1
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>> [Music kucheza]

2
00:00:09,500 --> 00:00:12,350
>> ZAMYLA CHAN: Ilikuwa Miss Scarlett
na kinara.

3
00:00:12,350 --> 00:00:13,560
Whodunit?

4
00:00:13,560 --> 00:00:15,030
Naam, tunakwenda kujua.

5
00:00:15,030 --> 00:00:20,870
Katika mchezo wa bodi kidokezo, huenda
kupewa kimwili nyekundu picha.

6
00:00:20,870 --> 00:00:24,120
Na picha kwamba ni nyekundu sana na
spotty, na kazi yako ni

7
00:00:24,120 --> 00:00:25,490
yatangaza ujumbe siri.

8
00:00:25,490 --> 00:00:29,740
Na kwa kawaida wewe ni zinazotolewa na nyekundu
magnifying kioo, au screen nyekundu

9
00:00:29,740 --> 00:00:31,410
yanaonyesha kwamba ujumbe siri.

10
00:00:31,410 --> 00:00:33,340
Naam, tunakwenda kuiga hiyo.

11
00:00:33,340 --> 00:00:37,960
>> Katika whodunit, wewe ni kupewa bitmap picha
kwamba inaonekana spotty sana na nyekundu,

12
00:00:37,960 --> 00:00:43,430
na kisha kuendesha programu whodunit
kudhihirisha ujumbe wa siri.

13
00:00:43,430 --> 00:00:45,650
>> Basi hebu kuvunja hii katika hatua.

14
00:00:45,650 --> 00:00:50,390
Kwanza, unataka kufungua faili -
kidokezo kwamba tumekuwa huo.

15
00:00:50,390 --> 00:00:53,880
Na kisha pia kujenga
uamuzi bitmap file.

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00:00:53,880 --> 00:00:58,240
Kisha unataka update bitmap
header info kwa ajili ya uamuzi outfile.

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00:00:58,240 --> 00:00:59,920
Zaidi juu ya baadaye.

18
00:00:59,920 --> 00:01:04,319
Na kisha utaenda kusoma katika
kidokezo, scanline, pixel kwa pixel,

19
00:01:04,319 --> 00:01:07,320
kubadilisha rangi pixel kama
muhimu, na kuandika

20
00:01:07,320 --> 00:01:08,960
wale katika uamuzi -

21
00:01:08,960 --> 00:01:12,000
pixel kwa pixel katika
uamuzi scanline.

22
00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:13,780
>> Je, sisi kuanza kwenda kuhusu hili?

23
00:01:13,780 --> 00:01:16,940
Naam, bahati, tuna copy.c
katika usambazaji code.

24
00:01:16,940 --> 00:01:21,240
Na hii ni kwenda kuthibitisha
muhimu kabisa kwetu.

25
00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:29,700
Copy.c kufungua faili, wasomaji katika
infile ya kichwa, na kisha updates

26
00:01:29,700 --> 00:01:31,070
header outfile ya.

27
00:01:31,070 --> 00:01:37,010
Na kisha wasomaji kila pixel katika
scanline, pixel kwa pixel, na kisha

28
00:01:37,010 --> 00:01:42,390
anaandika kwamba pixel katika outfile.

29
00:01:42,390 --> 00:01:45,020
>> Hivyo, hatua yako ya kwanza nguvu
kuwa na kukimbia zifuatazo

30
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amri katika terminal -

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cp copy.c whodunit.c.

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Hii itakuwa kujenga nakala ya
copy.c jina lake whodunit.c.

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00:01:55,320 --> 00:01:58,320
Hivyo hatua yetu ya kwanza kufungua
file, vizuri, kuna halisi

34
00:01:58,320 --> 00:02:00,070
replica ya kwamba katika copy.c.

35
00:02:00,070 --> 00:02:03,360
Basi, mimi itabidi kuondoka kwa kuangalia kwamba.

36
00:02:03,360 --> 00:02:07,860
>> Nini sisi ni kushughulika na katika pset hii ni
file I / O, kimsingi kuchukua files,

37
00:02:07,860 --> 00:02:10,229
kusoma, kuandika, editing yao.

38
00:02:10,229 --> 00:02:12,650
Jinsi gani unaweza kwanza kufungua faili?

