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[Powered by Google Translate] [Wiki 7, Inaendelea]

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[David J. Malan, Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard]

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[Hii ni CS50.] [CS50.TV]

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Wote haki. Karibu Back. Hii ni CS50,

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na hii ni mwisho wa wiki 7.

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Hivyo moja ya mambo haya ya kijinga kidogo kwamba huenda kuzunguka Internet

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na sisi slurped juu, na ni lazima sasa kufanya kidogo ya akili geeky na wewe.

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Naam, ilikuwa funnier kwa guy hii kuliko ilivyokuwa kwa nyie.

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Akizungumza ya, vizuri, guys,

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leo ni siku ya kuzaliwa ya Nate.

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Ili kukupa hisia ya Nate tu jinsi nzuri na mimi ni

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katika maendeleo ya mtandao msingi darasa Jumatatu na msingi sasa juu ya hili,

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Nilidhani ningependa kuvuta up nyumbani Nate wa ukurasa, kama hawajaona bado.

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Hii hapa ia Nate ya HTML.

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Basi tazama sourcecode yake kama Ningependa kuona jinsi ya kufanya hili, na Nate,

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kama tunaweza koroweza wewe tu kwa ufupi, wafanyakazi got wewe kitu kidogo

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kama Ningependa kushiriki baadhi dessert na baadhi ya watoto katika darasa hapa.

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Kama Ningependa kuja juu chini.

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Nyinyi wote kupongeza na ni nzuri sana, lakini hakuna mtu yeyote mahali popote karibu ameketi Nate,

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kwa sababu fulani, katika eneo hilo nyuma.

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Hivyo labda unaweza kupata baadhi ya folks kufurahia haya kwa.

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Happy Birthday, Nate.

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>> Ziada hellos: Sisi ilionyesha clips michache kutoka kwa wanafunzi wetu CS50x.

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Kama ungependa kuona nani mwingine ni katika ulimwengu

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hiyo kufuatia pamoja, unaweza kichwa kwa URL hii,

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ambapo Yusufu, moja ya TFS yetu, ina kuweka pamoja montage wa aina

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ya kila mtu ambaye amekuwa kuwasilisha hizi videos, kati yao Rick Astley.

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Na kama wewe kitabu kupitia haya, ni kweli kabisa msukumo

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kuona utofauti wa nchi na miji ambayo watu ni hailing.

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Hivyo kama wewe Ningependa kuchukua kuangalia hiyo, ya kwamba itakuwa juu kwa njia ya mwisho wa muhula.

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Leo tunaendelea kuangalia zetu katika mtandao, mtandao programu, HTML na kama,

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na sisi pia chakula cha mchana kuja hii Ijumaa

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kama ungependa, na hasa, hujafanya hivyo kabla.

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Mandhari hii Ijumaa itakuwa siku ya kuzaliwa ya Nate,

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hivyo kama ungependa kuwa na siku ya kuzaliwa chakula cha mchana na Nate

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na wengine, baadhi ya marafiki zetu kutoka Viwanda,

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tafadhali kichwa kwa kuwa URL huko.

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Nafasi, kama siku zote, ni mdogo. Pia, kama wameweza wamesahau,

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kutambua kwamba wiki ijayo ni tarehe ya mwisho ya tatizo kuweka scavenger 4 wa kuwinda,

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ambapo baada ya kurejesha yote ya JPEGS wale kutoka card.raw,

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wewe na sehemu mates wako, kama ungependa, unaweza kujaribu kupiga picha

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kama wengi wa wanasayansi kompyuta kutoka kwamba kadi ya kumbukumbu kama inawezekana,

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na wewe na sehemu yako kisha kushinda tuzo Fabulous.

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Rejea nyuma kwenye vipimo pset 4 ya kama yale ya kuwasilisha na kwa wakati.

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Pia, kama wewe ungependa kuwa handiwork yako immortalized

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kwenye tovuti kozi na historia yake ya mavazi,

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tunajua kwamba wewe ni kuwakaribisha sasa kuanza kutoa miundo

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kwa mwaka huu fulana na mashati na kama.

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Tutaweza kufanya kazi nzuri ni pamoja na kama wengi kama tunaweza,

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lakini tutaweza kuwa na baadhi ya wanachama wa mapitio wafanyakazi wote wa miundo

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kuhakikisha wao uko sambamba na specifikationer,

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na sisi kisha kuchukua ujumla wachache wa wao kuwa exhibited.

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Hivyo kama wewe ni aina ya kubuni, tu kujua kwamba, mahitaji ya

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kwa graphics ni PNG, angalau 200 DPI,

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wanapaswa kuwa zaidi ya 4000 x 4000, saizi ya

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na si zaidi ya 10 MB, lakini wewe ni kuwakaribisha kwa kutumia vitu kama

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Photoshop au GIMP au programu mbalimbali graphic wa,

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chochote una ovyo wako.

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>> Pia kwenye upeo wa macho ni mradi wa mwisho. mradi wa mwisho kweli ni kilele cha 50,

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ambapo ya kazi zote katika shaka,

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ni nafasi yako ya kweli ya kufanya jambo yako mwenyewe.

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Na kwamba wanaweza kuwa tu kufanya kitu kwa ajili ya kujifurahisha,

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inaweza kuwa ili kutatua baadhi ya matatizo kubwa mwanafunzi wako kundi ana,

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kwa baadhi ya tovuti mpya, baadhi ya mwezi ukusanyaji utaratibu wa data.

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Inaweza kuwa maombi ya simu kwa Android, kwa iOS.

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Kweli, anga ni ya kikomo, na juu ya pili wiki chache,

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kama sisi mpito kutoka C kwa lugha hizi ngazi ya juu kama PHP na JavaScript,

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utapata mwenyewe inazidi familiarized na baadhi ya mbinu halisi ya dunia,

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baadhi ya zana halisi ya dunia, na kuongeza kwamba,

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kujua kwamba bila shaka ina historia ya semina,

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ambapo zaidi ya wiki ijayo kadhaa, baadhi ya wafanyakazi wa kufundisha

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na rafiki ya yetu kutoka juu ya chuo kutoa semina ya hiari

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ambayo kwenda juu na zaidi ya kile kawaida kufanyika katika sehemu

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kuanzisha wewe mambo kama programu Android,

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kuanzisha wewe mambo kama iOS programu

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au zaidi juu ya mtandao wa maendeleo mbinu.

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Kuna historia nzima ya hizi tayari online.

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Kama wewe kwenda cs50.net/seminars, tumekuwa kufanya hii kwa baadhi ya miaka kabisa,

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na utaona kwamba jalada hapa na PDFs na video na kama

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kadhaa videos dazeni ya semina na semina.

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Mwaka jana, kwa mfano, tulikuwa na semina juu ya acing yako mahojiano ya kiufundi,

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kama wewe ni kweli kuangalia kwenda mbali na kufanya tarajali au ya muda GIG.

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Windows simu ya maendeleo, Android maendeleo, Google Maps,

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API, CSS, kuendeleza kwa Blackberry, Emacs.

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Kweli, wewe ni kuwakaribisha kwa kuangalia yoyote ya semina hizi kwa urahisi.

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Na tutaweza kuwa kufanya baadhi ndio mpya hii muhula, kama vile.

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>> Hiyo ni nini mbele na mradi wa mwisho?

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Naam, kwanza, ingawa tarehe hii ni kiasi fulani imminent,

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hii ni kweli tu nafasi ya kuanza kufikiria juu ya mradi wa mwisho kabisa realistically.

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Tunajua tu mwanzo wa baadhi ya yale tutaweza bado kufunika katika shaka,

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HTML, PHP na kama, lakini wewe ni wote ukoo na mtandao,

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na mimi upendeleo mazungumzo haya kuelekea Mtandao tu kwa sababu

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watu wengi kuishia kufanya Mtandao makao miradi ya mwisho,

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lakini kwamba ni kwa maana hakuna zinazohitajika.

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Kutumia C ni mzuri, lengo C, Java,

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lugha yoyote unaweza kujua au unataka kujua ni kabisa faini.

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Lakini kupata juisi inapita awali, tutaweza wanatarajia kuwasilisha preproposal

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ambayo, kwa PDF kwenye tovuti, ambayo sasa ni saa cs50.net,

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na juu kushoto utaona mradi wa mwisho

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ni vipimo kwa ajili ya mradi wa mwisho,

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na katika kuna maelezo juu preproposal na kama.

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Ni pretty much majipu chini barua pepe kwa mafundisho wenzako

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tu kwa mgomo hadi mazungumzo na kwake kuhusu kile unachokifikiria.

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On projects.cs50.net ni hazina ya mawazo kutoka folks juu ya chuo

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kama wewe ni zinakabiliwa na kuja na wazo baadhi,

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na manual.cs50.net/APIs ni hazina ya viungo kwa APIs.

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>> Nini, ingawa, ni API?

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Nini API? Nilivyosema ni angalau mara mbili,

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kulingana na nakala ya wiki kadhaa iliyopita.

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Nini hiyo? [Mwanafunzi, unintelligible]

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>> Okay, nzuri. Hivyo kitu programu interface.

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Maombi ya programu interface, na hii inaweza kuchukua fomu kadhaa,

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lakini jambo hili majipu kweli chini ni code

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kwamba mtu mwingine HS iliyoandikwa au data kwamba mtu mwingine imekusanya

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kwamba yanapatikana kwa namna baadhi ya programu.

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Unaweza kuandika code katika C, PHP, Python, Ruby,

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chochote lugha yako ya uchaguzi kwa kawaida ni,

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na kwa namna fulani unaweza kujenga juu ya utendaji ya mtu mwingine

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au mtu mwingine data kuweka.

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Kwa mfano, kama mimi kwenda link hii hapa,

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na utaona jozi ya viungo kwenye ukurasa baadae

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ambapo tuna CS50 ya mwenyewe APIs, ambayo ni sana Harvard-centric, na kisha ya tatu wa chama APIs.

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Miongoni mwa APIs tatu ni muhimu kweli kweli mambo

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kama kuwa na uwezo wa kutuma SMS ya watu,

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kuwa na uwezo wa kupokea ujumbe wa maandishi SMS kutoka kwa watu.

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Na mambo kama hayo kwamba unaweza kuwa na wazo jinsi ya kutekeleza mwenyewe,

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lakini shukrani kwa huduma, baadhi, bure na baadhi ya kibiashara

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unaweza kujenga atop wale na kufanya kitu cha riba na wewe.

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Miongoni mwa APIs CS50 ya mambo haya ni ya chuo-centric kama

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Harvard kozi, nishati, matukio, chakula, ramani, habari, tweets na Shuttleboy mwenyewe,

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na haya ni kwamba APIs kuangalia kitu kidogo kama hii.

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>> Hebu vuta hadi API HarvardFood.

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Kama ve milele imekuwa na tovuti ya HUD, ve pengine imekuwa kuna

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tu kuona nini kwa chakula cha jioni au kuona nini masaa ni kwa baadhi d-ukumbi.

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Naam, ni si hasa rahisi navigate,

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na hivyo nini hatukuwa baadhi ya wakati uliopita ilikuwa sisi aliandika programu,

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hutokea kwa kuwa katika PHP, kwamba kwa kweli screen scrapes ukamilifu wa tovuti ya HUD.

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Screen scrape kitu ina maana kuandika programu kwa lugha kama PHP

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kwamba hujifanya kuwa browser, hata ingawa unaweza kukimbia katika haraka amri,

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kwamba hujifanya kuwa browser, unajumuisha na tovuti,

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downloads HTML yake, lugha ambayo ni imeandikwa,

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na kisha husoma, au zaidi hasa, parses ni

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juu hadi chini, kushoto na kulia.

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Na nini hatukuwa ilikuwa sisi aliandika code yetu kwa njia ambayo vile

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wakati wowote tuliona kitu katika kuwa HTML kwamba inaonekana kama kitu kwenye orodha,

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kama hamburger, tunataka kisha kuagiza kuwa katika orodha yetu wenyewe.

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Na wakati wowote tuliona maudhui ya lishe, tunataka kuagiza kwamba katika database yetu wenyewe.

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Na tulichokifanya kujiinua ukweli kwamba HUD wa tovuti,

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hata ingawa inaweza kuwa ni kidogo ya changamoto kwetu binadamu navigate

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chini ya Hood, yote ya HTML ni yanayotokana na mipango yao ya kompyuta.

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Basi wote wa HTML yao, hata ingawa inaweza kuangalia messy,

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kama tovuti nyingi chini ya Hood kinachofuata mfano.

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Hivyo sisi tu alitumia masaa kadhaa kuhesabia ya kwamba mfano

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ili kwamba katika mwisho, sisi kutupa yale yote ya HTML messy,

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wote wa aesthetics ya yanayowakabili koze na italics na kama,

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na kile sisi ni basi na uwezo wa kufanya ni kuweka wazi data huo.

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Kwa mfano, kwa njia hii.

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Hivyo sisi, kulingana na nyaraka hapa,

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habari ya ulimwengu kwamba kama wewe kuomba URL

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kwamba inaonekana kama hii, food.cs50.net / kitu fulani,

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na wewe kutoa vigezo fulani, ambayo tutaweza majadiliano juu ya leo,

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kama mwisho tarehe muda, kuanza tarehe wakati, unga na kadhalika,

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nini server yetu nitawarudia ninyi, kwa mfano,

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ni faili CSV, comma separted maadili kama faili Excel,

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zenye kila kitu kwa ajili ya kifungua kinywa, kwa tarehe hii hasa Machi ya mwaka jana

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wakati mimi kilichotokea kuandika juu ya hili nyaraka.

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>> Kwa wale jamaa, CSV si tu faili format.

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Kuna mwingine format kwamba wote zaidi Versatile

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kuitwa JSON, JavaScript Object nukuu.

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data zinaweza kurudi katika muundo huo.

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Hivyo takeaway hapa ni kwamba kama wewe kupiga mbizi katika hii API

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au nyingine yoyote ya ya CS50 au kitu chochote kutoka huko kwenye mtandao,

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au si wakati wote, kutambua kwamba dunia ina inazidi ilianza standardize

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jinsi mashine intercommunicate.

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Sisi kutumia data format kiwango kama CSV au JSON.

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Na hii ina maana gani wewe ni wewe unaweza kuandika sehemu ya kuvutia ya mpango

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kwamba lets user yako kutafuta menu messi,

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kwamba lets yao kuunda orodha ya favorites kwamba lets wao kupata rapporteringar Nakala

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wakati mlo wao favorite ni kuhusu kuwa aliwahi katika baadhi d-hall

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kwa kutumia data seti ya mtu mwingine na kujenga juu ya APIs yao.

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Hivyo zaidi juu ya kuwa katika fomu ya semina na nyaraka kwamba una hapa online.

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Hivyo wale, basi, ni APIs.

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>> Hiyo unatuleta nyuma kwa HTML. Quick recap.

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Nini ni HTML?

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[Mwanafunzi, unintelligible] >> Good. HyperText Markup lugha.

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Mtu mwingine, ni nini HyperText Markup lugha?

187
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HyperText Markup lugha.

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Sawa. Hivyo HTML, HyperText.

189
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HyperText tu inahusu Mtandao, kwa sehemu kubwa.

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Markup ina maana kwamba siyo kweli lugha ya programu, HTML.

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Siyo lugha ambayo unaweza kueleza mantiki in

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Haina matanzi. Haina masharti.

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Haina kazi, per se.

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Badala yake, ina mambo haya kuitwa vitambulisho, au vizuri zaidi, vipengele.

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Na wale vipengele kuwa tags kuanza na vitambulisho mwisho,

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au wazi vitambulisho na vitambulisho funge, na nini wale tags ujumla maana ya browser ni,

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kuanza kufanya kitu na kisha kuacha kufanya kitu fulani, ingawa kuna buraa kwamba.

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Wakati mwingine ni tu 'kuweka kuvunja line hapa,' kwa mfano.

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Na tuliona mifano ya siku hiyo nyingine, kati ya yanayowakabili ujasiri,

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mstari wa mapumziko, na kisha michache tags nyingine.

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Hivyo HTML ni lugha ambayo mtandao kurasa zilizoandikwa.

202
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Hivyo kama mimi kwenda kitu kama Google.com

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na kuvuta tu zao nyumbani ukurasa,

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kukumbuka kuwa kama wewe haki bonyeza au kudhibiti bonyeza

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na kuangalia mtazamo chanzo ukurasa, kawaida

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ni fujo kamili siku hizi chini ya Hood, lakini hiyo ni kwa sababu

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kompyuta hawajali kuhusu nafasi nyeupe, hivyo hii haina kuangalia pretty.

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Lakini kama sisi kuvuta sehemu yake,

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taarifa kwamba Chrome, tu kuwa nzuri, ina rangi coded mambo.

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Hakika, huu ni tag sana kwanza kuwa tuliona katika ukurasa wa mtandao.

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Na tena, HTML 5, toleo la lugha hii,

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gani kuwa jambo hili mwanzoni,

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<Doctype! Html, iwe lowercase au uppercase,

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lakini hiyo ni aina ya kiwango kwamba anasema, hey dunia, inakuja faili HTML katika toleo 5.

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>> sehemu ya kuvutia huanza hapa. Hivyo <html, na kisha kulikuwa watoto wawili

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ya mambo ya HTML mwisho wakati.

217
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Nini walikuwa wale watoto wawili kuu?

218
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Kichwa na mwili, kama guy na tatoo wakati iliyopita.

219
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Kuna sehemu mbili wa mtandao ukurasa, kichwa na mwili,

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na wanakumbuka, basi, kwamba labda rahisi mtandao ukurasa tunaweza kufanya inaonekana kama hii.

