sistemi li biss
jgħaddu u forza brutali

475
00:25:20,450 --> 00:25:23,870
mur fil-fond, u aktar profonda, u aktar profonda,
u jżommu tinstab is-soluzzjoni

476
00:25:23,870 --> 00:25:29,890
li għandhom bżonn, dawk it-tipi ta 'sistemi
huma pjuttost ta 'suċċess fil dawn, ukoll,

477
00:25:29,890 --> 00:25:32,700
logħob standard bord.

478
00:25:32,700 --> 00:25:37,060
>> U fil-fatt, jekk inħarsu lejn
tliet minn tliet logħba tic tac toe,

479
00:25:37,060 --> 00:25:40,040
dan huwa bażikament problema tissolva.

480
00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:45,430
U dan huwa dijagramma isbaħ
minn Randall Munroe fil XKCD,

481
00:25:45,430 --> 00:25:52,130
turi li jimxu għandek
jieħdu, minħabba jiċċaqlaq avversarju tiegħek.

482
00:25:52,130 --> 00:25:56,420
Din hija xi ħaġa li nistgħu
faċilment tispeċifika qabel iż-żmien.

483
00:25:56,420 --> 00:26:00,180
Imma x'jiġri kif aħna nikseb aktar
logħob kumplessi, logħob aktar ikkomplikat,

484
00:26:00,180 --> 00:26:05,690
fejn hemm bordijiet akbar, aktar
possibbiltajiet, l-istrateġija aktar profonda?

485
00:26:05,690 --> 00:26:09,660
>> Jirriżulta li din
forza brutali tiftix għadu

486
00:26:09,660 --> 00:26:14,150
ma raġonevolment tajjeb, ħlief
meta inti jasal sal-punt

487
00:26:14,150 --> 00:26:19,230
fejn dik siġra hija tant kbir
li inti ma tistax tirrappreżenta dan kollu.

488
00:26:19,230 --> 00:26:22,370

489
00:26:22,370 --> 00:26:28,280
Meta inti ma tistax kkalkulata l-siġra kollu,
meta inti ma tistax tmur quddiem u push

490
00:26:28,280 --> 00:26:32,204
yourself sal-punt fejn inti stajt
gotten l-siġra kollu fil-memorja,

491
00:26:32,204 --> 00:26:34,370
jew jekk tista 'tikseb
fil-memorja u se biss

492
00:26:34,370 --> 00:26:39,200
tieħu inti triq twila wisq biex tfittex permezz
dan, inti għandek tagħmel xi ħaġa aktar intelliġenti.

493
00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:42,620

494
00:26:42,620 --> 00:26:46,450
>> Sabiex tagħmel dan, inti
għandek tagħmel żewġ affarijiet.

495
00:26:46,450 --> 00:26:49,030
L-ewwel, inti għandek issib xi
mezz biex tiġi limitata fond tiegħek.

496
00:26:49,030 --> 00:26:50,370
Ukoll, li OK.

497
00:26:50,370 --> 00:26:55,740
Nistgħu nsibu xi sbieħ, minimu indispensabbli
u jgħidu, inti tista 'ssir biss tant radikali.

498
00:26:55,740 --> 00:27:00,890
Imma meta inti tagħmel dan, dan ifisser li inti
jkollhom dawn il-bordijiet parzjalment mhux kompluta.

499
00:27:00,890 --> 00:27:04,770
U inti għandek tagħżel, tagħmel I simili
dan il-bord parzjalment inkomplet,

500
00:27:04,770 --> 00:27:08,600
jew dan il-bord parzjalment inkomplet?

501
00:27:08,600 --> 00:27:11,910
>> U fuq tagħna erbgħa mill
erba logħba tic tac toe,

502
00:27:11,910 --> 00:27:15,240
player kompjuter tagħna ltqajna isfel
għall-qiegħ u qal,

503
00:27:15,240 --> 00:27:16,800
Stajt ltqajna żewġ bordijiet differenti.

504
00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:17,940
La waħda hija rebħa.

505
00:27:17,940 --> 00:27:19,120
La waħda huwa telf.

506
00:27:19,120 --> 00:27:22,070
La waħda hija rabta.

507
00:27:22,070 --> 00:27:24,100
Kif nista jagħżlu bejniethom?

508
00:27:24,100 --> 00:27:26,200
U ma kellhiex
mod intelliġenti ta 'kif isir dan.

509
00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:28,910

510
00:27:28,910 --> 00:27:32,850
>> Naraw dan it-tip ta '
evalwazzjoni jiġri l-ħin kollu

511
00:27:32,850 --> 00:27:35,290
kif aħna jsibu rwieħhom logħob aktar kumplessi.

512
00:27:35,290 --> 00:27:37,600
Chess hija eżempju kbir.

513
00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:41,550
Fl-ċess, għandna, l-ewwel
ta 'kollha, bord akbar.

514
00:27:41,550 --> 00:27:43,370
Għamilna ferm aktar biċċiet.

515
00:27:43,370 --> 00:27:47,930
U l-pożizzjoni ta 'dawn il-biċċiet
u l-mod li dawn il-biċċiet jiċċaqalqu

516
00:27:47,930 --> 00:27:50,370
huwa ta 'importanza kritika.

517
00:27:50,370 --> 00:27:53,700
Mela jekk jien tixtieq li tuża minimax,
I bżonn biex tkun f'pożizzjoni li tispeċifika

518
00:27:53,700 --> 00:27:58,240
u jgħidu, dan il-bord, fejn
ebda wieħed rebaħ jew mitlufa għadhom,

519
00:27:58,240 --> 00:28:04,310
hija daqsxejn aħjar minn dan ieħor
board, fejn l-ebda wieħed rebaħ jew mitlufa.

520
00:28:04,310 --> 00:28:06,740
>> Biex tagħmel dan, I tista 'tagħmel
affarijiet simili I jistgħu biss

521
00:28:06,740 --> 00:28:10,787
għadd kemm biċċiet ħafna għandi
u kemm biċċiet għandek?

522
00:28:10,787 --> 00:28:12,870
Jew I jista 'jagħti differenti
punti differenti biċċiet.

523
00:28:12,870 --> 00:28:14,420
Reġina tiegħi min 20 punt.

524
00:28:14,420 --> 00:28:16,500
Pawn tiegħek min punt wieħed.

525
00:28:16,500 --> 00:28:18,920
Min għandu aktar punti total?

526
00:28:18,920 --> 00:28:22,300
Jew I jistgħu jikkunsidraw affarijiet simili,
li ltqajna l-pożizzjoni bord aħjar?

527
00:28:22,300 --> 00:28:26,820
Li jkun imissu huwa li jmiss,
xi ħaġa li nista '

528
00:28:26,820 --> 00:28:31,220
do biex tevalwa b'mod aktar preċiż
liema minn dawn il-possibilitajiet

529
00:28:31,220 --> 00:28:34,660
huwa aħjar mingħajr
jikkunsidraw b'mod eżawrjenti

530
00:28:34,660 --> 00:28:36,565
kull mossa li tista 'tiġi wara dik.

531
00:28:36,565 --> 00:28:39,740

532
00:28:39,740 --> 00:28:45,130
>> Issa li jagħmlu dak ix-xogħol,
waħda mill-affarijiet C'est

533
00:28:45,130 --> 00:28:48,680
se ssir verament importanti
għalina huwa mhux biss miexja dritta

534
00:28:48,680 --> 00:28:53,720
isfel għal fond partikolari
limitu, imma li tista 'tgħid,

535
00:28:53,720 --> 00:28:59,380
wieħed minn dawn l-ideat li I
għandhom hija daqshekk ħżiena li huwa

536
00:28:59,380 --> 00:29:02,280
mhux min jikkunsidrah
kollha tal-modi possibbli

537
00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:06,680
li l-affarijiet jistgħu jmorru minn ħażin għall-agħar.

538
00:29:06,680 --> 00:29:12,760
Biex tagħmel dan, aħna ser żid in minimax
prinċipju msejjaħ alph-beta.

539
00:29:12,760 --> 00:29:16,340
U alpha-beta jgħid,
jekk għandek idea ħażina,

540
00:29:16,340 --> 00:29:22,840
ma jaħlux ħin tiegħek jippruvaw
issir taf eżattament kif bad huwa.

541
00:29:22,840 --> 00:29:24,990
>> Allura hawnhekk huwa dak li aħna qed tmur biex tagħmel.

542
00:29:24,990 --> 00:29:28,620
Aħna qed tmur biex tieħu l-istess
prinċipji li kellna qabel,

543
00:29:28,620 --> 00:29:32,200
l-istess tip minimax
ta 'tfittxija, biss aħna qed

544
00:29:32,200 --> 00:29:37,570
ser iżżomm kont, mhux biss tal-
valuri attwali li għandna, iżda aħna ser

545
00:29:37,570 --> 00:29:41,440
iżżomm kont ta 'l-aħjar possibbli
valur li I jistgħu jiksbu,

546
00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:45,700
u l-agħar possibbli
eżitu I jista 'jkollhom.

547
00:29:45,700 --> 00:29:50,470
U kull darba li l-agħar possibbli
Ħaġa qed tfittex probabbli,

548
00:29:50,470 --> 00:29:52,694
I ser tabbanduna dik il-parti tas-siġra.

549
00:29:52,694 --> 00:29:54,610
U jien mhux se jolqot anki
tħares lejn dan aktar.

550
00:29:54,610 --> 00:29:57,680

551
00:29:57,680 --> 00:30:02,600
>> Dritt kollox, hekk jimmaġina li nibdew
ma dan l-istess siġra logħba eżatt.

552
00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:05,200
U issa aħna qed tmur biex tmur
stabbiliti mill-ġdid, it-triq kollha

553
00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:07,200
għal dak rokna tax-xellug t'isfel.