39
00:02:12,650 --> 00:02:16,800
Naam, wewe ni kwenda kutangaza file
pointer, na kisha wewe piga

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00:02:16,800 --> 00:02:18,670
kazi fopen.

41
00:02:18,670 --> 00:02:23,150
Kupita katika njia, au jina la
faili, na kisha mode kwamba unataka

42
00:02:23,150 --> 00:02:24,700
kufungua faili kwamba in

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00:02:24,700 --> 00:02:28,620
Kupita katika r itafungua
foo.bmp kwa ajili ya kusoma.

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00:02:28,620 --> 00:02:35,670
Wakati fopen na kupita katika w mapenzi
bar.bmp wazi, kwa ajili ya kuandika file na

45
00:02:35,670 --> 00:02:37,020
kweli editing yake.

46
00:02:37,020 --> 00:02:41,970
>> Hivyo sasa kwamba tumekuwa kufunguliwa faili, yetu
Hatua ya pili ni update header info

47
00:02:41,970 --> 00:02:43,230
kwa outfile.

48
00:02:43,230 --> 00:02:44,610
Nini header info?

49
00:02:44,610 --> 00:02:48,160
Naam, kwanza tunahitaji kujua
nini bitmap ni.

50
00:02:48,160 --> 00:02:51,000
bitmap ni rahisi tu
mpangilio wa ka.

51
00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:55,480
Na wao ni alitangaza katika faili hii
hapa, bmp.h, pamoja na kundi la

52
00:02:55,480 --> 00:02:58,610
habari ya nini bitmap
ni kweli alifanya nje ya.

53
00:02:58,610 --> 00:03:05,730
Lakini nini sisi kweli huduma ya juu ni
bitmap file header, hapa, na

54
00:03:05,730 --> 00:03:08,460
bitmap info header, zaidi ya hapa.

55
00:03:08,460 --> 00:03:13,170
header ni linajumuisha ya wanandoa wa
vigezo ambayo kuthibitisha muhimu sana.

56
00:03:13,170 --> 00:03:18,400
Kuna biSizeImage, ambayo ni
jumla ukubwa wa picha katika bytes.

57
00:03:18,400 --> 00:03:20,890
Na hii ni pamoja na saizi na padding.

58
00:03:20,890 --> 00:03:24,210
Padding ni muhimu sana, lakini
tutaweza kupata baadaye.

59
00:03:24,210 --> 00:03:30,000
>> BiWidth inawakilisha upana wa
picha katika saizi minus padding.

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00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:34,220
BiHeight ni kisha pia urefu
ya picha katika saizi.

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00:03:34,220 --> 00:03:38,240
Na kisha BITMAPFILEHEADER na
BITMAPINFOHEADER, kama nilivyoeleza

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00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:40,900
mapema, wale kuwakilishwa
kama structs.

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00:03:40,900 --> 00:03:45,410
Kwa hiyo, huwezi kupata file header
yenyewe, lakini utasikia wanataka kupata

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00:03:45,410 --> 00:03:47,370
vigezo wale walio ndani ya.

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00:03:47,370 --> 00:03:48,170
>> OK.

66
00:03:48,170 --> 00:03:50,600
Hivyo ni jinsi gani sisi update header info?

67
00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:54,020
Naam, kwanza tuna ili kuona kama sisi
haja ya kubadili taarifa yoyote kutoka

68
00:03:54,020 --> 00:03:58,480
infile, habari, kwa
outfile, uamuzi.

69
00:03:58,480 --> 00:04:00,250
Ni kitu chochote kubadilisha katika kesi hii?

70
00:04:00,250 --> 00:04:04,320
Naam, si kweli, kwa sababu tunakwenda
kuwa tu kubadilisha rangi.

71
00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:07,550
Sisi siyo kwenda kuwa kubadilisha faili
ukubwa, ukubwa wa picha, upana,

72
00:04:07,550 --> 00:04:08,310
au urefu.

73
00:04:08,310 --> 00:04:14,010
Basi, wewe ni sawa kwa sasa na
tu kuiga kila pixel.

74
00:04:14,010 --> 00:04:14,840
>> OK.

