1
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>> [Daqq tal-mużika]

2
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>> ZAMYLA Chan: Kien Miss Scarlett
mal-gandlier.

3
00:00:12,350 --> 00:00:13,560
Whodunit?

4
00:00:13,560 --> 00:00:15,030
Well, aħna qed tmur biex issir taf.

5
00:00:15,030 --> 00:00:20,870
Fil-Clue board game, inti tista '
tingħata dehra aħmar fiżika.

6
00:00:20,870 --> 00:00:24,120
U li l-immaġni huwa ħafna aħmar u
spotty, u xogħol tiegħek huwa li

7
00:00:24,120 --> 00:00:25,490
juru l-messaġġ moħbija.

8
00:00:25,490 --> 00:00:29,740
U normalment int provduti aħmar
lenti, jew skrin aħmar għal

9
00:00:29,740 --> 00:00:31,410
jiżvelaw dak il-messaġġ moħbija.

10
00:00:31,410 --> 00:00:33,340
Well, aħna qed tmur biex jimitaw dan.

11
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>> Fil whodunit, int tingħata immaġni Bitmap
li jistenna ħafna spotty u aħmar,

12
00:00:37,960 --> 00:00:43,430
u mbagħad għaddi l-programm whodunit
biex jiżvelaw messaġġ moħbija.

13
00:00:43,430 --> 00:00:45,650
>> Mela ejja break dan in passi.

14
00:00:45,650 --> 00:00:50,390
L-ewwel, inti tixtieq li tiftaħ il-fajl -
l-clue li inti ħadthom ġiet mogħtija.

15
00:00:50,390 --> 00:00:53,880
U mbagħad joħloq ukoll
fajl Bitmap verdett.

16
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Imbagħad inti tixtieq li taġġorna l-Bitmap
header info għall-outfile verdett.

17
00:00:58,240 --> 00:00:59,920
Aktar dwar dan aktar tard.

18
00:00:59,920 --> 00:01:04,319
U allura int ser jinqara fil-
clue, scanline, pixel mill pixel,

19
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tibdil fil-kuluri pixel bħala
meħtieġ, u l-kitba

20
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dawk fil-verdett -

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pixel mill pixel fil-
scanline verdett.

22
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>> Kif nistgħu tibda tmur dwar dan?

23
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Well, fortunatament, għandna copy.c
fil-kodiċi ta 'distribuzzjoni.

24
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U dan se jipprova
pjuttost utli għalina.

25
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Copy.c jiftaħ fajl, jaqra f'dak
header infile, u mbagħad taġġorna l-

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header outfile tal.

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U mbagħad jgħid kull pixel fil-
scanline, pixel mill pixel, u mbagħad

28
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jikteb li pixel fil-outfile.

29
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>> Għalhekk, l-ewwel pass tiegħek jista '
jkun jiddekorri ġej

30
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kmand fil-terminal -

31
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cp copy.c whodunit.c.

32
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Dan se joħloq kopja ta '
copy.c jismu whodunit.c.

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Allura l-ewwel pass tagħna li tiftaħ il-
file, ukoll, hemm xi eżatt

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replika ta 'dak fil copy.c.

35
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So I ser tħallik li tħares lejn dan.

36
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>> Dak li aħna qed jittrattaw f'dan PSET huwa
file I / O, bażikament tieħu fajls,

37
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qari, kitba, editjar minnhom.

38
00:02:10,229 --> 00:02:12,650
Kif inti ewwel tiftaħ fajl?

39
00:02:12,650 --> 00:02:16,800
Well, int ser tiddikjara fajl
pointer, u allura inti sejħa-

40
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fopen funzjoni.

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Għaddi fil-passaġġ, jew l-isem ta 'dik
fajl, u mbagħad il-mod li tixtieq

42
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li tiftaħ dan il-fajl pulzieri

43
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Tgħaddi fi r se tiftaħ
foo.bmp għall-qari.