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Na nimekuwa indented tu kuwa aina ya nadhifu na maridadi na code yangu,

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lakini kile kweli ni muhimu hapa ni kwamba kuna baadhi ya Hierarkia kwa hili.

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Na yoyote tag kwamba nilipofungua mimi vimefungwa na kwamba kuna hiyo ulinganifu huu

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wote wa ghafi kwamba nimepata kuundwa.

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Hivyo mwisho wakati sisi kuanza kuandika kurasa za mtandao kwenye Laptop yangu mwenyewe.

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Mimi kufunguliwa hariri maandishi, mimi kuokolewa faili kama hello.html,

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Mimi kisha dragged faili kwenye browser yangu, na voilà, nilikuwa ukurasa kwenye mtandao.

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Sasa, siyo kabisa kesi; nilikuwa ukurasa kwenye gari yangu ngumu,

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na nilikuwa literally mtu pekee katika ulimwengu ambao kuona kwamba ukurasa wa mtandao katika browser.

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>> Kwa hiyo leo, sisi kuanzisha halisi server mtandao

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na dhana ya kweli kuwahudumia yaliyomo kwenye Internet

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na jinsi hii yote huanza kwa kufaa pamoja.

233
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Hivyo ni zinageuka kuwa wakati huu wote katika appliance CS50

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umekuwa na server mtandao kwenye kompyuta yako.

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Sisi, katika haki, tu kutumika kwa gedit, kwa Clang, kwa GDB na kama,

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lakini pia imewekwa na sisi kwa ajili yenu katika appliance ni server mtandao,

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na kwamba server mtandao hutokea kwa kuwa bure, chanzo wazi,

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mmoja wa wale maarufu zaidi duniani, iitwayo Apache.

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Jina lake la zaidi ya kiufundi ni httpd, d kuwa kwa daemon hapa,

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ambayo ni neno kiufundi kwa seva.

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Hivyo imewekwa katika appliance CS50 ni server mtandao, na nini haina maana?

242
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Naam, server mtandao ni, conceptually, baadhi server kwenye mtandao kuwa mtumishi up bidhaa za mtandao.

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Alipoulizwa kwa ajili ya faili, ni mtemi HTML kwamba composes kwamba faili, na voilà.

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Unaweza kuona nyumbani baadhi Tovuti ya ukurasa.

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Lakini server ni, usahihi zaidi, kipande cha programu.

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Haina kuwa juu ya mashine ya kimwili, ni tu ina kuwa kipande cha mbio programu.

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Hivyo appliance CS50, bila shaka, ni kipande cha programu

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hata kama ni aina ya kujifanya kuwa mashine.

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Ni kujifanya kuwa ndani ya kompyuta ya kompyuta,

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lakini kwamba tu ina maana kwamba appliance tunaweza kukimbia mambo kama servrar mtandao.

251
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Ni kweli unaweza kukimbia server email.

252
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Tunaweza kukimbia snabbmeddelanden server katika appliance kama sisi alitaka,

253
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na kwa kweli, sisi kufanya kukimbia moja nyingine aina ya server, inayojulikana kama server database, MySQL.

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Lakini zaidi ya wiki kwamba ijayo.

255
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Hii ina maana kwamba mimi kweli anaweza kutembelea mtandao kurasa

256
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ndani ya appliance yangu kwa kutumia browser ndani appliance

257
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au hata kwenye laptop yangu mwenyewe, Mac au PC yangu yangu.

258
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Basi nini maana ya hii? Ni zinageuka kuwa wakati wowote wewe ni mbio kompyuta Linux,

259
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Nickname yake ni "ndani ya jeshi."

260
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Haina jina la uwanja kwa sababu sisi si kununuliwa jina la uwanja

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kwa kitu kama appliance, hivyo default wake jina ni mitaa ya jeshi.

262
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>> Lakini ili kupata appliance kuanza kuwahudumia juu ya kurasa za mtandao,

263
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tuna kujenga yao ya kwanza.

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Basi hebu kufanya hivyo. Hebu kwenda katika dirisha terminal hapa

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na taarifa kwamba mimi nina katika mfano wangu John Harvard haraka.

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Hebu kwenda mbele na aina ls, na tutaweza kuona baadhi ya mambo kutoka ukoo muhula huu,

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desktop, downloads, dropbox na kadhalika,

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lakini sasa sisi kuanza kugeuka tahadhari yetu ya wanandoa.

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Kwenye seva nyingi Linux mtandao kuna folda hii inaitwa umma html,

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lakini tunakwenda ruka kwamba moja kwa sasa na kuzingatia vhosts hii,.

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Mtu yeyote kujua nini vhost ni?

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Wajinga tu jargon kwa ajili ya jeshi virtual,

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na hii ina maana gani ni kwamba kwenye server typical

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unaweza kweli mwenyeji tovuti nyingi.

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Unaweza kununua jina la uwanja kama foo.com, na unaweza jeshi hilo kwenye server.

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Lakini pia unaweza kununua bar.com na jeshi hilo kwenye server moja.

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Sababu ya kuwa, browsers ni smart kutosha kuwajulisha server

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wakati mtumiaji inaomba baadhi webpage, nini jina la uwanja mtumiaji anataka homepage kwa.

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Basi nini nzuri kuhusu hili ni huna haja moja kimwili server

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au moja CS50 appliance kwa kila tovuti unaweza kutaka kujenga.

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Unaweza kutumia seva sawa na kuendeleza mia tovuti mbalimbali.

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Na kwa kweli, kama wewe ni mtu kujaribu kuanza tovuti,

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kama kwa ajili ya kujifurahisha au kwa ajili ya biashara, kawaida utakuwa kwenda nje kwenye mtandao,

284
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na wewe utakuwa kulipa mtu bucks kumi kwa mwezi, dola mia mwezi

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kuwa mwenyeji wa tovuti yako kwa ajili yenu.

286
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Na njia ya kuwa kazi ni wao ni malipo watu wengine

287
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kumi bucks mwezi au bucks mia mwezi

288
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kuwa mwenyeji wa tovuti ya watu wengine katika server zao sawa.

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sababu wanaweza kufanya hivyo kwa sababu hii ya kipengele aitwaye bhosts,

290
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lakini zaidi juu ya kwamba linapokuja wakati kwa ajili ya miradi ya mwisho.

291
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>> Kwa sasa, hebu tu kupiga mbizi katika huko. Hivyo cd vhosts, na kama mimi aina ls sasa,

292
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taarifa kwamba kuna folder huko linaitwa jeshi.

293
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Hiyo ni kwa sababu, kwa default, takwimu appliance

294
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wewe ni milele kwenda kukimbia moja tovuti juu ya appliance.

295
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Hii si kweli ulimwengu halisi, ni si halisi ya dunia ya mtandao server.

296
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Hivyo basi mimi kwenda katika jeshi mitaa, na sasa tutaweza kuona katika huko

297
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moja ya saraka ya mwisho inaitwa HTML.

298
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Hivyo ni kidogo kina, Hierarkia, lakini ikiwa na wakati

299
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kuamua kuanza kuendeleza tovuti nyingi zaidi ya miezi ijayo n au miaka,

300
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aina hii ya muundo folder huelekea kuwa na manufaa.

301
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Sasa hebu kwenda katika HTML kama mimi tu alivyofanya,

302
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aina ls, na hakuna kitu ni huko.

303
00:16:59,010 --> 00:17:01,390
Hivyo sasa hebu kwenda mbele na kufanya hili. Hebu kufungua Chrome

304
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ndani ya appliance, na napenda kwenda http://localhost.

305
00:17:07,300 --> 00:17:14,440
Hivyo literally jina kwa ajili ya appliance wangu, ingia, na mimi kupata orodha ya /.

306
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Hii si kweli kunionyeshea kitu chochote cha riba,

307
00:17:18,290 --> 00:17:23,400
lakini zinageuka kuwa kile sisi ni kuona ni kwamba folder, HTML.

308
00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:25,770
Kuna kitu ndani ya folda kwamba sasa hivi,

309
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hivyo badala yake, kile nitakacho kufanya ni kwanza kuunda faili.

310
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Kuunda faili HTML kama tulivyofanya Jumatatu, lakini wakati huu kuiweka ndani ya appliance.

311
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Kwa wale ambao ni kujaribu kufuata pamoja na Laptops sasa,

312
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basi mimi kufanya moja kando kwamba utakuwa kufunikwa katika pset mtandao msingi,

313
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lakini ili kupata hii kazi kwa mara ya kwanza,

314
00:17:44,280 --> 00:17:49,830
utaenda kuwa na kukimbia amri hii Sudo huduma httpd mwanzo.

315
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Na hili, tena, litajirudia katika pset mwisho,

316
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lakini kama wewe ni kucheza pamoja nyumbani sasa, server mtandao

317
00:17:55,460 --> 00:17:58,660
imezimwa katika appliance, na kwamba ni hivyo kwamba hana SAP up RAM

318
00:17:58,660 --> 00:18:01,960
na kumbukumbu kwa wiki 7 nje ya muhula wakati hatuna haja yake.

319
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Hivyo haja ya kukimbia amri hii mara moja, na utapata pato kama hiyo.

320
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Basi unapaswa kuwa na uwezo wa kucheza pamoja hapa.

321
00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:10,330
Sasa hebu kwenda nyuma katika folda hii.

322
00:18:10,330 --> 00:18:12,770
Folder Hii ni tupu, hivyo basi mimi kuanza kujenga faili,

323
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gedit hello.html.

324
00:18:16,360 --> 00:18:20,930
>> Wote haki. Gedit ni wazi, kama kawaida. Hebu kufanya doctype, html,

325
00:18:20,930 --> 00:18:25,270
html, napenda kupata mbele ya mwenyewe na kuanza kufunga tags wangu mapema.

326
00:18:25,270 --> 00:18:28,380
Sasa nina kichwa. Hebu kwenda mbele na kuziba kichwa,

327
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ngoja sasa kufanya jina la ukurasa, hujambo dunia kama wakati wa mwisho,

328
00:18:32,450 --> 00:18:34,790
cheo karibu, sasa basi mimi kufanya mwili.

329
00:18:34,790 --> 00:18:38,130
Katika hapa mimi itabidi kusema hello, dunia na exclams baadhi

330
00:18:38,130 --> 00:18:40,550
kufanya wazi kwamba ni string tofauti.

331
00:18:40,550 --> 00:18:45,800
Close mwili, na sasa napenda kwenda mbele na faili kuokoa.

332
00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:48,470
Hebu nirejee nyuma kwa terminal dirisha yangu, na kama mimi aina ls,

333
00:18:48,470 --> 00:18:51,830
Mimi lazima, labda, kuona hello.html. Na mimi.

334
00:18:51,830 --> 00:18:55,070
Hivyo sasa hebu kwenda nyuma ya browser yangu, bonyeza Reload,

335
00:18:55,070 --> 00:18:58,930
na unaweza kuona sisi ni kweli ndani ya folda hii HTML.

336
00:18:58,930 --> 00:19:02,310
Mimi si kuona ukurasa mtandao bado, hii ni Apache, server mtandao,

337
00:19:02,310 --> 00:19:04,670
tu kunionyeshea yaliyomo orodha ya saraka hii.

338
00:19:04,670 --> 00:19:08,260
Tu kama Mac OS au Windows ingekuwa kawaida kufanya kwenye gari yako mwenyewe ndani ngumu.

339
00:19:08,260 --> 00:19:12,730
Hivyo kama nataka kuona ukurasa huu mtandao, siwezi bonyeza link hii hapa kidogo, hello.html,

340
00:19:12,730 --> 00:19:15,160
na kwa kweli, kwamba ni nini mimi alikuwa anatarajia kuona.

341
00:19:15,160 --> 00:19:18,080
Sasa, tena, hii si URL kwamba yeyote wa unaweza kutembelea hivi sasa,

342
00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:20,760
kwa sababu kwa ajili yenu, mitaa ya jeshi, kama una mbali hapa,

343
00:19:20,760 --> 00:19:23,050
ni akimaanisha mfano wako mwenyewe wa appliance.

344
00:19:23,050 --> 00:19:25,900
Hii ni juu ya appliance wangu binafsi,

345
00:19:25,900 --> 00:19:29,080
lakini hii ni aina ya bubu kwa ajili yangu kuwa, kuwa na

346
00:19:29,080 --> 00:19:34,480
mtumiaji kama mwenyewe bonyeza hello.html kwa kweli kuona yaliyomo ya ukurasa huu.

347
00:19:34,480 --> 00:19:42,590
Ni zinageuka kuwa mtandao servrar kama Apache basi una faili default kwa server mtandao yoyote.

348
00:19:42,590 --> 00:19:44,640
Ona hapa tuna hello.html.

349
00:19:44,640 --> 00:19:48,410
Nini amri katika Linux kwa rename faili?

350
00:19:48,410 --> 00:19:50,870
>> MV, kwa hoja. Hivyo basi mimi kufanya hivyo,

351
00:19:50,870 --> 00:19:55,870
na napenda rename hello.html kwa index.html.

352
00:19:55,870 --> 00:19:58,610
Hebu aina ls kuthibitisha ni sasa kimebadilishwa jina.

353
00:19:58,610 --> 00:20:03,250
Sasa hii ni ya kwenda - kama mimi kurejea jeshi mitaa,

354
00:20:03,250 --> 00:20:06,710
taarifa kwamba sasa mimi nina moja kwa moja kuona kwamba ukurasa wa mtandao.

355
00:20:06,710 --> 00:20:11,740
Hii ni sawa na index.html wangu kweli kufanya /,

356
00:20:11,740 --> 00:20:14,740
lakini kitu kizuri sasa ni kwamba server mtandao s kuhesabia,

357
00:20:14,740 --> 00:20:18,830
oh, kama una faili kwamba, na mikataba ya binadamu, anaitwa index.html,

358
00:20:18,830 --> 00:20:21,200
napenda kuonyesha mtumiaji kwamba faili na default

359
00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:25,290
badala ya baadhi ya nyimbo kijinga saraka ambayo si wakati wote user-kirafiki.

360
00:20:25,290 --> 00:20:28,900
Hakika, wengi tovuti wewe kutembelea kwenye mtandao hawana orodha ya faili bonyeza,

361
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wao tu kuonyesha yaliyomo. Basi hiyo ni jinsi gani tunaweza kufanya hivyo, index.html.

362
00:20:34,040 --> 00:20:37,000
Hivyo hii ni wote na furaha na nzuri, lakini hii ni pretty rahisi mtandao ukurasa.

363
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:41,640
Hebu kwenda mbele na kufungua index.html katika vhosts yangu,

364
00:20:41,640 --> 00:20:47,620
mitaa majeshi, directory html, na hebu kuongeza kitu cha riba kubwa zaidi.

365
00:20:47,620 --> 00:20:56,120
Hivyo kuna dunia hujambo; hebu badala kusema 'Hii ni CS50, Chuo cha Harvard ya. . . '

366
00:20:56,120 --> 00:21:00,000
Hivyo mwanzo wa maelezo shaka catalog ya aina fulani huko.

367
00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:03,780
Sasa kama mimi Reload, mimi lazima kuona haya katika ukurasa wangu wa nyumbani.

368
00:21:03,780 --> 00:21:09,560
Okay, na mimi kuona kwamba, lakini tuseme kwamba mimi nataka sasa kuorodhesha baadhi maudhui zaidi katika faili hii.

369
00:21:09,560 --> 00:21:15,160
Mimi naweza kwenda chini hapa na kusema, prerequisites hakuna,

370
00:21:15,160 --> 00:21:18,740
ingawa baadhi ya wewe ni pengine kama, 'Ha ha ha, hakuna prerequisites.'

371
00:21:18,740 --> 00:21:24,320
Lakini - rasmi. Hivyo Reload, na sasa tuna quirk sawa kwamba tuliona wakati wa mwisho.

372
00:21:24,320 --> 00:21:26,240
Lakini kwa nini ni hivyo? Ilikuwa fix rahisi.

373
00:21:26,240 --> 00:21:31,440
Kwa nini ni ukurasa huu kuvunjwa?

374
00:21:31,440 --> 00:21:34,170
[Mwanafunzi, unintelligible] >> Yeah, tumekuwa kutatuliwa hii kabla ya

375
00:21:34,170 --> 00:21:37,440
na kupanga kuwaambia browser 'kuweka kuvunja line hapa.'

376
00:21:37,440 --> 00:21:39,440
Na hiyo kwa sababu, tena, browser 's tu kwenda kufanya

377
00:21:39,440 --> 00:21:42,610
kupanga ni lugha ghafi anaelezea ni kufanya,

378
00:21:42,610 --> 00:21:45,730
hivyo hata kama unaweza kuwa enter mara moja au mbili au hata mara kumi,

379
00:21:45,730 --> 00:21:49,870
itakavyo kuchanganya wote katika nafasi moja, tu kwa mkataba.

380
00:21:49,870 --> 00:21:52,770
Hivyo kama kweli unataka kuvunja line, una kutumia tag br,

381
00:21:52,770 --> 00:21:56,840
na sasa taarifa, kama Jumatatu, mimi kuweka ndani / ya tag hii,

382
00:21:56,840 --> 00:22:00,090
tu kwa sababu hii tu hana haki ya kujisikia

383
00:22:00,090 --> 00:22:02,990
kuanza kuvunja line basi kuacha kwa lolote kati.

384
00:22:02,990 --> 00:22:07,740
>> Hivyo mkataba katika HTML ni kufungua na kufunga tag wakati huo huo.

385
00:22:07,740 --> 00:22:11,050
Kama kando, utaona mengi ya Nje katika vitabu si kufanya hivyo.

386
00:22:11,050 --> 00:22:14,240
Ni sahihi kufanya au si kufanya hivyo, lakini sisi wanasema

387
00:22:14,240 --> 00:22:17,430
kwamba design-busara na stylistically, hii ni bora

388
00:22:17,430 --> 00:22:20,540
kwa sababu kisha tag kila ni wa kufunguliwa na imefungwa kwa namna fulani.