554
00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:11,180
U f'dak il qiegħ tax-xellug kantuniera, aħna
dehra u aħna tevalwa dan il-bord.

555
00:30:11,180 --> 00:30:15,700
Forsi huwa ta 'erba minn erba' tic tac toe
bord, jew forsi huwa bord taċ-ċess.

556
00:30:15,700 --> 00:30:18,620
Iżda aħna nħarsu lejn din, u aħna tevalwa
dan, u aħna jiksbu valur ta 'tmienja.

557
00:30:18,620 --> 00:30:22,290

558
00:30:22,290 --> 00:30:28,030
>> F'dak il-punt, aħna nafu li
aħna se tikseb mill-inqas

559
00:30:28,030 --> 00:30:32,380
tmien punti minn din id-deċiżjoni qiegħ.

560
00:30:32,380 --> 00:30:36,620
Ma jimpurtax liema l-oħra
tnejn huma, li seba u li tnejn.

561
00:30:36,620 --> 00:30:38,580
Huma jistgħu jkunu kwalunkwe valuri
huma riedu li jkun.

562
00:30:38,580 --> 00:30:41,279
Aħna qed tmur biex tikseb fuq
inqas tmien punti.

563
00:30:41,279 --> 00:30:43,070
Kull dritt, imma nistgħu
imorru quddiem u jiċċekkjaw.

564
00:30:43,070 --> 00:30:45,080
Forsi wieħed minnhom huwa aħjar minn tmienja.

565
00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:46,000
>> Aħna nħarsu lejn l-seba '.

566
00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:46,910
Hija li aħjar minn tmienja?

567
00:30:46,910 --> 00:30:48,680
Le, dan ma jbiddilx
opinjoni tagħna fil-livelli kollha.

568
00:30:48,680 --> 00:30:49,460
Aħna nħarsu lejn it-tnejn.

569
00:30:49,460 --> 00:30:50,543
Hija li aħjar minn tmienja?

570
00:30:50,543 --> 00:30:52,580
Le, dan ma jbiddilx
opinjoni tagħna fil-livelli kollha.

571
00:30:52,580 --> 00:30:55,480
Allura issa nafu konna eżawriti
kollha tal-possibilitajiet hemmhekk.

572
00:30:55,480 --> 00:30:58,330
Aħna mhux se tikseb
xejn aħjar minn tmienja.

573
00:30:58,330 --> 00:31:01,310
Aħna qed tmur biex tikseb eżattament tmienja.

574
00:31:01,310 --> 00:31:03,825
>> U hekk aħna bidla li node u
jiġifieri, li issa huwa ċertezza.

575
00:31:03,825 --> 00:31:07,010

576
00:31:07,010 --> 00:31:10,270
Immorru up livell wieħed aktar minn dak.

577
00:31:10,270 --> 00:31:13,820
U issa nafu xi ħaġa
dwar dak il-livell minimizzazzjoni.

578
00:31:13,820 --> 00:31:18,560
Aħna nafu li aħna qed qatt ser tikseb
aktar minn tmien punti jekk aħna jinżlu

579
00:31:18,560 --> 00:31:20,910
f'dik id-direzzjoni.

580
00:31:20,910 --> 00:31:22,980
Minħabba li, anki jekk dawk
żewġ fergħat oħra jispiċċaw

581
00:31:22,980 --> 00:31:26,170
li jkun meraviljuż u jiswa
eluf ta 'punti kull waħda,

582
00:31:26,170 --> 00:31:31,666
opponent tagħna se tagħtina l-
minimu, u agħtina l tmienja.

583
00:31:31,666 --> 00:31:32,790
Kull dritt, ukoll, ejja ara.

584
00:31:32,790 --> 00:31:35,190
Aħna ser iżommu jinżel 'l isfel f'din it-triq.

585
00:31:35,190 --> 00:31:38,490
Aħna jinżlu għal dik tan-nofs fuq ix-xellug.

586
00:31:38,490 --> 00:31:40,560
Aħna tfittex l isfel u naraw hemm disa.

587
00:31:40,560 --> 00:31:45,590
Aħna nafu li aħna qed tmur biex tikseb
mill-inqas disa 'punti mill jinżel' l isfel

588
00:31:45,590 --> 00:31:47,720
dik it-triq tan-nofs.

589
00:31:47,720 --> 00:31:52,110
U f'dan il-punt, nistgħu biss nieqaf.

590
00:31:52,110 --> 00:31:56,910
U nistgħu ngħidu, ħarsa, I
jafu fil-livell ta 'hawn fuq,

591
00:31:56,910 --> 00:32:01,160
Jien ser tikseb mhux aktar minn tmien
punti minn jinżel 'l isfel f'din id-direzzjoni.

592
00:32:01,160 --> 00:32:05,670
Imma jekk I marru l-nofs
triq minflok il-passaġġ tax-xellug,

593
00:32:05,670 --> 00:32:08,980
I se tikseb mill-inqas disa 'punti.

594
00:32:08,980 --> 00:32:13,590
>> Avversarju tiegħi huwa qatt ser
let me jinżlu f'din it-triq tan-nofs.

595
00:32:13,590 --> 00:32:14,650
Huma jiksbu li jagħżlu.

596
00:32:14,650 --> 00:32:18,140
U dawn qed tmur biex jagħżlu l-
triq lejn ix-xellug lejn il-tmienja,

597
00:32:18,140 --> 00:32:23,650
aktar milli l-nofs lejn
x'hemm mill-inqas disa 'punti.

598
00:32:23,650 --> 00:32:25,334
Allura f'dak il-punt, jien ser tieqaf.

599
00:32:25,334 --> 00:32:26,500
U jien ser jgħidu, inti taf liema?

600
00:32:26,500 --> 00:32:29,990
I ma jkollhomx biex tfittex xi
aktar l isfel f'dik id-direzzjoni.

601
00:32:29,990 --> 00:32:32,270
Għaliex jien qatt ma ser naslu s'hemm.

602
00:32:32,270 --> 00:32:36,660
>> I tista 'skip fuq li wieħed,
u I tista 'skip fuq dak sitta,

603
00:32:36,660 --> 00:32:39,720
minħabba li qatt ma jiġri.

604
00:32:39,720 --> 00:32:42,470
So I ser imorru isfel u I ser
jikkunsidraw il-possibbiltà li jmiss.

605
00:32:42,470 --> 00:32:44,830
I jmorru hemm isfel u I say, I tara tnejn.

606
00:32:44,830 --> 00:32:47,125
I know jekk I nikseb hawn, jien
se tikseb mill-inqas tnejn.

607
00:32:47,125 --> 00:32:49,810

608
00:32:49,810 --> 00:32:50,470
KOLLOX SEW.

609
00:32:50,470 --> 00:32:51,520
I jibqgħu għaddejjin.

610
00:32:51,520 --> 00:32:52,440
Nara erbgħa.

611
00:32:52,440 --> 00:32:54,920
I know jien ser jiksbu mill-inqas erbgħa.

612
00:32:54,920 --> 00:32:57,200
Hemm għadu ħafna bejn
erba 'u tmien, għalkemm.

613
00:32:57,200 --> 00:32:58,454
So I jibqgħu għaddejjin.

614
00:32:58,454 --> 00:32:59,870
I tfittex l isfel u nara hemm waħda.

615
00:32:59,870 --> 00:33:01,614
Kull dritt, naf jekk
I jinżlu din it-triq,

616
00:33:01,614 --> 00:33:03,280
Jien ser ikunu jistgħu jagħżlu l-erbgħa.

617
00:33:03,280 --> 00:33:06,540

618
00:33:06,540 --> 00:33:08,980
X'hemm avversarju tiegħi se jagħmlu?

619
00:33:08,980 --> 00:33:12,310
Bejn xi ħaġa li tagħti me
tmienja, xi ħaġa li tagħti me erba,

620
00:33:12,310 --> 00:33:14,730
u xi ħaġa li
tagħti me-inqas disa ',

621
00:33:14,730 --> 00:33:17,550
ukoll, huwa għaddej biex agħtini l-erbgħa.

622
00:33:17,550 --> 00:33:20,110
U naf issa fil-
ħafna top, jien ser

623
00:33:20,110 --> 00:33:23,145
biex ikunu jistgħu jiksbu mill-inqas
erba 'punti minn din il-logħba.

624
00:33:23,145 --> 00:33:27,030

625
00:33:27,030 --> 00:33:30,900
>> L-idea kollha ta 'alpha-beta
huwa biex jinqata 'partijiet-siġra hekk

626
00:33:30,900 --> 00:33:32,530
li jien ma tħares lejn lilhom jibqgħalu.

627
00:33:32,530 --> 00:33:35,964
Iżda għadu qisu stajt ġiet
tħares lejn ħafna tas-siġra.

628
00:33:35,964 --> 00:33:36,880
Ejja jibqgħu għaddejjin isfel.

629
00:33:36,880 --> 00:33:38,305
Aħna ser jinżlu dak li jmiss issa.

630
00:33:38,305 --> 00:33:39,680
Down fil-qiegħ, I isibu waħda.

631
00:33:39,680 --> 00:33:41,030
I know jien ser jiksbu mill-inqas wieħed.

632
00:33:41,030 --> 00:33:41,690
I iżommu tfittex.

633
00:33:41,690 --> 00:33:42,625
>> I isibu tlieta.

634
00:33:42,625 --> 00:33:44,250
I know jien ser jiksbu mill-inqas tlieta.

635
00:33:44,250 --> 00:33:44,840
I jibqgħu għaddejjin.

636
00:33:44,840 --> 00:33:45,660
I isibu ħamsa.

637
00:33:45,660 --> 00:33:49,760
I know jien ser tikseb ħamsa
jekk niġi mill-imsemmi triq.

