1
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>> JAMES cuff: Hi, tajba
wara nofsinhar, kulħadd.

3
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Jisimni James cuff.

4
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Jien l-Assistent Dekan għar-Riċerka
Computing hawn fil-Harvard University.

5
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U llum jien ser jitkellem miegħek dwar
għaliex computing fuq skala out hija essenzjali.

6
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>> So I raden, l-ewwel up, li huwa dan Guy?

7
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Why am I hawn?

8
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Why am I jitkellem għalik?

9
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I jkollhom sfond fil xjentifiku
computing u computing riċerka,

10
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jiġġebbed lura lill-United
Kingdom-- Il Trust Sanger Wellcome

11
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Istitut għall-genome-- bniedem u
imbagħad aktar reċentement fl-Istati Uniti

12
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jaħdmu fil-Wiesgħa u oħrajn stmata
postijiet ta 'tagħlim, bħal Harvard.

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>> I raden dak li verament ifisser huwa
li jien qed tirkupra bijo molekulari

14
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fiżiċista.

15
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Allura dak id-dritt ikollhom sibt li tgħid
inti dwar computing fuq skala out?

16
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Hemm a madankollu.

17
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18-il sena jew hekk stajt biss tidher l-aktar
żidiet drammatiċi fil-kumplessità iskala

18
00:01:09,530 --> 00:01:13,570
u l-effiċjenza globali
ta 'sistemi computing.

19
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>> Meta I kienet tagħmel PhD tiegħi fil Oxford, I
kien pjuttost eċċitati bl 200 megahertz

20
00:01:18,890 --> 00:01:23,830
Magna Silicon Graphics bi 18
gigabytes ta 'ħażna u CPU wieħed.

21
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Żminijiet inbidlu.

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Jekk inti bil-ħerqa fast issa, aħna qed għażil
aktar minn 60,000 CPUs hawn fil-Harvard.

23
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Ħafna organizzazzjonijiet oħra
huma għażil ħafna aktar.

24
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>> Il takeaway importanti minn dan huwa
li l-iskala issa mhux biss inevitabbli,

25
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huwa ġara u huwa
se jkompli jseħħ.

26
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Mela ejja, għal mument, xorta
ta kontrina u jitkellmu malajr ħafna

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dwar ix-xjenza, favorit tiegħi
suġġett, il-metodu xjentifiku.

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>> Jekk inti jiġu xjenzat,
għandek tagħmel ftit affarijiet ewlenin.

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Jekk inti ma tagħmel dawn l-affarijiet inti tista '
mhux tqis lilek innifsek xjenzat

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u int se jbatu jkunu jistgħu
jifhmu żona tiegħek ta 'dixxiplina.

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>> Allura l-ewwel nett, inti tifformula
mistoqsija tiegħek, inti jiġġeneraw ipoteżi,

32
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iżda aktar importanti, inti
jbassru results-- tiegħek

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inti għandek raden dwar
x'kienu r-riżultati se jkun.

34
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U mbagħad finalment, inti test tiegħek
ipoteżi u tanalizza r-riżultati tiegħek.

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>> Allura dan il-metodu xjentifiku hu
estremament importanti fil-kompjuters.

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Computing kemm il-previżjoni
u li jkunu jistgħu jittestjaw riżultati tiegħek

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huma parti ewlenija ta 'dak li għandna bżonn
biex tagħmel fil-metodu xjentifiku.

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Dawn il-previżjonijiet u testings
huma l-veri żewġ pilastri

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tal-metodu xjentifiku, u kull
jeħtieġu l-avvanzi l-aktar sinifikanti

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fil komputazzjoni moderna.

41
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>> Iż-żewġ pilastri ta 'xjenza huma li
ta 'teorija u dik ta' esperimentazzjoni.

42
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U aktar reċentement,
computing huwa spiss imsemmija

43
00:02:54,300 --> 00:02:58,090
bħala t-tielet pilastru ta 'xjenza.

44
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Hekk jekk inti l-istudenti huma jaraw dan,
inti għandek assolutament ebda pressjoni.

45
00:03:01,440 --> 00:03:03,960

46
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It-tielet pilastru tal science-- no big
computing deal--, tip ta 'importanti.

47
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Ferħan dan huwa l-parti computing
tal-kors tax-xjenza tal-kompjuter 50.

48
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>> Allura biżżejjed ta 'l-isfond.

49
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Irrid li jgħidlek il-pjan ta 'dak
aħna qed tmur biex jitkellmu dwar llum.

50
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Jien se jmorru fuq xi storja.

51
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Jien ser jispjegaw għaliex aħna ltqajna hawn.

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Jien ser jitkellmu dwar xi
tal-istorja tal-computing

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hawn fil-Harvard, xi
attivitajiet madwar media soċjali,

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aħdar things-- ħafna
passjonat dwar affarijiet kollha

55
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green-- storage-- storage-- kompjuter
kif kaos jaffettwa skala-out out sistemi,

56
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u s-sistemi ta 'distribuzzjoni b'mod partikolari.

57
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>> U mbagħad jien ser imissu fuq xi
tal-hardware iskala-out li l-

58
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meħtieġa biex ikunu jistgħu
do computing fuq skala.

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U mbagħad finalment, aħna qed tmur biex
wrap up ma 'xi xjenza tal-biża.

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>> Allura, ejja tieħu minuta biex
tħares lejn l-istorja attwali tagħna.

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Computing evolviet.

62
00:04:01,810 --> 00:04:07,370
Allura peress li l-'60s, kollha
l bogħod permezz ta 'llum,

63
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Rajna bażikament bidla ta
ambitu mir computing ċentralizzata

64
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biex jiddeċentralizzaw computing, li
kollaborattiv u mbagħad indipendenti

65
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computing u dritt lura għal darb'oħra.

66
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>> U let me jannota li ftit.

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Meta aħna ewwel beda off ma '
kompjuters, kellna mainframes.

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Huma kienu eċċessivament
apparati għaljin.

69
00:04:22,824 --> 00:04:23,990
Kollox kellhom jiġu maqsuma.

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Il computing kien kumpless.

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Tista 'tara, dan kmamar mimlija u
kien hemm operaturi u tejps

72
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u kull xorta ta whirry,
Clicky, apparati spinny.

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>> Madwar l-80s '70s kmieni, bdejt
biex tara impatt tal-magni tal-faks.

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Allura inti qed jibdew biex tara computing
tibda tidher lura fil-laboratorji

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u jsiru eqreb lilek.

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Iż-żieda ta 'l-personali
kompjuter, ċertament

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fis-snin 80, parti bikrija ta 'l-
għaxar snin, verament biddlet computing.

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>> U hemm clue fil
it-titolu, minħabba li

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kienet tissejjaħ il-kompjuter personali,
li fisser li ikkontrollata minn int.

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Allura bħala l-evoluzzjoni tal-
computing kompla,

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nies induna li personali tagħhom
kompjuter ma kienx verament kbir biżżejjed

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biex ikunu jistgħu jagħmlu xejn ta 'kwalunkwe mertu,
jew mertu sinifikanti, fix-xjenza.

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>> U hekk folks bdew
jiżviluppa apparat tan-network

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sewwieqa li tkun kapaċi li jgħaqqdu PCs
flimkien biex ikunu jistgħu jibnu clusters.

85
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U hekk dan begat-era
tal-cluster Beowulf.

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Linux sploda bħala tweġiba għall
sistema operattiva proprjetarja, kemm l-ispiża

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u l-kumplessità.

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>> U allura, aħna qegħdin hawn illum,
fejn, għal darb'oħra, aħna qed

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iħabbtu wiċċhom ma 'kmamar sħiħa ta' kompjuter
tagħmir u l-kapaċità

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swipe karta ta 'kreditu waħda u tikseb
aċċess għal dawn il-faċilitajiet computing,

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remot.

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>> U għalhekk inti tista 'mbagħad ara, b'mod
F'termini ta 'impatt istorja

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kif aħna do computing
illum, huwa definittivament

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evolvew minn magna
kmamar sħiħa ta 'kompjuters

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permezz ta 'xi kompjuters personali
kollha l-mod id-dritt lura

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lil magna kmamar sħiħa ta 'kompjuters.

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>> Allura dan huwa l-ewwel cluster tiegħi.

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Allura 2000, aħna mibnija
sistema tal-kompjuter fl-Ewropa

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jannota effettiv
il-ġenoma tal-bniedem.

100
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Hemm ħafna ta 'teknoloġija
elenkati fuq il-lemin

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hemmhekk li, sfortunatament,
m'għadux magħna.

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Huwa għadda off għall-
kbira tat-teknoloġija fis-sema.

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>> Il-magna nnifisha hija probabbilment
ekwivalenti ta 'laptops deċenti ftit

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illum, u li biss it-tip ta jurik.

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Madankollu, aħna ma b'attenzjoni jannota
l-ġenoma tal-bniedem u kemm protett huwa

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ma dan id-dokument partikolari fil
Natura mit-tħassib dwar id-data

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jkunu pubbliċi jew privati.

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>> Allura dan huwa tal-biża, id-dritt?

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Allura aħna ħadthom ltqajna ġenoma tal-bniedem.

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We ghamilt computing.

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Jien tħossok kuntent ħafna myself.

112
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I rolled up Harvard fl-2006,
tħossok ħafna inqas kuntent bl myself.

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>> Dan huwa dak I wiret.

114
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Din hija dipartimentali
mail u l-fajl server.

115
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Tista 'tara hawn hemm
xi ftit ta 'tape

116
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thats jintużaw biex iżommu s-sistema flimkien.

117
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Dan huwa liċenzja tagħna u print server.

118
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Jien pretty ċert li hemm forsi passwords
fuq xi wħud minn dawn Post-it Noti.

119
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>> Mhux biża.

121
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Pretty bogħod mill-biża.

122
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U hekk, I jirrealizzaw dan chart ftit
li I wera inti fil-bidu

123
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minn qsim tal-pussess
lura għall-qsim,

124
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li aħna meħtieġa biex jibdlu l-logħba.

125
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U hekk aħna biddel il-logħba
billi jipprovdu inċentivi.

126
00:07:31,330 --> 00:07:34,250
U bnedmin hekk umani, kif dan
ftit artikolu Wikipedija

127
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jgħid hawnhekk, kreaturi skop tagħna.

128
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U l-istudju ta 'inċentiv
istrutturi huwa fundamentali għall-istudju

129
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ta 'l-attività ekonomika.

130
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>> Allura bdejna biex tinċentiva
fakultà tagħna u r-riċerkaturi tagħna.

131
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U hekk aħna inċentivati ​​minnhom ma
sistema tal-kompjuter verament kbir.

132
00:07:47,720 --> 00:07:52,720
Allura fl-2008, aħna mibnija 4096
proċessur machine-- 10 xtillieri,

133
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ftit mijiet f'kilowatts ta 'poter.

134
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>> What I think hu
interessanti huwa ma

135
00:07:56,178 --> 00:07:58,300
jimpurtax fejn inti fil-ċiklu.

136
00:07:58,300 --> 00:08:03,510
Dan l-istess ammont ta 'enerġija u
jikkomputa, l-enerġija hija l-kostanti.

137
00:08:03,510 --> 00:08:06,270
Kien 200 kilowatts meta aħna
kienu Sistemi bini fl-Ewropa.

138
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Huwa mitejn f'kilowatts
fl-2008, u li

139
00:08:09,770 --> 00:08:15,820
jidher li jkun il-[? quanter?] ta 'intrapriżi żgħar
Sistemi tal-kompjuter università bbażata fuq.

140
00:08:15,820 --> 00:08:20,540
>> Allura Harvard today-- fast quddiem, jien l-ebda
itwal Panda imdejjaq, pjuttost Panda kuntenti.

141
00:08:20,540 --> 00:08:25,860
Għandna 60 fard elf tagħbija bbilanċjati
Mikroproċessuri, u tixbit tagħhom b'mod drammatiku.

142
00:08:25,860 --> 00:08:28,780
Għandna 15 petabytes ta
, il-ħażna tixbit wkoll.

143
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Għal darb'oħra, dan kilowatt 200
inkrement, aħna jidhru

144
00:08:30,720 --> 00:08:33,000
li jkun u żżid li
kull sitt xhur jew hekk.

145
00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:35,480
Lottijiet u lottijiet ta 'magni virtwali.

146
00:08:35,480 --> 00:08:37,620
U aktar importanti,
dwar 1.8 megawatt

147
00:08:37,620 --> 00:08:39,669
ta 'tagħmir computing riċerka.

148
00:08:39,669 --> 00:08:41,820
>> U jien ser jidħlu
lura għal dan aktar tard,

149
00:08:41,820 --> 00:08:46,913
għaliex I issa m'għadhomx neċessarjament
għadd kemm CPU għandna,

150
00:08:46,913 --> 00:08:48,980
imma kemm hu kbir huwa l-kont tad-dawl.

151
00:08:48,980 --> 00:08:52,690
20 l-oħra sabiex ddedikata
persunal computing riċerka.

152
00:08:52,690 --> 00:08:57,250
U aktar importanti, aħna qed
jibdew jikbru GPGPUs tagħna.

153
00:08:57,250 --> 00:09:05,030
I kien imqassma fuq kemm ta 'dan l-
qed jiġi miżjud fuq bażi jum għal jum.

154
00:09:05,030 --> 00:09:07,310
Allura, lezzjoni istorja fuq, id-dritt?

155
00:09:07,310 --> 00:09:11,280
>> Allura kif nistgħu naslu s'hemm minn hawn?

156
00:09:11,280 --> 00:09:14,560
Ejja nħarsu lejn uħud moderna
Eżempji jikkomputa fuq skala out.

157
00:09:14,560 --> 00:09:18,290

158
00:09:18,290 --> 00:09:23,230
Jien ftit ossessjonat bl-
daqs u l-iskala tal-midja soċjali.

159
00:09:23,230 --> 00:09:30,850
Hemm numru ta 'estremament
suċċess computing skala kbira

160
00:09:30,850 --> 00:09:34,820
organizzazzjonijiet issa fuq il-pjaneta,
jipprovdu appoġġ u s-servizzi

161
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għalina lkoll.

162
00:09:36,810 --> 00:09:39,340
Allura dak l-caħda ta 'responsabbiltà.

163
00:09:39,340 --> 00:09:42,990
>> U nixtieq li tibda bil
Numru ta uqija fi Instagram.