75
00:04:14,840 --> 00:04:20,720
Hivyo sasa hebu tuangalie jinsi sisi kweli
unaweza kusoma kila pixel kutoka faili.

76
00:04:20,720 --> 00:04:23,640
File mwingine I / O kazi
ataingia ndani ya kucheza -

77
00:04:23,640 --> 00:04:24,700
fread.

78
00:04:24,700 --> 00:04:28,440
Inachukua katika pointer kwa struct
ambayo yana ka kwamba

79
00:04:28,440 --> 00:04:30,110
wewe ni kusoma.

80
00:04:30,110 --> 00:04:31,890
Hivyo wewe ni kusoma katika hiyo.

81
00:04:31,890 --> 00:04:36,090
Na kisha kupita katika kawaida, ambayo ni
ukubwa wa kila hiki kwamba

82
00:04:36,090 --> 00:04:37,360
unataka kusoma.

83
00:04:37,360 --> 00:04:40,640
Hapa, kazi sizeof
atakuja katika Handy.

84
00:04:40,640 --> 00:04:45,570
Kisha kupita katika idadi, ambayo
inawakilisha idadi ya mambo ya

85
00:04:45,570 --> 00:04:47,480
ukubwa kusoma.

86
00:04:47,480 --> 00:04:51,180
Na kisha hatimaye, inptr, ambayo ni
file pointer kwamba wewe ni

87
00:04:51,180 --> 00:04:52,530
kwenda kusoma kutoka.

88
00:04:52,530 --> 00:04:58,650
Basi wote wa mambo hayo ni ndani ya
inptr na wao wanaenda data.

89
00:04:58,650 --> 00:05:01,660
>> Hebu tuangalie mfano kidogo.

90
00:05:01,660 --> 00:05:07,590
Kama mimi nataka kusoma katika data mbwa wawili,
vizuri, siwezi kufanya ni moja ya njia mbili.

91
00:05:07,590 --> 00:05:15,250
Mimi unaweza ama kusoma katika vitu viwili wa kawaida
mbwa kutoka inptr yangu, au naweza kusoma

92
00:05:15,250 --> 00:05:19,280
katika moja kitu ukubwa wa mbwa wawili.

93
00:05:19,280 --> 00:05:23,580
Hivyo unaweza kuona kwamba kulingana na njia
kwamba kupanga ukubwa na idadi, wewe

94
00:05:23,580 --> 00:05:25,840
unaweza kusoma katika idadi sawa ya ka.

95
00:05:25,840 --> 00:05:28,720

96
00:05:28,720 --> 00:05:33,020
>> Hivyo sasa, hebu kubadili
pixel rangi kama tunahitaji.

97
00:05:33,020 --> 00:05:37,320
Kama ukiangalia bmp.h tena, basi
utaona kwamba chini

98
00:05:37,320 --> 00:05:42,920
RGBTRIPLEs ni struct nyingine, ambapo
wao ni zikiwemo ya ka tatu.

99
00:05:42,920 --> 00:05:49,220
Moja, rgbtBlue, rgbtGreen, na rgbtRed.

100
00:05:49,220 --> 00:05:52,480
Hivyo kila moja ya haya inawakilisha kiasi
rangi ya bluu, kiasi cha kijani, na

101
00:05:52,480 --> 00:05:57,250
kiasi cha nyekundu ndani ya pixel hii, ambapo
kila kiasi ni kuwakilishwa na

102
00:05:57,250 --> 00:05:58,670
hexadesimoli idadi.

103
00:05:58,670 --> 00:06:04,370
>> Hivyo ff0000 itakuwa rangi ya bluu,
kwa sababu inakwenda kutoka bluu,

104
00:06:04,370 --> 00:06:05,850
ya kijani, na nyekundu.

105
00:06:05,850 --> 00:06:09,300
Na kisha wote f itakuwa nyeupe.

106
00:06:09,300 --> 00:06:13,440
Hebu tuangalie smiley.bmp, ambayo
una katika usambazaji code yako.

107
00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:15,690
Kama wazi katika tu picha
mtazamaji, basi utakuwa

108
00:06:15,690 --> 00:06:17,080
tu kuona smiley nyekundu.

109
00:06:17,080 --> 00:06:20,380
Lakini kuchukua kupiga mbizi zaidi katika, tutaweza
kuona kwamba muundo

110
00:06:20,380 --> 00:06:22,340
yake ni saizi tu.