44
00:02:28,620 --> 00:02:35,670
Billi fopen ma jgħaddi minn w se
bar.bmp miftuħa, għall-kitba l-fajl u

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attwalment editjar.

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>> Allura issa li aħna ħadthom fetħet il-fajl, tagħna
pass li jmiss huwa li taġġorna l-info header

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għall-outfile.

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X'hemm info header?

49
00:02:44,610 --> 00:02:48,160
Ukoll, l-ewwel għandna bżonn inkunu nafu
dak Bitmap huwa.

50
00:02:48,160 --> 00:02:51,000
A Bitmap hija biss sempliċi
arranġament ta 'bytes.

51
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U dawn qed dikjarati f'dan il-fajl
hawn, bmp.h, bil-mazz ta '

52
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informazzjoni ta 'dak Bitmap
huwa attwalment magħmula minn.

53
00:02:58,610 --> 00:03:05,730
Imma dak li aħna verament jimpurtak huwa l-
fajl Bitmap header, dritt hawn, u

54
00:03:05,730 --> 00:03:08,460
l-header info Bitmap, hawn fuq.

55
00:03:08,460 --> 00:03:13,170
Il-header hija komposta minn koppja ta '
varjabbli li se jkunu utli ħafna.

56
00:03:13,170 --> 00:03:18,400
Hemm biSizeImage, li hija l-
daqs totali tas-immaġini fil-bytes.

57
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U dan jinkludi pixels u padding.

58
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Padding huwa importanti ħafna, iżda
aħna ser jiksbu għal dak aktar tard.

59
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>> BiWidth jirrappreżenta l-wisa 'tal-
immaġini fil pixels nieqes l-ikkuttunar.

60
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BiHeight huwa allura wkoll l-għoli
tal-immaġini fil pixels.

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U allura l-BITMAPFILEHEADER u l-
BITMAPINFOHEADER, kif semmejt

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qabel, dawk huma rappreżentati
bħala structs.

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Allura, inti ma tistax aċċess għall-header tal-fajl
innifsu, iżda tixtieq tkun taf biex tikseb

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dawk il-varjabbli ġewwa.

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>> OK.

66
00:03:48,170 --> 00:03:50,600
Allura kif nistgħu taġġorna l-info header?

67
00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:54,020
Ukoll, l-ewwel irridu naraw jekk aħna
bżonn li tbiddel kwalunkwe informazzjoni mill-

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il infile, il-clue, lill-
outfile, l-verdett.

69
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Huwa xejn jinbidlu f'dan il-każ?

70
00:04:00,250 --> 00:04:04,320
Well, mhux verament, għaliex aħna qed tmur
li għandhom jinbidlu biss il-kuluri.

71
00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:07,550
Aħna mhux ser jinbidlu l-fajl
daqs, id-daqs immaġini, il-wisa,

72
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jew l-għoli.

73
00:04:08,310 --> 00:04:14,010
Allura int kollha dritt għal issa mill
biss ikkupjar kull pixel.

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>> OK.

75
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Allura issa ejja nħarsu lejn kif għandna attwalment
tista 'taqra kull pixel mill-fajl.

76
00:04:20,720 --> 00:04:23,640
Fajl ieħor I / funzjoni O
se jidħlu fis-seħħ -

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fread.

78
00:04:24,700 --> 00:04:28,440
Huwa jieħu fil-pointer għall-Istituzzjonjijiet
li se jkun fiha l-bytes li

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int qari.

80
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Allura inti qed taqra f'dak.

81
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U mbagħad inti tgħaddi fil-daqs, li hija
id-daqs ta 'kull element li inti

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trid taqra.

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00:04:37,360 --> 00:04:40,640
Hawnhekk, il-sizeof funzjoni
se jidħlu fil handy.

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Imbagħad inti tgħaddi fin-numru, li
jirrappreżenta n-numru ta 'elementi ta'

85
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daqs biex jinqara.

86
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U mbagħad finalment, inptr, li hija
il-pointer fajl li int

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se tinqara minn.