164
00:09:42,990 --> 00:09:48,336
Mhuwiex attwalment
ċomb fl għal Joke, huwa

165
00:09:48,336 --> 00:09:50,460
lanqas li umoristiċi,
attwalment, come biex jaħsbu li.

166
00:09:50,460 --> 00:09:52,751
Iżda xorta waħda, aħna qed tmur biex
tħares lejn uqija fil Instagram.

167
00:09:52,751 --> 00:09:55,260
U aħna qed tmur biex tibda
ma "naħla My u fjura."

168
00:09:55,260 --> 00:09:57,600
I kien fi [inaudible] Village
u I ħa stampa ftit

169
00:09:57,600 --> 00:10:00,460
ta naħla bilqiegħda fuq fjura.

170
00:10:00,460 --> 00:10:03,270
U mbagħad I bdew jaħsbu dwar
dak li jfisser dan fil-fatt.

171
00:10:03,270 --> 00:10:07,013
U jien ħa din l-istampa off-telefon tiegħi
u magħduda kemm bytes huma fiha,

172
00:10:07,013 --> 00:10:09,070
u huwa dwar 256 kilobytes.

173
00:10:09,070 --> 00:10:13,550
Liema meta bdejt, kieku bażikament
timla floppy 5 u 04/01 pulzier.

174
00:10:13,550 --> 00:10:15,340
U bdew jaħsbu, ukoll, li jibred.

175
00:10:15,340 --> 00:10:18,630
>> U bdejt tfittex u tagħmel
xi riċerka fuq in-netwerk.

176
00:10:18,630 --> 00:10:22,490
U sibt li Instagram
għandha 200 miljun Maus.

177
00:10:22,490 --> 00:10:25,105
I ma kienx fil-fatt li
żgur liema MAU kien.

178
00:10:25,105 --> 00:10:28,960
U MAU, stabbiliti hawn, huwa
utent attiv ta 'kull xahar.

179
00:10:28,960 --> 00:10:34,270
>> Allura, 200 miljun MAUs-- pretty jibred.

180
00:10:34,270 --> 00:10:38,190
20 biljun photographs-- hekk
pjuttost ħafna ta 'ritratti.

181
00:10:38,190 --> 00:10:42,300
'60 Miljun ritratti ġodda
kull jum

182
00:10:42,300 --> 00:10:46,990
joħorġu madwar 0.002 GIG kull ritratt.

183
00:10:46,990 --> 00:10:51,290
C'est madwar ħames petabytes
ta 'disk biss id-dritt hemmhekk.

184
00:10:51,290 --> 00:10:55,480
U li verament mhux il-parti ċentrali
ta 'dak li aħna qed tmur biex jitkellmu dwar.

185
00:10:55,480 --> 00:10:57,830
Dan huwa patata żgħar.

186
00:10:57,830 --> 00:11:00,710
Jew kif aħna ngħidu fl-Ingilterra, spuds ċkejkna.

187
00:11:00,710 --> 00:11:05,050
>> Mela ejja nħarsu lejn l-iljunfanti reali
fil-uċuħ uniku room--.

188
00:11:05,050 --> 00:11:09,170
Għal darb'oħra, ejja ikejlu fl
dan quanta ġodda sejħa MAU.

189
00:11:09,170 --> 00:11:13,260
Facebook nnifisha għandha 1.3 biljun Maus.

190
00:11:13,260 --> 00:11:17,510
WhatsApp, li kelli lanqas
semgħu sa reċentement, huwa

191
00:11:17,510 --> 00:11:23,260
xi servizz ta 'messaġġi sort,
huwa 500 miljun Maus.

192
00:11:23,260 --> 00:11:26,620
Instagram, li aħna biss
tkellmu dwar, 200 miljun Maus.

193
00:11:26,620 --> 00:11:29,370
U Messenger, li hija
servizz ieħor messaging,

194
00:11:29,370 --> 00:11:31,120
huwa wkoll 200 miljun Maus.

195
00:11:31,120 --> 00:11:35,920
>> Allura totali li up, huwa dwar
2200000000 utenti totali.

196
00:11:35,920 --> 00:11:39,880
Ovvjament hemm xi rikba, iżda li
ekwivalenti għal terz tal-pjaneta.

197
00:11:39,880 --> 00:11:44,270
U huma jibagħtu xi ħaġa fil-
reġjun ta '12-il biljun messaġġi kuljum.

198
00:11:44,270 --> 00:11:46,680
U għal darb'oħra, hemm biss 7
biljun nies fuq il-pjaneta.

199
00:11:46,680 --> 00:11:48,550
Mhux kulħadd għandu smartphone.

200
00:11:48,550 --> 00:11:53,960
Allura dan huwa numri insane.

201
00:11:53,960 --> 00:12:02,050
>> U jien ser jargumentaw li mhuwiex
anke dwar il-ħażna jew l-jikkomputa.

202
00:12:02,050 --> 00:12:05,610
U biex nikkwota l-kanzunetta,
dan kollu dwar dak graff.

203
00:12:05,610 --> 00:12:09,045
Hawn sabiħ Meghan tagħna Trainor isfel
hawn, kant dwar l-bass.

204
00:12:09,045 --> 00:12:12,570
Innota, hi għandha wkoll pjuttost
daqsxejn ta 'bass herself-- 207,

205
00:12:12,570 --> 00:12:16,460
sew 218000000 ruħ raw
dan il-mara żgħażagħ kant kanzunetta tagħha.

206
00:12:16,460 --> 00:12:19,910
>> Allura argument tiegħi huwa
dan kollu dwar il-graff.

207
00:12:19,910 --> 00:12:23,480
Allura aħna ħa xi softwer open source
u bdew tħares lejn graff.

208
00:12:23,480 --> 00:12:27,740
U dan huwa LinkedIn, għalhekk dan
huwa Facebook għall-persuni anzjani.

209
00:12:27,740 --> 00:12:29,910
U għalhekk, dan huwa graff LinkedIn tiegħi.

210
00:12:29,910 --> 00:12:34,080
Għandi 1,200 jew hekk lymph,
hekk imsejħa "Ħbieb."

211
00:12:34,080 --> 00:12:36,360
U hawnhekk miegħi fil-quċċata.

212
00:12:36,360 --> 00:12:38,140
U hawnhekk kollha ta 'l-interkonnessjonijiet.

213
00:12:38,140 --> 00:12:40,570
>> Issa, think lura għall-istorja Instagram.

214
00:12:40,570 --> 00:12:42,815
Kull wieħed minn dawn huwa
mhux biss l-ritratt, huwa

215
00:12:42,815 --> 00:12:46,860
għandha pletora sħiħ ta 'konnessjonijiet
bejn dan l-individwu partikolari

216
00:12:46,860 --> 00:12:48,220
u ħafna oħrajn.

217
00:12:48,220 --> 00:12:52,190
Dan huwa biċċa ċentrali huwa jew
bug fil-algoritmu tpinġija graff,

218
00:12:52,190 --> 00:12:55,982
jew dan forsi David
Malan, M'inix ċert għadhom.

219
00:12:55,982 --> 00:12:57,690
Allura inti tista 'tiġbed l-
graffs f'kull tip

220
00:12:57,690 --> 00:13:02,510
ta gephi.gihub.io ways-- huwa fejn
inti tista 'pull li s-softwer minn.

221
00:13:02,510 --> 00:13:05,410
Huwa verament jibred biex ikunu
kapaċi li jorganizzaw il-komunitajiet.

222
00:13:05,410 --> 00:13:08,640
Tista 'tara hawnhekk, dan huwa Harvard u
postijiet oħra varji li stajt ħadmu,

223
00:13:08,640 --> 00:13:12,160
għaliex din hija data relatati max-xogħol tiegħi.

224
00:13:12,160 --> 00:13:15,080
>> Hekk biss jaħsbu dwar il-kumplessità
tal-graff u kollha tad-data

225
00:13:15,080 --> 00:13:17,070
li inti pull flimkien ma.

226
00:13:17,070 --> 00:13:20,870
Allura sadanittant, lura fil FriendFace, id-dritt?

227
00:13:20,870 --> 00:13:24,360
Ħarisna lejn id-data Instagram li
kien ta 'l-ordni ta' ħames petabytes.

228
00:13:24,360 --> 00:13:25,300
No big deal.

229
00:13:25,300 --> 00:13:28,830
Still pjuttost ħafna ta 'data, iżda l-ebda big
jittrattaw fl-iskema akbar ta 'affarijiet.

230
00:13:28,830 --> 00:13:33,850
>> Minn dan l-artikolu fuq l-internet qodma,
"Żieda tal-Facebook maħżen tad-data

231
00:13:33,850 --> 00:13:36,250
300 petabytes. "

232
00:13:36,250 --> 00:13:38,110
Li l-differenti kollha
changer logħba issa,

233
00:13:38,110 --> 00:13:40,234
meta int tibda
think ta 'dejta u l-graff

234
00:13:40,234 --> 00:13:41,690
u dak li inti tressaq flimkien ma '.

235
00:13:41,690 --> 00:13:47,480
U data għolja tagħhom qed jikber ta '
l-ordni ta '600 terrabytes kuljum.

236
00:13:47,480 --> 00:13:52,980
>> Issa, inti taf, ukoll, then--
I mean, 600 terrabytes kuljum,

237
00:13:52,980 --> 00:13:55,670
300 petabytes-- dawn qed
wkoll issa jibdew

238
00:13:55,670 --> 00:13:58,550
biex tikseb mħassba ħafna dwar
kif iżomm dan il-għalf

239
00:13:58,550 --> 00:14:01,160
u biex jagħmlu ċert li din id-data soġġorni madwar.

240
00:14:01,160 --> 00:14:04,630
U dan il-gentleman hawn,
Jay Parikh, qed tfittex

241
00:14:04,630 --> 00:14:08,250
lejn kif jaħżnu l Exabyte tad-data.

242
00:14:08,250 --> 00:14:10,180
>> Just għal dawk minnkom
li huma jaraw flimkien

243
00:14:10,180 --> 00:14:13,940
fid-dar, l-exabyte-- 10 għall-18.

244
00:14:13,940 --> 00:14:18,210
Huwa ltqajna Wikipedija tagħha stess
Paġna, huwa li l-kbar ta 'numru.

245
00:14:18,210 --> 00:14:23,120
Dan huwa d-daqs u l-iskala ta 'dak li aħna qed
tħares lejn, biex ikunu kapaċi li jaħżen id-data.

246
00:14:23,120 --> 00:14:27,090
U dawn guys mhumiex mucking madwar,
dawn qed jaħżnu dak l-ammont ta 'data.

247
00:14:27,090 --> 00:14:29,550
Allura wieħed mill-indikazzjonijiet li
dawn qed tħares lejn hawnhekk

248
00:14:29,550 --> 00:14:32,185
huwa ċentri tad-data għall-
hekk imsejħa ħażna kiesħa.

249
00:14:32,185 --> 00:14:35,020

250
00:14:35,020 --> 00:14:36,470
>> Li jwassalni għall tkun ħadra.

251
00:14:36,470 --> 00:14:38,340
U hawn huwa Kermit.

252
00:14:38,340 --> 00:14:43,050
Huwa u I agree-- huwa estremament
diffiċli li jkun aħdar,

253
00:14:43,050 --> 00:14:44,920
imma aħna tagħtiha jipprova l-almu tagħna.

254
00:14:44,920 --> 00:14:47,430
Kermit ma jistax jgħin lilu, huwa għandu
li jkun aħdar-ħin kollu,

255
00:14:47,430 --> 00:14:49,945
ma tistax tieħu aħdar-Ness tiegħu off fil-livelli kollha.

256
00:14:49,945 --> 00:14:55,410
>> Allura, tkun concepts-- a
tip ftit ta 'kunċetti ewlenin

257
00:14:55,410 --> 00:14:59,510
ta greenness, meta
tirrigwarda computing.

258
00:14:59,510 --> 00:15:05,510
Il-wieħed li hija l-aktar importanti
huwa l-lonġevità tal-prodott.

259
00:15:05,510 --> 00:15:09,405
Jekk il-prodott tiegħek għandu ħajja qasira,
inti ma tistax, mid-definizzjoni, jkun aħdar.

260
00:15:09,405 --> 00:15:13,280
L-enerġija meħuda għall-manifattura ta '
disk drive, motherboard, kompjuter

261
00:15:13,280 --> 00:15:17,890
sistema, pillola, ikun x'ikun hija tista
jkun, l-lonġevità ta 'sistemi tiegħek

262
00:15:17,890 --> 00:15:21,700
huma parti ewlenija ta 'kif green inti tista' tkun.

263
00:15:21,700 --> 00:15:27,960
>> Il-parti importanti, kif kollha inti
qed jibnu software algorithms--

264
00:15:27,960 --> 00:15:30,455
algoritmu ta parzjali
kelma għal softwer, id-dritt?

265
00:15:30,455 --> 00:15:34,000
Allura, disinn algoritmu tiegħek huwa
assolutament kritika f'termini

266
00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:43,080
ta 'kif inti ser ikunu jistgħu jagħmlu
komputazzjonijiet malajr u eżatta għall-użu

267
00:15:43,080 --> 00:15:44,710
l-inqas ammont ta 'enerġija possibbli.

268
00:15:44,710 --> 00:15:47,280
U jien ser tikseb dan fi ftit.

269
00:15:47,280 --> 00:15:51,270
>> Data ċentru design-- inti stajt tidher
li diġà għandna eluf

270
00:15:51,270 --> 00:15:54,870
fuq eluf ta 'magni, seduta
clairière fil żgħar, kantunieri dlam

271
00:15:54,870 --> 00:15:57,760
tad-dinja, kompjuters.

272
00:15:57,760 --> 00:16:01,670
Riżorsi allocation-- kif tikseb
għall-jikkomputa, mal-ħażna,

273
00:16:01,670 --> 00:16:03,840
permezz tan-network.

274
00:16:03,840 --> 00:16:08,530
Sistemi operattivi huma parti ewlenija ta '
dan, u ħafna ta 'Virtualization

275
00:16:08,530 --> 00:16:12,080
biex ikunu jistgħu jiġu ppakkjati aktar u
aktar jikkomputa fi spazju żgħir.

276
00:16:12,080 --> 00:16:15,530
>> I ser jagħtuk eżempju żgħir
minn computing riċerka.

277
00:16:15,530 --> 00:16:18,220
Għandna bżonn aktar ping, aktar
enerġija, u aktar pajp.