111
00:06:22,340 --> 00:06:25,880
Tuna saizi nyeupe,
na kisha saizi nyekundu.

112
00:06:25,880 --> 00:06:31,000
nyeupe, ffffff, na kisha yote ya
saizi nyekundu nimekuwa rangi katika kwa ajili yenu

113
00:06:31,000 --> 00:06:35,440
hapa, na unaweza kuona kwamba wao ni 0000ff.

114
00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:39,760
Zero bluu, zero kijani, na nyekundu full.

115
00:06:39,760 --> 00:06:45,350
Na tangu smiley ni nane saizi kubwa,
hatuna padding yoyote.

116
00:06:45,350 --> 00:06:47,360
Sawa.

117
00:06:47,360 --> 00:06:53,310
>> Hivyo kama ningekuwa hawawajui maadili tofauti
kwa RGBTRIPLE na nilitaka

118
00:06:53,310 --> 00:06:58,350
kufanya hivyo kijani, basi nini napenda kufanya ni
Napenda kutangaza RGBTRIPLE, jina lake

119
00:06:58,350 --> 00:07:02,660
tatu, na kisha kupata kila
byte ndani ya kuwa struct mimi

120
00:07:02,660 --> 00:07:04,030
bila kutumia dot operator.

121
00:07:04,030 --> 00:07:08,430
Hivyo triple.rgbtBlue, siwezi
hawawajui kwamba 0.

122
00:07:08,430 --> 00:07:13,460
Green naweza hawawajui kwa full - yoyote
idadi, kwa kweli, kati ya 0 na ff.

123
00:07:13,460 --> 00:07:15,470
Na kisha nyekundu, mimi nina pia kwenda kusema 0.

124
00:07:15,470 --> 00:07:19,160
Hivyo basi, kwamba anatoa mimi pixel ya kijani.

125
00:07:19,160 --> 00:07:23,030
>> Next, nini kama nataka kuangalia
thamani ya kitu?

126
00:07:23,030 --> 00:07:27,250
Mimi naweza kuwa na kitu ambacho hundi
kama rgbtBlue mara tatu ya thamani ya ni

127
00:07:27,250 --> 00:07:31,080
ff na kisha magazeti, "Mimi nina hisia
blue! ", kama matokeo.

128
00:07:31,080 --> 00:07:35,640
Sasa, haimaanishi
kwamba pixel ni rangi ya bluu, sawa?

129
00:07:35,640 --> 00:07:40,060
Kwa sababu maadili pixel ya kijani na nyekundu
inaweza pia kuwa na mashirika yasiyo ya 0 maadili.

130
00:07:40,060 --> 00:07:43,470
Yote hii ina maana, na yote
hii ni kuangalia kwa ni

131
00:07:43,470 --> 00:07:45,610
kwa full rangi ya bluu.

132
00:07:45,610 --> 00:07:50,050
Lakini saizi wote wanaweza pia kuwa na sehemu
maadili rangi, kama hii

133
00:07:50,050 --> 00:07:52,180
mfano ijayo hapa.

134
00:07:52,180 --> 00:07:55,400
>> Ni vigumu kidogo kuona
nini picha hii ni sasa.

135
00:07:55,400 --> 00:08:00,320
Hii inaonekana kidogo zaidi kama
clue.bmp kwamba utasikia kutolewa.

136
00:08:00,320 --> 00:08:03,600
Sasa, kimwili, unaweza kutatua,
kwa sababu kuna mengi ya nyekundu, na

137
00:08:03,600 --> 00:08:07,040
kufanya up screen nyekundu na mfano ili
kwamba rangi nyingine inaweza kuonekana.

138
00:08:07,040 --> 00:08:10,968
Hivyo ni jinsi gani sisi kuiga na c?

139
00:08:10,968 --> 00:08:15,640
Naam, tupate kuondoa nyekundu
sanamu kabisa.

140
00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:21,870
Na kufanya hivyo kwamba tunatarajia kuweka kila
pixel nyekundu thamani kwa 0.

141
00:08:21,870 --> 00:08:25,020
Na hivyo picha bila kuangalia kidogo
kidogo kama hii, ambapo hatuna nyekundu

142
00:08:25,020 --> 00:08:26,300
wowote.