88
00:04:52,530 --> 00:04:58,650
Allura dawn l-elementi huma ġewwa
inptr u dawn qed tmur biex data.

89
00:04:58,650 --> 00:05:01,660
>> Ejja nħarsu lejn eżempju ftit.

90
00:05:01,660 --> 00:05:07,590
Jekk irrid jaqra fis dejta żewġ klieb,
ukoll, I tista 'tagħmel dan f'wieħed minn żewġ modi.

91
00:05:07,590 --> 00:05:15,250
I tista 'jew jaqra fil żewġ oġġetti ta' daqs
klieb minn inptr tiegħi, jew I tista 'taqra

92
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f'wieħed joġġezzjonaw daqs żewġ klieb.

93
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Allura inti tara li jiddependi fuq il-mod
li inti tirranġa daqs u numru, inti

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jista 'jaqra fl-istess numru ta' bytes.

95
00:05:25,840 --> 00:05:28,720

96
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>> Allura issa, ejja jibdlu l-
kulur pixel kif għandna bżonn.

97
00:05:33,020 --> 00:05:37,320
Jekk inti tħares lejn bmp.h darb'oħra, allura
tkun taf tara li fil-qiegħ

98
00:05:37,320 --> 00:05:42,920
RGBTRIPLEs huma Struct ieħor, fejn
dawn huma magħmula minn tliet bytes.

99
00:05:42,920 --> 00:05:49,220
Waħda, rgbtBlue, rgbtGreen, u rgbtRed.

100
00:05:49,220 --> 00:05:52,480
Allura kull wieħed minn dawn tirrappreżenta l-ammont
tal blu, l-ammont ta 'aħdar, u l-

101
00:05:52,480 --> 00:05:57,250
ammont ta 'aħmar ġewwa dan pixel, fejn
kull ammont huwa rappreżentat minn

102
00:05:57,250 --> 00:05:58,670
numru hexadeċimali.

103
00:05:58,670 --> 00:06:04,370
>> Allura FF0000 ser ikunu ta 'kulur blu,
għaliex tmur minn blu,

104
00:06:04,370 --> 00:06:05,850
għal aħdar, aħmar.

105
00:06:05,850 --> 00:06:09,300
U mbagħad kollha f se jkun abjad.

106
00:06:09,300 --> 00:06:13,440
Ejja tagħti ħarsa lejn smiley.bmp, li
għandek fil-kodiċi ta 'distribuzzjoni tiegħek.

107
00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:15,690
Jekk inti tiftaħ lilha biss ta 'immaġni
telespettatur, allura inti ser

108
00:06:15,690 --> 00:06:17,080
biss tara smiley aħmar.

109
00:06:17,080 --> 00:06:20,380
Iżda li tieħu adsa aktar profonda fis, aħna ser
tara li l-istruttura

110
00:06:20,380 --> 00:06:22,340
ta 'dan huwa biss pixels.

111
00:06:22,340 --> 00:06:25,880
Għandna pixels abjad,
u mbagħad aħmar pixels.

112
00:06:25,880 --> 00:06:31,000
L-abjad, FFFFFF, u mbagħad kollha tal-
pixels ħomor Stajt kkulurita għalik

113
00:06:31,000 --> 00:06:35,440
hawn, u tara li dawn qed 0000ff.

114
00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:39,760
Zero blu, aħdar żero, u aħmar sħiħa.

115
00:06:39,760 --> 00:06:45,350
U peress smiley huwa tmien pixels wiesgħa,
aħna ma jkollhom ebda padding.

116
00:06:45,350 --> 00:06:47,360
Kull dritt.

117
00:06:47,360 --> 00:06:53,310
>> Mela jekk jien kienu li tassenja valuri differenti
għal RGBTRIPLE u xtaqt li

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00:06:53,310 --> 00:06:58,350
jagħmilha ħodor, allura dak li nixtieq nagħmel hija
Nixtieq jiddikjara RGBTRIPLE, jismu

119
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tripla, u mbagħad għall-aċċess kull
byte f'dak Istituzzjonjijiet I

120
00:07:02,660 --> 00:07:04,030
tuża l-operatur dot.