278
00:16:18,220 --> 00:16:21,030
Għandna bżonn aktar akbar,
aħjar, kompjuters aktar mgħaġġel,

279
00:16:21,030 --> 00:16:23,390
u meħtieġa biex jużaw inqas meraq.

280
00:16:23,390 --> 00:16:26,856
U aħna ma setgħux jaħdmu kif għandek tagħmel dan.

281
00:16:26,856 --> 00:16:29,980
I do not know jekk il-hashtag gowest bħala
probabilment ġew użati mill-Kardashian,

282
00:16:29,980 --> 00:16:32,560
iżda xorta waħda, gowest.

283
00:16:32,560 --> 00:16:33,220
U għamilna.

284
00:16:33,220 --> 00:16:36,610
>> Aħna telgħet operazzjoni tagħna
u aħna mċaqalqa out

285
00:16:36,610 --> 00:16:39,660
biex Massachusetts Punent
fil-belt mitħna żgħira

286
00:16:39,660 --> 00:16:45,000
imsejħa Holyoke, biss fit-tramuntana
ta Chikopee u Springfield.

287
00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:49,280
Għamilna dan għal ftit ta 'raġunijiet.

288
00:16:49,280 --> 00:16:55,150
Il-wieħed prinċipali kienet li aħna
kellhom diga ħafna, kbira ħafna.

289
00:16:55,150 --> 00:17:00,080
U dan diga kbir ħafna huwa kapaċi li
tqiegħed 30 megawatt plus ta 'enerġija,

290
00:17:00,080 --> 00:17:02,980
u kien underutilized fil-ħin.

291
00:17:02,980 --> 00:17:06,170
>> Aktar importanti minn hekk, kellna wkoll
netwerk kkumplikata ħafna

292
00:17:06,170 --> 00:17:07,254
li kienet diġà fis-seħħ.

293
00:17:07,254 --> 00:17:09,711
Jekk inti tħares lejn fejn in-netwerk
tmur fl-Istati Uniti,

294
00:17:09,711 --> 00:17:11,230
isegwi l-binarji tal-ferrovija.

295
00:17:11,230 --> 00:17:14,290
Din il-biċċa partikolari ta 'netwerk kien
proprjetà mill-kollegi u ħbieb tagħna

296
00:17:14,290 --> 00:17:16,480
fi Massachusetts
Istitut tat-Teknoloġija,

297
00:17:16,480 --> 00:17:19,720
u kien bażikament mibnija
it-triq kollha biex Rotta 90.

298
00:17:19,720 --> 00:17:24,760
>> Allura kellna immarka xmara kbira, Route 90
immarka, kellna triq qasir ta '100 mil,

299
00:17:24,760 --> 00:17:26,960
u triq twila ta 'madwar 1,000 mil.

300
00:17:26,960 --> 00:17:29,890
Aħna ma għandek tagħmel kbir ħafna
splice network, kif tistgħu taraw hawn,

301
00:17:29,890 --> 00:17:32,990
li bażikament tpoġġi link fil, biex
tkun kapaċi li jgħaqqdu Holyoke,

302
00:17:32,990 --> 00:17:36,390
imma kellna kollha ta 'l-meħtieġa
ping infrastructure--, l-enerġija, pajpijiet.

303
00:17:36,390 --> 00:17:37,280
Ħajja kienet tajba.

304
00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:38,980
U għal darb'oħra, diga big.

305
00:17:38,980 --> 00:17:42,120
>> Allura aħna mibnija bażikament l Massachusetts
Green Computing b'Rendiment Għoli

306
00:17:42,120 --> 00:17:42,850
Center.

307
00:17:42,850 --> 00:17:46,580
Din kienet ix-xogħol ta 'l-imħabba permezz ħamsa
universities-- MIT, Harvard, UMass,

308
00:17:46,580 --> 00:17:47,870
Grigal, u BU.

309
00:17:47,870 --> 00:17:49,554
Ta 'ħames jum megawatt tagħbija waħda konnessi.

310
00:17:49,554 --> 00:17:51,845
Aħna ma kull xorta ta 'cleverness
ma ekonomizzaturi airside

311
00:17:51,845 --> 00:17:53,585
li żżomm affarijiet aħdar.

312
00:17:53,585 --> 00:18:03,330
U aħna mibnija out xtillieri 640-fard,
dedikati għall-komputazzjoni ta 'riċerka.

313
00:18:03,330 --> 00:18:08,770
>> Kienet sit abbandunata qodma, hekk aħna
kellhom xi reklamazzjoni u xi imbarazz up

314
00:18:08,770 --> 00:18:10,500
u xi-tindif tas-sit.

315
00:18:10,500 --> 00:18:13,590
U allura bdejna
biex tinbena l-faċilità ta '

316
00:18:13,590 --> 00:18:19,710
u, faċilità sabiħ boom-- mal-
abbiltà li jimxu computing sandbox,

317
00:18:19,710 --> 00:18:24,430
li jkollhom konferenzi u seminars,
u wkoll massiv art center data.

318
00:18:24,430 --> 00:18:26,007
>> Hawnhekk huwa awto tiegħi tajba.

319
00:18:26,007 --> 00:18:27,590
Jien ovvjament liebes l-istess ġakketta.

320
00:18:27,590 --> 00:18:29,423
I forsi biss għandek wieħed
ġakketta, iżda hemm me

321
00:18:29,423 --> 00:18:34,030
u John Goodhue-- hu l-
direttur eżekuttiv ta 'l-Center--

322
00:18:34,030 --> 00:18:36,740
wieqfa fil-kamra tal-magni
art, li, kif tistgħu taraw,

323
00:18:36,740 --> 00:18:40,560
hija pjuttost drammatiku, u
tmur lura twil, triq twila.

324
00:18:40,560 --> 00:18:44,830
>> I spiss play sewqan logħob
minn Boston lil Holyoke,

325
00:18:44,830 --> 00:18:47,260
feint li jien TCP / IP packet.

326
00:18:47,260 --> 00:18:54,290
U jien ma joqogħdu jinkwetaw dwar latency tiegħi
sewqan madwar fil-karozza tiegħi.

327
00:18:54,290 --> 00:18:56,690
Allura dak l-biċċa aħdar.

328
00:18:56,690 --> 00:19:00,070
Mela ejja biss tieħu minuta
u jaħsbu dwar stacks.

329
00:19:00,070 --> 00:19:04,060
Allura aħna qed jippruvaw b'attenzjoni kbira biex
jibnu ċentri tad-data b'mod effiċjenti,

330
00:19:04,060 --> 00:19:08,770
computing b'mod effiċjenti, tagħmel tajjeb
għażla għat-tagħmir computing

331
00:19:08,770 --> 00:19:12,060
u jagħti, b'mod aktar
importantly, l-applikazzjoni tagħna,

332
00:19:12,060 --> 00:19:17,860
kemm jekk tkun servizz ta 'messaġġi
jew applikazzjoni xjentifiku.

333
00:19:17,860 --> 00:19:19,110
>> Allura hawn huma l-stacks.

334
00:19:19,110 --> 00:19:22,762
Saff Allura fiżiku, l-
mod up permezz application--

335
00:19:22,762 --> 00:19:25,220
bit-tama li dan se
tkun parti tajba tal-kors tiegħek.

336
00:19:25,220 --> 00:19:31,450
OSI mudell seba saff huwa bażikament,
inti se jgħixu, jieklu, u n-nifs

337
00:19:31,450 --> 00:19:35,270
dan matul il-karrieri computing tiegħek.

338
00:19:35,270 --> 00:19:37,800
Dan il-kunċett sħiħ ta 'fiżika
wajers infrastructure--,

339
00:19:37,800 --> 00:19:40,080
kejbils, ċentri tad-data, links.

340
00:19:40,080 --> 00:19:42,190
U dan huwa biss tiddeskrivi in-network.

341
00:19:42,190 --> 00:19:44,780
>> Up hawnhekk jiġifieri, ukoll, ovvjament,
dan huwa slide qodma,

342
00:19:44,780 --> 00:19:49,342
għaliex dan għandu jingħad HTTP, għaliex
ħadd cares dwar mail sempliċi

343
00:19:49,342 --> 00:19:50,550
protokolli trasport, jibqgħalu.

344
00:19:50,550 --> 00:19:53,960
Huwa jiġri kollu fl-ispazju HTTP.

345
00:19:53,960 --> 00:19:55,850
Allura dak livell wieħed ta 'munzell.

346
00:19:55,850 --> 00:19:59,460
>> Hawn sett ieħor ta 'stacks, fejn inti
jkollhom server, ospitanti, hypervisor,

347
00:19:59,460 --> 00:20:02,470
mistieden, librerija binarja,
u mbagħad l-applikazzjoni tiegħek.

348
00:20:02,470 --> 00:20:06,070
Jew, f'dan il-każ, l-apparat
sewwieq, Linux għadma, native c,

349
00:20:06,070 --> 00:20:08,080
Java magna virtwali,
Java API, allura Java

350
00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:11,220
applikazzjonijiet, u hekk u ibqa 'sejjer hekk.

351
00:20:11,220 --> 00:20:14,090
Din hija deskrizzjoni
ta 'magna virtwali.

352
00:20:14,090 --> 00:20:15,450
>> Stacks qaddisa, Batman!

353
00:20:15,450 --> 00:20:18,260
Aħseb dwar dan fil
F'termini ta 'kemm jikkomputa

354
00:20:18,260 --> 00:20:20,850
inti għandek bżonn tikseb minn
dak li qed jiġri hawn,

355
00:20:20,850 --> 00:20:23,110
it-triq kollha sa l-quċċata
ta 'dan munzell, li mbagħad

356
00:20:23,110 --> 00:20:26,840
ikunu jistgħu jagħmlu attwali tiegħek
kunsinna ta 'l-applikazzjoni.

357
00:20:26,840 --> 00:20:29,130
>> U jekk inti-tip ta '
kontrina u jibdew jaħsbu

358
00:20:29,130 --> 00:20:33,450
dwar dak li tieħu biex tipprovdi
operazzjoni f'wiċċ l-ilma il-punt,

359
00:20:33,450 --> 00:20:37,650
operazzjoni tiegħek b'punt li jvarja hija somma
tal-sokits, in-numru tal-kori

360
00:20:37,650 --> 00:20:44,490
fil-socket, arloġġ, li hija
kif fast tista 'l-arloġġ turnover--

361
00:20:44,490 --> 00:20:47,490
erba gigahertz, żewġ
gigahertz-- u allura n-numru

362
00:20:47,490 --> 00:20:50,890
ta 'operazzjonijiet inti tista
do fil hertz partikolari.

363
00:20:50,890 --> 00:20:54,350
>> Allura dawk mikroproċessuri llum
do bejn erba u 6 flops

364
00:20:54,350 --> 00:20:55,400
għal kull ċiklu arloġġ.

365
00:20:55,400 --> 00:20:59,810
U hekk a-qalba waħda arloġġ 2.5 GIG
għandu prestazzjoni teoretika

366
00:20:59,810 --> 00:21:03,490
ta 'madwar flop mega, jagħtu jew jieħu.

367
00:21:03,490 --> 00:21:05,940
>> Iżda, kif ma 'kollox,
għandna għażliet.

368
00:21:05,940 --> 00:21:12,280
Hekk u Core Intel 2, Nehalem
Ramlija Pont, Haswell, AMD,

369
00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:13,920
tieħu choices-- tiegħek Intel Atom.

370
00:21:13,920 --> 00:21:17,670
Kollha ta 'dawn arkitetturi proċessur
kollha għandhom mod kemmxejn differenti

371
00:21:17,670 --> 00:21:19,650
li jkunu kapaċi li jżidu
żewġ numri flimkien,

372
00:21:19,650 --> 00:21:23,520
li bażikament
iskop tagħhom fil-ħajja.

373
00:21:23,520 --> 00:21:24,535
Iridu jkunu iebsa.

374
00:21:24,535 --> 00:21:27,100
Hemm miljuni minnhom seduta
fi ċentri tad-data, issa għalkemm.

375
00:21:27,100 --> 00:21:30,410
>> Sor, flops kull watt--
dan huwa l-ħaġa kbira.

376
00:21:30,410 --> 00:21:37,780
Mela jekk jien tixtieq li tikseb aktar ta 'dan l-
li tinkiseb permezz din munzell, aktar mgħaġġla,

377
00:21:37,780 --> 00:21:41,800
Stajt ltqajna biex jaħdmu fuq kemm
floating operazzjonijiet b'punt tieni,

378
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:43,770
I tista 'tagħmel, u mbagħad jagħtuhom watt.

379
00:21:43,770 --> 00:21:46,160
U fortunatament, folks
ħsibt dwar dan.

380
00:21:46,160 --> 00:21:49,140
>> Allura hemm kbir
jikkontesta kull sena biex tara

381
00:21:49,140 --> 00:21:52,310
li tista 'tibni l-kompjuter mgħaġġla
li jistgħu diagonalize matriċi.

382
00:21:52,310 --> 00:21:53,980
Huwa sejjaħ l-Aqwa 500.

383
00:21:53,980 --> 00:21:56,420
Huma pick-quċċata minn
l-aqwa 500 kompjuters

384
00:21:56,420 --> 00:21:58,610
fuq il-pjaneta li jistgħu
matriċijiet diagonalize.

385
00:21:58,610 --> 00:22:00,760
U inti tikseb xi riżultati aqwa.

386
00:22:00,760 --> 00:22:04,660
>> A lott ta 'dawk il-magni huma
bejn 10 u 20 megawatt.

387
00:22:04,660 --> 00:22:09,380
Huma jistgħu diagonalize matrices
eċċessivament malajr.

388
00:22:09,380 --> 00:22:13,550
Huma ma neċessarjament diagonalized
minnhom b'mod effiċjenti kull watt,

389
00:22:13,550 --> 00:22:18,060
hekk kien hemm dan spinta kbira li tħares lejn
dak aħdar 500 lista look like.

390
00:22:18,060 --> 00:22:20,360
U hawn hija l-lista minn Ġunju.

391
00:22:20,360 --> 00:22:22,410
Għandu jkun hemm waħda ġdida ħafna dalwaqt.

392
00:22:22,410 --> 00:22:26,590
>> U huwa jappella out-- I ser tieħu
il-quċċata ta 'din il-lista partikolari.