143
00:08:26,300 --> 00:08:29,390
>> Tunaweza kuona siri ujumbe a
kidogo zaidi wazi sasa.

144
00:08:29,390 --> 00:08:31,730
Ni uso mwingine smiley.

145
00:08:31,730 --> 00:08:33,870
Au labda tunaweza kutumia njia nyingine.

146
00:08:33,870 --> 00:08:36,480
Labda, tunaweza kutambua
yote ya saizi nyekundu -

147
00:08:36,480 --> 00:08:41,100
yaani, ya saizi na
0 bluu, 0 kijani, na 0 nyekundu -

148
00:08:41,100 --> 00:08:43,169
na mabadiliko ya wale nyeupe.

149
00:08:43,169 --> 00:08:45,470
Na mfano wetu ili kuangalia
kitu kama hiki.

150
00:08:45,470 --> 00:08:48,250
kidogo rahisi kuona.

151
00:08:48,250 --> 00:08:51,170
>> Kuna kura ya njia nyingine ya kubaini
ujumbe wa siri kama vile,

152
00:08:51,170 --> 00:08:53,730
kushughulika na kudanganywa rangi.

153
00:08:53,730 --> 00:08:57,050
Labda unaweza kutumia moja ya njia
kwamba mimi zilizotajwa hapo juu.

154
00:08:57,050 --> 00:08:59,600
Na kuongeza, unaweza kutaka
kuimarisha baadhi ya rangi

155
00:08:59,600 --> 00:09:02,620
na kuleta wale nje.

156
00:09:02,620 --> 00:09:06,190
>> Hivyo sasa kwamba tumekuwa iliyopita pixel
rangi, karibu sisi tu haja ya kuwaandikia

157
00:09:06,190 --> 00:09:08,500
katika scanline, pixel kwa pixel.

158
00:09:08,500 --> 00:09:11,860
Na tena, utasikia wanataka kuangalia nyuma
kwa copy.c, kama una si kunakiliwa

159
00:09:11,860 --> 00:09:18,170
tayari, na kuangalia fwrite
kazi, ambayo inachukua data, pointer

160
00:09:18,170 --> 00:09:23,230
kwa struct ambayo ina ka
kwamba wewe ni kusoma kutoka, ukubwa wa

161
00:09:23,230 --> 00:09:26,610
vitu, idadi ya vitu,
na kisha outptr -

162
00:09:26,610 --> 00:09:29,450
marudio ya files hizo.

163
00:09:29,450 --> 00:09:34,010
>> Baada ya kuandika katika saizi, itabidi
pia kuwa na kuandika katika padding.

164
00:09:34,010 --> 00:09:34,970
Padding ni nini?

165
00:09:34,970 --> 00:09:38,670
Naam, kila pixel rgbt
ni ka tatu kwa muda mrefu.

166
00:09:38,670 --> 00:09:43,670
Lakini, scanline kwa bitmap picha
ina kuwa nyingi ya ka nne.

167
00:09:43,670 --> 00:09:47,650
Na kama idadi ya saizi ni si
mbalimbali ya nne, basi tunahitaji kuongeza

168
00:09:47,650 --> 00:09:48,880
padding hii.

169
00:09:48,880 --> 00:09:51,420
Padding ni tu kuwakilishwa na sekunde 0.

170
00:09:51,420 --> 00:09:54,380
Hivyo, jinsi gani sisi kuandika, au kusoma hii?

171
00:09:54,380 --> 00:09:59,280
Naam, zinageuka kuwa huwezi
kweli fread padding, lakini unaweza

172
00:09:59,280 --> 00:10:00,970
mahesabu yake.

173
00:10:00,970 --> 00:10:04,400
>> Katika kesi hiyo, habari na uamuzi
na upana huo, hivyo

174
00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:05,910
padding ni sawa.

175
00:10:05,910 --> 00:10:09,370
Na padding, kama utaona
katika copy.c, ni mahesabu

176
00:10:09,370 --> 00:10:11,790
na chini ya formula -

177
00:10:11,790 --> 00:10:16,690
mara bi.biWidth sizeof (RGBTRIPLE) mapenzi
kutupa jinsi ka wengi bmp

178
00:10:16,690 --> 00:10:18,280
ina katika kila mstari.