389
00:22:20,540 --> 00:22:23,370
Hivyo sasa hebu kuokoa na Reload. Nenda nyuma browser, okay.

390
00:22:23,370 --> 00:22:26,680
Sasa sisi ni kufanya baadhi ya mafanikio, lakini siyo ya kutosha kabisa.

391
00:22:26,680 --> 00:22:33,210
Hebu kwenda mbele na kuanza kuandika katika mwili baadhi tena wa maandishi.

392
00:22:33,210 --> 00:22:40,610
Hivyo hebu sema, 'quick brown fox anaruka juu ya mbwa wavivu.'

393
00:22:40,610 --> 00:22:42,700
Na sasa napenda nakala tu na kuweka hii mara chache

394
00:22:42,700 --> 00:22:45,040
hivyo kwamba tuna aya ya asilia.

395
00:22:45,040 --> 00:22:47,780
Hebu nirejee nyuma zaidi ya hapa. Hivyo si kuangalia nzuri sana.

396
00:22:47,780 --> 00:22:50,000
Mimi wala kuwa na mapumziko ya mstari, hivyo ni sawa,

397
00:22:50,000 --> 00:22:52,140
lakini sasa, mara moja sisi ni kupata kwa uhakika wa kuwa na mtandao ukurasa

398
00:22:52,140 --> 00:22:55,640
ambayo ina kura ya maudhui na mistari si moja tu kuonyesha HTML,

399
00:22:55,640 --> 00:22:58,570
tunaweza kuanza kufikiri ya mambo haya kama aya halisi.

400
00:22:58,570 --> 00:23:01,590
Na tunaweza kuanza kuunda mtandao wetu ukurasa kidogo zaidi cleanly.

401
00:23:01,590 --> 00:23:05,120
Na kwa kweli, nini siwezi kufanya ni kwenda hapa ndani ya mwili lebo yangu,

402
00:23:05,120 --> 00:23:09,400
na unajua nini, kama 'Hii ni CS50. . . ' kweli demarks mwanzo wa aya,

403
00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:11,310
vizuri, hebu tag kama vile.

404
00:23:11,310 --> 00:23:13,570
Hebu Indent asilia, tu kwa mkataba, napenda kusema

405
00:23:13,570 --> 00:23:15,710
kwamba aya hii itaishia hapa,

406
00:23:15,710 --> 00:23:18,320
na kisha badala ya kufanya hii kuvunja line, basi mimi tu kusema

407
00:23:18,320 --> 00:23:23,300
kwamba hii ni pale na kama aya mpya,

408
00:23:23,300 --> 00:23:27,610
na mimi itabidi haraka Indent na tu clobbering yote ya mambo haya.

409
00:23:27,610 --> 00:23:30,660
>> Hivyo basi, tuna aya indented huko,

410
00:23:30,660 --> 00:23:33,510
na sasa ghafi yetu ni mapya ya kupata zaidi kidogo

411
00:23:33,510 --> 00:23:37,070
semantically sambamba na kile sisi ni kujaribu kufanya.

412
00:23:37,070 --> 00:23:40,130
Tuna aya, hivyo hebu kuiita aya na tag p.

413
00:23:40,130 --> 00:23:43,370
Tuna aya ya pili, hivyo hebu kuiita aya na tag p.

414
00:23:43,370 --> 00:23:45,850
Na sasa, nini browser itakuwa kawaida kufanya

415
00:23:45,850 --> 00:23:48,490
ni kama ilivyo katika kitabu Kiingereza au insha,

416
00:23:48,490 --> 00:23:51,280
ambapo kwa kawaida wewe kuona mapumziko baadhi mstari kati ya aya.

417
00:23:51,280 --> 00:23:53,720
Browsers kufanya kwamba kwa wewe moja kwa moja.

418
00:23:53,720 --> 00:23:56,680
Hivyo basi, tuna aya mbili na tunaweza kuendelea hii.

419
00:23:56,680 --> 00:23:58,770
Lakini, bila shaka, ya mtandao, wakati una miili ya asilia

420
00:23:58,770 --> 00:24:01,370
si kawaida tu kubwa matone ya asilia.

421
00:24:01,370 --> 00:24:04,040
Kuna mara nyingi viungo katika huko.

422
00:24:04,040 --> 00:24:07,250
Hivyo kama tunataka, kwa mfano, ni pamoja na baadhi ya viungo huko,

423
00:24:07,250 --> 00:24:10,760
tuseme nini inaweza kuwa ya riba katika kila ukurasa wa mtandao nina kujenga hapa ni -

424
00:24:10,760 --> 00:24:12,780
niende Google.com,

425
00:24:12,780 --> 00:24:16,540
na napenda kutafuta haraka kahawia mbweha.

426
00:24:16,540 --> 00:24:22,150
Nenda images Google, na, vipi kuhusu - hii ni cute.

427
00:24:22,150 --> 00:24:27,420
Tutaweza kwenda na hili. Hivyo hapa tuna haraka kahawia mbweha kuruka juu ya mbwa wavivu.

428
00:24:27,420 --> 00:24:30,560
Basi nini mimi naenda kufanya hapa, kwa ajili tu ya maandamano,

429
00:24:30,560 --> 00:24:32,950
ni kudhani kwamba picha hii alikuwa kwenye server yangu,

430
00:24:32,950 --> 00:24:35,240
na mimi alikuwa kujenga picha hizi.

431
00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:38,720
Nini mimi tu hakuwa ilikuwa haki bonyeza au kudhibiti click kwenye picha,

432
00:24:38,720 --> 00:24:42,370
na nini utaona katika browsers wengi ni menu kidogo -

433
00:24:42,370 --> 00:24:48,800
kuacha kufanya hivyo - menu kidogo kwamba utapata kuchagua nakala kiungo mahali au URL nakala.

434
00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:52,750
Hivyo basi mimi kurudi nyuma sasa kwa HTML yangu, na tuseme kwamba mimi nataka

435
00:24:52,750 --> 00:24:56,420
kwa hyperlink hii kwa mtandao mwingine.

436
00:24:56,420 --> 00:24:58,640
>> Nini ilikuwa tag kuitwa kwa hilo?

437
00:24:58,640 --> 00:25:01,650
[Mwanafunzi, unintelligible] >> Yeah. Hivyo href kwa ajili ya kumbukumbu mfumuko.

438
00:25:01,650 --> 00:25:04,660
Hebu kwenda mbele na kuweka kwamba in

439
00:25:04,660 --> 00:25:07,290
Ni URL pretty muda mrefu, hivyo basi mimi zoom nyuma nje.

440
00:25:07,290 --> 00:25:09,950
Mabano Close, hivyo sasa taarifa mimi nina njia juu hapa

441
00:25:09,950 --> 00:25:11,960
sababu URL kwamba kilichotokea kuwa pretty muda mrefu.

442
00:25:11,960 --> 00:25:15,180
Hebu kitabu zaidi ya hapa na mwisho wa haraka kahawia mbweha,

443
00:25:15,180 --> 00:25:18,830
na basi mimi kuifunga tag na </,

444
00:25:18,830 --> 00:25:21,280
ambapo mimi tu imefungwa jina la tag.

445
00:25:21,280 --> 00:25:24,470
Sasa basi mimi kwenda mbele na kuokoa faili, pakia ukurasa mtandao,

446
00:25:24,470 --> 00:25:27,880
na sasa, kwa default, ambayo inaenda kuwa yameelekezwa katika bluu kwa ajili yangu,

447
00:25:27,880 --> 00:25:31,980
lakini kwa kweli, mimi sasa wanaweza bonyeza hii na voilà. Kuna picha kwamba.

448
00:25:31,980 --> 00:25:33,990
Na hakuwa na kuwa sanamu, inaweza kuwa wanaohusishwa

449
00:25:33,990 --> 00:25:36,270
kwa baadhi ya wengine tovuti random kwenye mtandao.

450
00:25:36,270 --> 00:25:39,610
Mimi naweza kufanya hili, kwa mfano, kwa CS50, hivyo moja iliyopita mfano hapa.

451
00:25:39,610 --> 00:25:42,730
'Hii ni CS50' inaweza kuleta maana ya kwenda, href =

452
00:25:42,730 --> 00:25:50,340
http://www.cs50.net, karibu quote, karibu nanga.

453
00:25:50,340 --> 00:25:53,990
Hivyo sasa kwamba URL hata mfupi, na wakati huu sisi siyo kwenda kuunganisha kwa picha.

454
00:25:53,990 --> 00:25:57,880
Sisi ni badala ya kwenda zilizounganishwa na ukurasa mwingine.

455
00:25:57,880 --> 00:25:59,840
Sasa, tuna picha hapa.

456
00:25:59,840 --> 00:26:02,970
Najisikia kama tunaweza kufanya vizuri kidogo kuliko tu ya kuunganisha kwa picha.

457
00:26:02,970 --> 00:26:05,760
Nini kama tunataka kweli uliopo katika ukurasa wetu wenyewe mtandao?

458
00:26:05,760 --> 00:26:09,290
>> Naam, nini siwezi kufanya hapa ni, badala ya kiungo kwa hii graphic,

459
00:26:09,290 --> 00:26:14,690
basi mimi badala kukata URL, na tutaweza kujikwamua hyperlink kwamba na safi hii up.

460
00:26:14,690 --> 00:26:17,190
Na tutaweza kwenda chini hapa na kujikwamua hii.

461
00:26:17,190 --> 00:26:20,910
Sisi si kweli wanahitaji haya hukumu zote sasa, hivyo basi mimi kufupisha ukurasa kidogo.

462
00:26:20,910 --> 00:26:24,530
Na kisha chini hapa napenda kwenda mbele katika aya mpya,

463
00:26:24,530 --> 00:26:30,100
kusema sitaki Nakala sasa, mimi nataka picha ambao chanzo ni kwenda kuwa kwamba URL.

464
00:26:30,100 --> 00:26:33,100
picha, kama mapumziko ya mstari, ni aidha kuna au siyo.

465
00:26:33,100 --> 00:26:35,900
Hivyo basi mimi mara moja kuziba tag.

466
00:26:35,900 --> 00:26:39,440
Hebu kwenda mbele sasa na karibu aya kwamba mimi nina ndani,

467
00:26:39,440 --> 00:26:43,010
na kama wote unaendelea vizuri na hello, ulimwengu, kama mimi Reload sasa,

468
00:26:43,010 --> 00:26:45,520
Mimi, kwa hakika, kuona haki ndani ya ukurasa wangu mwenyewe mtandao picha.

469
00:26:45,520 --> 00:26:48,570
Hivyo basi, tuna tag picha, tag nanga na kama,

470
00:26:48,570 --> 00:26:51,320
na kwa hatua nzuri, basi mimi kufanya jambo moja nyingine hiyo mara nyingi zinapuuzwa

471
00:26:51,320 --> 00:26:55,900
juu ya Nje siku hizi: Hebu kutoa baadhi ya maandishi maelezo na picha hii

472
00:26:55,900 --> 00:26:58,090
kwa watu ambao ni kwenye simu

473
00:26:58,090 --> 00:27:00,640
na kwa hiyo wanaweza kuwa na uwezo wa shusha picha hii kwa haraka sana,

474
00:27:00,640 --> 00:27:03,310
kwa watu ambao ni vipofu na wanaweza kuwa na uwezo wa kuona picha

475
00:27:03,310 --> 00:27:06,480
lakini wao wanaweza kuwa msomaji screen kwamba anaweza kuwaambia nini picha hii ni ya.

476
00:27:06,480 --> 00:27:09,100
Na kwa kufanya hivyo, kuna mwingine sifa kwa tags picha

477
00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:11,290
kuitwa alt, kwa ajili ya maandishi mbadala.

478
00:27:11,290 --> 00:27:14,650
Na nini siwezi kufanya hapa ni kusema, 'Hii ni haraka kahawia mbweha.'

479
00:27:14,650 --> 00:27:17,650
Ili hata kama binadamu hawezi kuona picha kwenye screen,

480
00:27:17,650 --> 00:27:20,560
yeye au yeye anaweza angalau kusikia, kama pamoja na baadhi ya kipande cha programu,

481
00:27:20,560 --> 00:27:23,080
nini hasa ni pale kwenye screen.

482
00:27:23,080 --> 00:27:25,040
>> Hiyo haitabadilika aesthetics ya ukurasa,

483
00:27:25,040 --> 00:27:27,640
lakini ni hakika nzuri mazoezi kwa ajili ya watumiaji.

484
00:27:27,640 --> 00:27:31,760
Haki zote, hebu kuondoka kwenye ukurasa huu mtandao katika hali yake ya sasa,

485
00:27:31,760 --> 00:27:33,890
lakini hebu angalia kama hatuwezi sasa kuanzisha

486
00:27:33,890 --> 00:27:36,210
baadhi ya mifumo bora ya kuandika kurasa hizi,

487
00:27:36,210 --> 00:27:39,980
baadhi ya masomo ambayo ni kwenda kututumikia vizuri kama kurasa zetu kupata zaidi na ngumu zaidi.

488
00:27:39,980 --> 00:27:42,220
Nini sisi siyo kwenda kufanya zaidi ya wiki chache zijazo

489
00:27:42,220 --> 00:27:46,810
ni kutembea wewe kwa njia zote za dazeni kadhaa tags HTML kwamba kuna.

490
00:27:46,810 --> 00:27:49,800
Mengi kama katika scratch nyuma katika wiki 0, basi pengine humtosha

491
00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:52,120
kutoa maelezo ya jumla ngazi ya juu katika baadhi ya dhana,

492
00:27:52,120 --> 00:27:54,530
ziara ya haraka ya baadhi ya vitalu wewe pengine walikuwa na uwezo,

493
00:27:54,530 --> 00:27:58,240
pretty raha, navigate juu yako mwenyewe, vipande puzzle mbalimbali.

494
00:27:58,240 --> 00:28:00,460
Na kwamba itakuja kutokea tena katika HTML, uwezekano mkubwa,

495
00:28:00,460 --> 00:28:04,320
ambapo kuna rasilimali ya kutosha juu ya Mtandao kwamba tutaweza kumweka katika,

496
00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:06,920
mbalimbali vitabu vya kiada, kama unapendelea kusoma vitabu vya kiada,

497
00:28:06,920 --> 00:28:10,560
kwamba kutembea wewe kwa njia zote za mambo mbalimbali unaweza kufanya na HTML,

498
00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:16,100
lakini kwa kweli, sisi tumeona hivi sasa katika HTML zaidi ya dhana ya msingi.

499
00:28:16,100 --> 00:28:19,900
Tuna dhana ya tags ikifunguliwa, vitambulisho kuwa imefungwa.

500
00:28:19,900 --> 00:28:22,100
Baadhi tags kwamba ni wawili kufunguliwa na kufungwa

501
00:28:22,100 --> 00:28:24,620
kwa maana kwamba wao ni tupu; kuwe kitu ndani yao

502
00:28:24,620 --> 00:28:27,490
kama tag picha au kuvunja line, ambayo ni tu pale.

503
00:28:27,490 --> 00:28:32,330
Sisi pia inaonekana tayari katika dhana ya sifa, kama alt au chanzo.

504
00:28:32,330 --> 00:28:36,410
Ilani ya kwamba maneno haya huwa, na mkataba, kwa kuwa mfupi na succinct.

505
00:28:36,410 --> 00:28:39,140
>> Hatuna busara juu ya mambo haya ni kuitwa,

506
00:28:39,140 --> 00:28:42,060
mtu mwingine ambaye zuliwa HTML alikuja na majina hayo.

507
00:28:42,060 --> 00:28:44,710
Hivyo wewe tu na kuanza kujua au kuangalia juu, wakati wowote unahitaji yao,

508
00:28:44,710 --> 00:28:47,160
nini majina ni kwa tags haya na sifa.

509
00:28:47,160 --> 00:28:49,510
Katika kesi ya sifa hizi, kinahusisha ujumla

510
00:28:49,510 --> 00:28:52,900
kurekebisha tabia ya baadhi tag.

511
00:28:52,900 --> 00:28:55,710
Katika kesi hiyo, sifa chanzo anamwambia tag picha

512
00:28:55,710 --> 00:28:57,940
nini chanzo cha picha lazima.

513
00:28:57,940 --> 00:29:04,460
sifa href anamwambia tag nanga nini ni lazima kweli kuwa kuunganisha kwa.

514
00:29:04,460 --> 00:29:06,800
Lakini katika suala la muundo wa mtandao ukurasa, hata kama Facebook

515
00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:09,680
na Google na kuangalia kama fujo kama kamili

516
00:29:09,680 --> 00:29:12,560
chini ya Hood katika mtazamo wa kwanza, kama kuanza kusoma kwa njia hiyo

517
00:29:12,560 --> 00:29:16,950
zaidi methodically, wote kufuata hii ya msingi, msingi.

518
00:29:16,950 --> 00:29:19,660
Lakini tunaweza kuboresha stylization wa mambo hayo.

519
00:29:19,660 --> 00:29:24,180
Hivyo basi mimi kwenda baadhi ya mifano ambayo mimi tayari mapema.

520
00:29:24,180 --> 00:29:27,280
Hebu kwenda mbele na nakala yao kutoka folder mwingine hapa

521
00:29:27,280 --> 00:29:29,380
na kuziweka katika saraka hii.

522
00:29:29,380 --> 00:29:32,210
Mapema, nini mimi ilikuwa kuandaa files chache:

523
00:29:32,210 --> 00:29:35,670
search0, search1, search2, na search3 na 4.