638
00:33:49,760 --> 00:33:52,580
U naf ukoll allura
li avversarju tiegħi, jekk I

639
00:33:52,580 --> 00:33:55,510
jagħżlu l-nofs ta '
it-tliet għażliet kbar,

640
00:33:55,510 --> 00:34:01,440
huwa għaddej biex jagħti me
xi ħaġa li ħamsa jew inqas.

641
00:34:01,440 --> 00:34:02,150
>> KOLLOX SEW.

642
00:34:02,150 --> 00:34:03,400
I tista 'żżomm għaddej hemmhekk.

643
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:06,470
I tista 'tfittex l isfel u I
tista 'tgħid, dak li jien ser

644
00:34:06,470 --> 00:34:08,239
tikseb jekk immur fit-triq tan-nofs?

645
00:34:08,239 --> 00:34:09,909
Jien ser tikseb, ukoll, tlieta hemm.

646
00:34:09,909 --> 00:34:12,080
Jien ser tikseb xi ħaġa
dan huwa mill-inqas tlieta.

647
00:34:12,080 --> 00:34:16,030
Hemm għadu affarijiet bejn
tlieta u ħamsa, so I iżommu tfittex.

648
00:34:16,030 --> 00:34:20,203
Oh, ta 'disa, I ser definittivament
jieħdu dik fuq tlieta.

649
00:34:20,203 --> 00:34:22,744
Jien ser jiksbu mill-inqas disa '
jekk I jinżlu f'din it-triq tan-nofs.

650
00:34:22,744 --> 00:34:25,530

651
00:34:25,530 --> 00:34:31,010
>> Issa avversarju tiegħi waqfiet u jgħid,
ħarsa, hemm ebda punt aktar.

652
00:34:31,010 --> 00:34:33,669
Naf li tiegħi
avversarju minimizzazzjoni, hu

653
00:34:33,669 --> 00:34:36,210
ser jagħti lili l-ħaġa li l-
inqas minn jew ugwali għal ħamsa,

654
00:34:36,210 --> 00:34:39,030
aktar milli l-ħaġa li l-
ikbar minn jew ugwali għal disgħa.

655
00:34:39,030 --> 00:34:39,530
I stop.

656
00:34:39,530 --> 00:34:40,779
I ma nħarsu aktar f'dak.

657
00:34:40,779 --> 00:34:43,280
I jibqgħu għaddejjin.

658
00:34:43,280 --> 00:34:44,850
>> I ħarsa stabbiliti fuq dan wieħed.

659
00:34:44,850 --> 00:34:46,370
Sal-qiegħ, I isibu sitt.

660
00:34:46,370 --> 00:34:50,040
I know jien ser jiksbu mill-inqas sitt.

661
00:34:50,040 --> 00:34:53,130
U x'nista 'nagħmel?

662
00:34:53,130 --> 00:34:54,877
I tista 'twaqqaf.

663
00:34:54,877 --> 00:34:57,460
Għaliex hemm għażla bejn
xi ħaġa li mill-inqas sitt

664
00:34:57,460 --> 00:34:59,250
u xi ħaġa li
inqas minn ħamsa, hu

665
00:34:59,250 --> 00:35:02,570
ser jagħti lili l-ħaġa
li l-anqas minn ħamsa.

666
00:35:02,570 --> 00:35:04,779
U issa naf jien ser
tikseb eżattament din l-għażla.

667
00:35:04,779 --> 00:35:06,195
Jien ser tikseb dak ħamsa għażla.

668
00:35:06,195 --> 00:35:08,980

669
00:35:08,980 --> 00:35:10,010
>> I jmorru lura sal-quċċata.

670
00:35:10,010 --> 00:35:11,450
Li jien ser
jagħżlu bejn xi ħaġa

671
00:35:11,450 --> 00:35:14,449
li l-ikbar minn jew ugwali għal erbgħa,
jew xi ħaġa li ugwali għal ħamsa?

672
00:35:14,449 --> 00:35:17,140
Jien ser tieħu xi ħaġa
dan huwa mill-inqas ħamsa.

673
00:35:17,140 --> 00:35:20,490
I jinżlu l-aħħar triq, Kollha
il-mod sal-qiegħ.

674
00:35:20,490 --> 00:35:21,260
Hemm wieħed.

675
00:35:21,260 --> 00:35:23,410
OK, mill-inqas jien ser tikseb il-punt wieħed.

676
00:35:23,410 --> 00:35:24,427
I jibqgħu għaddejjin.

677
00:35:24,427 --> 00:35:25,760
Żewġ, oh, li aħjar minn wieħed.

678
00:35:25,760 --> 00:35:27,100
Jien ser jiksbu mill-inqas tnejn.

679
00:35:27,100 --> 00:35:28,610
I isibu tlieta.

680
00:35:28,610 --> 00:35:31,450
I know jien ser tikseb tlieta.

681
00:35:31,450 --> 00:35:34,690
>> U l-punt ta 'hawn fuq li,
avversarju tiegħi huwa għaddej

682
00:35:34,690 --> 00:35:38,540
li tagħti me xi ħaġa li
inqas minn jew ugwali għal tlieta.

683
00:35:38,540 --> 00:35:40,940
U issa I tista 'twaqqaf.

684
00:35:40,940 --> 00:35:46,290
Minħabba fl-għażla bejni jkunu
kapaċi tikseb ħamsa u avversarju tiegħi

685
00:35:46,290 --> 00:35:52,290
tajtu lili xi ħaġa inqas minn tlieta,
Jien dejjem se jieħdu dik ħamsa.

686
00:35:52,290 --> 00:35:56,810
So I ma tevalwa li
parti t'isfel tas-siġra fil-livelli kollha.

687
00:35:56,810 --> 00:35:59,470
>> Issa, dan jista 'jidher minuri.

688
00:35:59,470 --> 00:36:03,630
Imma meta bits ftit ta 'aritmetika,
akbar minn u anqas minn,

689
00:36:03,630 --> 00:36:10,640
tista 'tnaqqas bogħod partijiet kollha ta'
din is-siġra li jikbru b'mod esponenzali,

690
00:36:10,640 --> 00:36:14,280
li twassal għal enormi
ammont ta 'tfaddil, tfaddil

691
00:36:14,280 --> 00:36:17,630
li huma kbar biżżejjed li I
tista 'tibda playing kompetittiv

692
00:36:17,630 --> 00:36:21,330
fil aktar logħob kumplessi.

693
00:36:21,330 --> 00:36:27,030
>> Kull dritt, jekk inħarsu lejn id-daqs
u l-kumplessità ta 'logħob differenti,

694
00:36:27,030 --> 00:36:29,470
tic tac toe kien eżempju faċli tagħna.

695
00:36:29,470 --> 00:36:32,150
Imxejna ltqajna bord żgħir, tlieta bi tlieta.

696
00:36:32,150 --> 00:36:36,030
Nikbru, bħala massimu, b'medja ta '
madwar erba 'għażliet differenti

697
00:36:36,030 --> 00:36:38,440
kif immorru permezz tal-logħba.

698
00:36:38,440 --> 00:36:42,720
Għandna x'imkien madwar 10 għall-
ħames weraq differenti possibbli.

699
00:36:42,720 --> 00:36:45,200
U bini ta 'tic tac toe
player, ukoll, aħna biss ma kien.

700
00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:47,460
Huwa faċli.

701
00:36:47,460 --> 00:36:49,890
>> Jekk immorru sa xi ħaġa aktar
kumpless, bħal Connect Erba.

702
00:36:49,890 --> 00:36:53,170
Do you remember din il-logħba fejn
inti qatra l-tokens ftit fil-?

703
00:36:53,170 --> 00:36:58,490
Huwa sitta minn seba abbord,
mhux li ħafna akbar, xorta

704
00:36:58,490 --> 00:37:00,770
għandha madwar l-istess fergħat
fattur bħala tic tac toe.

705
00:37:00,770 --> 00:37:05,410
I jkollhom madwar erba 'għażliet
fejn I tista 'tpoġġi l-affarijiet fil.

706
00:37:05,410 --> 00:37:10,760
Imma issa, stajt qbilna ħafna aktar
twassal, 10 għall-qawwa 21.

707
00:37:10,760 --> 00:37:14,440
Dik xi ħaġa li faċli
biżżejjed li aħna issolvi dan minnufih.

708
00:37:14,440 --> 00:37:17,560
>> Kontrolluri, aktar complex-- inti
ltqajna tmien minn tmien bord.

709
00:37:17,560 --> 00:37:20,570
Inti biss fuq nofs
magħhom fi kwalunkwe ħin, għalkemm.

710
00:37:20,570 --> 00:37:24,930
You ħadthom ltqajna fergħat
fattur li dwar 2.8.

711
00:37:24,930 --> 00:37:28,160
Well, konna ltqajna koppja
jiċċaqlaq inti tista 'tieħu.

712
00:37:28,160 --> 00:37:33,870
You ħadthom ltqajna madwar 10-31 weraq,
spazji akbar, u akbar, u akbar.

713
00:37:33,870 --> 00:37:37,340
Kif għandek tfittex permezz
dawk l-ispazji akbar u akbar,

714
00:37:37,340 --> 00:37:42,220
dan huwa meta l-affarijiet simili alpha-beta u
jkunu jistgħu jaqtgħu fergħat kollha

715
00:37:42,220 --> 00:37:44,420
isir essenzjali.

716
00:37:44,420 --> 00:37:47,440
>> Issa, kontrolluri kien faċli biżżejjed fl-1992.

717
00:37:47,440 --> 00:37:51,400
Programm tal-kompjuter imsejjaħ
Chinook taħbit il-kontrolluri tad-dinja

718
00:37:51,400 --> 00:37:53,590
champion, Marion Tinsley.

719
00:37:53,590 --> 00:37:57,260
U minn dakinhar, l-ebda
player kaptan bniedem għandu

720
00:37:57,260 --> 00:38:02,290
kienu kapaċi jegħlbu l-aħjar
Sistemi komputazzjoni.