393
00:22:26,590 --> 00:22:32,187
Hemm żewġ wieħed machines-- speċifiku
mill-Istitut Tokyo tat-Teknoloġija

394
00:22:32,187 --> 00:22:34,520
u wieħed mill-Cambridge
University fir-Renju Unit.

395
00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:37,700
U dawn ikollhom pretty xokkanti
mega flops per proporzjonijiet watt.

396
00:22:37,700 --> 00:22:42,620
Dan wieħed 4389, u l-
wieħed isfel jmiss huwa 3631.

397
00:22:42,620 --> 00:22:47,660
>> I ser jispjegaw id-differenza bejn
dawn iż-żewġ, fil-slide li jmiss.

398
00:22:47,660 --> 00:22:51,320
Iżda dawn huma dawn huma
daqs moderatament clusters ta 'ttestjar.

399
00:22:51,320 --> 00:22:54,732
Dawn huma biss 34
kilowatts jew 52 f'kilowatts.

400
00:22:54,732 --> 00:22:56,940
Hemm xi dawk akbar
here-- dan wieħed partikolari

401
00:22:56,940 --> 00:22:58,860
fil-Nazzjonali Svizzeru
Ċentru superkomputazzjoni.

402
00:22:58,860 --> 00:23:00,693
Il-messaġġ jieħdu dar
għal dan hija li aħna qed

403
00:23:00,693 --> 00:23:04,270
tipprova ssib kompjuters
li tista 'topera b'mod effiċjenti.

404
00:23:04,270 --> 00:23:09,860
>> U hekk, ejja nħarsu lejn dan top
waħda, cutely imsejħa, l KFC.

405
00:23:09,860 --> 00:23:12,960
U xi ftit ta 'reklamar hawn.

406
00:23:12,960 --> 00:23:15,730
Din il-kumpanija partikolari ikel
m'għandha x'taqsam xejn ma 'dan.

407
00:23:15,730 --> 00:23:18,240
Hu l-fatt li l-
din is-sistema partikolari

408
00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:23,830
hija mgħaddsa fi ħafna
għaqlija kompost żejt ibbażat.

409
00:23:23,830 --> 00:23:27,590
U hekk kisbu tagħhom
moniker fryer tiġieġ

410
00:23:27,590 --> 00:23:30,040
meta l-ewwel bdew
jibnu dawn it-tipi ta 'sistemi.

411
00:23:30,040 --> 00:23:32,740
>> Imma bażikament dak li ħadthom meħuda
hawnhekk huwa numru ta 'blades,

412
00:23:32,740 --> 00:23:37,560
jpoġġuhom f'din
żejt minerali sofistikati,

413
00:23:37,560 --> 00:23:40,979
u mbagħad jinħadmu kif tikseb kollha
in-networking u 'l barra minnha.

414
00:23:40,979 --> 00:23:42,895
Imbagħad, mhux biss dik,
li ħadthom poġġih barra sabiex

415
00:23:42,895 --> 00:23:46,095
li tista 'tisfrutta barra arja tat-tkessiħ.

416
00:23:46,095 --> 00:23:47,520
Kien pretty impressjonanti.

417
00:23:47,520 --> 00:23:49,630
Allura inti għandek tagħmel dak kollu
ta 'dan shenanigans

418
00:23:49,630 --> 00:23:53,280
li tkun kapaċi tikseb dan l-ammont ta '
jikkomputa kkonsenjati għall wattage żgħar.

419
00:23:53,280 --> 00:23:57,360
>> U inti tista 'tara li dan huwa l-forma
ta 'fejn l-affarijiet huma intestatura.

420
00:23:57,360 --> 00:24:01,240
L-isfida hija li l-arja regolari
tkessiħ huwa l-ekonomija ta 'skala

421
00:24:01,240 --> 00:24:08,459
u huwa sewqan ħafna ta 'l-
iżvilupp kemm computing regolari,

422
00:24:08,459 --> 00:24:09,750
u l-prestazzjoni għolja computing.

423
00:24:09,750 --> 00:24:11,080
Allura, dan huwa pretty sfrattu.

424
00:24:11,080 --> 00:24:13,280
Naħseb li dan huwa affaxxinanti.

425
00:24:13,280 --> 00:24:15,530
Huwa daqsxejn messy meta inti
jippruvaw li tpartit l-disk drives,

426
00:24:15,530 --> 00:24:18,090
iżda din hija idea verament jibred.

427
00:24:18,090 --> 00:24:22,200
>> Allura mhux biss li, hemm
mazz sħiħ ta 'xogħol

428
00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:25,450
qed jinbnew madwar dak li aħna qed
sejħa tal-Proġett Open Ikkalkola.

429
00:24:25,450 --> 00:24:29,400
U għalhekk, aktar dwar dak
ftit aktar tard.

430
00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:32,740
Iżda l-industrija tal-jibdew
tirrealizza li l-flops kull watt

431
00:24:32,740 --> 00:24:33,670
qed issir importanti.

432
00:24:33,670 --> 00:24:39,256
U inti, bħala folks hawn, kif
inti disinn algoritmi tiegħek

433
00:24:39,256 --> 00:24:41,130
u inti disinn tiegħek
kodiċi, inti għandek tkun konxju

434
00:24:41,130 --> 00:24:43,620
dan il-kodiċi tiegħek jista
ikollhom knock fuq l-effett.

435
00:24:43,620 --> 00:24:48,380
>> Meta Mark kien seduta hawn fil tiegħu
kamra dorm miktub Facebook 1.0,

436
00:24:48,380 --> 00:24:51,050
Jien pretty żgur hu kellhom stampa
li hija kienet se jkunu enormi.

437
00:24:51,050 --> 00:24:54,945
Imma kif enormi ikun fuq il-
ambjent huwa dealio big.

438
00:24:54,945 --> 00:24:58,340
U hekk kollha ta 'ya'll seta
toħroġ bi algoritmi

439
00:24:58,340 --> 00:25:01,370
li jista 'jkun il-sfida li jmiss
ħaġa għall folks bħali,

440
00:25:01,370 --> 00:25:02,700
tipprova tmexxi s-sistemi.

441
00:25:02,700 --> 00:25:07,360
>> Mela ejja biss jaħsbu dwar
limiti ta 'potenza fid-dinja reali.

442
00:25:07,360 --> 00:25:09,930
Dan id-dokument billi Landauer--
mhix xi ħaġa ġdida.

443
00:25:09,930 --> 00:25:12,480
1961 dan kien ippubblikat
fil-Ġurnal IBM.

444
00:25:12,480 --> 00:25:15,590
Dan huwa l-canonical
"Irriversibilità u tas-Sħana

445
00:25:15,590 --> 00:25:17,630
Ġenerazzjoni fil-Proċess Computing. "

446
00:25:17,630 --> 00:25:22,050
U hekk hu argumenta li
Magni inevitabbilment

447
00:25:22,050 --> 00:25:25,070
iwettqu l-funzjonijiet loġistiċi li
ma jkollhom inverse b'valur waħdieni.

448
00:25:25,070 --> 00:25:29,130
>> Allura li l-parti sħiħa tal
dan huwa li lura fl-'60s,

449
00:25:29,130 --> 00:25:31,890
folks kien jaf li dan kien
se tkun problema.

450
00:25:31,890 --> 00:25:37,080
U għalhekk l-liġi ta 'limiti qal 25
gradi C, tip ta 'kamra canonical

451
00:25:37,080 --> 00:25:41,120
temperatura, il-limitu
tirrappreżenta 0,1 elettron volts.

452
00:25:41,120 --> 00:25:44,920
Iżda teoretikament, din hija
il-memorja teorija, kompjuter,

453
00:25:44,920 --> 00:25:51,410
li joperaw fuq dan il-limitu jista 'jkun
jinbidlu fi biljun bits a t-tieni.

454
00:25:51,410 --> 00:25:54,620
>> I do not know dwarek, imma mhux
jiltaqgħu ma 'ħafna minn biljun bits

455
00:25:54,620 --> 00:25:57,190
tieni iskambji rata ta 'data.

456
00:25:57,190 --> 00:26:01,360
L-argument kien hemm dik biss
2.8 triljuni ta 'watt ta' enerġija

457
00:26:01,360 --> 00:26:03,180
imissa qatt tiġi estiża.

458
00:26:03,180 --> 00:26:08,160
>> Dritt kollox, fid-dinja reali example--
dan huwa kont elettriku tiegħi.

459
00:26:08,160 --> 00:26:10,347
Jien 65% fil-mija tal
li sabiħ ċentru tad-data

460
00:26:10,347 --> 00:26:11,930
I wera inti, f'dan il-ħin partikolari.

461
00:26:11,930 --> 00:26:15,520
Dan huwa lura f'Ġunju tas-sena.

462
00:26:15,520 --> 00:26:21,300
Stajt meħuda verżjoni anzjani sabiex inkunu
jistgħu u tip ta tanonimizza ftit.

463
00:26:21,300 --> 00:26:25,470
I kien jonfoq $ 45,000
xahar għall-enerġija hemmhekk.

464
00:26:25,470 --> 00:26:34,990
>> Allura r-raġuni li jkunu hemm hija li aħna
jkollhom aktar minn 50,000 proċessi fil-kamra.

465
00:26:34,990 --> 00:26:38,110
Allura tista 'timmaġina tiegħek stess
kont tal-elettriku residenzjali

466
00:26:38,110 --> 00:26:39,540
tkun dik għolja?

467
00:26:39,540 --> 00:26:46,180
Iżda kien għal 199,000,000
watt sigħat fuq fix-xahar.

468
00:26:46,180 --> 00:26:51,670
>> Għalhekk il-kwistjoni I joħolqu hija, inti tista
jimmaġina kont elettriku Sur Zuckerberg ta?

469
00:26:51,670 --> 00:26:54,730
Mine huwa pretty big, u jien taqbida.

470
00:26:54,730 --> 00:26:56,600
U jien mhux waħdu f'din hu.

471
00:26:56,600 --> 00:26:59,450
Hemm ħafna ta 'nies
ma 'ċentri tad-data kbar.

472
00:26:59,450 --> 00:27:04,800
U hekk, I raden, disclosure-- full
Facebook ħbieb tiegħi ftit fard.

473
00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:07,900
>> Allura ħabib tiegħi Facebook huwa
id-data PRINEVILLE center,

474
00:27:07,900 --> 00:27:14,030
li hija waħda mill-akbar Facebook,
aktar ġodda, l-aktar baxx data center enerġija.

475
00:27:14,030 --> 00:27:19,360
U huma post lili, affarijiet simili
effettività utilizzazzjoni enerġija,

476
00:27:19,360 --> 00:27:24,020
kif fil-mod kif effettiva hija d-data
ċentru versus enerġija kemm int

477
00:27:24,020 --> 00:27:26,370
tqegħid fis dan, kemm
ilma dawn huma jużaw, x'hemm

478
00:27:26,370 --> 00:27:27,810
l-umdità u t-temperatura.

479
00:27:27,810 --> 00:27:29,980
>> U huma jkollhom dawn
sabiħ, plots sabiħ.

480
00:27:29,980 --> 00:27:32,600
Naħseb li dan huwa
Paġna Facebook biża,

481
00:27:32,600 --> 00:27:35,400
imma I raden jien ftit stramb.

482
00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:39,930
>> Allura wieħed aktar ħaġa enerġija,
computing riċerka li nagħmel

483
00:27:39,930 --> 00:27:44,060
hija differenti b'mod sinifikanti li
dak Facebook u Yahoo u Google

484
00:27:44,060 --> 00:27:50,020
u oħrajn on-demand, totalment,
Servizzi dejjem disponibbli.

485
00:27:50,020 --> 00:27:53,530
U so I għandhom il-vantaġġ li meta
ISO New England-- u ISO New England

486
00:27:53,530 --> 00:27:58,910
jgħin tiffissa l-enerġija
rati għall-reġjun.

487
00:27:58,910 --> 00:28:01,110
>> U huwa jgħid li testendi
talba lill-konsumaturi

488
00:28:01,110 --> 00:28:05,870
biex jikkonservaw volontarjament enerġija għolja,
minħabba l-sħana għolja u umdità.

489
00:28:05,870 --> 00:28:08,680
U dan kien lura fit-18 ta 'Lulju.

490
00:28:08,680 --> 00:28:12,600
U so I heureusement Tweet lura, ħej,
ISO New England, Green Harvard.

491
00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:14,880
Aħna qed tagħmel l-parti tagħna matul
hawn fil-kompjuters riċerka.

492
00:28:14,880 --> 00:28:16,760
U dan huwa għaliex aħna qed tagħmel ix-xjenza.

493
00:28:16,760 --> 00:28:20,380
>> U kemm nies jgħidu xjenza
ma jorqod qatt, ix-xjenza tistax tistenna.

494
00:28:20,380 --> 00:28:25,030
Allura aħna kapaċi quiesce tagħna
Sistemi, jieħdu vantaġġ ta 'rati ta' grad

495
00:28:25,030 --> 00:28:30,550
fuq kont tal-enerġija tagħna, u
jgħinu l-New England kollu

496
00:28:30,550 --> 00:28:35,910
reġjun billi jixħtu
ħafna megawatt ta 'tagħbija.

497
00:28:35,910 --> 00:28:40,020
Allura li l-ħaġa unika li
tvarja dwar id-data computing xjentifika

498
00:28:40,020 --> 00:28:48,890
ċentri u dawk li huma
fi produzzjoni sħiħa 24/7.

499
00:28:48,890 --> 00:28:51,670
>> Mela ejja ħu gear ieħor hawnhekk.

500
00:28:51,670 --> 00:28:55,170
So, I jridu jiddiskutu
kaos ftit.

501
00:28:55,170 --> 00:28:59,900
U nixtieq li tqiegħed fil
l-awspiċi tal-ħażna.

502
00:28:59,900 --> 00:29:03,150
Għalhekk għal dawk li tip
tal kienu qed jitħabtu

503
00:29:03,150 --> 00:29:08,680
jkollna ras tagħhom madwar dak petabytes
tal-ħażna look like, dan eżempju.

504
00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:11,660
U dan huwa t-tip ta 'għalf
I jittrattaw ma 'l-ħin kollu.

505
00:29:11,660 --> 00:29:15,550
>> Kull waħda minn dawn fellas ftit
huwa ta 'erba terabyte hard drive,

506
00:29:15,550 --> 00:29:17,420
sabiex inti tista 'tip ta' għadd minnhom up.