179
00:10:18,280 --> 00:10:21,890
Kutoka huko, modulos na vipunguzi
na 4 unaweza mahesabu ya jinsi ya

180
00:10:21,890 --> 00:10:25,610
ka wengi lazima aliongeza ili
nyingi ya ka juu ya

181
00:10:25,610 --> 00:10:27,250
kila mstari ni nne.

182
00:10:27,250 --> 00:10:30,490
>> Sasa kwa kuwa tuna formula kwa
kiasi gani padding, tunahitaji sasa

183
00:10:30,490 --> 00:10:31,610
tunaweza kuandika.

184
00:10:31,610 --> 00:10:34,080
Sasa, nilivyoeleza hapo awali,
padding ni sekunde 0 tu.

185
00:10:34,080 --> 00:10:39,730
Hivyo katika kesi hiyo, sisi ni kuweka tu
char, katika kesi hii 0, ndani ya yetu

186
00:10:39,730 --> 00:10:41,710
outptr - outfile yetu.

187
00:10:41,710 --> 00:10:47,530
Hivyo kwamba wanaweza tu kuwa fputc
0, comma outptr.

188
00:10:47,530 --> 00:10:52,400
>> Hivyo, wakati tumekuwa kusoma katika yetu
faili, faili I / O ina naendelea wimbo wa wetu

189
00:10:52,400 --> 00:10:57,440
nafasi katika files wale walio na kitu
aitwaye file nafasi kiashiria.

190
00:10:57,440 --> 00:10:59,350
Fikiria kama mshale.

191
00:10:59,350 --> 00:11:03,550
Kimsingi, ni maendeleo ya kila wakati
kwamba sisi fread, lakini tuna

192
00:11:03,550 --> 00:11:05,671
kudhibiti juu yake, pia.

193
00:11:05,671 --> 00:11:11,030
>> Hoja file nafasi kiashiria,
unaweza kutumia kazi fseek.

194
00:11:11,030 --> 00:11:15,600
Ambapo inptr inawakilisha file
pointer kwamba wewe ni kutafuta katika,

195
00:11:15,600 --> 00:11:20,370
kiasi ni idadi ya ka kwamba
wanataka hoja ya mshale, na kisha kutoka

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00:11:20,370 --> 00:11:23,470
inahusiana na kiini
kutoka ambapo mshale ni.

197
00:11:23,470 --> 00:11:26,770
Kama kupita katika SEEK_CUR, kwamba
inawakilisha sasa

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00:11:26,770 --> 00:11:28,100
nafasi katika faili.

199
00:11:28,100 --> 00:11:31,020
Au unaweza kutumia baadhi vigezo vingine.

200
00:11:31,020 --> 00:11:35,400
Kwa hiyo, sisi kutaka kutumia fseek ruka
juu ya padding ya faili katika.

201
00:11:35,400 --> 00:11:39,410
Na tena, kama wewe ni kukwama, kuna
mfano wa kwamba katika copy.c.

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00:11:39,410 --> 00:11:43,260
>> Hivyo sasa tumekuwa kufunguliwa faili,
kidokezo, na uamuzi.

203
00:11:43,260 --> 00:11:46,450
Tumekuwa updated header info kwa
uamuzi wetu, kwa sababu kila

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00:11:46,450 --> 00:11:48,730
bitmap mahitaji ya header.

205
00:11:48,730 --> 00:11:52,280
Tumekuwa kisha kusoma katika fununu ya
scanline, pixel kwa pixel, kubadilisha

206
00:11:52,280 --> 00:11:55,210
kila rangi kama ni lazima, na
kuandika hayo katika

207
00:11:55,210 --> 00:11:57,340
uamuzi, pixel kwa pixel.

208
00:11:57,340 --> 00:12:01,550
Mara baada ya kufungua uamuzi, unaweza kuona ambao
culprit, au nini siri

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00:12:01,550 --> 00:12:02,850
ujumbe ni.

210
00:12:02,850 --> 00:12:05,550
Jina langu ni Zamyla, na
hii ilikuwa whodunit.

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00:12:05,550 --> 00:12:12,864