721
00:38:02,290 --> 00:38:06,570
Jekk inħarsu lejn xi ħaġa bħal taċ-ċess, issa
għal darb'oħra, għandna tmien minn tmien bord.

722
00:38:06,570 --> 00:38:09,870
Imma aħna għandna ħafna aktar kumpless
biċċiet, ħafna movimenti aktar kumplessi.

723
00:38:09,870 --> 00:38:14,610
Għandna fattur fergħat ta 'madwar
35, 35 jiċċaqlaq possibbli fuq medja

724
00:38:14,610 --> 00:38:20,030
li I tista 'tieħu, u stat
ispazju, numru ta 'weraq

725
00:38:20,030 --> 00:38:28,950
li imkabbra għal 10 għall-qawwa 123,
numri enormi ta 'possibbiltajiet.

726
00:38:28,950 --> 00:38:35,570
>> Anki xorta, proċessuri moderni
huma kapaċi li jagħmlu dan b'suċċess.

727
00:38:35,570 --> 00:38:43,900
Fl-1995 u mbagħad fl-1997, kompjuter
programm imsejjaħ Deep Blue mibnija mill IBM

728
00:38:43,900 --> 00:38:49,601
li dam fuq supercomputer ġgant
taħbit il-ċampjin dinja attwali,

729
00:38:49,601 --> 00:38:50,225
Garry Kasparov.

730
00:38:50,225 --> 00:38:54,000

731
00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:56,650
Dan kien punt ta 'bidla.

732
00:38:56,650 --> 00:39:00,620
Illum, madankollu, li istess ipproċessar
qawwa tpoġġi fuq MacBook tiegħi.

733
00:39:00,620 --> 00:39:04,180

734
00:39:04,180 --> 00:39:06,440
>> Ipproċessar tal-veloċità jżomm
jkollna aktar mgħaġġla u aktar malajr.

735
00:39:06,440 --> 00:39:09,500
Aħna tista 'tevalwa aktar u aktar
bordijiet aktar mgħaġġla u aktar malajr.

736
00:39:09,500 --> 00:39:14,550
Iżda aktar importanti, għandna aħjar
funzjonijiet ta 'evalwazzjoni u żbir aħjar

737
00:39:14,550 --> 00:39:15,460
Metodi.

738
00:39:15,460 --> 00:39:19,560
Allura nistgħu tfittex il-
aktar spazju complexly.

739
00:39:19,560 --> 00:39:22,350
L-akbar tal-bord
logħob li aħna tista 'taħseb,

740
00:39:22,350 --> 00:39:26,310
xi ħaġa bħal Mur thats
ltqajna 19 minn 19 board,

741
00:39:26,310 --> 00:39:32,490
issa f'daqqa waħda, aħna qed passat il-punt
fejn is-sistemi komputazzjoni tista 'tirbaħ.

742
00:39:32,490 --> 00:39:34,530
M'hemm l-ebda komputazzjoni
sistema hemmhekk

743
00:39:34,530 --> 00:39:38,880
li jista 'taħbit plejer professjonali Go.

744
00:39:38,880 --> 00:39:45,000
L-aħjar sistemi illum rank dan dwar
t-tip ta 'livell dilettanti tajba.

745
00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:49,285
Allura għad hemm pjuttost ftit out
hemm li inti ma tistax tikseb s'issa.

746
00:39:49,285 --> 00:39:51,840

747
00:39:51,840 --> 00:39:55,360
>> Dritt Kollha, dawn
logħob abbord tradizzjonali,

748
00:39:55,360 --> 00:39:58,560
dawn it-tipi ta 'sistemi fejn aħna
jibnu din minimax, kemm jekk huwa ltqajna

749
00:39:58,560 --> 00:40:06,300
alpha-beta jew le, dawn algoritmi jaħdmu
għaliex hemm ċerti restrizzjonijiet.

750
00:40:06,300 --> 00:40:08,520
Aħna informazzjoni perfett
dwar id-dinja.

751
00:40:08,520 --> 00:40:11,690
Nafu fejn l-biċċiet kollha huma.

752
00:40:11,690 --> 00:40:13,570
Id-dinja hija statika.

753
00:40:13,570 --> 00:40:16,220
Ħadd gets biex tmexxi l-
biċċiet madwar filwaqt li jien

754
00:40:16,220 --> 00:40:20,640
seduta hemm ħsieb, tieħu dawran tiegħi.

755
00:40:20,640 --> 00:40:23,140
Hemm spazju azzjoni li l diskreta.

756
00:40:23,140 --> 00:40:26,900
I tista 'tpoġġi pawn tiegħi hawn,
jew I tista 'tpoġġi pawn tiegħi hawn.

757
00:40:26,900 --> 00:40:30,520
Jien mhux permess li jitqiegħdu pawn tiegħi fuq
il-linja bejn iż-żewġ kwadri.

758
00:40:30,520 --> 00:40:34,430

759
00:40:34,430 --> 00:40:36,520
>> U finalment, l-azzjonijiet
huma deterministic.

760
00:40:36,520 --> 00:40:39,790
Naf li jekk I say,
rook li kavallier tlieta,

761
00:40:39,790 --> 00:40:44,660
rook tiegħi se jispiċċaw fil kavallier
tlieta, sakemm huwa pass validu.

762
00:40:44,660 --> 00:40:47,830
M'hemm l-ebda inċertezza dwar dan.

763
00:40:47,830 --> 00:40:52,490
Issa, kif mmur aktar
tipi differenti ta 'logħob,

764
00:40:52,490 --> 00:40:55,960
aħna jkollhom jiksru dawk is-suppożizzjonijiet.

765
00:40:55,960 --> 00:41:00,020
>> X'jiġri jekk immur xi ħaġa
bħal video games klassika?

766
00:41:00,020 --> 00:41:04,180
Hawn għażla ta 'video
logħob mill-Atari 2600.

767
00:41:04,180 --> 00:41:05,180
What do I jkollhom up hemm?

768
00:41:05,180 --> 00:41:08,440
Stajt ltqajna Frogger, l-Ispazju
Invażuri, iżvantaġġ, u Pac Man.

769
00:41:08,440 --> 00:41:11,290

770
00:41:11,290 --> 00:41:14,840
Liema tipi ta 'ambjenti
għandi hawn issa?

771
00:41:14,840 --> 00:41:16,900
Liema minn dawn is-suppożizzjonijiet
għandi jkollhom jiksru?

772
00:41:16,900 --> 00:41:19,410

773
00:41:19,410 --> 00:41:21,570
>> Ukoll, dan jiddependi fuq il-logħba.

774
00:41:21,570 --> 00:41:28,170
I jista 'jkollha ċess fuq il 2600, u
ikun biss bhalu kien qabel.

775
00:41:28,170 --> 00:41:33,020
Għal ħafna minn dawn is-sistemi, hemm
għarfien sħiħ dwar id-dinja.

776
00:41:33,020 --> 00:41:36,300
Hemm kompletament
azzjonijiet deterministic.

777
00:41:36,300 --> 00:41:38,330
Iżda ġeneralment, fid-dinja
m'għadhomx statika.

778
00:41:38,330 --> 00:41:41,970
Dan huwa, filwaqt li jien seduta hemm
stennija, xi ħaġa tkun miexja.

779
00:41:41,970 --> 00:41:44,320
Il-ghosts huma ġejjin biex nikseb me.

780
00:41:44,320 --> 00:41:46,570
Il Skorpjun huwa li ġejjin lili taħt.

781
00:41:46,570 --> 00:41:48,880
L-invażuri ispazju huma
ġejjin eqreb u eqreb.

782
00:41:48,880 --> 00:41:54,020

783
00:41:54,020 --> 00:41:55,510
Kif ukoll nagħmlu kontra dawn?

784
00:41:55,510 --> 00:41:58,640

785
00:41:58,640 --> 00:42:02,790
>> Ftit snin ilu, Google
kien proġett imsejjaħ

786
00:42:02,790 --> 00:42:12,030
DeepMind, fejn mħarrġa kompjuter
programm jilagħbu Atari 2600 logħob.

787
00:42:12,030 --> 00:42:16,120
U jekk taħseb li dan ma jkunx serju
negozju, ir-riżultati ta 'studju tagħhom

788
00:42:16,120 --> 00:42:19,920
ġew ippubblikati fil-Natura, hekk
biss dwar kif tajba pubblikazzjoni

789
00:42:19,920 --> 00:42:22,500
kif inti tista 'possibilment tinkiseb.

790
00:42:22,500 --> 00:42:24,340
U hawnhekk kif ukoll wettaq.

791
00:42:24,340 --> 00:42:29,220
>> Huma għandhom algoritmu li sib
u jaraw biss il-inputs iskrin.

792
00:42:29,220 --> 00:42:34,080
Hija marret l-ebda struzzjonijiet tkun xi tkun
dwar ir-regoli tal-logħba.

793
00:42:34,080 --> 00:42:42,610
U kien suppost biex insemmu,
ibbażata punteġġ tiegħu, kif ukoll li kien isir.

794
00:42:42,610 --> 00:42:46,560
Dan kien sistema li tintuża xi ħaġa
imsejħa tagħlim rinfurzar.

795
00:42:46,560 --> 00:42:48,380
Jiġifieri, hija ħadet inkunsiderazzjoni score tagħha.

796
00:42:48,380 --> 00:42:51,620
U jekk ltqajna punteġġ tajba, huwa qal,
I għandhom jiftakru dawk l-affarijiet.

797
00:42:51,620 --> 00:42:53,310
U jien tagħmel dawk mill-ġdid.

798
00:42:53,310 --> 00:42:56,450
U jekk ltqajna punteġġ ħażina, huwa qal,
I ma għandhom jagħmlu dawk l-affarijiet mill-ġdid.