507
00:29:17,420 --> 00:29:21,370
Aħna jkollna issa bejn
wieħed li 1 u 2/1 petabytes

508
00:29:21,370 --> 00:29:22,970
fi xtilliera industrija standard.

509
00:29:22,970 --> 00:29:26,430
U aħna għandna kmamar u kmamar, kif inti
raw f'dak istampa qabel ma 'John

510
00:29:26,430 --> 00:29:31,230
u I, sħiħa ta 'dawn xtillieri ta' tagħmir.

511
00:29:31,230 --> 00:29:40,400
Allura huwa dejjem ħafna, faċli ħafna
biex jibnu arrays ħażna massiva

512
00:29:40,400 --> 00:29:44,140
>> Huwa aktar faċli ġewwa tal Unix biex
tip ta 'għadd up kif l-affarijiet sejrin.

513
00:29:44,140 --> 00:29:48,270
Allura dan qed isserraħ kemm
Punti MAU jiena ltqajna hemmhekk.

514
00:29:48,270 --> 00:29:50,880
Allura dak 423 punti intercept.

515
00:29:50,880 --> 00:29:55,660
U mbagħad jekk I run xi awk vaga, I
jistgħu jammontaw, f'din is-sistema partikolari,

516
00:29:55,660 --> 00:29:59,080
kien hemm 7.3 petabytes
ta 'ħażna disponibbli.

517
00:29:59,080 --> 00:30:01,350
>> Allura li l-lott ta 'għalf.

518
00:30:01,350 --> 00:30:03,030
U l-ħażna huwa verament diffiċli.

519
00:30:03,030 --> 00:30:06,850
And yet, għal xi raġuni,
din hija xejra industrija.

520
00:30:06,850 --> 00:30:11,500
Kulmeta I kellem lit-riċerkaturi tagħna
u fakultà u tagħna jgħidu,

521
00:30:11,500 --> 00:30:14,180
ħej, I tista 'taħdem ħażna għalik.

522
00:30:14,180 --> 00:30:17,690
Sfortunatament, I għandhom
tirkupra l-ispiża tal-ħażna.

523
00:30:17,690 --> 00:30:19,430
I nikseb dan in-negozju.

524
00:30:19,430 --> 00:30:23,300
U n-nies ta 'referenza Newegg
jew huma referenza Staples

525
00:30:23,300 --> 00:30:27,040
jew kemm huma jistgħu jixtru
wieħed terabyte disk drive għal.

526
00:30:27,040 --> 00:30:29,390
>> Allura dan, inti ser jinnota
hawn, li hemm clue.

527
00:30:29,390 --> 00:30:31,310
Hemm wieħed disk drive hawn.

528
00:30:31,310 --> 00:30:33,290
U jekk immorru lura, I jkollhom ħafna.

529
00:30:33,290 --> 00:30:36,130
Mhux biss do I ħafna, għandi
interconnects sofistikati

530
00:30:36,130 --> 00:30:38,750
biex ikunu jistgħu stitch
dawn l-affarijiet flimkien.

531
00:30:38,750 --> 00:30:44,080
Allura r-riskju assoċjat ma 'dawn kbir
arrays ħażna mhix insinifikanti.

532
00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:46,370
>> Fil-fatt, aħna ħa l-
internet u aħna kiteb

533
00:30:46,370 --> 00:30:51,670
storja ftit dwar a-tifsira sew,
direttur ħafif mannered tar-riëerka

534
00:30:51,670 --> 00:30:54,640
computing-- jiġri li jkollhom
stramba Ingliż accent-- jippruvaw

535
00:30:54,640 --> 00:30:59,930
li tispjega lill riċerkatur dak li l-
ebda folder jenfasizzaw backup attwalment

536
00:30:59,930 --> 00:31:01,070
fisser.

537
00:31:01,070 --> 00:31:05,690
Kien pjuttost twil, storja ftit,
A tajba erba 'minuti ta' skoperta.

538
00:31:05,690 --> 00:31:09,380
>> U nota, I jkollhom orribbli
ħafna inqas spazju milli l-mara

539
00:31:09,380 --> 00:31:11,800
li sings dwar l-bass.

540
00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:13,910
Aħna pjuttost ftit kontijiet aktar baxx.

541
00:31:13,910 --> 00:31:16,160
Iżda xorta waħda, dan huwa
Ħaġa importanti li wieħed jaħseb dwar,

542
00:31:16,160 --> 00:31:18,532
f'termini ta 'dak li jista' tmur ħażin.

543
00:31:18,532 --> 00:31:20,990
Mela jekk jien nikseb disk drive, u
I tarmi dan fil-magna Unix,

544
00:31:20,990 --> 00:31:24,300
u nibda miktub affarijiet għaliha,
hemm kalamita, hemm head drive,

545
00:31:24,300 --> 00:31:30,150
hemm apparentement, wieħed jew żero
tkun bil-miktub isfel fuq li dak l-apparat.

546
00:31:30,150 --> 00:31:32,180
>> Spinny Motors--, twirly
affarijiet dejjem break.

547
00:31:32,180 --> 00:31:33,490
Aħseb dwar affarijiet li jiksru.

548
00:31:33,490 --> 00:31:35,170
Huwa dejjem kien spinny, twirly affarijiet.

549
00:31:35,170 --> 00:31:38,560
Printers, disk drives,
vetturi bil-mutur, eċċ

550
00:31:38,560 --> 00:31:40,590
Kwalunkwe ħaġa li jiċċaqlaq huwa probabbli li jinkiser.

551
00:31:40,590 --> 00:31:42,575
>> Għalhekk ikollok bżonn muturi, inti
bżonn issuq Firmware,

552
00:31:42,575 --> 00:31:47,110
inti għandek bżonn SAS / SATA kontrolluri, wajers,
Firmware fuq il-kontrolluri SAS / SATA,

553
00:31:47,110 --> 00:31:48,530
blokki livell baxx.

554
00:31:48,530 --> 00:31:54,580
Pick kontrollur fajl ħażna tiegħek
kodiċi sistema, skond liema waħda jista 'jkun,

555
00:31:54,580 --> 00:31:56,780
kif inti stitch affarijiet flimkien.

556
00:31:56,780 --> 00:32:00,956
U l-maniġer tiegħek memorja virtwali
paġni, DRAM jġibu u mħażen.

557
00:32:00,956 --> 00:32:02,705
Imbagħad, ikollok ieħor
munzell, li huwa tip

558
00:32:02,705 --> 00:32:05,440
tal tistabbilixxi l-lista fuq din
wieħed, l-algoritmi, l-utenti.

559
00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:09,050
>> U jekk inti immoltiplika dan
up, I do not know kif ħafna,

560
00:32:09,050 --> 00:32:11,640
hemm ħafna ta 'postijiet
fejn Jittieħed tista 'tmur lejn il-ġenb.

561
00:32:11,640 --> 00:32:14,430
I mean, li eżempju dwar matematika.

562
00:32:14,430 --> 00:32:18,070
Imma huwa tip ta 'gost biex jaħsbu ta'
kemm l-affarijiet modi tista 'tmur ħażin,

563
00:32:18,070 --> 00:32:21,650
biss għal disk drive.

564
00:32:21,650 --> 00:32:25,440
Aħna diġà 300 petabytes, so
timmaġina l-għadd ta 'disk drives

565
00:32:25,440 --> 00:32:27,741
għandek bżonn fuq 300 petabytes
li tista 'tmur ħażin.

566
00:32:27,741 --> 00:32:28,240

567
00:32:28,240 --> 00:32:30,390
Mhux biss that-- b'tali mod li ħażna.

568
00:32:30,390 --> 00:32:34,220
U li talludi għal l-
Persuna I tixtieq tara

569
00:32:34,220 --> 00:32:38,780
jidħol istadju xellug, li
huwa l-Chaos Monkey.

570
00:32:38,780 --> 00:32:43,140
Allura f'ċertu punt, jiġrilha saħansitra
akbar minn sempliċiment il-disk drive

571
00:32:43,140 --> 00:32:43,920
problema.

572
00:32:43,920 --> 00:32:50,610
>> U hekk, dawn onorevoli multa u gentleman
li tmexxi servizz video streaming

573
00:32:50,610 --> 00:32:55,430
induna li l-kompjuters tagħhom kienu
wkoll enormi u wkoll kkumplikata ħafna

574
00:32:55,430 --> 00:33:00,010
u wkoll jipprovdu servizz
għal orribbli ta 'lott ta' nies.

575
00:33:00,010 --> 00:33:05,180
Huma ħadthom ltqajna 37000000 members-- u
dan slide forsi sena jew hekk old--

576
00:33:05,180 --> 00:33:07,350
eluf ta 'apparati.

577
00:33:07,350 --> 00:33:10,810
Hemm biljuni ta 'sigħat ta' vidjow.

578
00:33:10,810 --> 00:33:13,600
Huma log biljuni ta 'avvenimenti ta' kuljum.

579
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:17,330
>> U inti tista 'tara, ħafna nies jaraw
l telly aktar tard fil-għaxija,

580
00:33:17,330 --> 00:33:19,429
u sakemm jisboq kollox.

581
00:33:19,429 --> 00:33:21,220
U għalhekk, huma riedu
tkun tista 'tagħmel ċert

582
00:33:21,220 --> 00:33:24,854
li s-servizz kien sa u
affidabbli u li jaħdmu għalihom.

583
00:33:24,854 --> 00:33:27,020
Allura dawn ħarāet bil din
ħaġa imsejħa Chaos Monkey.

584
00:33:27,020 --> 00:33:29,000
Huwa biċċa ta 'softwer
li, meta taħseb

585
00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:34,190
dwar tkellem dwar it-titolu
ta 'dan il-preżentazzjoni kollu,

586
00:33:34,190 --> 00:33:36,530
iskala out ifisser li inti
għandu jittestja dan il-għalf.

587
00:33:36,530 --> 00:33:38,585
Hija l-ebda tajba biss li jkollhom
miljun magni.

588
00:33:38,585 --> 00:33:40,460
Allura l-ħaġa sbieħ dwar
dan huwa, Chaos Monkey

589
00:33:40,460 --> 00:33:43,090
huwa servizz li
tidentifika gruppi ta 'sistemi

590
00:33:43,090 --> 00:33:47,220
u saltwarjament itemm wieħed
tas-sistemi fi grupp.

591
00:33:47,220 --> 00:33:48,429
Tal-biża.

592
00:33:48,429 --> 00:33:50,220
So I do not know dwar
inti, imma jekk jien stajt qatt

593
00:33:50,220 --> 00:33:52,990
mibnija sistema li tistrieħ fuq l-oħra
Sistemi tkellem lil xulxin,

594
00:33:52,990 --> 00:33:55,865
tieħu wieħed minnhom out, il-
probabbiltà li l-ħidma ħaġa sħiħa,

595
00:33:55,865 --> 00:33:57,130
jnaqqas malajr.

596
00:33:57,130 --> 00:34:00,475
>> U hekk din il-biċċa ta 'softwer runs
madwar infrastrutturi Netflix ta.

597
00:34:00,475 --> 00:34:03,100
Fortunatament, huwa jgħid li din tmur biss fil
ħinijiet tan-negozju bl-intenzjoni

598
00:34:03,100 --> 00:34:05,810
li l-inġiniera ser tkun
twissija u kapaċi tirrispondi.

599
00:34:05,810 --> 00:34:08,020
Allura dawn huma t-tipi
ta 'affarijiet aħna qed issa

600
00:34:08,020 --> 00:34:13,360
jkollhom jagħmlu biex perturb computing tagħna
ambjenti, li tintroduċi kaos

601
00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:15,739
u biex jintroduċu l-kumplessità.

602
00:34:15,739 --> 00:34:19,139
>> Hekk li, fid-dritt tagħhom
mind, se volontarjament jagħżlu

603
00:34:19,139 --> 00:34:22,540
li jaħdmu ma 'Chaos Monkey?

604
00:34:22,540 --> 00:34:24,150
Tistrieħ fuq, hu jidher li jkun tipponta lili.

605
00:34:24,150 --> 00:34:28,719
Well, I raden I should-- ħelu.

606
00:34:28,719 --> 00:34:32,909
Iżda l-problema hija li inti
ma jsibux l-għażla.

607
00:34:32,909 --> 00:34:37,440
Il Chaos Monkey, kif inti
taraw, jagħżel int.

608
00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:42,650
>> U dan huwa l-problema ma computing
fil iskala hija li inti ma tistax tevita dan.

609
00:34:42,650 --> 00:34:49,989
Huwa ta 'inevitabilità ta' kumplessità
u l-iskala u l-evoluzzjoni tagħna,

610
00:34:49,989 --> 00:34:53,280
f'ċerti modi, ta 'għarfien espert computing.

611
00:34:53,280 --> 00:34:55,510
U ftakar, dan huwa
ħaġa waħda li tiftakar,

612
00:34:55,510 --> 00:35:00,030
Chaos Monkeys imħabba
snowflakes imħabba snowflakes--.

613
00:35:00,030 --> 00:35:03,470
A snowflake-- konna spjega l-
Chaos Monkey-- iżda Snowflake

614
00:35:03,470 --> 00:35:09,630
huwa server li huwa uniku u
speċjali u delikata u individwali

615
00:35:09,630 --> 00:35:11,770
u qatt mhu se jiġu riprodotti.

616
00:35:11,770 --> 00:35:14,790
>> Aħna ta 'spiss isibu Snowflake
servizz fl-ambjent tagħna.

617
00:35:14,790 --> 00:35:16,700
U aħna dejjem jippruvaw u
jdub servizz Snowflake.

618
00:35:16,700 --> 00:35:18,880
Imma jekk inti ssib server
fl-ambjent tiegħek

619
00:35:18,880 --> 00:35:23,240
li huwa kritiku għas-lonġevità
ta 'organizzazzjoni tiegħek u dan idub,

620
00:35:23,240 --> 00:35:25,300
inti ma tista 'tpoġġi lura għal darb'oħra flimkien.

621
00:35:25,300 --> 00:35:28,071
Allura xogħol Chaos Monkey kien li
mur u jtemm istanzi.

622
00:35:28,071 --> 00:35:30,820
Jekk il-Chaos Monkey idub l-
Snowflake, int fuq, qed isir.

623
00:35:30,820 --> 00:35:34,390

624
00:35:34,390 --> 00:35:37,950
I trid titkellem dwar
xi hardware li aħna qed

625
00:35:37,950 --> 00:35:40,415
jaraw f'termini ta 'tip ta'
attivitajiet iskala-out wisq.