121
00:07:04,030 --> 00:07:08,430
So triple.rgbtBlue, nista '
tassenja li għal 0.

122
00:07:08,430 --> 00:07:13,460
Green I tista 'tassenja lill full - kull
numru, verament, bejn 0 u ff.

123
00:07:13,460 --> 00:07:15,470
U mbagħad aħmar, jien ukoll se ngħid 0.

124
00:07:15,470 --> 00:07:19,160
Mela allura li tagħti me a pixel aħdar.

125
00:07:19,160 --> 00:07:23,030
>> Sussegwentement, jekk dak I jridu jiċċekkjaw
il-valur ta 'xi ħaġa?

126
00:07:23,030 --> 00:07:27,250
I jista 'jkollhom xi ħaġa li l-kontrolli
jekk il-valur rgbtBlue l-triple huwa

127
00:07:27,250 --> 00:07:31,080
ff u mbagħad print, "jien tħossok
blue! ", bħala riżultat.

128
00:07:31,080 --> 00:07:35,640
Issa, dan ma jfissirx neċessarjament
li l-pixel huwa blu, id-dritt?

129
00:07:35,640 --> 00:07:40,060
Minħabba li l-valuri tal-pixel aħdar u aħmar
jista 'jkollhom ukoll non-0-valuri.

130
00:07:40,060 --> 00:07:43,470
Dak kollu li dan ifisser, u dak kollu li
dan qed jiċċekkja għal huwa

131
00:07:43,470 --> 00:07:45,610
għal kulur blu sħiħa.

132
00:07:45,610 --> 00:07:50,050
Iżda pixels kollha jistgħu wkoll ikollhom parzjali
Valuri kulur, bħal dan

133
00:07:50,050 --> 00:07:52,180
eżempju li jmiss hawn.

134
00:07:52,180 --> 00:07:55,400
>> Huwa ftit diffiċli biex tara
liema din id-dehra issa huwa.

135
00:07:55,400 --> 00:08:00,320
Dan jistenna ftit aktar bħall-
clue.bmp li inti ser tingħata.

136
00:08:00,320 --> 00:08:03,600
Issa, fiżikament, inti tista issolvi dan,
għaliex hemm ħafna ta 'aħmar, billi

137
00:08:03,600 --> 00:08:07,040
azjenda up skrin aħmar għall-immaġini hekk
li l-kuluri l-oħra jista 'jidher.

138
00:08:07,040 --> 00:08:10,968
Allura kif nistgħu jimitaw dan bi c?

139
00:08:10,968 --> 00:08:15,640
Well, nistgħu tneħħi l-aħmar
mill-immaġini kompletament.

140
00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:21,870
U hekk jagħmlu dan aħna'd stabbiliti kull
valur aħmar pixel għal 0.

141
00:08:21,870 --> 00:08:25,020
U għalhekk l-immaġini se tfittex ftit
qisu dan, fejn għandna l-ebda aħmar

142
00:08:25,020 --> 00:08:26,300
tkun xi tkun.

143
00:08:26,300 --> 00:08:29,390
>> Nistgħu naraw l-messaġġ moħbija a
ftit aktar ċar issa.

144
00:08:29,390 --> 00:08:31,730
Huwa wiċċ smiley ieħor.

145
00:08:31,730 --> 00:08:33,870
Jew forsi nistgħu jużaw metodu ieħor.

146
00:08:33,870 --> 00:08:36,480
Forsi, nistgħu jidentifikaw
kollha tal-pixels ħomor -

147
00:08:36,480 --> 00:08:41,100
jiġifieri, kollha tal-pixels
0 blu, 0 aħdar, u 0 aħmar -

148
00:08:41,100 --> 00:08:43,169
u jibdlu dawk għall-abjad.

149
00:08:43,169 --> 00:08:45,470
U l-immaġni tagħna tista 'tidher
xi ħaġa bħal din.