524
00:29:35,670 --> 00:29:38,740
Hebu kwenda mbele na kufungua kwanza wa files wale,

525
00:29:38,740 --> 00:29:42,570
na hebu angalia kama hatuwezi kuanza kujenga tafuta injini yetu wenyewe.

526
00:29:42,570 --> 00:29:46,530
Katika juu ya faili hili, kama ilivyo kawaida katika darasa, sio umati wa maoni.

527
00:29:46,530 --> 00:29:49,760
Katika HTML, ingawa, na njia ambayo wewe kuanza maoni

528
00:29:49,760 --> 00:29:55,640
ni <-! na basi uko ndani ya maoni, maoni mbalimbali ya mstari.

529
00:29:55,640 --> 00:29:59,800
Wakati uko tayari kuacha kuwa maoni, unaweza kufanya ->.

530
00:29:59,800 --> 00:30:02,380
Kwa hiyo kila kitu juu ya bluu ni maoni.

531
00:30:02,380 --> 00:30:04,620
>> Hii ni bayana yangu doctype, ambayo tena,

532
00:30:04,620 --> 00:30:07,080
unaweza tu nakala na kuweka juu ya imani, kwa sasa.

533
00:30:07,080 --> 00:30:10,410
Hii tu anamwambia browser, 'Hiyo inakuja baadhi 5 HTML.'

534
00:30:10,410 --> 00:30:13,600
Chini ya kwamba, juu ya mstari wa 14, ni ya kwanza ya tags yangu halisi,

535
00:30:13,600 --> 00:30:16,900
na hii tu anasema, kama kabla, inakuja baadhi HTML,

536
00:30:16,900 --> 00:30:19,460
hapa anakuja kichwa cha ukurasa wangu, inakuja cheo,

537
00:30:19,460 --> 00:30:23,900
na kisha, kinyume chake, hiyo ni kwa ajili ya cheo, hiyo ni kwa kichwa.

538
00:30:23,900 --> 00:30:26,460
Hapa sasa inakuja mwili wa ukurasa wangu.

539
00:30:26,460 --> 00:30:31,040
Hivyo tags wanandoa mpya sasa: h1 anasimama kwa viongozi 1.

540
00:30:31,040 --> 00:30:33,850
Kuna mapokeo katika HTML kwa miaka mingi nyuma

541
00:30:33,850 --> 00:30:37,990
ya kuwa na ukubwa tofauti wa maandishi.

542
00:30:37,990 --> 00:30:41,980
Na nyuma katika siku, kila mmoja na maana, kwa ujumla, kubwa tu na ujasiri.

543
00:30:41,980 --> 00:30:45,860
Lakini kuna pia h2, ambayo ni kubwa lakini kabisa kama kubwa na ujasiri.

544
00:30:45,860 --> 00:30:49,320
Kuna h3, ambayo ni aina ya kubwa lakini si karibu kama kubwa na ujasiri,

545
00:30:49,320 --> 00:30:52,380
na kadhalika, njia yote chini h6.

546
00:30:52,380 --> 00:30:55,550
Siku hizi, ingawa, h1 h2, na h3 ni kweli maana

547
00:30:55,550 --> 00:30:57,980
kuwa na zaidi semantic maana kwao,

548
00:30:57,980 --> 00:31:01,100
ambapo h1 ni kweli kichwa cha habari: ya kichwa cha ukurasa wa mtandao,

549
00:31:01,100 --> 00:31:04,210
viongozi wa safu au kitu kama hicho wa maandishi.

550
00:31:04,210 --> 00:31:09,030
Hivyo nimekuwa makusudi alisema h1 CS50 tafuta> h1

551
00:31:09,030 --> 00:31:12,640
kwa specifiy kwamba hii ni kweli kichwa cha habari, jina la ukurasa wangu.

552
00:31:12,640 --> 00:31:14,850
Si cheo katika hisia bar cheo,

553
00:31:14,850 --> 00:31:18,960
lakini cheo kwamba wewe kweli kuona katika mtandao ukurasa yenyewe, katika mwili.

554
00:31:18,960 --> 00:31:20,990
Sasa hii, pengine unaweza nadhani ni nini,

555
00:31:20,990 --> 00:31:23,110
ingawa tuna wachache mpya vipande ya syntax.

556
00:31:23,110 --> 00:31:25,930
Hii ni fomu. Hivyo mtandao kweli anapata kuvutia

557
00:31:25,930 --> 00:31:28,770
wakati tovuti kuchukua pembejeo kutoka kwa watumiaji.

558
00:31:28,770 --> 00:31:31,700
Katika darasa hili, katika tatizo kuweka juu ya programu ya mtandao,

559
00:31:31,700 --> 00:31:33,880
sisi siyo kwenda kufanya tovuti, per se,

560
00:31:33,880 --> 00:31:37,570
na maudhui tuli kwamba inaonyesha picha kwamba umechukua,

561
00:31:37,570 --> 00:31:40,010
au huu ni resume yangu, na mambo kuhusu mimi,

562
00:31:40,010 --> 00:31:42,450
kwa sababu yale mambo ni rahisi kuweka pamoja.

563
00:31:42,450 --> 00:31:44,400
Ni vigumu kufanya mambo mazuri kwenye mtandao,

564
00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:46,390
lakini angalau kuweka juu ya maudhui ni pretty yasiyo na maana.

565
00:31:46,390 --> 00:31:49,380
Lakini mambo kupata kweli ya kuvutia wakati mtu unaweza kutembelea tovuti yako

566
00:31:49,380 --> 00:31:52,260
na kutoa mchango na inaweza kujaza fomu,

567
00:31:52,260 --> 00:31:55,800
unaweza kuangalia mbali checkboxes na unaweza kuingiliana na tovuti yako.

568
00:31:55,800 --> 00:31:57,780
Na kwa kweli, pengine kila tovuti unaowajali

569
00:31:57,780 --> 00:32:00,710
siku hizi, katika maelezo yoyote, ni kwa namna fulani ya maingiliano.

570
00:32:00,710 --> 00:32:03,110
Facebook, Google, na kama, kwamba kuchukua user pembejeo

571
00:32:03,110 --> 00:32:05,100
na kuzalisha pato umeboreshwa.

572
00:32:05,100 --> 00:32:07,780
>> Basi hebu kuanza kufanya hivyo sasa. Mpito Hebu sasa

573
00:32:07,780 --> 00:32:11,150
kutoka tu kutumia HTML kwa ghafi ya bidhaa tuli

574
00:32:11,150 --> 00:32:14,790
kama badala utaratibu wa utoaji wa bidhaa nguvu.

575
00:32:14,790 --> 00:32:17,350
Na upande wa mwisho kwamba, hebu tafuta kutekeleza yetu wenyewe injini.

576
00:32:17,350 --> 00:32:20,820
Hebu kufanya hivyo kama ifuatavyo. Hapa ni tag fomu.

577
00:32:20,820 --> 00:32:24,090
sifa action bayana kwamba wakati mtumiaji fyller nje fomu hii

578
00:32:24,090 --> 00:32:28,400
na keyboard zao, itakuwa in hii URL hapa.

579
00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:31,230
Hivyo mimi nina aina ya cheating. Ni kwenda kuchukua yetu kwa muda mrefu kidogo

580
00:32:31,230 --> 00:32:33,780
kuliko darasa moja kutekeleza yote search engine,

581
00:32:33,780 --> 00:32:35,880
hivyo tutaweza tu kufanya mwisho mbele, hivyo kusema.

582
00:32:35,880 --> 00:32:38,650
Tutaweza kufanya sehemu ambayo inakuwezesha tafuta mtumiaji, na tutaweza aina ya punt kwa Google

583
00:32:38,650 --> 00:32:40,950
sehemu ngumu ya kutafuta matokeo ya utafutaji,

584
00:32:40,950 --> 00:32:43,520
lakini, hasa, mimi nina kwenda kuzungumza na web server ya Google

585
00:32:43,520 --> 00:32:46,710
kutumia moja ya njia mbili maarufu sana.

586
00:32:46,710 --> 00:32:50,000
Moja ya kupata mwingine, kwamba tutaweza hatimaye kuona, kuwa post,

587
00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:52,660
ingawa kuna wengine ambao ni chini mara nyingi kutumika.

588
00:32:52,660 --> 00:32:56,440
Hivyo kupata tu conjures up wazo la, nataka kupata baadhi maudhui, kupata baadhi ya matokeo ya utafutaji.

589
00:32:56,440 --> 00:32:58,440
Hii, unaweza labda nadhani nini hii gani.

590
00:32:58,440 --> 00:33:01,900
Hii ni baadhi ya aina ya pembejeo, ni, kwa kweli, kwenda kuangalia kama uwanja wa maandishi,

591
00:33:01,900 --> 00:33:05,200
na jina la pembejeo, jina la kutofautiana kwamba, ili kuzungumza,

592
00:33:05,200 --> 00:33:08,610
inaenda Q kwa ajili ya swala na mkataba.

593
00:33:08,610 --> 00:33:11,700
Na tena, aina ya pembejeo hii si kwenda kuwa checkbox;

594
00:33:11,700 --> 00:33:13,890
si kwenda kuwa menu; itakavyo kuwa shamba Nakala

595
00:33:13,890 --> 00:33:18,060
kama ulionyehsa kwa sifa hii hapa, na hii Nakala sanduku,

596
00:33:18,060 --> 00:33:20,680
kama kuvunja line, ni aidha kuna au la.

597
00:33:20,680 --> 00:33:24,480
Hivyo tuna kipengele tupu na slash ndani tag kwamba.

598
00:33:24,480 --> 00:33:28,050
Kisha Mimi naenda kuweka kuvunja line, na unaweza, labda, nadhani nini hii ni kwenda kufanya.

599
00:33:28,050 --> 00:33:30,210
Hii ni nyingine aina ya pembejeo fomu.

600
00:33:30,210 --> 00:33:32,350
>> Hii moja kwenda kutumika kwa ajili ya kuwasilisha fomu.

601
00:33:32,350 --> 00:33:36,140
Hivyo hii ni kwenda kuwa kifungo kubwa kwamba mtumiaji unaweza bonyeza kuwasilisha fomu,

602
00:33:36,140 --> 00:33:40,800
na studio ya kifungo kwamba ni kwenda kuwa 'CS50 Search.'

603
00:33:40,800 --> 00:33:44,170
Close fomu, karibu mwili, karibu HTML.

604
00:33:44,170 --> 00:33:46,280
Hebu kuona nini sisi katika fomu ya ukurasa huu mtandao.

605
00:33:46,280 --> 00:33:48,260
Hivyo basi mimi kwenda browser yangu,

606
00:33:48,260 --> 00:33:50,360
let me go, bado, kwa mwenyeji wa ndani.

607
00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:54,650
Hii bado ni index.html, hivyo kama nataka kuona faili hii inaitwa search0,

608
00:33:54,650 --> 00:33:59,710
Naweza tu kufanya / search0.html, kuingia -

609
00:33:59,710 --> 00:34:01,880
na ya kwanza ya makosa yangu.

610
00:34:01,880 --> 00:34:04,400
Nini kinaendelea? Mimi wazi hawana ruhusa

611
00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:06,430
kupata faili hii, kwa sababu fulani.

612
00:34:06,430 --> 00:34:10,170
Lakini hiyo ni kwa sababu, tofauti na kazi tumefanya hivi sasa katika C,

613
00:34:10,170 --> 00:34:14,340
ambapo mipango ya kuandika ni kudhani kuwa runable na wewe,

614
00:34:14,340 --> 00:34:17,590
executable na wewe, kwamba si kweli kwamba kesi kwenye mtandao,

615
00:34:17,590 --> 00:34:21,010
ambapo wakati mwingine unaweza kutaka kujenga files katika server,

616
00:34:21,010 --> 00:34:23,310
lakini hutaki dunia nzima kuwa na uwezo wa kuona kwao.

617
00:34:23,310 --> 00:34:25,469
Badala yake, unataka ulimwengu kuona baadhi ya faili

618
00:34:25,469 --> 00:34:27,730
lakini si wengine, kwa ajili tu ya faragha.

619
00:34:27,730 --> 00:34:30,730
Hivyo ni zaidi ya msingi opt-katika wakati wewe ni kufanya mambo ya mtandao.

620
00:34:30,730 --> 00:34:32,810
Na hivyo basi mimi kweli aina ls hapa,

621
00:34:32,810 --> 00:34:37,440
na wewe kuona files ninao, lakini wanakumbuka kwamba kama mimi kufanya ls-l kwa muda mrefu,

622
00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:41,520
Nitapata orodha tena ambayo inatoa mimi maelezo zaidi kuhusu baadhi files haya

623
00:34:41,520 --> 00:34:45,139
kwamba ni sasa, kwa kweli, kwa mara ya kwanza muhimu kwa sisi.

624
00:34:45,139 --> 00:34:47,840
Ona kwamba juu ya haki mbali ni majina ya files yangu,

625
00:34:47,840 --> 00:34:50,690
na kisha muda ambayo wao walikuwa iliyopita au kunakiliwa.

626
00:34:50,690 --> 00:34:54,370
Idadi hii hapa ni nini? Je, unakumbuka?

627
00:34:54,370 --> 00:34:56,400
kawaida katika bytes, jinsi kubwa ni faili.

628
00:34:56,400 --> 00:34:59,520
>> Hivyo mimi wanaonekana kuwa na aina fulani ya alama katika hapa kwamba kubwa kuliko files mengine yote.

629
00:34:59,520 --> 00:35:03,610
Hii ni nani mimi, hii ni nini mimi na kile kikundi mimi nina in

630
00:35:03,610 --> 00:35:07,430
Lakini basi, zaidi ya hapa na kushoto ni kidogo ya mlolongo cryptic,

631
00:35:07,430 --> 00:35:10,040
na sisi aliyesema, nadhani, kwa ufupi juu ya jambo hili katika siku za nyuma,

632
00:35:10,040 --> 00:35:12,050
lakini hii ina nini na permissions.

633
00:35:12,050 --> 00:35:14,020
Na hata kama hiyo kidogo hazy,

634
00:35:14,020 --> 00:35:17,270
RW pengine inamaanisha kusoma na kuandika.

635
00:35:17,270 --> 00:35:22,560
Hivyo ni zinageuka kuwa haya dashes kuashiria mbalimbali seti ya ruhusa kwa watu tofauti.

636
00:35:22,560 --> 00:35:24,730
Na mfano ni, kimsingi, kama ifuatavyo.

637
00:35:24,730 --> 00:35:27,650
Baada ya kuona mlolongo wa dashes hapa, wao kuangalia kama ifuatavyo.

638
00:35:27,650 --> 00:35:30,450
Kuna dash, basi kuna tatu zaidi dashes,

639
00:35:30,450 --> 00:35:33,390
basi kuna mwingine tatu, basi kuna mwingine tatu.

640
00:35:33,390 --> 00:35:36,800
Wa kwanza ni aidha dash au ad ni kwa directory.

641
00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:40,220
Ili mtu pretty rahisi. Kama ni folda, inasema d, vinginevyo ni hyphen.

642
00:35:40,220 --> 00:35:44,080
Kuna wanandoa kesi nyingine, lakini kwa sasa tutaweza tu huduma kuhusu files na telefonkataloger.

643
00:35:44,080 --> 00:35:48,090
Hizi mitatu ijayo dashes - na nimekuwa artificially kuingizwa nafasi.

644
00:35:48,090 --> 00:35:50,490
Walikuwa, ni wazi, si kuna wakati tuliona nao sasa iliyopita.

645
00:35:50,490 --> 00:35:52,900
Hizi ni mmiliki wa faili permissions,

646
00:35:52,900 --> 00:35:55,840
na kukumbuka kutoka iliyopita pili kwamba ilikuwa kusoma na kuandika.

647
00:35:55,840 --> 00:35:58,560
Hiyo ilikuwa sababu mimi, kama mtu ambaye aliumba faili hii wakati uliopita,

648
00:35:58,560 --> 00:36:01,250
Mimi, tu kwa default, kwenye kompyuta Linux,

649
00:36:01,250 --> 00:36:03,910
wana uwezo wa kuendelea kusoma na kuandika kuwa faili.

650
00:36:03,910 --> 00:36:07,170
>> Hivyo mfumo wa uendeshaji tu anitiaye RW moja kwa moja.

651
00:36:07,170 --> 00:36:10,840
ndio katikati yanahusiana na kundi yangu, kwamba wa wanafunzi,

652
00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:14,590
ambayo ni aina ya maana juu ya appliance kwa sababu mimi nina mtu tu kutumia appliance.

653
00:36:14,590 --> 00:36:16,620
Hivyo basi mimi tu kukitikisa mikono yangu saa kwamba kwa sasa.

654
00:36:16,620 --> 00:36:19,190
Lakini kwa wale wa mwisho ni muhimu zaidi kwa ajili ya mtandao.

655
00:36:19,190 --> 00:36:21,580
Hii ni kila mtu mwingine katika dunia, na ukweli

656
00:36:21,580 --> 00:36:24,600
kwamba maana yake ni kwamba ni --- kwamba hakuna mtu mwingine katika dunia

657
00:36:24,600 --> 00:36:26,680
ana ruhusa yoyote na faili hii.

658
00:36:26,680 --> 00:36:29,180
Wazi tatizo, hivyo mimi haja ya kurekebisha hii

659
00:36:29,180 --> 00:36:33,830
kwa namna fulani kutoa dunia nini? Soma & kuandika?

660
00:36:33,830 --> 00:36:35,850
Kwamba pengine bubu, haki? Mimi sitaki mtu yeyote juu ya Mtandao

661
00:36:35,850 --> 00:36:38,530
kwenda kutembelea ukurasa wangu na kwa namna fulani kubadilisha faili,

662
00:36:38,530 --> 00:36:40,800
hata kama kweli hakuweza na faili HTML,

663
00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:44,110
lakini tu katika kanuni, pengine tu unataka yao kuwa na uwezo wa kusoma.