799
00:42:56,450 --> 00:42:59,750

800
00:42:59,750 --> 00:43:03,430
>> Dan huwa l-prestazzjoni
ta 'dawk is-sistemi mħarrġa

801
00:43:03,430 --> 00:43:07,490
permessi li jkollhom għal
ftit sigħat fuq kull logħba,

802
00:43:07,490 --> 00:43:12,490
kkumparat ma gamers professjonali.

803
00:43:12,490 --> 00:43:19,670
Allura għall kollha tal-logħob li huma
naħa tax-xellug ta 'din il-linja,

804
00:43:19,670 --> 00:43:25,920
dan awto mħarrġa programm tal-kompjuter
issuperati l-gamers professjonali.

805
00:43:25,920 --> 00:43:29,690
U għal kollox lill-
dritt, l-gamers professjonali

806
00:43:29,690 --> 00:43:30,920
kienu għadhom l-aħjar.

807
00:43:30,920 --> 00:43:34,040

808
00:43:34,040 --> 00:43:36,850
Għal xi ħaġa li kienet taf
xejn dwar ir-regoli, li

809
00:43:36,850 --> 00:43:43,020
kien jaf xejn dwar l-istruttura tal-
logħob, dan huwa rendiment impressjonanti.

810
00:43:43,020 --> 00:43:45,660
U dan huwa dak li aħna qed kapaċi li jagħmlu llum.

811
00:43:45,660 --> 00:43:50,239
>> OK, inti tgħidli, imma jekk irridu
jaħsbu dwar AI fil-logħob,

812
00:43:50,239 --> 00:43:52,530
normalment naħsbu dwar l-
affarijiet li nistgħu attwalment

813
00:43:52,530 --> 00:43:54,180
joqogħdu bilqegħda u jilagħbu kontra.

814
00:43:54,180 --> 00:43:58,760
Jekk I joqogħdu bilqegħda u I play
StarCraft, jew I play Free Għarbel,

815
00:43:58,760 --> 00:44:01,870
l-opponent kompjuter huwa l-
persuna li tikkontrolla l-Zerg,

816
00:44:01,870 --> 00:44:06,770
jew kontroll tar-ċiviltà oħra.

817
00:44:06,770 --> 00:44:11,920
Kif dawk il-plejers
attwalment issib jiċċaqlaq tagħhom?

818
00:44:11,920 --> 00:44:18,810
>> Ukoll, dawn il-logħob huma strutturati
ħafna bl-istess mod bħall logħob bord tagħna,

819
00:44:18,810 --> 00:44:22,250
dawn il-logħob li aħna ser
kollettivament sejħa erba X logħob,

820
00:44:22,250 --> 00:44:26,040
tesplora, expand-- tinsa dawk.

821
00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:26,980
X'inhuma?

822
00:44:26,980 --> 00:44:32,150
Esplora, jespandu, u jitfu,
Naħseb huwa l-aħħar wieħed.

823
00:44:32,150 --> 00:44:36,060
Iżda dawn qed bażikament
esplorazzjoni u jirbħu logħob.

824
00:44:36,060 --> 00:44:41,020
Tipikament, l-opponent kompjuter
kien hemm informazzjoni limitata.

825
00:44:41,020 --> 00:44:45,486
Huma ma jafux eżattament x'hemm
għaddejjin wara li ċpar ta 'gwerra.

826
00:44:45,486 --> 00:44:47,735
Huma ma jiksbu biex tara dak li
għandek fl-inventarju tiegħek.

827
00:44:47,735 --> 00:44:50,240

828
00:44:50,240 --> 00:44:52,800
>> Hemm ambjent li huwa dinamiku.

829
00:44:52,800 --> 00:44:56,180
Kollox qed tinbidel il-ħin kollu.

830
00:44:56,180 --> 00:45:00,290
Inti ma tieħux biex ipoġġu u
stenna li tieħu pass tiegħek.

831
00:45:00,290 --> 00:45:02,810
Iżda ħafna affarijiet għadhom diskreta.

832
00:45:02,810 --> 00:45:04,200
I jkollu jpoġġi belt tiegħi hawn.

833
00:45:04,200 --> 00:45:06,750
Jew għandi tpoġġi belt tiegħi hawn.

834
00:45:06,750 --> 00:45:08,950
U kollox huwa deterministic.

835
00:45:08,950 --> 00:45:14,660
Meta I say, jimxu unità tiegħi hawn, l-unità tiegħi
jiċċaqlaq hawn, sakemm ostaklu f'daqqa

836
00:45:14,660 --> 00:45:17,700
tidħol fis-play.

837
00:45:17,700 --> 00:45:21,610
Issa, li mhux kollha kompjuter
logħob li huma hemmhekk illum.

838
00:45:21,610 --> 00:45:27,320
>> Jekk immur u I play ewwel persuna tip
logħba, xi ħaġa bħal ħalliel jew Fallout

839
00:45:27,320 --> 00:45:33,350
jew Skyrim, jew Halo, issa
Għandi avversarji kompjuter

840
00:45:33,350 --> 00:45:37,860
li huma hemmhekk li jkollhom
sitwazzjoni differenti ħafna.

841
00:45:37,860 --> 00:45:40,020
Huma għandhom, għal darb'oħra, informazzjoni limitata.

842
00:45:40,020 --> 00:45:43,420
Huma biss jista 'jara
ċerti kamp ta 'vista.

843
00:45:43,420 --> 00:45:45,180
L-ambjent għadu dinamiku.

844
00:45:45,180 --> 00:45:48,280
Affarijiet qed jinbidlu l-ħin kollu.

845
00:45:48,280 --> 00:45:52,300
>> Imma issa għandi ħafna aktar
ispazju azzjoni kontinwa.

846
00:45:52,300 --> 00:45:57,170
I tista 'tiġi biss peeking a
ftit mill-bieb.

847
00:45:57,170 --> 00:46:00,650
U xi logħob, my
azzjonijiet huma stochastic.

848
00:46:00,650 --> 00:46:04,590
I nikseb li jippruvaw biex tiżdied fuq dak il-ħajt,
imma stajt ltqajna ċans li wieħed jonqos.

849
00:46:04,590 --> 00:46:08,280

850
00:46:08,280 --> 00:46:14,550
Dawn it-tipi ta 'logħob huma jersqu qrib
u eqreb lejn it-tipi ta 'kontrolluri

851
00:46:14,550 --> 00:46:17,330
li nibnu fil-robotika.

852
00:46:17,330 --> 00:46:21,050
>> Fl robotika, aħna għandhom jassumu
li għandna informazzjoni limitata.

853
00:46:21,050 --> 00:46:23,070
Għandna sensors li
tgħidilna dwar id-dinja.

854
00:46:23,070 --> 00:46:25,860
Għandna jinbidlu dejjem,
ambjent dinamiku.

855
00:46:25,860 --> 00:46:30,440
Għandna dinja fejn l-ispazju huwa
kontinwu, aktar milli diskreta.

856
00:46:30,440 --> 00:46:36,260
U l-azzjonijiet tagħna, meta aħna tipprova
minnhom, għandhom ċans li wieħed jonqos.

857
00:46:36,260 --> 00:46:40,960
U fil-fatt, il-logħba moderna
kontrolluri għall avversarju Halo tiegħek,

858
00:46:40,960 --> 00:46:48,690
jew għal dawk NPCs fil Skyrim, bażikament
run arkitetturi robotika żgħar.

859
00:46:48,690 --> 00:46:50,380
>> Dawn is-sens id-dinja.

860
00:46:50,380 --> 00:46:52,910
Huma jibnu mudell tad-dinja.

861
00:46:52,910 --> 00:46:57,950
Huma jikkomputa bbażati fuq sett ta '
għanijiet li huma tixtieq li tlesti.

862
00:46:57,950 --> 00:47:03,110
Huma pjan azzjonijiet ibbażati
fuq dak li jafu.

863
00:47:03,110 --> 00:47:07,940
U dawk huma eżattament l-istess tipi
ta 'sistemi li nibnu fil-robotika.

864
00:47:07,940 --> 00:47:11,420
Allura dawn arkitetturi, li
tressaq dan lura flimkien,

865
00:47:11,420 --> 00:47:14,500
spiss huma pjuttost l-istess.

866
00:47:14,500 --> 00:47:16,340
>> Mela ejja ara jekk nistgħu naraw li.

867
00:47:16,340 --> 00:47:19,210
Ejja ħa mmorru lura għall tagħna
Eżempju tic tac toe.

868
00:47:19,210 --> 00:47:22,690
U jien ser jistaqsu ftit tiegħi
post-docs biex toħroġ u għinni.

869
00:47:22,690 --> 00:47:26,970
Allura Chen Ming, u Alessandro, u
Olivier, jekk inti guys se toħroġ.

870
00:47:26,970 --> 00:47:32,080

871
00:47:32,080 --> 00:47:35,440
U jien ser bżonn
koppja ta 'voluntiera

872
00:47:35,440 --> 00:47:37,590
>> OK, I raw dritt idejn up
hemm fin-nofs.

873
00:47:37,590 --> 00:47:39,965
Let me tieħu waħda aktar, xi ħadd
aktar fid-dahar forsi.

874
00:47:39,965 --> 00:47:40,881
Dritt kollox, hemmhekk.

875
00:47:40,881 --> 00:47:41,490
Come fuq up.

876
00:47:41,490 --> 00:47:44,190

877
00:47:44,190 --> 00:47:45,335
Kull dritt.

878
00:47:45,335 --> 00:47:49,490
Mela ejja tagħti dik il-kopertura isfel.

879
00:47:49,490 --> 00:48:03,700
U jekk inti guys kien jidħol dritt
lura madwar hawn għalija, meraviljuż.

880
00:48:03,700 --> 00:48:06,580
>> Allura dan huwa robot imsejjaħ Baxter.

881
00:48:06,580 --> 00:48:10,880
U Baxter huwa robot li l-
pjattaforma kummerċjali, imfassla

882
00:48:10,880 --> 00:48:13,030
minn kumpanija msejħa Rethink.