150
00:08:45,470 --> 00:08:48,250
A ftit aktar faċli biex tara.

151
00:08:48,250 --> 00:08:51,170
>> Hemm ħafna modi oħra biex tikxef
l-messaġġ sigriet kif ukoll,

152
00:08:51,170 --> 00:08:53,730
jittrattaw il-manipulazzjoni kulur.

153
00:08:53,730 --> 00:08:57,050
Forsi inti tista 'tuża wieħed mill-metodi
li semmejt hawn fuq.

154
00:08:57,050 --> 00:08:59,600
U addizzjonalment, inti tista 'tixtieq
biex itejbu xi kuluri

155
00:08:59,600 --> 00:09:02,620
u jġibu dawk barra.

156
00:09:02,620 --> 00:09:06,190
>> Allura issa li aħna ħadthom biddel il-pixel
kulur, li jmiss aħna biss jeħtieġ li jiktbu għalihom

157
00:09:06,190 --> 00:09:08,500
fil lill-scanline, pixel mill pixel.

158
00:09:08,500 --> 00:09:11,860
U għal darb'oħra, tixtieq tkun taf biex inħarsu lura
li copy.c, jekk int ma kkupjati

159
00:09:11,860 --> 00:09:18,170
diġà, u ħarsa lejn il fwrite
funzjoni, li tieħu data, a pointer

160
00:09:18,170 --> 00:09:23,230
għall-Struct li fiha l-bytes
li inti qed taqra minn, id-daqs tal-

161
00:09:23,230 --> 00:09:26,610
l-oġġetti, in-numru ta 'oġġetti,
u allura l-outptr -

162
00:09:26,610 --> 00:09:29,450
id-destinazzjoni ta 'dawn il-fajls.

163
00:09:29,450 --> 00:09:34,010
>> Wara li tikteb fil-pixels, inti ser
ukoll għandek tikteb fil-padding.

164
00:09:34,010 --> 00:09:34,970
X'inhu ikkuttunar?

165
00:09:34,970 --> 00:09:38,670
Ukoll, kull pixel rgbt
huwa ta 'tliet bytes twil.

166
00:09:38,670 --> 00:09:43,670
Iżda, il-scanline għal immaġini Bitmap
irid ikun multiplu ta 'erba' bytes.

167
00:09:43,670 --> 00:09:47,650
U jekk in-numru ta 'pixels mhuwiex
multiplu ta 'erba, allura għandna bżonn li jiżdiedu

168
00:09:47,650 --> 00:09:48,880
dan padding.

169
00:09:48,880 --> 00:09:51,420
Padding huwa biss rappreżentat minn 0s.

170
00:09:51,420 --> 00:09:54,380
Allura, kif nistgħu jiktbu, jew taqra dan?

171
00:09:54,380 --> 00:09:59,280
Ukoll, jirriżulta li inti ma tistax
ikkuttunar attwalment fread, imma int tista '

172
00:09:59,280 --> 00:10:00,970
kkalkulata.

173
00:10:00,970 --> 00:10:04,400
>> F'dan il-każ, l-clue u l-verdett
jkollhom l-istess wisa ', sabiex il-

174
00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:05,910
ikkuttunar huwa l-istess.

175
00:10:05,910 --> 00:10:09,370
U l-ikkuttunar, kif tkun taf tara
fil copy.c, huwa kkalkulat

176
00:10:09,370 --> 00:10:11,790
bil-formula hawn taħt -

177
00:10:11,790 --> 00:10:16,690
sizeof darbiet bi.biWidth (RGBTRIPLE) se
agħtina kemm bytes l-BMP

178
00:10:16,690 --> 00:10:18,280
għandha f'kull filliera.

179
00:10:18,280 --> 00:10:21,890
Minn hemm, il-modulos u subtractions
ma 4 jista 'jikkalkula kemm

180
00:10:21,890 --> 00:10:25,610
ħafna bytes għandhom jiżdiedu sabiex
l-multiplu ta 'bytes fuq

181
00:10:25,610 --> 00:10:27,250
kull ringiela huwa erbgħa.