664
00:36:44,110 --> 00:36:47,910
Ina maana gani kwa kusoma? Haina maana wao wanaenda huduma kuhusu HTML halisi,

665
00:36:47,910 --> 00:36:51,820
lakini browser inahitaji kuweza kuchanganua kwamba lugha ghafi,

666
00:36:51,820 --> 00:36:53,720
juu hadi chini, kushoto na kulia.

667
00:36:53,720 --> 00:36:57,990
Hivyo mtu kwenye Mtandao inahitaji kuwa na uwezo wa kusoma, hivyo mimi minimally haja ya kuwapa r.

668
00:36:57,990 --> 00:37:00,240
Mimi siwezi kufanya hili katika njia kadhaa tofauti, lakini labda

669
00:37:00,240 --> 00:37:03,080
rahisi ni kukimbia amri hii hapa.

670
00:37:03,080 --> 00:37:10,860
Chmod, mabadiliko mode, kisha r + hivyo wote kila mmoja, katika ulimwengu + kusoma,

671
00:37:10,860 --> 00:37:13,830
na kisha jina la faili, search0.html.

672
00:37:13,830 --> 00:37:18,310
>> Sasa kama mimi kufanya ls-l tena ona kwamba faili kwamba imebadilika,

673
00:37:18,310 --> 00:37:21,440
na kwa kweli, nimekuwa akageuka juu r kwa kila mtu.

674
00:37:21,440 --> 00:37:23,350
Nimekuwa pia akageuka juu kwa ajili ya kundi langu, lakini hiyo ni nzuri,

675
00:37:23,350 --> 00:37:27,150
kwa sababu kama mimi akageuka katika tarehe kwa kila mtu, kundi yangu ni subset ya kwamba.

676
00:37:27,150 --> 00:37:31,480
Basi hiyo ni faini pia. Hii ina maana tu ya kompyuta sasa kuifanya someka.

677
00:37:31,480 --> 00:37:34,430
Sasa basi mimi kwenda nyuma ya browser yangu, bonyeza Reload.

678
00:37:34,430 --> 00:37:36,330
Ah-ha. Sisi sasa kuwa CS50 Search.

679
00:37:36,330 --> 00:37:39,830
Nimekuwa zoomed katika kidogo artificially - injini pretty hideous tafuta.

680
00:37:39,830 --> 00:37:41,930
Lakini hebu angalia kama ni kweli kazi.

681
00:37:41,930 --> 00:37:45,880
Kwanza, napenda kufanya haraka sanity hundi, basi mimi kudhibiti bonyeza na kuona ukurasa chanzo.

682
00:37:45,880 --> 00:37:50,780
Ona kwamba ndani ya Chrome tuko sasa kuona HTML sawa kwamba mimi mwenyewe kuundwa.

683
00:37:50,780 --> 00:37:55,420
Je, si kupata kuchanganyikiwa hapa, ingawa. Siwezi kuanza kubadilisha code hapa,

684
00:37:55,420 --> 00:37:59,420
kwa sababu kisakuzi ina mtazamo kusoma tu ya kanuni hii.

685
00:37:59,420 --> 00:38:06,060
Kivinjari tu aliuliza jeshi mitaa kwa faili inayoitwa search0.html.

686
00:38:06,060 --> 00:38:09,490
Ni bahati mbaya kuwa sasa safi appliance

687
00:38:09,490 --> 00:38:13,480
hutokea kwa kuwa kwenye kompyuta moja kama kivinjari changu.

688
00:38:13,480 --> 00:38:20,470
Mimi nilikuwa tu, equivalently, kuwa typed katika www.facebook.com/search0.html,

689
00:38:20,470 --> 00:38:23,830
na kama Facebook ilikuwa faili inayoitwa kwamba, mimi basi ingekuwa kuona HTML yao.

690
00:38:23,830 --> 00:38:27,360
Na, bila shaka, siwezi kubadilisha faili kwamba anakuja nyuma kutoka Facebook, aidha.

691
00:38:27,360 --> 00:38:29,360
Hivyo sasa sisi ni aina ya blurring mistari.

692
00:38:29,360 --> 00:38:32,130
appliance ni server wote, kuwahudumia juu ya kurasa za mtandao,

693
00:38:32,130 --> 00:38:34,870
lakini pia ni mteja katika maana ya kwamba mimi nina kutumia browser

694
00:38:34,870 --> 00:38:37,630
kwa kweli kuzungumza na server kwamba.

695
00:38:37,630 --> 00:38:39,610
Basi hebu angalia kama yangu ya Google search engine kazi.

696
00:38:39,610 --> 00:38:44,930
Hebu kwenda mbele na kutafuta kwa haraka kahawia mbweha, kuingia.

697
00:38:44,930 --> 00:38:47,540
Na voilà, sasa nina tafuta yangu mwenyewe injini.

698
00:38:47,540 --> 00:38:51,460
>> Lakini jinsi gani kazi hii?

699
00:38:51,460 --> 00:38:55,380
Kidogo ya kunyoosha, lakini - na sasa huwezi kuona, just, sehemu hiyo ni ya riba.

700
00:38:55,380 --> 00:38:57,370
Angalia nini kinatokea.

701
00:38:57,370 --> 00:39:00,430
Angalia URL. Ni zinageuka kuwa kwamba mbinu,

702
00:39:00,430 --> 00:39:02,780
inaitwa kupata, ni super-rahisi.

703
00:39:02,780 --> 00:39:10,270
Wakati wewe taja katika fomu ya kwamba unataka 'kupata' matokeo kutoka server baadhi,

704
00:39:10,270 --> 00:39:13,200
nini ni kwenda kufanya ni kuchukua chochote uliyoandika katika fomu

705
00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:15,290
na kuiweka katika URL.

706
00:39:15,290 --> 00:39:18,580
Ni kwenda standardize jinsi anapata kuweka katika URL kama ifuatavyo.

707
00:39:18,580 --> 00:39:22,290
Ona kwamba hii ni URL kwamba alikuwa thamani ya hatua ya sifa zangu.

708
00:39:22,290 --> 00:39:24,730
Hiyo ambapo nilitaka fomu kuishia.

709
00:39:24,730 --> 00:39:26,950
Lakini basi taarifa hii swali alama.

710
00:39:26,950 --> 00:39:30,230
Hii ni mkataba juu ya Mtandao kwayo kutoa user pembejeo

711
00:39:30,230 --> 00:39:35,320
na tovuti, wewe append kwa URL swali alama,

712
00:39:35,320 --> 00:39:38,330
na kisha una rundo zima la jozi ufunguo-thamani.

713
00:39:38,330 --> 00:39:42,380
jina la muhimu, inayojulikana kama parameter katika mtandao,

714
00:39:42,380 --> 00:39:46,380
basi una ishara sawa, basi una thamani ya parameter kwamba.

715
00:39:46,380 --> 00:39:49,810
Hivyo ni kimsingi jina kutofautiana na thamani variable,

716
00:39:49,810 --> 00:39:54,250
lakini wale variable ya majina na maadili alikuja kutoka HTML fomu.

717
00:39:54,250 --> 00:39:56,250
Kwa nini ni pluses huko, unafikiri?

718
00:39:56,250 --> 00:39:59,340
Kwa sababu sikuwa aina + katika kati ya maneno yangu.

719
00:39:59,340 --> 00:40:01,430
[Mwanafunzi, unintelligible]

720
00:40:01,430 --> 00:40:05,080
>> Yeah, ni tu kwa nafasi. Tabia mbaya ni, wakati wowote wewe ve kuona URL,

721
00:40:05,080 --> 00:40:07,320
kuna kamwe yoyote nafasi ndani yake, kama tu kwa sababu

722
00:40:07,320 --> 00:40:09,440
kama kuna walikuwa, unaweza si kweli nakala na kuweka

723
00:40:09,440 --> 00:40:12,700
ndani ya IM au katika barua pepe kwa sababu ingekuwa kuvunja.

724
00:40:12,700 --> 00:40:15,420
Unataka jambo zima kuwa moja contiguous kamba ya wahusika.

725
00:40:15,450 --> 00:40:18,450
>> Hivyo browser ni smart kutosha kutambua, uh uh-.

726
00:40:18,450 --> 00:40:22,610
Je, si tu ya kuweka nafasi huko. Hebu encode nafasi katika baadhi ya njia standard.

727
00:40:22,610 --> 00:40:25,170
Moja ya mikataba kwa kufanya hivyo ni kuwa na kivinjari

728
00:40:25,170 --> 00:40:29,350
moja kwa moja kuweka + ambapo vinginevyo una nafasi.

729
00:40:29,350 --> 00:40:32,140
Hivyo sasa, ilani Google imekuwa aina ya user-kirafiki.

730
00:40:32,140 --> 00:40:34,380
Mimi hakika hakuwa kuanza ukurasa huu mtandao,

731
00:40:34,380 --> 00:40:37,200
lakini wao prepopulated Nakala zao wenyewe shamba

732
00:40:37,200 --> 00:40:39,490
kwa nini, just, mimi typed in

733
00:40:39,490 --> 00:40:43,090
Tuseme mimi unataka kutafuta kitu kingine, kama mbwa wavivu.

734
00:40:43,090 --> 00:40:45,340
Naweza aina tu hii hapa, re-search.

735
00:40:45,340 --> 00:40:47,730
Taarifa kwamba URL mabadiliko hapa juu,

736
00:40:47,730 --> 00:40:51,390
lakini taarifa kwamba mimi kweli unaweza kutafuta chochote mimi nataka

737
00:40:51,390 --> 00:40:53,610
tu kwa kuelewa URL jinsi kazi.

738
00:40:53,610 --> 00:40:56,840
Mimi naweza kufanya paka wavivu, kuingia,

739
00:40:56,840 --> 00:41:01,370
na taarifa ya sasa nina kupata sana wavivu - lazima sisi? Najisikia kama inavyopaswa.

740
00:41:01,370 --> 00:41:09,900
Mimi kupata cat sana wavivu.

741
00:41:09,900 --> 00:41:11,930
Wote haki. Hii ni moja ya mambo stupidest tumefanya.

742
00:41:11,930 --> 00:41:17,160
Lakini hiyo ni paka wavivu.

743
00:41:17,160 --> 00:41:19,730
Anyhow, nini takeaway muhimu hapa?

744
00:41:19,730 --> 00:41:22,830
Sasa sisi ni aina ya kucheza katika ulimwengu wa HTTP.

745
00:41:22,830 --> 00:41:26,050
HTML ni tu lugha hii ghafi, wazi tag, karibu tag,

746
00:41:26,050 --> 00:41:29,490
kwamba anasema browser jinsi ya kutoa maudhui kwenye ukurasa wa mtandao.

747
00:41:29,490 --> 00:41:32,850
Lakini wakati wa kuanza kupeleka data katika mtandao

748
00:41:32,850 --> 00:41:36,290
kati ya kivinjari na server, hiyo ambapo hii itifaki

749
00:41:36,290 --> 00:41:39,370
inayojulikana kama HyperText Transfer itifaki inachukua zaidi.

750
00:41:39,370 --> 00:41:42,630
Hii ni aina ya mkataba wa binadamu, wakati Sam na mimi shook mikono juu ya Jumatatu,

751
00:41:42,630 --> 00:41:48,300
kuanzia uhusiano na kisha kufunga uhusiano, sawa wazo hapa.

752
00:41:48,300 --> 00:41:53,100
Jinsi ya Google matokeo kurudi kwangu?

753
00:41:53,100 --> 00:41:55,290
Jinsi ya kuwasilisha fomu yangu ya kwenda Google?

754
00:41:55,290 --> 00:41:58,160
Naam, wanakumbuka kutoka siku nyingine ambayo nini kweli kinachoendelea

755
00:41:58,160 --> 00:42:02,150
chini ya Hood wakati wewe kuomba ukurasa wa mtandao ni,

756
00:42:02,150 --> 00:42:04,860
browser yako ni kutuma ujumbe fulani-cryptic kama

757
00:42:04,860 --> 00:42:09,510
GET / HTTP/1.1 kwa ukurasa wa nyumbani default.

758
00:42:09,510 --> 00:42:13,000
>> Au, katika kesi hii, kwa sababu mimi hasa aliomba mapema

759
00:42:13,000 --> 00:42:17,340
search0.html, hii basi itakuwa ujumbe fulani-cryptic

760
00:42:17,340 --> 00:42:20,040
kwamba browser yangu mteremshia appliance.

761
00:42:20,040 --> 00:42:23,090
Au, katika kesi hii ya Google, nini kweli alimtuma

762
00:42:23,090 --> 00:42:33,740
ni ombi / search, na kisha? q = wavivu cat, kwa pamoja huko.

763
00:42:33,740 --> 00:42:36,790
Hivyo ujumbe huu, kwamba mimi, binadamu, ni kamwe kuandika,

764
00:42:36,790 --> 00:42:40,620
lakini ni kuwa kutumwa na browser yangu, hii ni jinsi HTTP kinachotokea.

765
00:42:40,620 --> 00:42:43,240
Hii ni sawa ya mikono yetu baada ya kutikiswa.

766
00:42:43,240 --> 00:42:46,320
Hii ni ombi, na seva kuhusu kutuma majibu.

767
00:42:46,320 --> 00:42:48,560
Basi hebu tuangalie hii chini ya Hood.

768
00:42:48,560 --> 00:42:55,320
Kama kabla, tunaweza kufungua uwanja huu maalum katika browser.

769
00:42:55,320 --> 00:42:58,720
View ukurasa, kukagua vipengele.

770
00:42:58,720 --> 00:43:01,550
Hivyo chini ya kukagua kipengele, taarifa kwamba nini kilichotokea katika Chrome,

771
00:43:01,550 --> 00:43:04,160
na IE na Firefox na taratibu sawa,

772
00:43:04,160 --> 00:43:07,370
tuna zana hizo developer kupatikana kwetu.

773
00:43:07,370 --> 00:43:09,630
Watu wa kawaida wala kutumia tabo haya.

774
00:43:09,630 --> 00:43:11,940
Lakini sisi, sasa, ni nia ya nini kinaendelea

775
00:43:11,940 --> 00:43:13,890
chini ya Hood katika ngazi ya mtandao.

776
00:43:13,890 --> 00:43:16,130
Hivyo kama mimi kuvuta up ngazi mtandao hapa,

777
00:43:16,130 --> 00:43:18,510
napenda kwenda mbele na kupanua hii dirisha,

778
00:43:18,510 --> 00:43:21,840
kufungua hii ya kuingia hapa, na kuangalia headers.

779
00:43:21,840 --> 00:43:26,010
Hivyo kile kinachotokea wakati mimi kuomba faili kutoka server mtandao

780
00:43:26,010 --> 00:43:29,410
ni browser yangu zituma rundo zima ya mambo.

781
00:43:29,410 --> 00:43:32,390
Na napenda kuona chanzo. Hivyo chini ya ombi headers,

782
00:43:32,390 --> 00:43:35,250
na hii ni tu Chrome kunionyeshea baadhi pato uchunguzi,

783
00:43:35,250 --> 00:43:37,340
aina ya kama debugger ya aina fulani,

784
00:43:37,340 --> 00:43:40,500
taarifa kwamba kile nimepata yalionyesha hapa ni just nini

785
00:43:40,500 --> 00:43:47,060
Chrome ni kutuma kwa seva ili kuomba faili inayoitwa search0.html.

786
00:43:47,060 --> 00:43:50,160
Ni ni kuwaambia server nini anadhani jina lake ni,

787
00:43:50,160 --> 00:43:52,210
shukrani kwa uwanja huu koloni jeshi, basi kuna baadhi

788
00:43:52,210 --> 00:43:56,950
pretty esoteric stuff katika hapa, kama kitu cha kufanya na tarehe na nyakati,

789
00:43:56,950 --> 00:43:59,720
kitu cha kufanya na lugha kwamba browser anaelewa,

790
00:43:59,720 --> 00:44:02,850
lakini mistari kweli muhimu ni hizi mbili kwanza hapa.

791
00:44:02,850 --> 00:44:05,490
>> Je server kujibu kwa? Naam, kama sisi kitabu chini hapa

792
00:44:05,490 --> 00:44:08,510
na mtazamo chanzo cha jambo hili, taarifa kwamba seva

793
00:44:08,510 --> 00:44:13,700
ina alijibu na ujumbe fulani cryptic pia, si 304 iliyopita.

794
00:44:13,700 --> 00:44:16,030
Hiyo kidogo ajabu; napenda kwa kweli kujaribu kurekebisha hii.

795
00:44:16,030 --> 00:44:18,670
Hebu kushikilia chini kuhama na bonyeza Reload hapa

796
00:44:18,670 --> 00:44:22,460
kwa nguvu ya browser ya kweli kufanya ombi hili kwa mara ya kwanza.

797
00:44:22,460 --> 00:44:25,700
Basi mimi zoom katika, na tutaweza kuona sasa kwamba seva majibu,

798
00:44:25,700 --> 00:44:28,950
kwa sababu mimi uliofanyika kuhama, ni 200 OK.

799
00:44:28,950 --> 00:44:31,170
Hivyo ve pengine kamwe kuona idadi 200

800
00:44:31,170 --> 00:44:33,300
katika muktadha wa Mtandao, lakini ni namba

801
00:44:33,300 --> 00:44:36,760
wewe wakati mwingine kuonekana bila kutarajia kutoka server?

802
00:44:36,760 --> 00:44:42,010
404, saizi ya hakuonekana; 403, haramu; 500, seva.