883
00:48:13,030 --> 00:48:16,580
U dan robot huwa ddisinjat
għall-manifattura fuq skala żgħira.

884
00:48:16,580 --> 00:48:19,265
Imma llum aħna qed tmur biex
jużaha biex jilagħbu tic tac toe.

885
00:48:19,265 --> 00:48:21,930

886
00:48:21,930 --> 00:48:27,150
Issa, dan robot huwa wkoll xi ħaġa
li relattivament uniku.

887
00:48:27,150 --> 00:48:32,950
Għaliex jekk I kienu wieqfa kullimkien
qrib ta 'awtomazzjoni fabbrika standard

888
00:48:32,950 --> 00:48:39,580
sistema, I d jkun fil ferm gravi
periklu li jkunu midruba.

889
00:48:39,580 --> 00:48:45,600
>> Baxter, madankollu, hija mfassla biex tkun
relattivament sikur biex jinteraġixxu ma '.

890
00:48:45,600 --> 00:48:48,680
U so I jista 'push fuq dan robot.

891
00:48:48,680 --> 00:48:52,350
U tista 'tara huwa ftit
bit flessibbli kif jiċċaqlaq madwar.

892
00:48:52,350 --> 00:48:57,250
U nista 'jerġgħhu jagħtu posizzjoni it
fejn I tixtieq li tmur.

893
00:48:57,250 --> 00:49:03,410
Issa f'sistema robotiċi normali,
rridu naraw sett ta 'ġonot hawn

894
00:49:03,410 --> 00:49:07,970
li jkun direttament
jirrispondu għall jikkmanda pożizzjoni.

895
00:49:07,970 --> 00:49:13,180
U huma mhux bilfors kura
jekk dawn kienu jiċċaqilqu permezz arja aperta,

896
00:49:13,180 --> 00:49:15,555
jew jekk dawn kienu miexja
permezz ribcage tiegħi.

897
00:49:15,555 --> 00:49:18,410

898
00:49:18,410 --> 00:49:19,120
>> KOLLOX SEW.

899
00:49:19,120 --> 00:49:22,090
U tipikament, jekk inti kienu
hawn ma 'sistema industrijali,

900
00:49:22,090 --> 00:49:23,400
inti tmur imkien qrib dan.

901
00:49:23,400 --> 00:49:26,280
Ikun hemm isfar
tejp kollu ta 'sikurezza madwaru.

902
00:49:26,280 --> 00:49:28,310
Din is-sistema għandha
disinn kemmxejn differenti

903
00:49:28,310 --> 00:49:32,130
li jkun familjari u aktar faċli
għall-persuni li jinteraġixxu ma ',

904
00:49:32,130 --> 00:49:36,380
f'dak f'kull konġunta, hemm rebbiegħa.

905
00:49:36,380 --> 00:49:39,110
U pjuttost milli jikkontrollaw
pożizzjoni eżatta,

906
00:49:39,110 --> 00:49:43,110
aħna kontroll ċertu ammont ta '
torque, ċertu ammont ta 'forza,

907
00:49:43,110 --> 00:49:45,874
li nixtiequ li tkun fuq dik tar-rebbiegħa.

908
00:49:45,874 --> 00:49:47,790
Kull dritt, so let me
jieħdu voluntiera tagħna hawn.

909
00:49:47,790 --> 00:49:48,540
Hi, x'hemm isem tiegħek?

910
00:49:48,540 --> 00:49:49,010
>> UDJENZA: Louis.

911
00:49:49,010 --> 00:49:49,635
>> SPEAKER: Louis.

912
00:49:49,635 --> 00:49:50,490
Għandi pjaċir.

913
00:49:50,490 --> 00:49:50,990
U?

914
00:49:50,990 --> 00:49:51,610
>> UDJENZA: David.

915
00:49:51,610 --> 00:49:51,960
>> SPEAKER: David.

916
00:49:51,960 --> 00:49:52,550
Għandi pjaċir.

917
00:49:52,550 --> 00:49:54,508
Jekk inti guys se tistenna
dritt hawn għat-tieni,

918
00:49:54,508 --> 00:49:56,420
Jien ser jagħtuk
iċ-ċans li jagħmlu dan.

919
00:49:56,420 --> 00:50:00,610
Allura dan robot, jekk inti toħroġ
u jekk inti timbotta bil-mod fuq dan,

920
00:50:00,610 --> 00:50:03,780
int ser tara li
jiċċaqlaq ftit.

921
00:50:03,780 --> 00:50:06,349
U jekk inti grab dan id-dritt
hawn fuq il-polz biss

922
00:50:06,349 --> 00:50:09,390
hawn fuq meta dawk buttuni huma, huwa
qisu għandek grab-buttuni,

923
00:50:09,390 --> 00:50:13,100
iżda grab dritt hawn fuq minflok, inti ser
tkun tista 'bil-mod ħafna jimmanipulaw

924
00:50:13,100 --> 00:50:14,545
permezz ta 'spazju.

925
00:50:14,545 --> 00:50:15,920
Louis, inti tixtieq li jipprova hu?

926
00:50:15,920 --> 00:50:19,465
Allura tagħtiha biss ftit
timbotta biex jibdew bihom.

927
00:50:19,465 --> 00:50:23,190
U allura jekk inti tpoġġi swaba tiegħek
hemm dritt u żżomm fuq lilha,

928
00:50:23,190 --> 00:50:24,807
minħabba li se timxi għalik allura.

929
00:50:24,807 --> 00:50:27,824

930
00:50:27,824 --> 00:50:29,365
Kull dritt, inti tixtieq li jipprova hu?

931
00:50:29,365 --> 00:50:29,980
Come fuq up.

932
00:50:29,980 --> 00:50:32,300
Allura tagħtiha biss ġentili
timbotta hemm biex tibda.

933
00:50:32,300 --> 00:50:33,820
Tista 'tħossok dak li huwa simili.

934
00:50:33,820 --> 00:50:40,060
U allura jekk inti grab hemm dritt,
inti ser ikunu jistgħu jimmanuvraw madwar.

935
00:50:40,060 --> 00:50:41,280
>> KOLLOX SEW.

936
00:50:41,280 --> 00:50:47,360
Allura tipikament, dan it-tip ta 'robot kieku
jintużaw għall-manifattura fuq skala żgħira.

937
00:50:47,360 --> 00:50:50,980
U jien ser jimxu din driegħ biss
l barra mill-mod ftit hawn.

938
00:50:50,980 --> 00:50:55,750
Imma llum, aħna qed tmur biex tuża l-
istess tic tac toe sistema playing

939
00:50:55,750 --> 00:50:59,520
ibbażata fuq minimax li aħna mibnija qabel.

940
00:50:59,520 --> 00:51:00,549
KOLLOX SEW?

941
00:51:00,549 --> 00:51:02,340
Allura, inti guys huma kull
se tilgħab logħba.

942
00:51:02,340 --> 00:51:04,210
Louis, int ser tkun l-ewwel.

943
00:51:04,210 --> 00:51:05,920
Let me biss istiva up here għat-tieni.

944
00:51:05,920 --> 00:51:10,949
Jien ser ikollhom inti toqgħod dritt
hawn, biss hekk kulħadd jista 'jara inti.

945
00:51:10,949 --> 00:51:11,990
Huma inti guys twaqqaf hawn?

946
00:51:11,990 --> 00:51:13,120
>> ROBOT: Merħba.

947
00:51:13,120 --> 00:51:15,910
Ejja play tic tac toe.

948
00:51:15,910 --> 00:51:20,860
Ma jaħtfu token tiegħek qabel
Jien ngħid li huwa lilkom.

949
00:51:20,860 --> 00:51:22,050
I tibda l-logħba.

950
00:51:22,050 --> 00:51:27,900

951
00:51:27,900 --> 00:51:28,750
Huwa min-naħa tiegħi.

952
00:51:28,750 --> 00:51:47,002

953
00:51:47,002 --> 00:51:50,210
SPEAKER: Issa, jekk inti tista 'tieħu waħda minn
biċċiet tiegħek u jimxi 'l quddiem u poġġiha.

954
00:51:50,210 --> 00:51:51,446
ROBOT: Huwa lilkom.

955
00:51:51,446 --> 00:51:53,430
[Rires]

956
00:51:53,430 --> 00:51:54,836
Huwa min-naħa tiegħi.

957
00:51:54,836 --> 00:51:56,820
[Rires]

958
00:51:56,820 --> 00:52:12,196

959
00:52:12,196 --> 00:52:15,680
[Rires]

960
00:52:15,680 --> 00:52:16,570
Huwa lilkom.

961
00:52:16,570 --> 00:52:21,397

962
00:52:21,397 --> 00:52:23,688
SPEAKER: Il-razza umana hi
intom hawn, Louis.

963
00:52:23,688 --> 00:52:27,440

964
00:52:27,440 --> 00:52:28,350
>> ROBOT: Huwa dawran tiegħi.

965
00:52:28,350 --> 00:52:44,810

966
00:52:44,810 --> 00:52:47,015
>> SPEAKER: Allura Baxter
b'suċċess imblukkata hawn.

967
00:52:47,015 --> 00:52:49,670

968
00:52:49,670 --> 00:52:52,480
>> ROBOT: Huwa lilkom.

969
00:52:52,480 --> 00:52:53,360
Huwa min-naħa tiegħi.

970
00:52:53,360 --> 00:53:14,730

971
00:53:14,730 --> 00:53:16,810
Huwa lilkom.

972
00:53:16,810 --> 00:53:17,760
Huwa min-naħa tiegħi.

973
00:53:17,760 --> 00:53:21,330

974
00:53:21,330 --> 00:53:23,830
SPEAKER: U aħna ser let Baxter
finitura out aħħar pass tagħha hawn.