626
00:35:40,415 --> 00:35:43,810
U xi affarijiet uniċi li huma fil
u madwar l-attività tax-xjenza.

627
00:35:43,810 --> 00:35:46,990
Aħna issa qed jibdew biex tara, ftakar
din l-unità tal-ħruġ, dan rack?

628
00:35:46,990 --> 00:35:51,780
Allura dan huwa xtilliera ta GPGPUs-- tant ġenerali
unitajiet grafika pproċessar iskop.

629
00:35:51,780 --> 00:35:55,790
>> Aħna dawn jinsabu fil data tagħna
center, 100 jew hekk mili bogħod.

630
00:35:55,790 --> 00:35:59,780
Dan rack partikolari
huwa dwar 96 tera flops

631
00:35:59,780 --> 00:36:04,090
ta 'preċiżjoni wieħed matematika kapaċi
li jagħti l-dahar ta 'dan.

632
00:36:04,090 --> 00:36:10,530
U aħna għandna ordni 130-fard
karti fil istanza

633
00:36:10,530 --> 00:36:16,620
li we-- multipli
xtillieri ta 'dan il-każ.

634
00:36:16,620 --> 00:36:22,730
>> Allura dan huwa interessanti fis-sens li
il-proċessi grafika skopijiet ġenerali

635
00:36:22,730 --> 00:36:27,880
huma kapaċi li jagħmlu matematika oerhört
malajr għal ammonti baxxi ħafna ta 'enerġija.

636
00:36:27,880 --> 00:36:32,060
Allura hemm uptick kbir fil
l-oqsma kompjuters xjentifiċi,

637
00:36:32,060 --> 00:36:36,400
tħares lejn grafika
unitajiet għall-ipproċessar b'mod big.

638
00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:41,990
>> So I dam xi Mcollective
permezz ta 'infrastruttura puppet tagħna

639
00:36:41,990 --> 00:36:45,330
bieraħ, eċċitati ħafna dwar dan.

640
00:36:45,330 --> 00:36:48,260
ftit biss ta 'petaflop
ta 'preċiżjoni wieħed.

641
00:36:48,260 --> 00:36:52,440
Just biex ikunu ċari hawn, dan
ftit multiplikatur huwa 3.95.

642
00:36:52,440 --> 00:36:54,820
Matematika Double-preċiżjoni
ikun madwar 1.2,

643
00:36:54,820 --> 00:36:57,010
imma Twitter għalf tiegħi
ħares mod aħjar jekk I

644
00:36:57,010 --> 00:37:02,670
qal kellna kważi petaflop
ta GPGPUs-preċiżjoni wieħed.

645
00:37:02,670 --> 00:37:04,220
>> Iżda huwa jkollna hemmhekk.

646
00:37:04,220 --> 00:37:06,280
Huwa jkollna li jkun
ħafna, ħafna impressjonanti.

647
00:37:06,280 --> 00:37:08,550
U għaliex aħna nagħmlu dan?

648
00:37:08,550 --> 00:37:11,570
Minħabba kimika quantum,
fost affarijiet oħra,

649
00:37:11,570 --> 00:37:15,300
imma aħna qed jibdew biex disinn
F'xi fotovoltajċi ġodda.

650
00:37:15,300 --> 00:37:20,210
>> U hekk Alan Aspuru-Guzik, li l-a
professur fl chemistry-- partner tiegħi

651
00:37:20,210 --> 00:37:22,390
fil crime-- għall-aħħar ftit snin.

652
00:37:22,390 --> 00:37:25,660
Imxejna ġiet timbotta l-
envelop fuq computing.

653
00:37:25,660 --> 00:37:30,250
U l-GPGPU huwa ideali
teknoloġija biex tkun tista 'tagħmel

654
00:37:30,250 --> 00:37:34,760
orribbli ta 'lott ikkumplikat
matematika, ħafna, malajr ħafna.

655
00:37:34,760 --> 00:37:36,750
>> Allura bl-iskala, taqa sfidi ġodda.

656
00:37:36,750 --> 00:37:41,070
Allura scale-- enormi inti għandek tkun
attenti kif inti wajer dan il-għalf.

657
00:37:41,070 --> 00:37:45,300
U aħna għandna ċerti livelli ta '
compulsive disorder.

658
00:37:45,300 --> 00:37:49,530
Dawn ir-ritratti probabbilment
issuq lott ta 'ġewż nies.

659
00:37:49,530 --> 00:37:53,390
U kabinetti li mhumiex
fili partikolarment tajjeb

660
00:37:53,390 --> 00:37:56,050
issuq netwerk tagħna u
inġiniera faċilitajiet ġewż.

661
00:37:56,050 --> 00:37:58,620
Plus hemm ukoll arja
Kwistjonijiet li inti għandek fihom.

662
00:37:58,620 --> 00:38:01,430
>> Allura dawn huma affarijiet li I
qatt ma ħsibt ta '.

663
00:38:01,430 --> 00:38:03,480
Bl-iskala, taqa kumplessità aktar.

664
00:38:03,480 --> 00:38:05,869
Dan huwa tip ġdid ta 'sistema fajl.

665
00:38:05,869 --> 00:38:06,410
Huwa tal-biża.

666
00:38:06,410 --> 00:38:07,660
Huwa petabyte.

667
00:38:07,660 --> 00:38:09,905
Huwa jista 'jaħżen 1100000000 files.

668
00:38:09,905 --> 00:38:15,940
Hija tista 'taqra u tikteb lil 13-gigabytes
u 20 gigabytes gigabytes second--

669
00:38:15,940 --> 00:38:17,150
tieni.

670
00:38:17,150 --> 00:38:20,900
Għalhekk jista jħottu terabytes
fl-ebda ħin fil-livelli kollha.

671
00:38:20,900 --> 00:38:22,070
>> U huwa ferm disponibbli.

672
00:38:22,070 --> 00:38:26,989
U huwa ltqajna lookup aqwa
rates-- 220,000 lookups tieni.

673
00:38:26,989 --> 00:38:29,780
U hemm ħafna nies differenti
bini dawn it-tip ta 'sistemi.

674
00:38:29,780 --> 00:38:32,830
U inti tista 'tara hawn grafikament.

675
00:38:32,830 --> 00:38:35,800
Din hija waħda ta 'sistemi fajl tagħna
thats taħt tagħbija, pjuttost

676
00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:41,250
heureusement qari fil biss qasir
ta '22 gigabytes ta' sekonda.

677
00:38:41,250 --> 00:38:42,790
Allura dak cool-- hekk kumplessità.

678
00:38:42,790 --> 00:38:47,230
>> Allura ma kumplessità u l-iskala,
taqa 'aktar kumplessità, id-dritt?

679
00:38:47,230 --> 00:38:51,830
Din hija waħda mill-ħafna tagħna,
dijagrammi netwerk ħafna,

680
00:38:51,830 --> 00:38:54,970
fejn inti għandek ħafna differenti
chassis kollha ta 'appoġġ up

681
00:38:54,970 --> 00:38:57,730
fi swiċċ qalba ewlenija,
konness ma 'ħażna,

682
00:38:57,730 --> 00:39:00,731
konnessjoni għal interconnects latency baxxa.

683
00:39:00,731 --> 00:39:03,605
U allura kollha ta 'din in-naħa ta' l-
house, huwa biss kollha tat-tmexxija

684
00:39:03,605 --> 00:39:09,740
li inti jeħtieġ li tkun tista 'tindirizza
dawn is-sistemi minn post remot.

685
00:39:09,740 --> 00:39:12,070
Allura skala għandha ħafna ta '
kumplessità magħha.

686
00:39:12,070 --> 00:39:14,910

687
00:39:14,910 --> 00:39:17,785
>> Bidla gear darb'oħra, ejja mmorru lura
u jkollhom spot ftit tax-xjenza.

688
00:39:17,785 --> 00:39:21,450
Allura, ftakar, ir-riċerka
computing u dan shim-- ftit

689
00:39:21,450 --> 00:39:25,310
shim roża ftit bejn l-
fakultà u kollha ta 'algoritmi tagħhom

690
00:39:25,310 --> 00:39:30,650
u kollha ta 'l-xjenza jibred u kollha ta'
dan il-poter u tkessiħ u data center

691
00:39:30,650 --> 00:39:35,330
art u n-netwerking u kompjuters kbar
u desks servizz u help desks

692
00:39:35,330 --> 00:39:39,330
u għalhekk forth-- u għalhekk, aħna qed biss
dan shim ftit bejniethom.

693
00:39:39,330 --> 00:39:42,820
>> Dak li konna bdew
ara hija li l-dinja

694
00:39:42,820 --> 00:39:45,730
kienu kapaċi jibnu
dawn iċ-ċentri tad-data kbar

695
00:39:45,730 --> 00:39:48,020
u tkun kapaċi li jibnu
dawn il-kompjuters kbar.

696
00:39:48,020 --> 00:39:49,420
Imxejna gotten pjuttost tajjeb għalih.

697
00:39:49,420 --> 00:39:53,600
Dak li aħna mhux qed tajba ħafna lejn huwa dan
ftit shim bejn ir-riċerka

698
00:39:53,600 --> 00:39:56,670
u l-metall bare u t-teknoloġija.

699
00:39:56,670 --> 00:39:58,600
U huwa diffiċli.

700
00:39:58,600 --> 00:40:03,330
>> U hekk aħna kont qed kapaċi li jimpjegaw
folks li jgħixu f'din id-dinja.

701
00:40:03,330 --> 00:40:07,590
U aktar reċentement, aħna tkellem mal-
National Science Foundation u qal,

702
00:40:07,590 --> 00:40:11,440
dan Jittieħed fuq skala out hija kbira,
imma aħna ma tistax tikseb xjentisti tagħna

703
00:40:11,440 --> 00:40:13,690
fuq dawn il-magni kkumplikata kbar.

704
00:40:13,690 --> 00:40:16,040
U hekk, kien hemm
numru ta 'programmi differenti

705
00:40:16,040 --> 00:40:20,100
fejn aħna verament kienu l-aktar
imħasseb dwar jippruvaw

706
00:40:20,100 --> 00:40:22,800
biex tara jekk nistgħu jittrasformaw
l-infrastruttura kampus.

707
00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:25,850
>> Hemm ħafna ta 'programmi
madwar ċentri nazzjonali.

708
00:40:25,850 --> 00:40:28,300
U għalhekk, nfusna, tagħna
ħbieb fil Clemson,

709
00:40:28,300 --> 00:40:32,620
Università ta 'Wisconsin Madison,
Southern California, Utah, u l-Ħawaj

710
00:40:32,620 --> 00:40:35,780
tip ta 'ltqajna flimkien biex
ħarsa lejn din il-problema.

711
00:40:35,780 --> 00:40:39,340
U din il-graff ftit hawn
huwa l-denb twil tax-xjenza.

712
00:40:39,340 --> 00:40:41,602
>> Allura dan is-- dan ma
kwistjoni x'hemm fuq dan l-assi,

713
00:40:41,602 --> 00:40:45,485
iżda din l-assi huwa attwalment numru
ta 'impjiegi għaddejjin mill-cluster.

714
00:40:45,485 --> 00:40:48,940
Allura hemm 350,000 fuq
ikun x'ikun żmien perjodu.

715
00:40:48,940 --> 00:40:51,730
Dawn huma suspettati tas-soltu tagħna
tul il-qiegħ hawnhekk.

716
00:40:51,730 --> 00:40:55,992
Fil-fatt, hemm Alan Aspuru-Guzik,
li konna biss jitkellem about-- tunnellata

717
00:40:55,992 --> 00:40:58,700
u tunnellati ta 'jikkomputa, verament
effettiv, jaf dak li qed jagħmel.

718
00:40:58,700 --> 00:41:02,840
>> Hawn lab ieħor li jien ser jitkellmu
dwar fil-lab John Kovac ta moment--.

719
00:41:02,840 --> 00:41:03,610
Huma ħadthom ltqajna.

720
00:41:03,610 --> 00:41:04,210
Huma qed tajba.

721
00:41:04,210 --> 00:41:04,830
Huma qed kuntenti.

722
00:41:04,830 --> 00:41:05,960
Huma qed computing.

723
00:41:05,960 --> 00:41:07,664
Xjenza kbira huwa jkollna isir.

724
00:41:07,664 --> 00:41:09,580
U allura, kif inti tip
ta tinżel hawn, hemm

725
00:41:09,580 --> 00:41:12,110
huma gruppi oħra li
ma tkunx qed taħdem ħafna impjiegi.

726
00:41:12,110 --> 00:41:13,410
>> U għaliex huwa li?

727
00:41:13,410 --> 00:41:15,080
Huwa minħabba l-kompjuting huwa iebes wisq?

728
00:41:15,080 --> 00:41:19,580
Huwa minħabba li ma jkunux jafu kif għandhom?

729
00:41:19,580 --> 00:41:22,880
Aħna ma jafux, għax
konna marret u ħares.

730
00:41:22,880 --> 00:41:25,620
U hekk dan huwa dak li din
proġett huwa kollha dwar,

731
00:41:25,620 --> 00:41:27,830
hi lokalment, fi żmien
kull wieħed minn dawn ir-reġjuni,

732
00:41:27,830 --> 00:41:32,660
biex inħarsu lejn toroq fejn nistgħu jidħlu
mal-fakultà u riċerkaturi

733
00:41:32,660 --> 00:41:36,400
attwalment fl-aħħar tal-qiegħ tad-denb,
u jifhmu dak li qed isir.

734
00:41:36,400 --> 00:41:37,920
>> Allura li xi ħaġa li aħna qed
attwalment passjonat dwar.

735
00:41:37,920 --> 00:41:39,920
U li xi ħaġa li
xjenza mhux se jkompli

736
00:41:39,920 --> 00:41:44,260
biex timxi 'l quddiem sakemm aħna issolvi
xi wħud minn dawn il-każijiet tarf.

737
00:41:44,260 --> 00:41:46,590
Bits oħra ta 'xjenza
li għaddej up-- kulħadd

738
00:41:46,590 --> 00:41:48,260
raw l-Collider Hadron Kbir.

739
00:41:48,260 --> 00:41:49,540
Tal-biża, id-dritt?

740
00:41:49,540 --> 00:41:52,960
Dan il-għalf kollu dam barra fil Holyoke.