803
00:44:42,010 --> 00:44:44,890
Hivyo kuna hizi codes numeric kwamba dunia anatumia katika Mtandao

804
00:44:44,890 --> 00:44:47,870
kwa ishara ya makosa, kama tu kazi C

805
00:44:47,870 --> 00:44:51,030
anaweza kurudi makosa na kuu anaweza kurudi codes exit.

806
00:44:51,030 --> 00:44:54,160
200, ingawa, wewe mara chache kuona sababu ina maana yote ni sawa.

807
00:44:54,160 --> 00:44:59,000
Na 304 pengine kamwe kuona kwa sababu kile ni akionyesha?

808
00:44:59,000 --> 00:45:03,330
Hiyo kitu ina - hebu angalia kama tunaweza kuiga hili tena -

809
00:45:03,330 --> 00:45:07,170
Oh, sasa ni kutoshirikiana. 304 alisema si iliyopita,

810
00:45:07,170 --> 00:45:09,170
hivyo kwa nini alikuwa server hata kukabiliana?

811
00:45:09,170 --> 00:45:12,550
Naam, kwa ufanisi, server mtandao moja kwa moja kwa ajili yenu,

812
00:45:12,550 --> 00:45:16,570
kama faili hajabadilika, itakuwa si retransmit nzima HTML faili.

813
00:45:16,570 --> 00:45:19,150
Hivyo itabidi tu kuwaambia browser ina si iliyopita.

814
00:45:19,150 --> 00:45:21,220
Tu ya matumizi ya nakala tayari.

815
00:45:21,220 --> 00:45:22,650
Hivyo kuna wazo hili la Caching kwenye Mtandao

816
00:45:22,650 --> 00:45:25,840
kwa ajili ya utendaji, ili wewe wala kupoteza muda na Bandwidth taka

817
00:45:25,840 --> 00:45:29,160
kushusha files tena na tena unnecessarily.

818
00:45:29,160 --> 00:45:31,460
>> Lakini ukurasa huu mtandao, sasa, alikuwa super-rahisi,

819
00:45:31,460 --> 00:45:34,980
na tu alinionyeshea HTML kwamba alikuja nyuma.

820
00:45:34,980 --> 00:45:40,940
Hebu kweli matumizi ya tab mtandao sasa kufanya tafuta Google kama haraka kahawia mbweha.

821
00:45:40,940 --> 00:45:43,010
Hebu basi bonyeza CS50 tafuta,

822
00:45:43,010 --> 00:45:46,950
na sasa, taarifa katika sehemu ya chini hapa rundo zima la stuff akarudi

823
00:45:46,950 --> 00:45:49,900
sababu wakati mimi kutembelea tovuti halisi kama Google.com,

824
00:45:49,900 --> 00:45:53,520
wana picha, wana asilia, wana lugha inayoitwa JavaScript huko.

825
00:45:53,520 --> 00:45:55,940
Hivyo kila mstari katika meza hii hapa chini

826
00:45:55,940 --> 00:46:01,490
inawakilisha kitu ambacho Google mate nje katika kukabiliana na ombi langu moja.

827
00:46:01,490 --> 00:46:04,160
moja najali, ingawa, ni hii moja kwanza.

828
00:46:04,160 --> 00:46:08,420
Na nikienda na tafuta, ombi, bonyeza hapa kuangalia chanzo,

829
00:46:08,420 --> 00:46:11,300
taarifa kwamba, kwa kweli, ujumbe cryptic kwamba browser yangu alimtuma

830
00:46:11,300 --> 00:46:15,010
kwa Google alikuwa hizi mistari mbili hapa,

831
00:46:15,010 --> 00:46:18,420
ikifuatiwa na baadhi ya habari arcane chini hapa ambayo tutaweza kupuuza kwa sasa.

832
00:46:18,420 --> 00:46:20,890
Lakini taarifa, pia, nini Chrome ni pretty Handy na,

833
00:46:20,890 --> 00:46:24,540
ni pia kunionyeshea kamba swala ambalo alitumwa in

834
00:46:24,540 --> 00:46:27,410
Hivyo badala ya kuonyesha yangu hii, ambayo ilikuwa literally alimtuma,

835
00:46:27,410 --> 00:46:30,800
kama mimi kuona ni Decoded, Chrome, tu kwa madhumuni ya debugging,

836
00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:34,270
kwa watengenezaji kama sisi, ni tu kunionyeshea version binadamu-kirafiki ya -

837
00:46:34,270 --> 00:46:36,390
kwamba si jinsi Spell mbweha, inaonekana.

838
00:46:36,390 --> 00:46:40,520
Mimi tu noticing hii sasa - lakini ni kuonyesha wewe nini mimi, inaonekana, typed.

839
00:46:40,520 --> 00:46:45,340
Wakati huo huo, jibu kwamba akarudi kutoka server ni tena 200 OK.

840
00:46:45,340 --> 00:46:47,930
Lakini pamoja na katika jibu kwamba, bila shaka,

841
00:46:47,930 --> 00:46:51,920
kama sisi kweli kuona HTML ukurasa wa -

842
00:46:51,920 --> 00:46:55,440
sorry, hii ni kidogo keyboard mkato gone awry leo.

843
00:46:55,440 --> 00:46:59,020
>> Mimi itabidi kukabiliana na hii baadaye. Hivyo kama sisi kweli kuona chanzo ukurasa wa,

844
00:46:59,020 --> 00:47:02,990
ambayo naweza kufanya chini hapa kwa kubonyeza majibu,

845
00:47:02,990 --> 00:47:10,080
hii ni nini alikuwa kweli mate nyuma, kwa kuongeza katika ujumbe kwamba cryptic 200 OK kutoka kwa seva.

846
00:47:10,080 --> 00:47:12,520
cryptic kidogo, lakini ambapo ni haya yote kuja kutoka?

847
00:47:12,520 --> 00:47:15,570
Naam, hebu kufanya moja nyingine kitu hapa. Mwingine amri fulani-cryptic,

848
00:47:15,570 --> 00:47:20,530
lakini aina hii moja ya nadhifu kwa kuwa inaonyesha kwetu hasa ni nini kinaendelea chini ya Hood.

849
00:47:20,530 --> 00:47:22,530
Hivyo mimi nina nyuma Mac yangu hapa, nina kushikamana

850
00:47:22,530 --> 00:47:25,980
kupitia programu inayoitwa SSH, Secure Shell, kwa seva nyingine

851
00:47:25,980 --> 00:47:28,940
kwa sababu wengi wa kompyuta ya Harvard ya kuzuia amri sisi ni juu ya kukimbia

852
00:47:28,940 --> 00:47:31,640
sababu kuna amri hii kwenye seva baadhi kuitwa traceroute

853
00:47:31,640 --> 00:47:34,810
kwamba utapata kwa kuwaeleza njia kati ya pointi na b,

854
00:47:34,810 --> 00:47:37,020
na hivi sasa tumekuwa kuchukua kabisa kwa nafasi

855
00:47:37,020 --> 00:47:40,170
kwamba naweza aina katika Google.com na kwa namna fulani kupata data nyuma

856
00:47:40,170 --> 00:47:43,530
kutoka halfway nchi nzima au nusu duniani kote.

857
00:47:43,530 --> 00:47:45,810
Kwa traceroute tunaweza kweli kupiga mbizi katika undani kidogo

858
00:47:45,810 --> 00:47:49,370
kama jinsi Internet kazi, na kuona nini kinaendelea chini ya Hood.

859
00:47:49,370 --> 00:47:54,440
Basi hebu kwenda mbele na kiholela kuwaeleza njia ya, wanasema, Stanford.edu,

860
00:47:54,440 --> 00:47:57,150
ambayo ni nchi nzima, na hit kuingia.

861
00:47:57,150 --> 00:47:59,380
Amri hii inaweza kuwa super-haraka au super-polepole,

862
00:47:59,380 --> 00:48:02,010
lakini kile sisi ni kuona sasa, mstari kwa mstari,

863
00:48:02,010 --> 00:48:08,060
ni kila moja ya hatua au humle kati yetu na Palo Alto, au Stanford,

864
00:48:08,060 --> 00:48:11,010
ambapo wana mtandao wao server.

865
00:48:11,010 --> 00:48:16,600
Hiyo ni nini kila moja ya mistari haya kuwakilisha zaidi concretely, ingawa?

866
00:48:16,600 --> 00:48:19,100
kipande cha jargon kutoka mtandao? [Mwanafunzi, unintelligible]

867
00:48:19,100 --> 00:48:21,570
>> Gani hiyo? [Mwanafunzi, unintelligible]

868
00:48:21,570 --> 00:48:25,390
>> Oh, hivyo kuna nyakati, lakini ni nini kila mstari - nini maana na hop?

869
00:48:25,390 --> 00:48:29,140
>> Naam, kuna mambo haya kwenye mtandao iitwayo ruta.

870
00:48:29,140 --> 00:48:33,020
Na ruta, kama jina linavyosema, njia ya habari kutoka kiwango A kwa uhakika b.

871
00:48:33,020 --> 00:48:36,920
Lakini kuna pointi kadhaa kupita b na.

872
00:48:36,920 --> 00:48:40,010
Kuna c na d na e na f kati ya safu ya 1,

873
00:48:40,010 --> 00:48:43,480
ambayo hufanyika kuwa kompyuta yangu anwani ya IP,

874
00:48:43,480 --> 00:48:46,890
au anuani yangu numeric, ambayo kipekee kubainisha kompyuta yangu,

875
00:48:46,890 --> 00:48:50,300
na hatua 15, ambayo ni kweli sita server mtandao,

876
00:48:50,300 --> 00:48:54,640
inaonekana, ambayo nina inferring kutoka hii, au toleo 6 ya mtandao server yao katika Stanford.

877
00:48:54,640 --> 00:48:56,680
Lakini nini aina ya nadhifu ni, tunaweza kuona njia

878
00:48:56,680 --> 00:49:00,480
kwamba 0 yangu na 1 ya ni kuchukua kutoka kompyuta yangu kwa Stanford.

879
00:49:00,480 --> 00:49:02,500
Hivyo hatua ya 1 ni anuani ya kompyuta yangu mwenyewe ya.

880
00:49:02,500 --> 00:49:05,760
Kila kompyuta kwenye internet ana kitambulisho kipekee kwamba inaonekana kama hii.

881
00:49:05,760 --> 00:49:08,150
Number.number.number.number.

882
00:49:08,150 --> 00:49:10,370
Mahali fulani juu ya chuo hiki, pengine katika kituo cha sayansi,

883
00:49:10,370 --> 00:49:16,780
ni router kuitwa Core Gateway 2-te83, chochote kwamba njia,

884
00:49:16,780 --> 00:49:20,590
hivyo hii ni moja ya ruta Harvard kubwa la dhana kwamba njia mengi ya trafiki yao.

885
00:49:20,590 --> 00:49:24,640
Hapa ni mwingine wa ruta Harvard, mmoja hii ni Border Gateway,

886
00:49:24,640 --> 00:49:28,310
mpaka maana ni pengine juu ya pembezoni ya chuo mahali fulani.

887
00:49:28,480 --> 00:49:32,790
Kisha kuna Nox moja, mstari 4, ambayo ni Kaskazini mwa Crossroads,

888
00:49:32,790 --> 00:49:35,070
ambayo ni ISP kubwa, Internet mtoa huduma,

889
00:49:35,070 --> 00:49:37,740
kwamba maeneo kama Harvard kuungana juu.

890
00:49:37,740 --> 00:49:40,760
Lakini kisha mambo kupata kidogo ya kuvutia katika mstari 6.

891
00:49:40,760 --> 00:49:45,960
Ambapo ni bits wangu kwa ghafla? Kansas.

892
00:49:45,960 --> 00:49:49,300
dunia ina tabia ya kutumia codes uwanja wa ndege katika mengi ya mambo haya,

893
00:49:49,300 --> 00:49:52,900
au vifupisho angalau kwa nchi au miji,

894
00:49:52,900 --> 00:49:56,490
hivyo inaonekana kama, katika 60 tu ms,

895
00:49:56,490 --> 00:49:59,420
paketi ya habari, 0 na 1 ya kutoka mbali yangu

896
00:49:59,420 --> 00:50:03,210
got njia yote ya Kansas, na tena, katika 60 ms.

897
00:50:03,210 --> 00:50:08,180
>> Aidha, baada ya Kansas, walichukua ziara kupitia Houston, pengine,

898
00:50:08,180 --> 00:50:10,140
kama unahitajika kwa jina la seva hii.

899
00:50:10,140 --> 00:50:13,310
Hivyo tu kama seva kwenye mtandao lazima uwe na anuani numeric,

900
00:50:13,310 --> 00:50:18,360
inaweza pia, kwa hiari, na anuani ya kidogo zaidi ya binadamu-kirafiki kwamba binadamu walikuja nayo.

901
00:50:18,360 --> 00:50:20,510
Sasa, katika hatua ya 8, hatujui nini hii ni.

902
00:50:20,510 --> 00:50:22,550
Wakati mwingine ruta aina tu ya kupuuza wewe,

903
00:50:22,550 --> 00:50:25,010
na si tu kujibu maswali, hivyo ndiyo faini.

904
00:50:25,010 --> 00:50:29,290
moja baada ya hatua ya 8 ni inaonekana wapi? L.A.

905
00:50:29,290 --> 00:50:35,290
Angalia katika tu 78 ms, nini inachukua sisi binadamu kama 6 + masaa ya kufanya kimwili,

906
00:50:35,290 --> 00:50:40,110
inachukua pakiti wa habari kwenye mtandao 78 ms kusafiri mbali.

907
00:50:40,110 --> 00:50:45,890
Hatua ya 10 ni katika LA pia, na hatua 11 inaonekana kuwa wamekwenda kaskazini, hadi karibu Stanford.

908
00:50:45,890 --> 00:50:48,750
Hii ni mpaka wao router, au router mpaka.

909
00:50:48,750 --> 00:50:51,240
hatua kadhaa katika Stanford kwamba ni kupuuza kwetu,

910
00:50:51,240 --> 00:50:55,610
na mwishowe, sisi kufikia server mtandao katika tu 87 ms.

911
00:50:55,610 --> 00:50:57,760
Sasa, wote wa namba hizi, kama kando,

912
00:50:57,760 --> 00:51:00,640
tu kukuambia inachukua muda gani kwa ajili ya data na kupata kutoka kwangu

913
00:51:00,640 --> 00:51:03,530
kwa kila mmoja wa ruta haya, na si ongezeko.

914
00:51:03,530 --> 00:51:06,960
Nini mpango hii haina ni, kwanza inapeleka ujumbe, kimsingi, kwa router kwanza.

915
00:51:06,960 --> 00:51:09,490
Kisha mmoja wa router pili; basi moja kwa router ya tatu,

916
00:51:09,490 --> 00:51:12,610
kupima kila wakati. Hivyo katika nadharia, katika nyakati hizo itakuwa kuongezeka

917
00:51:12,610 --> 00:51:14,860
au angalau pretty karibu na mtu mwingine,

918
00:51:14,860 --> 00:51:18,090
na kwa kweli, ndio kwamba ni haki hapa kwenye kampasi ni super-ndogo.

919
00:51:18,090 --> 00:51:20,820
Haraka kama wewe kuanza kwenda nchini kote, inachukua data

920
00:51:20,820 --> 00:51:24,830
tena kidogo kusafiri, karibu na 100 ms, kutoa au kuchukua.

921
00:51:24,830 --> 00:51:28,330
Lakini hebu kwenda upande mwingine sasa. Vipi kuhusu Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge nchini Uingereza?

922
00:51:28,330 --> 00:51:32,540
Hebu badala yake kuendesha traceroute ya www.cam kwa Cambridge,

923
00:51:32,540 --> 00:51:36,710
. Ac kwa kitaaluma,. Uingereza, Uingereza, na wimbo wa kuingia hapa.

924
00:51:36,710 --> 00:51:38,830
Hiyo ilikuwa pretty damn kufunga.

925
00:51:38,830 --> 00:51:43,300
Data zangu literally akaenda Cambridge, Uingereza, katika mgawanyiko kwamba pili ya muda.

926
00:51:43,300 --> 00:51:45,340
>> Basi hebu angalia njia kwamba ilichukua.

927
00:51:45,340 --> 00:51:47,520
Harvard, Harvard, Harvard, Kaskazini mwa Crossroads,

928
00:51:47,520 --> 00:51:52,690
ambayo ni ISP, na basi hii ni Kaskazini Crossroads, na kisha bam.

929
00:51:52,690 --> 00:51:58,320
Je, ni katika kati ya hatua 6 na 7, router 6 na 7?

930
00:51:58,320 --> 00:52:02,040
Bahari ya Atlantiki. Na sisi ni inferring hii kutokana na ukweli kwamba

931
00:52:02,040 --> 00:52:06,530
sisi kwenda kutoka 20 hadi 80 hapa ms ms hapa.

932
00:52:06,530 --> 00:52:10,050
Hivyo kitu alichukua 60 ms, kutoa au kuchukua, ili kupata zaidi.

933
00:52:10,050 --> 00:52:12,910
Na kwamba pengine alikuwa mwili kubwa ya maji.

934
00:52:12,910 --> 00:52:15,250
Yale yanayoendelea baada ya hayo? Naam, hapa sisi ni katika London,

935
00:52:15,250 --> 00:52:18,860
tu 88 ms baadaye. Zaidi London, zaidi London,

936
00:52:18,860 --> 00:52:21,730
uhakika ambapo hii ni, lakini tutaweza kudhani ni nje ya London,

937
00:52:21,730 --> 00:52:26,390
Cambridge hapa, na hatimaye sisi - literally, Chuo Kikuu cha Cambridge

938
00:52:26,390 --> 00:52:29,500
. Something.net, na kisha, mwisho, katika mstari 16,

939
00:52:29,500 --> 00:52:31,720
web server yao inaonekana kuitwa Scorpius

940
00:52:31,720 --> 00:52:35,500
chini ya Hood, ingawa tunajua kuwa kama www.