975
00:53:23,830 --> 00:53:36,622

976
00:53:36,622 --> 00:53:39,090
>> [Rires]

977
00:53:39,090 --> 00:53:40,480
>> ROBOT: Li rabta.

978
00:53:40,480 --> 00:53:42,030
I se jirbaħ ħin li jmiss.

979
00:53:42,030 --> 00:53:43,365
>> [Rires]

980
00:53:43,365 --> 00:53:45,210
>> SPEAKER: Id-dritt,
grazzi ħafna, Louis.

981
00:53:45,210 --> 00:53:46,094
Grazzi.

982
00:53:46,094 --> 00:53:46,980
Inti tista 'tmur il-mod.

983
00:53:46,980 --> 00:53:49,759
>> ROBOT: I tibda l-logħba.

984
00:53:49,759 --> 00:53:51,800
SPEAKER: So let me jispjegaw
lilek waħda aktar ftit

985
00:53:51,800 --> 00:53:55,410
bit qabel nikbru rematch tagħna hawn.

986
00:53:55,410 --> 00:53:57,200
X'inhi eżattament jiġri?

987
00:53:57,200 --> 00:53:59,430
Allura l-robot kamera top up here.

988
00:53:59,430 --> 00:54:01,330
U huwa tħares stabbiliti fuq il-bord.

989
00:54:01,330 --> 00:54:04,470
U huwa jaraw jekk
huwa ltqajna O aħmar jew blu

990
00:54:04,470 --> 00:54:10,450
u X. abjad bħal dawk jiksbu mqiegħda fuq il-
board, li bażikament l-istess input

991
00:54:10,450 --> 00:54:13,890
li aħna jkollna qari minn
istruttura data tagħna mill-iskrin tagħna.

992
00:54:13,890 --> 00:54:17,290
Huwa taħdem l-istess
algoritmu MINIMAX li jkun

993
00:54:17,290 --> 00:54:21,010
tista 'ssib fejn
post ta 'token tajba.

994
00:54:21,010 --> 00:54:24,820
>> U allura aħna qed jagħti kmand dwar
fejn aħna tixtieq a token li jitqiegħdu.

995
00:54:24,820 --> 00:54:26,120
Il-fergħa tkun miexja out.

996
00:54:26,120 --> 00:54:31,750
Huwa użu ta 'gripper vakwu biex japplikaw
xi ġbid biex dik il-biċċa l-injam,

997
00:54:31,750 --> 00:54:35,240
pick it up, jġorrhom lejn il-lemin
post, u mbagħad tirrilaxxa l-ġbid

998
00:54:35,240 --> 00:54:36,950
u qatra.

999
00:54:36,950 --> 00:54:38,990
Kull dritt, aħna qed tmur
biex jagħtuh wieħed shot aktar

1000
00:54:38,990 --> 00:54:40,930
bi player ftit aktar intelliġenti hawn.

1001
00:54:40,930 --> 00:54:42,290
Inti lest?

1002
00:54:42,290 --> 00:54:46,150
Kull dritt, jekk youd stand dritt up
hawn u jagħtu a-- jispiċċaw dan il-mod

1003
00:54:46,150 --> 00:54:47,955
sabiex inti tista 'tara kulħadd.

1004
00:54:47,955 --> 00:54:48,830
U mbagħad [inaudible].

1005
00:54:48,830 --> 00:54:49,330
>> ROBOT: Huwa dawran tiegħi.

1006
00:54:49,330 --> 00:54:50,455
>> SPEAKER: Baxter se tibda.

1007
00:54:50,455 --> 00:55:10,750

1008
00:55:10,750 --> 00:55:11,730
Huwa lilkom.

1009
00:55:11,730 --> 00:55:16,490

1010
00:55:16,490 --> 00:55:17,520
Huwa min-naħa tiegħi.

1011
00:55:17,520 --> 00:55:38,740

1012
00:55:38,740 --> 00:55:39,690
Huwa lilkom.

1013
00:55:39,690 --> 00:55:46,330

1014
00:55:46,330 --> 00:55:47,165
Huwa min-naħa tiegħi.

1015
00:55:47,165 --> 00:56:01,252

1016
00:56:01,252 --> 00:56:06,192
>> [Rires]

1017
00:56:06,192 --> 00:56:08,542
>> SPEAKER: [WHISPERING] Just
let lilu imorru quddiem u irbaħ.

1018
00:56:08,542 --> 00:56:09,500
ROBOT: Huwa lilkom.

1019
00:56:09,500 --> 00:56:15,099

1020
00:56:15,099 --> 00:56:15,890
SPEAKER: Li OK.

1021
00:56:15,890 --> 00:56:20,390

1022
00:56:20,390 --> 00:56:21,360
>> ROBOT: Huwa dawran tiegħi.

1023
00:56:21,360 --> 00:56:24,825

1024
00:56:24,825 --> 00:56:26,805
>> [Rires]

1025
00:56:26,805 --> 00:56:42,650

1026
00:56:42,650 --> 00:56:43,510
>> I win.

1027
00:56:43,510 --> 00:56:45,620
>> [Rires]

1028
00:56:45,620 --> 00:56:46,595
>> I tibda l-logħba.

1029
00:56:46,595 --> 00:56:48,261
>> SPEAKER: Kull dritt, nirringrazzjak ħafna.

1030
00:56:48,261 --> 00:56:50,180

1031
00:56:50,180 --> 00:56:55,590
Kull dritt, naħseb konna ltqajna ħin biex
wieħed aktar eċċellenti player tic tac toe,

1032
00:56:55,590 --> 00:57:00,490
xi ħadd li tista 'tpoġġi dan ħaġa li
jaqblu, li jaf dak li qed isir.

1033
00:57:00,490 --> 00:57:03,010
>> [Rires]

1034
00:57:03,010 --> 00:57:05,560
>> Min ser ikun champion tagħna hawn?

1035
00:57:05,560 --> 00:57:08,110
Kull dritt, ħbieb tiegħek volontarju inti.

1036
00:57:08,110 --> 00:57:11,190
Li tajjeb biżżejjed għalija.

1037
00:57:11,190 --> 00:57:12,194
Tell me isem tiegħek mill-ġdid.

1038
00:57:12,194 --> 00:57:12,860
UDJENZA: Tamir.

1039
00:57:12,860 --> 00:57:14,193
SPEAKER: Tamir, sbieħ biex tara int.

1040
00:57:14,193 --> 00:57:19,270
Kull dritt, għal darb'oħra, aħna qed tmur biex tpoġġi lilek
dritt up here sabiex kulħadd jista 'jara inti.

1041
00:57:19,270 --> 00:57:22,070
Inti huma rappreżentattivi tagħna
fil din il-logħba issa.

1042
00:57:22,070 --> 00:57:24,540
Baxter huwa wieħed u oh u oh.

1043
00:57:24,540 --> 00:57:26,300
Jew sorry, wieħed oh u wieħed.

1044
00:57:26,300 --> 00:57:27,490
U huwa sa inti hawn.

1045
00:57:27,490 --> 00:57:29,340
Baxter se tikseb biex jiċċaqalqu l-ewwel, għalkemm.

1046
00:57:29,340 --> 00:57:30,435
So.

1047
00:57:30,435 --> 00:57:31,310
ROBOT: Huwa dawran tiegħi.

1048
00:57:31,310 --> 00:57:45,226

1049
00:57:45,226 --> 00:57:48,208
>> [Rires]

1050
00:57:48,208 --> 00:57:52,720

1051
00:57:52,720 --> 00:57:55,780
>> Huwa lilkom.

1052
00:57:55,780 --> 00:57:56,845
Huwa min-naħa tiegħi.

1053
00:57:56,845 --> 00:58:18,130

1054
00:58:18,130 --> 00:58:18,965
Huwa lilkom.

1055
00:58:18,965 --> 00:58:28,751

1056
00:58:28,751 --> 00:58:30,248
Huwa min-naħa tiegħi.

1057
00:58:30,248 --> 00:58:51,210

1058
00:58:51,210 --> 00:58:52,160
Huwa lilkom.

1059
00:58:52,160 --> 00:59:00,854

1060
00:59:00,854 --> 00:59:03,365
>> [Rires]

1061
00:59:03,365 --> 00:59:04,240
ROBOT: Huwa dawran tiegħi.

1062
00:59:04,240 --> 00:59:06,930
SPEAKER: Huwa ħafna aktar diffiċli meta
int bil-wieqfa hawn, folks.

1063
00:59:06,930 --> 00:59:19,400

1064
00:59:19,400 --> 00:59:21,840
[Rires]

1065
00:59:21,840 --> 00:59:26,730

1066
00:59:26,730 --> 00:59:29,054
ROBOT: You bnedmin huma tant faċli li tħabbat.

1067
00:59:29,054 --> 00:59:30,803
[Daħk U applause]

1068
00:59:30,803 --> 00:59:31,886
SPEAKER: Grazzi ħafna.

1069
00:59:31,886 --> 00:59:34,692
ROBOT: I win.

1070
00:59:34,692 --> 00:59:35,400
I tibda l-logħba.

1071
00:59:35,400 --> 00:59:39,500
>> SPEAKER: Id-dritt, hekk grazzi ħafna
ħafna Olivier, u biex Alessandro,

1072
00:59:39,500 --> 00:59:41,616
u biex Chen Ming.

1073
00:59:41,616 --> 00:59:45,600
>> [Applause]

1074
00:59:45,600 --> 00:59:47,040
>> Irrid nagħmel aħħar punt wieħed.

1075
00:59:47,040 --> 00:59:51,630
Allura Baxter fl-ħafna
jieqafx hemm, misruqin.

1076
00:59:51,630 --> 00:59:54,160

1077
00:59:54,160 --> 00:59:56,310
U li kien mhux mistennija.