741
00:41:52,960 --> 00:41:56,510
We built---ewwel
xjenza li ġara fl Holyoke

742
00:41:56,510 --> 00:41:59,130
kien il-kollaborazzjoni bejn
nfusna u Boston University.

743
00:41:59,130 --> 00:42:01,510
Allura huwa verament, verament jibred.

744
00:42:01,510 --> 00:42:04,410
>> Din hija biċċa gost
tax-xjenza għall-iskala.

745
00:42:04,410 --> 00:42:07,650
Din hija l-aċċess diġitali
seklu sema fil-Harvard.

746
00:42:07,650 --> 00:42:09,170
Bażikament, huwa arkivju pjanċa.

747
00:42:09,170 --> 00:42:13,350
Jekk inti jinżlu Oxford--
Garden Street, sorry,

748
00:42:13,350 --> 00:42:16,560
inti ser issib wieħed mill-osservatorju
bini hija bażikament sħiħa

749
00:42:16,560 --> 00:42:19,480
madwar nofs miljun pjanċi.

750
00:42:19,480 --> 00:42:24,410
>> U dawn huma ritratti tal-
sema bil-lejl, aktar minn 100 sena.

751
00:42:24,410 --> 00:42:28,760
Allura hemm rig kollu mwaqqfa
hawn biex jagħmluh diġitali dawk pjanċi,

752
00:42:28,760 --> 00:42:32,100
jieħdu ritratti minnhom, reġistru
minnhom, tpoġġihom fuq kompjuter.

753
00:42:32,100 --> 00:42:36,410
U li l-petabyte u nofs,
biss id-dritt there-- proġett wieħed żgħir.

754
00:42:36,410 --> 00:42:37,530
>> Dawn huma proġetti oħra.

755
00:42:37,530 --> 00:42:42,800
Dan il-proġett Pan-STARRS qed tagħmel
stħarriġ panoramiċi wiesgħa sħiħa,

756
00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:47,390
tfittex għall asteroids Dinja qrib
u avvenimenti ċelesti għaddiena.

757
00:42:47,390 --> 00:42:52,100
Bħala biophysicist molekulari, I love
il-kelma avveniment ċelesti għaddiena.

758
00:42:52,100 --> 00:42:55,050
Jien ma pjuttost ċert dak li hi, iżda
xorta waħda, aħna qed tfittex għalihom.

759
00:42:55,050 --> 00:43:00,372
>> U aħna qed jiġġeneraw 30 ta'Terabytes
lejl ta 'dawk teleskopji.

760
00:43:00,372 --> 00:43:03,330
U li mhux verament bandwidth
problema, li bħal problema FedEx.

761
00:43:03,330 --> 00:43:08,420
Allura inti tpoġġi l-ħażna fuq l-van
u inti tibgħat dan kwalunkwe huwa.

762
00:43:08,420 --> 00:43:10,570
>> Bicep huwa verament interesting--
hekk immaġini isfond

763
00:43:10,570 --> 00:43:13,850
ta kożmika polarizzazzjoni galattika żejda.

764
00:43:13,850 --> 00:43:16,880
Meta I-ewwel bdiet taħdem
fil-Harvard seba 'jew hekk,

765
00:43:16,880 --> 00:43:21,440
tmien snin ilu, I remember
jaħdmu fuq dan il-proġett

766
00:43:21,440 --> 00:43:26,010
u hija ma verament sink
dar bħala l-dawl għaliex polarizzat

767
00:43:26,010 --> 00:43:29,770
mill-microwave kożmika
isfond, ikun importanti,

768
00:43:29,770 --> 00:43:30,800
sakemm dan ġara.

769
00:43:30,800 --> 00:43:34,580
>> U dan kien John Kovac,
li I tkellmu għal qabel,

770
00:43:34,580 --> 00:43:42,030
użu miljuni fuq miljuni ta 'CPU
sigħat, fil-faċilità tagħna u oħrajn,

771
00:43:42,030 --> 00:43:46,600
li bażikament stare fil-ġewwa
tal-ewwel mumenti tal-univers tal-

772
00:43:46,600 --> 00:43:49,150
wara l-Big Bang, u
jippruvaw jifhmu

773
00:43:49,150 --> 00:43:51,290
Teorija ġenerali Einstein tal-relatività.

774
00:43:51,290 --> 00:43:56,040
Huwa mind blowing li l-kompjuters tagħna
qed tgħinna jisfaxxa u stare

775
00:43:56,040 --> 00:43:59,280
fis-oriġini stess ta 'l għaliex aħna qed hawn.

776
00:43:59,280 --> 00:44:03,450
>> Allura meta inti titkellem dwar l-iskala,
din hija xi iskala serja.

777
00:44:03,450 --> 00:44:09,260
Il-ħaġa oħra ta 'skala hija, li
partikolari proġett hit dawn guys.

778
00:44:09,260 --> 00:44:15,320
U dan huwa l-kurva tar-rispons għall-bicep
[Inaudible] Dan kien l-istħarriġ tagħna ftit.

779
00:44:15,320 --> 00:44:19,220
>> U inti tista 'tara hawn, il-ħajja
kienet tajba sa madwar hawn,

780
00:44:19,220 --> 00:44:21,200
li kien meta l-
tħabbira daħal out.

781
00:44:21,200 --> 00:44:24,120
U inti ltqajna litteralment
sekondi biex jirrispondu

782
00:44:24,120 --> 00:44:29,020
għall-avveniment scaling li
jikkorrispondi għal din dot ftit hawn,

783
00:44:29,020 --> 00:44:32,200
li spiċċaw ċaqliq
erba jew hekk terabytes ta 'data

784
00:44:32,200 --> 00:44:36,370
permezz tal-web server
li day-- pretty hairy.

785
00:44:36,370 --> 00:44:38,210
>> U għalhekk, dawn huma l-
tipi ta 'affarijiet li

786
00:44:38,210 --> 00:44:43,040
jista 'jiġri lilek fl-infrastruttura tiegħek
jekk inti ma 'disinn għall-iskala.

787
00:44:43,040 --> 00:44:45,630
Kellna daqsxejn ta '
ġirja dak il-jum, biex ikunu

788
00:44:45,630 --> 00:44:50,440
kapaċi span out biżżejjed servizz web
biex iżommu s-sit u titħaddem.

789
00:44:50,440 --> 00:44:53,399
U konna suċċess.

790
00:44:53,399 --> 00:44:55,190
Din hija email ftit
thats it-tip ta 'ħelu.

791
00:44:55,190 --> 00:45:00,245
Din hija mail lil Mark Vogelsberger,
u Lars Hernquist, li l-

792
00:45:00,245 --> 00:45:02,650
membru fakultà hawn fil-Harvard.

793
00:45:02,650 --> 00:45:03,570
Aktar dwar Mark aktar tard.

794
00:45:03,570 --> 00:45:05,990
Imma naħseb li dan huwa wieħed
tip ta 'somom sa tip

795
00:45:05,990 --> 00:45:09,920
ta 'fejn il-kompjuters
huwa fil-kompjuters riċerka.

796
00:45:09,920 --> 00:45:12,070
Ħej, tim, mill-aħħar
It-Tlieta, inti guys kisbet

797
00:45:12,070 --> 00:45:15,470
aktar minn 28% ta 'l-ġdida
cluster, li flimkien

798
00:45:15,470 --> 00:45:20,040
huwa aktar minn 78 snin ta '
CPU fil biss tlett ijiem.

799
00:45:20,040 --> 00:45:22,502
And I said, huwa għadu
biss ftit Ġimgħa filgħodu.

800
00:45:22,502 --> 00:45:23,460
Dan huwa pjuttost tal-biża!

801
00:45:23,460 --> 00:45:24,740
Happy il-ġimgħa!

802
00:45:24,740 --> 00:45:27,450
>> Imbagħad I jagħtuhom l-punti tad-data.

803
00:45:27,450 --> 00:45:30,260
U hekk dan kien tip ta 'interessanti.

804
00:45:30,260 --> 00:45:34,840
Mela ftakar dwar Mark, hu ser come
lura fis-istampa fi ftit.

805
00:45:34,840 --> 00:45:36,935
Allura computing fuq skala out hija kullimkien.

806
00:45:36,935 --> 00:45:41,080
>> Aħna qed anki tgħin folks tfittex
lejn kif il-funzjonijiet NBA,

807
00:45:41,080 --> 00:45:43,140
u fejn in-nies huma
jitfg blalen minn.

808
00:45:43,140 --> 00:45:47,580
I ma verament jifhem din il-logħba wisq
sew, iżda apparentement, huwa big deal.

809
00:45:47,580 --> 00:45:50,610
Hemm ċrieki u bwieqi u l-flus.

810
00:45:50,610 --> 00:45:55,300
>> U hekk, id-database tagħna, aħna
mibnija ftit 500 [inaudible]

811
00:45:55,300 --> 00:45:58,170
cluster proċessur parallel,
koppja ta 'ta'Terabytes ta' RAM,

812
00:45:58,170 --> 00:46:03,590
li tkun kapaċi tibni dan
għall Kirk u t-tim tiegħu.

813
00:46:03,590 --> 00:46:08,524
U li qed isir computing
b'mod ieħor kollu.

814
00:46:08,524 --> 00:46:10,440
Issa dan huwa proġett nkunu
involuti ma thats

815
00:46:10,440 --> 00:46:14,880
assolutament affaxxinanti, madwar newrali
connectomics plastiċità u ġenomika

816
00:46:14,880 --> 00:46:20,960
imprinting-- tlieta tqil ħafna
oqsma laqtu ta 'riċerka

817
00:46:20,960 --> 00:46:24,650
li aħna ġlieda mal fuq
bażi jum għal jum.

818
00:46:24,650 --> 00:46:30,670
L-idea li l-imħuħ tagħna huma taħt
stress plastik meta aħna żgħar.

819
00:46:30,670 --> 00:46:34,980
U ħafna ta 'mġieba adulti tagħna huwa
skolpita minn esperjenza fl-infanzja.

820
00:46:34,980 --> 00:46:37,040
Allura dan huwa dealio big.

821
00:46:37,040 --> 00:46:41,360
>> U hekk dan huwa xogħol thats iffinanzjat mill-
Istituti Nazzjonali tas-Saħħa Mentali.

822
00:46:41,360 --> 00:46:46,860
U aħna qed jippruvaw bażikament,
permezz ta 'lott ta' data kbar

823
00:46:46,860 --> 00:46:51,970
u l-analiżi tad-data kbar, it-tip
ta peer fis-moħħ tal-bniedem tagħna

824
00:46:51,970 --> 00:46:54,870
permezz ta 'varjetà ta'
tekniki differenti.

825
00:46:54,870 --> 00:47:00,360
>> So I riedu biex tieqaf u tip ta '
biss nieqaf għal mument ftit.

826
00:47:00,360 --> 00:47:04,160
L-isfida ma 'remoti
ċentri tad-data huwa ferm 'il bogħod.

827
00:47:04,160 --> 00:47:05,520
Hija ma tistax possibilment taħdem.

828
00:47:05,520 --> 00:47:07,590
I bżonn data tiegħi qrib mill.

829
00:47:07,590 --> 00:47:10,730
I bżonn tagħmel riċerka tiegħi fil-laboratorju tiegħi.

830
00:47:10,730 --> 00:47:18,620
>> U so I tip ta 'ħa eżempju ta'
funzjonali immaġni tar-reżonanza manjetika

831
00:47:18,620 --> 00:47:22,260
sett dejta minn dejta tagħna
ċentru fil-Punent tal-Massa.

832
00:47:22,260 --> 00:47:24,660
u konnessi biex tiegħi
desktop fil Cambridge.

833
00:47:24,660 --> 00:47:27,440
U jien ser jilagħbu din video ftit.

834
00:47:27,440 --> 00:47:29,750
Nisperaw li se tip ta 'xogħol.

835
00:47:29,750 --> 00:47:33,480
>> Allura dan huwa me għaddejja
kontroll GPUs tiegħi qed jaħdmu.

836
00:47:33,480 --> 00:47:35,430
U jien iċċekkjar li VNC tal up.

837
00:47:35,430 --> 00:47:36,810
U dan huwa VNC għaqlija.

838
00:47:36,810 --> 00:47:38,970
Din hija VNC ma 3D biċċiet.

839
00:47:38,970 --> 00:47:41,975
U hekk, kif tistgħu taraw ftit, dan
hija me għażil dan moħħ madwar.

840
00:47:41,975 --> 00:47:44,460
Jien jippruvaw tip ta 'tiksbu orjentati.

841
00:47:44,460 --> 00:47:49,574
U mbagħad I tista 'timxi permezz ta' ħafna
flieli differenti ta 'data MRI.

842
00:47:49,574 --> 00:47:51,490
U l-unika ħaġa li l-
differenti dwar dan

843
00:47:51,490 --> 00:47:55,160
huwa, huwa li ġejjin matul il-wajer
minn Western Mass. desktop tiegħi.

844
00:47:55,160 --> 00:47:57,300
U l-għoti tagħha
aktar mgħaġġla minn desktop tiegħi,

845
00:47:57,300 --> 00:48:02,840
minħabba I ma jkollhom $ 4,000
graphics card fil desktop tiegħi, li

846
00:48:02,840 --> 00:48:04,262
għandna out Western Massa.

847
00:48:04,262 --> 00:48:05,720
Of course, jien jippruvaw ikunu għaqlija.

848
00:48:05,720 --> 00:48:08,859
Niġri gerijiet Glx fil-
isfond, filwaqt li tagħmel dan kollu,

849
00:48:08,859 --> 00:48:10,900
biex tiżgura li nista
jenfasizzaw il-karta grafika,

850
00:48:10,900 --> 00:48:14,140
u li dan kollu tip ta '
xogħlijiet u l-bqija ta 'dan.

851
00:48:14,140 --> 00:48:16,700
Imma l-ħaġa importanti hija,
huwa dan huwa 100 mil bogħod.

852
00:48:16,700 --> 00:48:20,460
U inti tista 'tara minn dan li
hemm l-ebda latency ovvju.

853
00:48:20,460 --> 00:48:24,600
Things li żżomm flimkien pjuttost tajjeb.

854
00:48:24,600 --> 00:48:28,907
>> U għalhekk li, minnu nnifsu,
huwa eżempju u xi ħarsa

855
00:48:28,907 --> 00:48:31,490
lejn kif informatika u l-iskala-out
computing jiġri.