941
00:52:35,500 --> 00:52:38,790
Aina ya akili-mbiu, nadhani. mara ya kwanza mimi milele alifanya hili, ni kabisa akapiga akili yangu.

942
00:52:38,790 --> 00:52:41,670
Kwa bahati mbaya, Harvard vitalu aina hii ya trafiki, kawaida, juu ya mtandao.

943
00:52:41,670 --> 00:52:44,340
Hivyo unaweza kufanya hivyo super urahisi.

944
00:52:44,340 --> 00:52:48,500
Kutambua, ingawa, hii hapa ni iwezekanavyo.

945
00:52:48,500 --> 00:52:53,630
Wote haki. Hebu yetu 5-dakika kuvunja hapa. Tutaweza kurudi na kupiga mbizi katika undani.

946
00:52:53,630 --> 00:53:00,850
Hivyo sisi ni nyuma, na tumekuwa aina ya ambled kuhusu katika pande kadhaa tofauti hapa.

947
00:53:00,850 --> 00:53:03,700
Basi hebu muhtasari hasa nini imekuwa kinachoendelea hapa.

948
00:53:03,700 --> 00:53:07,990
Tulianza kuzungumza juu ya mazungumzo hii lugha inayoitwa HTML.

949
00:53:07,990 --> 00:53:10,680
Tena, si lugha ya programu. Ni tu lugha ghafi

950
00:53:10,680 --> 00:53:15,490
kwamba ni kwa kiasi kikubwa kuhusu aesthetics na jinsia ya maudhui katika fomu ya tovuti.

951
00:53:15,490 --> 00:53:19,220
Lakini HTML, kwa hiyo, inahitaji baadhi ya aina ya utaratibu

952
00:53:19,220 --> 00:53:22,870
kwa ajili ya kusafiri kati ya kivinjari na server.

953
00:53:22,870 --> 00:53:28,360
HTML hiyo ni namna ya umesimama juu ya lugha hii nyingine,

954
00:53:28,360 --> 00:53:31,280
au vizuri zaidi, itifaki, unaojulikana kama HTTP.

955
00:53:31,280 --> 00:53:33,730
>> Na HTTP, kama tumeona ni hivi sasa,

956
00:53:33,730 --> 00:53:37,140
ni aina ya sawa na mkataba huu wa binadamu kushikana mikono.

957
00:53:37,140 --> 00:53:39,940
Wakati browser anataka kuomba ukurasa kutoka server,

958
00:53:39,940 --> 00:53:43,450
inapeleka kwamba "kupata" ombi kutoka kivinjari na server,

959
00:53:43,450 --> 00:53:48,040
na kisha server anajibu na idadi kama 200, wote ni sawa,

960
00:53:48,040 --> 00:53:53,290
kama vile HTML au baadhi idadi mbaya kama 404, saizi ya halikupatikana.

961
00:53:53,290 --> 00:53:58,220
Lakini wakati huo huo, HTTP yenyewe si mtandao, per se.

962
00:53:58,220 --> 00:54:01,550
HTTP ni tu huduma, hulka ya Internet

963
00:54:01,550 --> 00:54:05,530
kiasi kama G chat ni huduma nyingine, kiasi kama barua pepe ni huduma nyingine.

964
00:54:05,530 --> 00:54:09,180
Kuna kila aina ya mambo tunaweza kufanya kwenye mtandao.

965
00:54:09,180 --> 00:54:12,670
HTTP ni moja tu ya maombi hayo.

966
00:54:12,670 --> 00:54:17,210
Hivyo juu ya - HTTP ni juu ya kitu kingine

967
00:54:17,210 --> 00:54:21,750
ambayo sisi hakutaja jina, unaweza kuwa na habari za kwa jina IP, TCP /.

968
00:54:21,750 --> 00:54:25,160
Hivyo hadithi sisi tu aliiambia kuna wote kuhusu

969
00:54:25,160 --> 00:54:28,720
jinsi data husafiri kutoka kiwango A kwa uhakika b.

970
00:54:28,720 --> 00:54:30,950
Na katika kesi hii, tuliona katika ngazi ya chini sana

971
00:54:30,950 --> 00:54:33,060
router kwa router kwa router kwa router,

972
00:54:33,060 --> 00:54:35,390
jinsi data ni kweli kuwa zinaa.

973
00:54:35,390 --> 00:54:40,510
Lakini njiani, ni kwenda kukutana na vikwazo mbalimbali.

974
00:54:40,510 --> 00:54:43,770
Mbali ruta hizi, kuna mambo kuitwa mpenyo kwenye mtandao,

975
00:54:43,770 --> 00:54:46,680
na hivyo data, kama vile kuwa tulikuwa tu kupeleka

976
00:54:46,680 --> 00:54:49,720
kutoka kwangu kwa Stanford, kutoka kwangu kwa Cambridge,

977
00:54:49,720 --> 00:54:54,560
ni alimtuma, katika ngazi hii, kitu kinachoitwa anwani ya IP.

978
00:54:54,560 --> 00:54:57,340
Tuliona huu iliyopita, na anwani ya IP

979
00:54:57,340 --> 00:55:02,480
ni tu anuani ya kinambari wa w.x.y.z fomu,

980
00:55:02,480 --> 00:55:08,070
ambapo kila moja ya haya ni kati ya, kutoa au kuchukua, 0 na 255,

981
00:55:08,070 --> 00:55:10,080
ingawa huwezi kabisa matumizi yote ya wale idadi.

982
00:55:10,080 --> 00:55:14,220
Lakini kila mmoja wa wamiliki wa hizi mahali ni idadi kati ya 0 na 255.

983
00:55:14,220 --> 00:55:16,820
Hivyo anwani ya IP siku hizi ni 32 bits.

984
00:55:16,820 --> 00:55:20,780
>> Sasa, kwamba inatupa anwani ya IP jinsi wengi iwezekanavyo katika ulimwengu?

985
00:55:20,780 --> 00:55:24,420
Takribani bilioni 4, kwa sababu yoyote wakati tuko kuhesabu katika madaraka ya 2

986
00:55:24,420 --> 00:55:27,760
njia yote hadi 32 ya kitu, kwamba kwa kawaida inatupa bilioni 4.

987
00:55:27,760 --> 00:55:30,160
Basi hiyo ni mengi ya anwani ya IP, lakini unaweza kuwa na kusoma,

988
00:55:30,160 --> 00:55:32,410
au unaweza sasa taarifa katika vyombo vya habari maarufu,

989
00:55:32,410 --> 00:55:36,020
msukumo kuelekea toleo jipya la IP kuitwa IPv6.

990
00:55:36,020 --> 00:55:38,290
Hivi sasa sisi ni kutumia version 4.

991
00:55:38,290 --> 00:55:41,060
Kuna kweli haijawahi version 5, tuko tu kuruka haki ya 6.

992
00:55:41,060 --> 00:55:46,760
Version 6 anaenda kutumia bits 128 kwa anwani ya IP, ambayo ni freaking kubwa.

993
00:55:46,760 --> 00:55:49,430
Hatupaswi kukimbia nje kwa muda kabisa sasa,

994
00:55:49,430 --> 00:55:52,980
lakini tumeanza kukimbia nje ya toleo anwani ya IP 4,

995
00:55:52,980 --> 00:55:56,110
kwa sababu sisi wote kuwa si tu mambo kama Laptops na desktops,

996
00:55:56,110 --> 00:55:58,700
mengi ya sisi kuwa na mkononi, mengi ya sisi kuwa na vifaa vingine

997
00:55:58,700 --> 00:56:01,600
kama TiVo na kama kwamba kuwa na IP wenyewe.

998
00:56:01,600 --> 00:56:03,720
Harvard yenyewe ina maelfu ya kompyuta.

999
00:56:03,720 --> 00:56:07,970
Hivyo dunia dhati ya mbio nje ya anwani ya IP, angalau wa fomu hii.

1000
00:56:07,970 --> 00:56:10,340
Hivyo zaidi ya miaka michache ijayo, wewe ni kwenda kuona anwani

1001
00:56:10,340 --> 00:56:12,870
kwenye kompyuta yako mwenyewe pengine polepole kubadili

1002
00:56:12,870 --> 00:56:16,740
kama zaidi na zaidi makampuni na vyuo vikuu kuanza kusaidia toleo karibu zaidi.

1003
00:56:16,740 --> 00:56:22,770
Lakini anwani ya IP ya kutosha kwa ajili ya kompyuta ya kuomba data kutoka b kompyuta.

1004
00:56:22,770 --> 00:56:24,950
Kwa sababu kompyuta b inaweza kuwa server,

1005
00:56:24,950 --> 00:56:27,600
na server, kama nilivyoeleza awali, unaweza kufanya mashada ya mambo.

1006
00:56:27,600 --> 00:56:29,940
Inaweza mwenyeji kurasa za mtandao, inaweza kuwa server email,

1007
00:56:29,940 --> 00:56:32,310
inaweza kuwa server Skype, inaweza kuwa mazungumzo G server.

1008
00:56:32,310 --> 00:56:35,870
>> Huduma hizi zote mbalimbali ambazo wanaweza kutolewa kwenye server

1009
00:56:35,870 --> 00:56:38,330
inaweza wote, kimwili, kuwa katika mashine hiyo.

1010
00:56:38,330 --> 00:56:40,380
Hivyo kwa kuongeza anwani ya IP,

1011
00:56:40,380 --> 00:56:43,250
dunia ina mambo kuitwa bandari kwenye mtandao.

1012
00:56:43,250 --> 00:56:47,830
bandari ni idadi tu; hivyo kuna idadi ya kipekee kwa HTTP.

1013
00:56:47,830 --> 00:56:50,280
Idadi yake ni 80.

1014
00:56:50,280 --> 00:56:55,870
HTTP pia anatumia namba 443, lakini zaidi hasa, kwa HTTPS uliosimbwa.

1015
00:56:55,870 --> 00:57:00,030
Mnapoona s, kwa salama, kwamba ni kwa kutumia namba tofauti.

1016
00:57:00,030 --> 00:57:06,580
Kuna wengine, idadi kama 25, kutumika kwa ajili ya kitu kinachoitwa SMTP, inayojulikana kama barua pepe.

1017
00:57:06,580 --> 00:57:09,620
Kuna kitu kinachoitwa 22 kwa SSH,

1018
00:57:09,620 --> 00:57:11,850
na kuna rundo zima la bandari nyingine huko nje.

1019
00:57:11,850 --> 00:57:14,460
Sasa, sisi wanadamu mara chache kuona namba hizi.

1020
00:57:14,460 --> 00:57:21,970
Hata hivyo, wakati aina katika anuani kama http://www.facebook.com,

1021
00:57:21,970 --> 00:57:26,560
Kivinjari siri inserting 80, kwa sababu wewe ni kutumia HTTP.

1022
00:57:26,560 --> 00:57:30,630
Kama wewe, badala yake, aina ya HTTPS, ni siri inserting 443.

1023
00:57:30,630 --> 00:57:35,180
Na tunaweza aina ya kuona hii manually kama mimi kuvuta BROWER

1024
00:57:35,180 --> 00:57:41,850
na kwenda http://www.facebook.com:80.

1025
00:57:41,850 --> 00:57:44,550
Kwa hiyo waziwazi akiongelea si tu jina la tovuti

1026
00:57:44,550 --> 00:57:47,650
lakini bandari kuwa nataka kuzungumza, na hit kuingia.

1027
00:57:47,650 --> 00:57:50,170
Taarifa hiyo kutoweka, kwa sababu kisakuzi akubali,

1028
00:57:50,170 --> 00:57:53,360
oh, 80, mimi si hata kwenda bother kuonyesha kwamba wewe.

1029
00:57:53,360 --> 00:57:56,400
Lakini sababu hii ni kwamba kama mimi kwa kweli alitaka kutuma mtu barua pepe,

1030
00:57:56,400 --> 00:58:02,340
Kweli napenda kuwa na kutuma kwa wao juu ya bandari 25, kwamba kuwa SMTP.

1031
00:58:02,340 --> 00:58:04,890
kidogo ya kurahisisha, lakini baadhi ya una marafiki

1032
00:58:04,890 --> 00:58:09,290
ambao kwa kweli kazi katika Facebook, na wao, vile vile, kuwa na seva ambazo kupokea barua pepe.

1033
00:58:09,290 --> 00:58:12,610
>> Yoyote wakati kutuma barua pepe, nini gmail ni kufanya kwa ajili yenu

1034
00:58:12,610 --> 00:58:14,960
au Outlook au chochote mpango wewe kutumia,

1035
00:58:14,960 --> 00:58:19,270
ni aina ya siri inserting kwamba idadi kama vile, 25, katika kesi hiyo.

1036
00:58:19,270 --> 00:58:24,490
Ni hii mchanganyiko wa anwani ya IP na idadi ya kipekee kubainisha

1037
00:58:24,490 --> 00:58:29,190
kompyuta kwenye mtandao na huduma maalum kwenye kompyuta hiyo.

1038
00:58:29,190 --> 00:58:33,460
Sasa, bila shaka, wengi wetu pengine kamwe typed manually anwani ya IP.

1039
00:58:33,460 --> 00:58:37,340
Labda una katika appliance, lakini katika ulimwengu wa kweli, si sana.

1040
00:58:37,340 --> 00:58:42,750
Kwa nini sisi si aina anwani ya IP katika browsers?

1041
00:58:42,750 --> 00:58:45,860
Itakuwa kazi, kwa kweli, tunaweza kuona hii; napenda kuonyesha

1042
00:58:45,860 --> 00:58:50,000
nyingine moja amri kwamba wanapaswa kufanya kazi zaidi popote juu ya chuo cha Harvard juu ya Mac au PC.

1043
00:58:50,000 --> 00:58:53,970
Kuna amri hii inaitwa nslookup, jina la seva Luke.

1044
00:58:53,970 --> 00:58:59,960
Kama mimi kuangalia juu www.cnn.com, zinageuka kuwa CNN ana - oh, kuvutia.

1045
00:58:59,960 --> 00:59:03,180
CNN imeanza kutumia Amazon mtandao wa huduma.

1046
00:59:03,180 --> 00:59:06,380
Unaweza kujua ya wingu kompyuta, moja Amazon ya wachezaji kubwa katika kompyuta wingu.

1047
00:59:06,380 --> 00:59:10,240
Nini mimi tu hakuwa na ilikuwa, mimi akasema, 'Nipe anwani ya mtandao server CNN,'

1048
00:59:10,240 --> 00:59:14,090
lakini zinageuka kuwa server mtandao wa CNN ni kusimamiwa na Amazon,

1049
00:59:14,090 --> 00:59:16,030
Amazon mtandao huduma, hii unaonyesha.

1050
00:59:16,030 --> 00:59:19,680
Na anuani ya server ambayo ni hii hapa.

1051
00:59:19,680 --> 00:59:22,350
Hivyo mimi nina uhakika kama hii kazi, kwa sababu hawakuwa kutumika kutumia Amazon.

1052
00:59:22,350 --> 00:59:32,830
Lakini hebu jaribu hii; http://, IP, kuingia, na -

1053
00:59:32,830 --> 00:59:35,690
ni kwenda kufanya kazi?

1054
00:59:35,690 --> 00:59:39,280
Ndiyo. Ni kwenda kufanya kazi. Internet ni super-polepole leo.

1055
00:59:39,280 --> 00:59:43,680
Lakini, katika wakati huu, utaona baadhi ya mashirika ya habari.

1056
00:59:43,680 --> 00:59:48,360
Kuna sisi kwenda. Benki Kuu ya Marekani ni kuwa sued. Wote haki.

1057
00:59:48,360 --> 00:59:54,000
>> Hii ni kwa sababu hii anwani ya IP hutokea tu kwa sawa na www.cnn.com.

1058
00:59:54,000 --> 00:59:59,920
Bila shaka, itakuwa ya kutisha masoko ya kusema, kutembelea yetu juu ya Mtandao katika 50.112.94.127.

1059
00:59:59,920 --> 01:00:02,370
Wewe d kamwe kukumbuka. Hivyo hata siku hizi unaweza kukumbuka mambo

1060
01:00:02,370 --> 01:00:07,210
kama 1-800-COLLECT au mnemonics dunia kuja na kwa simu namba.

1061
01:00:07,210 --> 01:00:09,540
Ambayo, kabla ya simu za mkononi, walikuwa badala ngumu kukumbuka

1062
01:00:09,540 --> 01:00:11,800
mpaka unaweza aina tu katika na kusahau kuhusu hilo.

1063
01:00:11,800 --> 01:00:15,730
Hivyo Mtandao, pia, ana hili mkataba wa majina na anwani ya IP,

1064
01:00:15,730 --> 01:00:17,770
na kuna vitu hivi kuna kuitwa DNS server,

1065
01:00:17,770 --> 01:00:23,870
domain jina mifumo, seva kwamba kutafsiri anwani ya IP katika majina na kinyume chake.

1066
01:00:23,870 --> 01:00:26,340
Hivyo kwamba ni nini kinaendelea chini ya Hood.

1067
01:00:26,340 --> 01:00:29,540
Katika mwisho, tuna TCP / IP, ambayo ni hii itifaki ya chini sana ngazi

1068
01:00:29,540 --> 01:00:32,570
kwamba, kwa kweli, tu anapata 0 na 1 ya katika mtandao,

1069
01:00:32,570 --> 01:00:36,030
na anafanya hivyo kwa kuweka katika bahasha virtual,

1070
01:00:36,030 --> 01:00:38,820
kama wewe, na kuandika juu ya nje ya bahasha

1071
01:00:38,820 --> 01:00:43,930
Anwani ya IP ya marudio, kama vile numeric idadi bandari

1072
01:00:43,930 --> 01:00:47,520
ya huduma ya kwamba marudio kwamba anataka kuzungumza.