182
00:10:27,250 --> 00:10:30,490
>> Issa li aħna għandna l-formula għall-
kemm ikkuttunar għandna bżonn, issa

183
00:10:30,490 --> 00:10:31,610
nistgħu tiktibha.

184
00:10:31,610 --> 00:10:34,080
Issa, semmejt qabel,
ikkuttunar huwa biss 0s.

185
00:10:34,080 --> 00:10:39,730
Allura f'dak il-każ, aħna qed biss it-tqegħid
char, f'dan il-każ ta '0, fis tagħna

186
00:10:39,730 --> 00:10:41,710
outptr - outfile tagħna.

187
00:10:41,710 --> 00:10:47,530
Allura li jista 'jkun biss fputc
0, comma outptr.

188
00:10:47,530 --> 00:10:52,400
>> Għalhekk, filwaqt li aħna ħadthom ġiet qari fis tagħna
fajl, fajl I / O żamm kont ta 'tagħna

189
00:10:52,400 --> 00:10:57,440
pożizzjoni f'dawk il-fajls ma 'xi ħaġa
imsejħa l-indikatur tal-pożizzjoni fajl.

190
00:10:57,440 --> 00:10:59,350
Think tiegħu bħala cursor.

191
00:10:59,350 --> 00:11:03,550
Bażikament, hija tressaq kull darba
li aħna fread, iżda aħna għandna

192
00:11:03,550 --> 00:11:05,671
kontroll fuq dan, wisq.

193
00:11:05,671 --> 00:11:11,030
>> Biex tmexxi l-indikatur tal-pożizzjoni fajl,
inti tista 'tuża l-fseek funzjoni.

194
00:11:11,030 --> 00:11:15,600
Meta l-inptr tirrappreżenta l-fajl
pointer li qed tfittex fi, l-

195
00:11:15,600 --> 00:11:20,370
ammont huwa n-numru ta 'bytes li inti
jridux jimxu il-cursor, u mbagħad minn

196
00:11:20,370 --> 00:11:23,470
tirrigwarda l-punt ta 'referenza
minn fejn cursor tiegħek.

197
00:11:23,470 --> 00:11:26,770
Jekk inti tgħaddi fil SEEK_CUR, li
jirrappreżenta l-preżenti

198
00:11:26,770 --> 00:11:28,100
pożizzjoni fil-fajl.

199
00:11:28,100 --> 00:11:31,020
Jew tista 'tuża xi parametri oħra.

200
00:11:31,020 --> 00:11:35,400
Għalhekk, aħna tista 'tixtieq tuża fseek skip
fuq l-ikkuttunar tal-fajl.

201
00:11:35,400 --> 00:11:39,410
U għal darb'oħra, jekk int staġnati, hemm
eżempju ta 'dik fil copy.c.

202
00:11:39,410 --> 00:11:43,260
>> Allura issa konna fetaħ il-fajl,
l-clue, u l-verdett.

203
00:11:43,260 --> 00:11:46,450
Imxejna aġġornata l-info header għal
verdett tagħna, għaliex kull

204
00:11:46,450 --> 00:11:48,730
Bitmap teħtieġ header.

205
00:11:48,730 --> 00:11:52,280
Imxejna mbagħad jaqra fil-l-clue
scanline, pixel mill pixel, jinbidlu

206
00:11:52,280 --> 00:11:55,210
kull kulur kif meħtieġ, u
miktub dawk fil-

207
00:11:55,210 --> 00:11:57,340
verdett, pixel mill pixel.

208
00:11:57,340 --> 00:12:01,550
Ladarba inti tiftaħ verdett, tista 'tara li
l-ħati, jew dak l-sigrieti

209
00:12:01,550 --> 00:12:02,850
messaġġ huwa.

210
00:12:02,850 --> 00:12:05,550
Jisimni Zamyla, u
dan kien whodunit.

211
00:12:05,550 --> 00:12:12,864