1078
00:59:56,310 --> 01:00:00,440
Wieħed mill-meraviljuż
affarijiet dwar AI hija li aħna

1079
01:00:00,440 --> 01:00:05,070
jagħmlu xogħol fil AI sabiex inkunu nistgħu nibnu
verament interessanti u intelliġenti

1080
01:00:05,070 --> 01:00:06,930
apparati.

1081
01:00:06,930 --> 01:00:10,130
Iżda aħna wkoll jagħmlu xogħol fil AI
għaliex tgħidilna xi ħaġa

1082
01:00:10,130 --> 01:00:13,940
dwar kif il-bnedmin huma intelliġenti.

1083
01:00:13,940 --> 01:00:17,280
>> Wieħed mill-favoriti
Studji mill lab tiegħi huwa

1084
01:00:17,280 --> 01:00:23,660
tħares lejn dak li jiġri meta
magni għarrieda iqarrqu.

1085
01:00:23,660 --> 01:00:27,070
Għamilna dan oriġinarjament mhux ma
Baxter playing tic tac toe,

1086
01:00:27,070 --> 01:00:30,340
iżda ma 'robot iżgħar jismu Nao,
li lagħab rock-karta imqass.

1087
01:00:30,340 --> 01:00:33,010

1088
01:00:33,010 --> 01:00:35,800
U xi kultant wara
playing lottijiet u lottijiet

1089
01:00:35,800 --> 01:00:41,580
tal boring logħob rock-karta imqass,
l-robot se tarmi ġest,

1090
01:00:41,580 --> 01:00:48,616
jitilfu, u mbagħad bidla f'daqqa
ġest tiegħu u jgħidu, I win.

1091
01:00:48,616 --> 01:00:50,480
>> [Rires]

1092
01:00:50,480 --> 01:00:56,090
>> Issa, xi kultant aħna'd jkollhom ukoll l-robot,
biss bħala kontroll, tarmi ġest,

1093
01:00:56,090 --> 01:01:01,270
win, u l-bidla ġest tiegħu
x'titlef, tarmi-partita,

1094
01:01:01,270 --> 01:01:04,070
iqarrqu sabiex jitilfu.

1095
01:01:04,070 --> 01:01:07,540
U dan mhux kważi bħala konvinċenti.

1096
01:01:07,540 --> 01:01:09,890
Il-robot li cheats
sabiex tirbaħ nies

1097
01:01:09,890 --> 01:01:14,660
jirrispondu għall bħallikieku hija
biex tikseb minnhom, bhalu

1098
01:01:14,660 --> 01:01:17,690
qed jippruvaw b'mod attiv qerda tagħhom.

1099
01:01:17,690 --> 01:01:19,210
>> [Rires]

1100
01:01:19,210 --> 01:01:20,990
>> Dan isir aġent.

1101
01:01:20,990 --> 01:01:21,840
Huwa bħal persuna.

1102
01:01:21,840 --> 01:01:23,970
Hija twemmin u l-intenzjoni.

1103
01:01:23,970 --> 01:01:27,470
U m'humiex intenzjoni tajba.

1104
01:01:27,470 --> 01:01:33,790
U l-robot li tixħet l
logħba hija biss ħsara.

1105
01:01:33,790 --> 01:01:36,990
Huwa biss mezz imkisser.

1106
01:01:36,990 --> 01:01:41,405
Let me nuruk ftit eżempji
ta 'dik minn ftit ta' parteċipanti tagħna.

1107
01:01:41,405 --> 01:01:43,990

1108
01:01:43,990 --> 01:01:45,600
Allura hawnhekk qerq sabiex jitilfu.

1109
01:01:45,600 --> 01:01:46,266
>> [Daqq video]

1110
01:01:46,266 --> 01:01:47,010
- [Inaudible] tirbaħ.

1111
01:01:47,010 --> 01:01:49,550
Ejja nilagħbu.

1112
01:01:49,550 --> 01:01:50,538
>> -Wait, Liema?

1113
01:01:50,538 --> 01:01:54,490

1114
01:01:54,490 --> 01:01:55,352
>> - [Inaudible] tirbaħ.

1115
01:01:55,352 --> 01:01:58,280
Ejja nilagħbu.

1116
01:01:58,280 --> 01:01:59,400
>> [Inaudible] tirbaħ.

1117
01:01:59,400 --> 01:02:02,290
Ejja nilagħbu.

1118
01:02:02,290 --> 01:02:05,490
>> SPEAKER: U hawnhekk qerq biex tirbaħ.

1119
01:02:05,490 --> 01:02:06,438
>> -Yes, I win.

1120
01:02:06,438 --> 01:02:07,394
Ejja nilagħbu.

1121
01:02:07,394 --> 01:02:08,828
>> 'Inti ma tistax tagħmel dan.

1122
01:02:08,828 --> 01:02:10,740
>> [Rires]

1123
01:02:10,740 --> 01:02:12,174

1124
01:02:12,174 --> 01:02:13,979
>> -Yes, I win.

1125
01:02:13,979 --> 01:02:14,520
-Inti Misruqin.

1126
01:02:14,520 --> 01:02:17,990

1127
01:02:17,990 --> 01:02:20,010
Inti misruqin issa.

1128
01:02:20,010 --> 01:02:21,140
>> -Yes, I win.

1129
01:02:21,140 --> 01:02:22,940
>> -Hey, Inti cheater.

1130
01:02:22,940 --> 01:02:26,670
You iqarrqu, iqarrqu super.

1131
01:02:26,670 --> 01:02:27,650
>> [END Daqq]

1132
01:02:27,650 --> 01:02:31,130
>> SPEAKER: Dawn differenti
Reazzjonijiet malajr

1133
01:02:31,130 --> 01:02:34,890
bidla fil-perċezzjoni tagħna ta 'l-apparat.

1134
01:02:34,890 --> 01:02:36,780
Dan ifisser li
aħna deliberatament nibnu

1135
01:02:36,780 --> 01:02:40,370
magni li iqarrqu minħabba li l
l-aħjar inġinerija li nistgħu nagħmlu?

1136
01:02:40,370 --> 01:02:44,680
Le, iżda tgħidilna xi ħaġa
verament interessanti dwar in-nies.

1137
01:02:44,680 --> 01:02:49,710
Li ħaġa li cheats inti u
steals rebħa tiegħek, li

1138
01:02:49,710 --> 01:02:53,660
xi ħaġa li ħaj, li l-
janimaw, li barra li inti tikseb.

1139
01:02:53,660 --> 01:02:54,680
Hija istat mentali.

1140
01:02:54,680 --> 01:02:55,400
Hija twemmin.

1141
01:02:55,400 --> 01:02:57,170
Hija għandha l-intenzjoni.

1142
01:02:57,170 --> 01:03:01,540
>> Li ħaġa li idejn l-
logħba lilek, li mhux.

1143
01:03:01,540 --> 01:03:04,670
Li jinsab biss ħsara.

1144
01:03:04,670 --> 01:03:08,900
Dan huwa f'ħafna modi għaliex huwa
faċli biex tarmi l-logħba bi tfal.

1145
01:03:08,900 --> 01:03:12,050
Imma jekk inti tipprova biex iqarrqu lilhom
u tip ta 'pretensjoni rebħa

1146
01:03:12,050 --> 01:03:15,200
meta, inti taf, biss li jitqassar il-
logħba, dawn ser qabda tiegħek dritt bogħod.

1147
01:03:15,200 --> 01:03:19,040

1148
01:03:19,040 --> 01:03:23,140
Dawn it-tipi ta 'effetti li
naraw li joħorġu ta AI,

1149
01:03:23,140 --> 01:03:26,490
jgħallmu us ħafna dwar nfusna.

1150
01:03:26,490 --> 01:03:28,076
>> Dritt kollox, din hija għal-lum.

1151
01:03:28,076 --> 01:03:30,450
Grazzi ħafna għall David u
it-tim tal-produzzjoni Harvard

1152
01:03:30,450 --> 01:03:32,350
għall jinżlu.

1153
01:03:32,350 --> 01:03:33,820
>> [Applause]

1154
01:03:33,820 --> 01:03:36,760

1155
01:03:36,760 --> 01:03:41,840
>> Aħna ser tara inti għal kwizz waħda,
u mbagħad għall-aħħar lecture wieħed.

1156
01:03:41,840 --> 01:03:43,025
Il-ġurnata t-tajba.

1157
01:03:43,025 --> 01:03:44,965
>> [Applause]

1158
01:03:44,965 --> 01:03:48,360

1159
01:03:48,360 --> 01:03:51,825
>> [Daqq tal-mużika]

1160
01:03:51,825 --> 01:03:54,950
DAVID J Malan: Well, we probabilment ikollok bżonn
li tintroduċi xi tip ta 'encryption,

1161
01:03:54,950 --> 01:03:55,450
id-dritt?

1162
01:03:55,450 --> 01:03:58,650
Għaliex imbagħad l-intestaturi ta '
dawn it-talbiet HTTP se jkun

1163
01:03:58,650 --> 01:04:01,530
scrambled sabiex kulħadd
jippruvaw sniff traffiku tiegħek

1164
01:04:01,530 --> 01:04:03,400
mhux se attwalment tkun kapaċi li tara minnhom.

1165
01:04:03,400 --> 01:04:05,254
Allura x'inhu l-soluzzjoni għal din il-problema?

1166
01:04:05,254 --> 01:04:07,920
Well, għandna bżonn li fil-fatt tintroduċi
encryption fil-formula,

1167
01:04:07,920 --> 01:04:11,010
b'tali mod li meta dik il-persuna
trażmissjoni tad-data minn A sa B,

1168
01:04:11,010 --> 01:04:12,390
nistgħu sikur send--

1169
01:04:12,390 --> 01:04:14,590
>> [Rires]

1170
01:04:14,590 --> 01:04:19,530
>> L-informazzjoni b'mod li l
avversarju ma tistax, fil-fatt, jarawha.