1073
01:00:47,520 --> 01:00:51,060
Wakati huo huo, juu ya bahasha pia kuna kitu inayojulikana kama anuani kurudi,

1074
01:00:51,060 --> 01:00:55,600
ambayo ni anwani yako ya IP, hivyo kwamba wakati CNN anapata paketi ya habari kutoka kwenu,

1075
01:00:55,600 --> 01:00:58,710
kuufungua hii bahasha virtual, anaona kwamba unataka ukurasa wa nyumbani,

1076
01:00:58,710 --> 01:01:04,630
anajua kutoka sehemu mtumaji wa bahasha hii virtual ambaye kutuma nyuma HTML.

1077
01:01:04,630 --> 01:01:07,470
Basi hebu tuangalie hili kwa undani zaidi kidogo.

1078
01:01:07,470 --> 01:01:11,370
Hii ni kutoka kampuni inayoitwa Ericson, kutoka miaka michache nyuma.

1079
01:01:11,370 --> 01:01:14,780
Wakatwaa baadhi ya uhuru na jinsi Internet kweli kazi,

1080
01:01:14,780 --> 01:01:18,920
lakini inatengeneza picha zaidi kuliko Visual chaki tu hapa juu.

1081
01:01:18,920 --> 01:01:26,690
Basi, mimi kukupa "kidogo ya mtandao."

1082
01:02:26,660 --> 01:02:29,840
>> [Msimulizi] Kwa mara ya kwanza katika historia,

1083
01:02:29,840 --> 01:02:35,260
watu na mashine ni kufanya kazi pamoja, kutambua ndoto.

1084
01:02:35,260 --> 01:02:38,910
nguvu ya kuungana kuwa anajua mipaka ya kijiografia.

1085
01:02:38,910 --> 01:02:43,230
Bila ya kujali utaifa, rangi imani, au.

1086
01:02:43,230 --> 01:02:47,770
zama mpya ambapo mawasiliano kweli huleta watu pamoja.

1087
01:02:47,770 --> 01:02:50,070
Hii ni

1088
01:02:50,070 --> 01:02:54,980
Dawn ya Net.

1089
01:02:54,980 --> 01:03:04,640
Unataka kujua jinsi kazi? Bonyeza hapa kwa kuanza safari yako ndani ya Net.

1090
01:03:04,640 --> 01:03:07,890
Sasa, nini hasa kilichotokea wakati clicked juu ya kiungo kwamba?

1091
01:03:07,890 --> 01:03:10,150
Wewe ulianza mtiririko wa habari.

1092
01:03:10,150 --> 01:03:13,310
Hii habari husafiri chini katika mailroom yako binafsi

1093
01:03:13,310 --> 01:03:18,500
ambapo Mheshimiwa IP paket yake, maandiko yake, na kuwanyeshea ni katika njia yake.

1094
01:03:18,500 --> 01:03:20,960
Kila pakiti ni mdogo katika ukubwa wake.

1095
01:03:20,960 --> 01:03:23,880
chumba pepe lazima kuamua jinsi ya kugawa habari

1096
01:03:23,880 --> 01:03:26,070
na jinsi ya kufunga hiyo.

1097
01:03:26,070 --> 01:03:29,550
Sasa, mfuko inahitaji studio zenye habari muhimu

1098
01:03:29,550 --> 01:03:35,570
kama vile anuani mtumaji, anwani receiver, na aina ya pakiti ni.

1099
01:03:51,700 --> 01:03:54,980
Kwa sababu hii pakiti fulani ni kwenda nje kwenye mtandao,

1100
01:03:54,980 --> 01:03:57,720
pia anapata anuani kwa kompyuta tumishi,

1101
01:03:57,720 --> 01:04:01,520
ambayo ina kazi maalum, kama tutaweza kuona baadaye.

1102
01:04:01,520 --> 01:04:06,650
pakiti sasa ilizindua kwenye mtandao wako wa eneo, au LAN.

1103
01:04:06,650 --> 01:04:10,160
Mtandao huu ni kutumika kuunganisha kompyuta zote za mitaa

1104
01:04:10,160 --> 01:04:15,900
ruta, Printers, nakadhalika, kwa kubadilishana habari ndani ya kuta ya kimwili ya jengo.

1105
01:04:15,900 --> 01:04:20,290
LAN ni mahali pretty ulafi, na, kwa bahati mbaya,

1106
01:04:20,290 --> 01:04:23,950
ajali inaweza kutokea.

1107
01:04:31,190 --> 01:04:34,710
barabara kuu ya LAN ni packed na kila aina ya habari.

1108
01:04:34,710 --> 01:04:38,900
Hizi ni IP pakiti, Novell, pakiti AppleTalk pakiti.

1109
01:04:38,900 --> 01:04:41,270
Wao wanaenda dhidi trafiki, kama kawaida.

1110
01:04:41,270 --> 01:04:44,260
router mitaa anayesoma anuani na kama ni lazima,

1111
01:04:44,260 --> 01:04:48,520
akanyanyua pakiti kwenye mtandao mwingine.

1112
01:04:48,520 --> 01:04:54,270
Ah, router. ishara ya udhibiti katika dunia inaonekana hakipo kwenye mpangilio.

1113
01:04:54,270 --> 01:05:05,480
[Router kugugumia na kuzungumza na yenyewe]

1114
01:05:05,480 --> 01:05:10,030
>> [Msimulizi] Kuna yeye ni, utaratibu, asiyejali, methodical,

1115
01:05:10,030 --> 01:05:14,150
kihafidhina, na wakati mwingine sio kabisa juu kwa kasi.

1116
01:05:14,150 --> 01:05:17,680
Lakini angalau yeye ni halisi, kwa sehemu kubwa.

1117
01:05:32,270 --> 01:05:36,820
Kama packets kuondoka router, wao kufanya njia zao katika mtandao wa kampuni

1118
01:05:36,820 --> 01:05:40,830
na kichwa kwa ajili ya kubadili router.

1119
01:05:40,830 --> 01:05:46,250
kidogo na ufanisi zaidi kuliko router, kubadili router ina haraka na huru kwa pakiti ya IP,

1120
01:05:46,250 --> 01:05:48,920
deftly routing yao njiani yao.

1121
01:05:48,920 --> 01:05:52,130
digital 'Pinball mchawi,' kama wewe.

1122
01:05:52,130 --> 01:06:04,270
[Router kubadili kuzungumza na yenyewe]

1123
01:06:09,830 --> 01:06:12,150
[Msimulizi] Kama pakiti ya kuwasili katika marudio yao,

1124
01:06:12,150 --> 01:06:14,740
wao ni ilichukua na interface mtandao,

1125
01:06:14,740 --> 01:06:18,040
tayari kutumwa kwa ngazi ya pili.

1126
01:06:18,040 --> 01:06:21,010
Katika kesi hiyo, wakala.

1127
01:06:21,010 --> 01:06:25,040
wakala kutumiwa na makampuni mengi kama aina ya mtu katikati

1128
01:06:25,040 --> 01:06:27,630
ili kupunguza mzigo juu ya uhusiano Internet

1129
01:06:27,630 --> 01:06:32,240
na kwa sababu za usalama, kama vile.

1130
01:06:32,240 --> 01:06:38,750
Kama unaweza kuona, pakiti yote ni ya ukubwa mbalimbali kutegemeana na maudhui yao.

1131
01:06:55,210 --> 01:07:01,890
wakala kuufungua pakiti na inaonekana kwa anuani ya mtandao au URL.

1132
01:07:01,890 --> 01:07:04,950
Kutegemea juu ya iwapo anuani ni kukubalika,

1133
01:07:04,950 --> 01:07:08,000
pakiti ni alimtuma juu na mtandao.

1134
01:07:13,890 --> 01:07:19,630
Kuna, hata hivyo, baadhi ya anwani ambayo wala kukutana kwa idhini ya wakala.

1135
01:07:19,630 --> 01:07:25,680
Hiyo ni kusema, miongozo ya ushirika au usimamizi.

1136
01:07:25,680 --> 01:07:30,580
Hizi ni summarily kushughulikiwa.

1137
01:07:30,580 --> 01:07:32,410
Tutaweza kuwa hakuna wa kwamba.

1138
01:07:32,410 --> 01:07:36,350
Kwa wale ambao kufanya hivyo, ni juu ya barabara tena.

1139
01:07:46,850 --> 01:07:53,310
>> Next up, firewall.

1140
01:07:53,310 --> 01:07:57,410
firewall ushirika mtumishi madhumuni ya mbili.

1141
01:07:57,410 --> 01:08:02,420
Inazuia mambo baadhi badala nasty kutoka Internet kutoka wanakuja katika Intranet,

1142
01:08:02,420 --> 01:08:10,280
na inaweza pia kuzuia nyeti taarifa ya kampuni kutoka tumwa kwenye mtandao.

1143
01:08:10,280 --> 01:08:12,980
Mara kupitia firewall, router inaongea pakiti

1144
01:08:12,980 --> 01:08:18,180
na maeneo ni kwenye barabara nyembamba sana, au Bandwidth, kama sisi kusema.

1145
01:08:18,180 --> 01:08:23,720
Ni wazi, barabara ni pana si kutosha kuchukua yao wote.

1146
01:08:23,720 --> 01:08:29,319
Sasa, unaweza kushangaa nini kinachotokea kwa wale pakiti yote ambayo hatuwezi kufanya hivyo njiani.

1147
01:08:29,319 --> 01:08:32,270
Naam, wakati Mheshimiwa IP asiyeupokea kukiri

1148
01:08:32,270 --> 01:08:35,000
kwamba pakiti imekuwa kupokea kutokana na muda,

1149
01:08:35,000 --> 01:08:39,890
yeye tu hutuma pakiti badala.

1150
01:08:39,890 --> 01:08:44,760
Sisi ni sasa tayari kuingia ulimwengu wa mtandao.

1151
01:08:44,760 --> 01:08:49,370
spiderweb wa mitandao ambayo span duniani yetu yote.

1152
01:08:49,370 --> 01:08:56,050
Hapa, ruta na swichi kuanzisha mahusiano kati ya mitandao.

1153
01:08:56,050 --> 01:08:59,200
Sasa, Net ni mazingira tofauti kabisa kuliko utapata

1154
01:08:59,200 --> 01:09:01,569
ndani ya kuta za kinga ya LAN yako.

1155
01:09:01,569 --> 01:09:04,060
Kati hapa, ni Magharibi Wild.

1156
01:09:04,060 --> 01:09:06,359
Mengi ya nafasi, fursa mengi,

1157
01:09:06,359 --> 01:09:09,760
mengi ya mambo ya kuchunguza na mahali pa kwenda.

1158
01:09:09,760 --> 01:09:12,760
Shukrani kwa kudhibiti kidogo sana na kanuni,

1159
01:09:12,760 --> 01:09:18,300
mawazo mapya kupata ardhi yenye rutuba kushinikiza ya bahasha ya uwezekano wao.

1160
01:09:18,300 --> 01:09:22,330
Lakini kwa sababu ya uhuru huu, baadhi ya hatari pia lurk.

1161
01:09:22,330 --> 01:09:27,000
Hutaweza kujua wakati wewe utakuwa kukutana Ping dreaded ya kifo,

1162
01:09:27,000 --> 01:09:29,890
toleo maalum la kawaida Ping ombi,

1163
01:09:29,890 --> 01:09:35,720
ambayo idiot baadhi walidhani hadi fujo up majeshi wanyofu.

1164
01:09:35,720 --> 01:09:39,130
njia pakiti wetu kuchukua inaweza kuwa via satellite,

1165
01:09:39,130 --> 01:09:43,090
simu mistari, wireless, au cable hata transoceanic.

1166
01:09:43,090 --> 01:09:46,520
Hawana daima kuchukua njia ya haraka sana au mfupi iwezekanavyo,

1167
01:09:46,520 --> 01:09:50,290
lakini wao kupata huko hatimaye.

1168
01:09:50,290 --> 01:09:55,230
Labda hiyo ndiyo sababu ni wakati mwingine inaitwa "World Wide Kusubiri."

1169
01:09:55,230 --> 01:09:57,980
Lakini wakati kila kitu ni kazi vizuri,

1170
01:09:57,980 --> 01:10:03,800
unaweza kukwepa duniani mara tano zaidi ya saa tone ya kofia, literally.

1171
01:10:03,800 --> 01:10:08,230
Na yote kwa gharama ya simu za mitaa au chini.

1172
01:10:08,230 --> 01:10:15,070
Karibu na mwisho wa marudio yetu, tutaweza kupata mwingine firewall.

1173
01:10:15,070 --> 01:10:18,420
>> Kutegemea juu ya mtazamo wako kama pakiti data,

1174
01:10:18,420 --> 01:10:23,730
firewall inaweza kuwa ngome ya usalama au adui dreaded.

1175
01:10:23,730 --> 01:10:28,530
Yote inategemea ambayo upande uko juu na nini nia yako ni.

1176
01:10:28,530 --> 01:10:34,990
firewall ni iliyoundwa na basi katika pakiti tu wale kwamba kufikia vigezo wake.

1177
01:10:34,990 --> 01:10:39,360
Firewall Hii ni uendeshaji juu ya bandari 80 na 25.

1178
01:10:39,360 --> 01:10:46,630
Majaribio yote ya kuingia kupitia bandari nyingine ni kufungwa kwa biashara.

1179
01:10:57,660 --> 01:11:03,480
Port 25 ni kutumika kwa pakiti pepe,

1180
01:11:03,480 --> 01:11:10,720
wakati bandari 80 ni mlango kwa pakiti kutoka mtandao wa kompyuta mtandao.

1181
01:11:10,720 --> 01:11:15,080
Ndani ya firewall, pakiti wanapimwa vizuri zaidi.

1182
01:11:15,080 --> 01:11:17,970
Baadhi ya pakiti kufanya hivyo kwa urahisi kwa njia desturi,

1183
01:11:17,970 --> 01:11:21,420
wakati wengine kuangalia tu kidogo dubious.

1184
01:11:21,420 --> 01:11:24,060
Sasa, afisa firewall kwa urahisi fooled,

1185
01:11:24,060 --> 01:11:32,120
kama vile wakati huu Ping ya paketi kifo anajaribu kujificha yenyewe kama pakiti ya kawaida Ping.

1186
01:11:32,120 --> 01:11:37,520
[Firewall afisa kuzungumza na pakiti]

1187
01:11:37,520 --> 01:11:40,510
[Msimulizi] Kwa wale pakiti bahati ya kutosha kufanya hivyo hii mbali,

1188
01:11:40,510 --> 01:11:45,730
safari ni karibu zaidi.

1189
01:11:45,730 --> 01:11:52,130
Ni tu line up juu ya interface kuchukuliwa juu katika server mtandao.

1190
01:11:52,130 --> 01:11:55,440
Siku hizi, server mtandao unaweza kukimbia kwenye mambo mengi,

1191
01:11:55,440 --> 01:11:59,230
kutoka mainframe na cam mtandao wa kompyuta dawati yako.

1192
01:11:59,230 --> 01:12:01,720
Mbona si friji yako?

1193
01:12:01,720 --> 01:12:04,870
Pamoja na kuanzisha sahihi, unaweza kujua kama una makings

1194
01:12:04,870 --> 01:12:08,390
Kuku kwa Cacciatore, au kama una kwenda ununuzi.

1195
01:12:08,390 --> 01:12:11,760
Kumbuka, hii ni asubuhi ya Net.

1196
01:12:11,760 --> 01:12:17,310
Karibu kila kitu ni iwezekanavyo.

1197
01:12:17,310 --> 01:12:20,440
Mmoja mmoja, pakiti ni kupokea,

1198
01:12:20,440 --> 01:12:26,320
kufunguliwa, na unpacked.

1199
01:12:26,320 --> 01:12:31,200
habari vyenye, kwamba ni maombi yako kwa habari,

1200
01:12:31,200 --> 01:12:34,830
ni alimtuma juu ya maombi server mtandao.

1201
01:12:41,540 --> 01:12:47,140
pakiti yenyewe ni recycled,

1202
01:12:47,140 --> 01:12:57,570
tayari kutumika tena, na kujazwa na habari yako ombi,

1203
01:12:57,570 --> 01:13:03,340
ufumbuzi, na kupelekwa nje ya njia yake ya nyuma na wewe.

1204
01:13:03,340 --> 01:13:13,250
Nyuma zamani firewall, ruta, na juu ya njia ya mtandao.

1205
01:13:13,250 --> 01:13:21,020
Nyuma kupitia firewall yako shirika

1206
01:13:21,020 --> 01:13:24,180
na kwenye interface yako,

1207
01:13:24,180 --> 01:13:31,180
tayari kwa usambazaji mtandao yako ya kivinjari na taarifa uliyotaka.

1208
01:13:31,180 --> 01:13:39,840
Hiyo ni, filamu hii.

1209
01:13:39,840 --> 01:13:43,550
Radhi na juhudi zao, na kuamini ulimwengu bora,

1210
01:13:43,550 --> 01:13:50,250
trusty wetu data packets wapanda mbali blissfully ndani ya jua kutua juu ya siku nyingine,

1211
01:13:50,250 --> 01:13:56,880
kujua kikamilifu wao aliwahi mabwana zao vizuri.

1212
01:13:56,880 --> 01:14:02,560
Sasa, ni kwamba si mwisho furaha?

1213
01:14:02,560 --> 01:14:07,040
[Malan] Okay, hiyo inatosha. Tutaweza kuona wewe wiki ijayo.

1214
01:14:07,040 --> 01:14:10,040
[CS50.TV]