856
00:48:31,490 --> 00:48:35,330
Aħna kollha jaħdmu fuq
apparati irqaq u irqaq.

857
00:48:35,330 --> 00:48:36,870
Użu tagħna ta 'pilloli qed jiżdied.

858
00:48:36,870 --> 00:48:39,160
>> Hekk għalhekk, karbonju tiegħi
footprint hija bażikament

859
00:48:39,160 --> 00:48:42,060
jiċċaqalqu minn dak użat
biex tagħmel dan kieku stajt

860
00:48:42,060 --> 00:48:46,060
Kien magna enormi
taħt desk tiegħi, għal dak li

861
00:48:46,060 --> 00:48:49,550
issa hija facility-- jista 'jkun kullimkien.

862
00:48:49,550 --> 00:48:50,800
Dan jista 'jkun kullimkien fil-livelli kollha.

863
00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:54,790
And yet, huwa għadu kapaċi li jġibu
lura grafika prestazzjoni għolja

864
00:48:54,790 --> 00:48:56,630
biex desktop tiegħi.

865
00:48:56,630 --> 00:49:00,900
>> Allura, jkollna ħdejn il-
end-- tiftakar Mark?

866
00:49:00,900 --> 00:49:04,480
Ukoll, lad intelliġenti Mark.

867
00:49:04,480 --> 00:49:09,360
Hu ddeċieda li kien se
jibnu univers virtwali realistiku.

868
00:49:09,360 --> 00:49:12,820
C'est pjuttost proġett, meta inti
taħseb li ħadthom ltqajna biex żift dan.

869
00:49:12,820 --> 00:49:14,740
Jien ser tuża
kompjuter, u jien ser

870
00:49:14,740 --> 00:49:21,040
mudell 12-il miljun sena wara
l-Big Bang biex jirrappreżentaw kuljum.

871
00:49:21,040 --> 00:49:27,080
U mbagħad jien ser tagħmel 13.8
biljun snin ta 'evoluzzjoni kożmika.

872
00:49:27,080 --> 00:49:28,270
Kull dritt.

873
00:49:28,270 --> 00:49:30,970
>> Dan fil-fatt juża kompjuter
il kien akbar minn kompjuter tagħna,

874
00:49:30,970 --> 00:49:35,040
u mxerrda matul fuq l-awtoritajiet nazzjonali
riżorsi lill-ħbieb tagħna isfel fil Texas.

875
00:49:35,040 --> 00:49:38,820
U biex l-faċilitajiet nazzjonali,
dan kien ħafna ta 'jikkomputa.

876
00:49:38,820 --> 00:49:40,750
Iżda aħna għamilt ħafna
il simulazzjoni lokalment

877
00:49:40,750 --> 00:49:44,820
biex tiżgura li l-software
ħadem u s-sistemi maħduma.

878
00:49:44,820 --> 00:49:47,790
>> U huwa ġranet bħal dan meta inti
tirrealizza li int tappoġġja xjenza

879
00:49:47,790 --> 00:49:51,090
f'dan il-livell ta 'l-iskala, li
nies issa jistgħu jgħidu affarijiet

880
00:49:51,090 --> 00:49:52,840
bħal, jien ser mudell univers.

881
00:49:52,840 --> 00:49:54,145
U dan huwa l-ewwel mudell tiegħu.

882
00:49:54,145 --> 00:49:56,422
U dan huwa l-ewwel mudell tat-tim tiegħu.

883
00:49:56,422 --> 00:49:58,130
Hemm ħafna oħrajn
folks li huma għaddejjin

884
00:49:58,130 --> 00:50:01,520
li ġejjin wara Mark, li ser
tixtieq li mudell ma 'riżoluzzjoni għolja,

885
00:50:01,520 --> 00:50:04,652
b'aktar ispeċifiċità,
b'aktar preċiżjoni.

886
00:50:04,652 --> 00:50:09,105
>> U għalhekk, fl-aħħar ftit minuti,
I biss jixtiequ biex turi li inti dan il-video

887
00:50:09,105 --> 00:50:15,270
ta 'Mark u ta Lars li lili, għal darb'oħra,
bħala xjenzat ħajja, huwa tip ta ħelu.

888
00:50:15,270 --> 00:50:17,890

889
00:50:17,890 --> 00:50:20,970
Allura dan, fil-qiegħ
hawn, biex jorjenta inti,

890
00:50:20,970 --> 00:50:23,640
dan huwa tghidlek il-
darba mill-Big Bang.

891
00:50:23,640 --> 00:50:26,570
Allura aħna qed 'madwar 0.7 biljun snin.

892
00:50:26,570 --> 00:50:28,740
U dan qed juri l-aġġornament kurrenti.

893
00:50:28,740 --> 00:50:33,450
Allura int tara fil-mument,
kwistjoni dlam u l-evoluzzjoni

894
00:50:33,450 --> 00:50:39,910
tal-istruttura multa u kmieni
strutturi univers magħrufa tagħna.

895
00:50:39,910 --> 00:50:45,690
>> U l-punt ma 'dan huwa li dan
huwa kollu magħmul ġewwa l-kompjuter.

896
00:50:45,690 --> 00:50:48,530
Dan huwa sett ta 'parametri
u sett tal-fiżika

897
00:50:48,530 --> 00:50:52,840
u sett ta 'matematika
u sett ta 'mudelli

898
00:50:52,840 --> 00:50:59,284
li huma magħżula bir-reqqa, u mbagħad
konnessi b'attenzjoni xulxin

899
00:50:59,284 --> 00:51:00,825
biex ikunu jistgħu biex issawwar l-interazzjonijiet.

900
00:51:00,825 --> 00:51:04,850
>> Allura inti tista 'tara xi jibda tat
xi splużjonijiet gassużi hawn.

901
00:51:04,850 --> 00:51:06,880
U t-temperatura tal-gass qed tinbidel.

902
00:51:06,880 --> 00:51:13,720
U inti tista 'tibda tara l-istruttura
tal-bidla univers viżibbli.

903
00:51:13,720 --> 00:51:18,130
U l-parti importanti ma 'dan
huwa, kull ftit żgħira, ċkejkna, dot ċkejkna

904
00:51:18,130 --> 00:51:21,070
hija biċċa tal-fiżika u għandu
sett tal-matematika madwar,

905
00:51:21,070 --> 00:51:23,030
tinforma ħabib tagħha u l-proxxmu tagħha.

906
00:51:23,030 --> 00:51:27,245
>> Allura minn perspettiva skalar, dawn
kompjuters għandhom għax-xogħol kollu flimkien

907
00:51:27,245 --> 00:51:29,470
u jitkellmu ma 'xulxin b'mod effiċjenti.

908
00:51:29,470 --> 00:51:31,060
Allura dawn ma tistax tkun wisq chatty.

909
00:51:31,060 --> 00:51:33,520
Huma għandhom jaħżnu r-riżultati tagħhom.

910
00:51:33,520 --> 00:51:37,902
U għandhom ikomplu
tinforma kollha tal-ħbieb tagħhom.

911
00:51:37,902 --> 00:51:40,860
Tabilħaqq, inti ser tara issa, dan il-mudell tal-
jkollna aktar u aktar ikkumplikati.

912
00:51:40,860 --> 00:51:42,590
Hemm aktar u aktar Jittieħed għaddejjin.

913
00:51:42,590 --> 00:51:45,210
Hemm aktar u aktar
materjal jtajru madwar.

914
00:51:45,210 --> 00:51:48,410
>> U dan huwa dak li l-bidu
cosmos kieku stajt dehru qishom.

915
00:51:48,410 --> 00:51:49,770
Kien post pretty hairy.

916
00:51:49,770 --> 00:51:55,140
Hemm splużjonijiet kollha fuq
il-post, kolliżjonijiet qawwija.

917
00:51:55,140 --> 00:51:58,620
U l-formazzjoni ta 'heavy
Metalli u elementi.

918
00:51:58,620 --> 00:52:03,910
U dawn sħab kbar smashing fis
xulxin bil-forza estremi.

919
00:52:03,910 --> 00:52:08,530
>> U hekk issa aħna qed 9600000000
snin mid din l-isplużjoni inizjali.

920
00:52:08,530 --> 00:52:12,310
Int tibda tara l-affarijiet huma
tip ta calmed isfel ftit, biss

921
00:52:12,310 --> 00:52:15,660
ftit, minħabba li l-
enerġija issa qed tibda biex jirrilassaw.

922
00:52:15,660 --> 00:52:19,420
U għalhekk l-matematika
Mudelli ltqajna dak fis-seħħ.

923
00:52:19,420 --> 00:52:22,510
U int tibda tara
coalescence ta 'elementi differenti.

924
00:52:22,510 --> 00:52:26,220
U jibdew biex tara dan il-ħaġa tip
ta come flimkien u bil-mod jibred.

925
00:52:26,220 --> 00:52:32,260
>> U huwa tibda tfittex ftit
aktar bħall-sema bil-lejl, ftit.

926
00:52:32,260 --> 00:52:37,870
U huwa [? QSing. ?] Aħna issa 30.2
biljun snin u aħna qed tip ta 'isir.

927
00:52:37,870 --> 00:52:41,130
U allura x'għamlu kien
li huma ħadu dan il-mudell,

928
00:52:41,130 --> 00:52:44,580
u mbagħad ħares lejn l-univers viżibbli.

929
00:52:44,580 --> 00:52:48,560
U bażikament mbagħad, kienu
jistgħu jieħdu dik u overlay

930
00:52:48,560 --> 00:52:50,580
ma 'dak li inti tista' tara.

931
00:52:50,580 --> 00:52:56,160
U l-fedeltà huwa xokkanti, kif biex
kif eżatt il-mudelli tal-kompjuter huma.

932
00:52:56,160 --> 00:52:58,760
>> Tal-kors, il-astrophysicists
u l-gruppi ta 'riċerka

933
00:52:58,760 --> 00:53:02,780
bżonn fedeltà anki aħjar
u r-riżoluzzjoni saħansitra ogħla.

934
00:53:02,780 --> 00:53:06,230
Imma jekk inti taħseb dwar dak li
Stajt ġiet nitkellmu miegħek illum

935
00:53:06,230 --> 00:53:11,850
permezz ta 'dan il-vjaġġ ftit kemm permezz
ħażna u l-istruttura u netwerking

936
00:53:11,850 --> 00:53:18,000
u stacks, il-ħaġa importanti hija,
hija fuq skala-out kompjuters essenzjali?

937
00:53:18,000 --> 00:53:22,050
Dan kien hypothesis-- oriġinali tiegħi
lura għall-metodu xjentifiku tagħna.

938
00:53:22,050 --> 00:53:24,810
>> Nispera li fil-bidu
parti ta 'dan nixtieq

939
00:53:24,810 --> 00:53:29,400
jbassru li jien se nkun kapaċi jispjegaw
miegħek dwar computing fuq skala out.

940
00:53:29,400 --> 00:53:32,870
U aħna tip ta 'ttestjati
xi wħud minn dawk ipoteżijiet.

941
00:53:32,870 --> 00:53:34,585
Aħna marru permezz dan il-konverżazzjoni.

942
00:53:34,585 --> 00:53:38,920
U jien biss se ngħid iskala-out
computing huwa essential-- oh,

943
00:53:38,920 --> 00:53:42,480
iva, ħafna iva.

944
00:53:42,480 --> 00:53:44,790
>> Allura meta inti qed jaħsbu
dwar kodiċi ta tiegħek, meta

945
00:53:44,790 --> 00:53:49,230
int tagħmel il-proġetti finali CS50,
meta inti qed jaħsbu dwar wirt tiegħek

946
00:53:49,230 --> 00:53:52,990
lill-umanità u r-riżorsi li għandna
jeħtieġu li jkunu kapaċi li jimxu dawn kompjuter

947
00:53:52,990 --> 00:53:56,650
Sistemi, think b'attenzjoni kbira
dwar il-flops kull watt,

948
00:53:56,650 --> 00:53:58,560
u jaħsbu dwar l-Chaos Monkey.

949
00:53:58,560 --> 00:54:02,240
>> Aħseb dwar snowflakes tiegħek, ma
do miżuri ta 'darba, libreriji użu mill-ġdid,

950
00:54:02,240 --> 00:54:06,453
jibnu codes-- jistgħu jerġgħu jintużaw kollha ta 'l-affarijiet
li l-tuturi ġew tagħlim inti

951
00:54:06,453 --> 00:54:08,630
f'din il-klassi.

952
00:54:08,630 --> 00:54:11,942
Dawn huma aspetti fundamentali.

953
00:54:11,942 --> 00:54:13,150
Huma qed mhux biss lip-servizz.

954
00:54:13,150 --> 00:54:15,660
Dawn huma affarijiet reali.

955
00:54:15,660 --> 00:54:20,680
>> U jekk kwalunkwe inti tixtieq li ssegwi lili,
I am Obsesja mal-ħaġa Twitter.

956
00:54:20,680 --> 00:54:22,770
Stajt ltqajna biex b'xi mod jagħtu dik up.

957
00:54:22,770 --> 00:54:24,960
Iżda ħafna l-
informazzjoni ta 'sfond hija

958
00:54:24,960 --> 00:54:29,260
fuq computing riċerka tagħna
websajt rc.fas.harvard.edu.

959
00:54:29,260 --> 00:54:34,010
>> I tipprova żżomm blog sa
data ma 'teknoloġiji moderni

960
00:54:34,010 --> 00:54:38,390
u kif nagħmlu distributtiva
informatika u ibqa 'sejjer hekk.

961
00:54:38,390 --> 00:54:43,600
U allura l-istaff tagħna huma dejjem
disponibbli permezz odybot.org.

962
00:54:43,600 --> 00:54:46,270
U odybot huwa helper tagħna ftit.

963
00:54:46,270 --> 00:54:49,280
Huwa ta 'spiss ikollu ftit
kompetizzjonijiet fuq il-websajt tiegħu

964
00:54:49,280 --> 00:54:51,630
wisq, fejn inti tista 'tipprova u
post lilu madwar il-kampus.

965
00:54:51,630 --> 00:54:55,200
Huwa tal-ftit friendly
wiċċ ta 'computing riċerka.

966
00:54:55,200 --> 00:54:59,730
>> U jien ser tip ta 'wrap up hemm
u nirringrazzjakom ilkoll għall-ħin tiegħek.

967
00:54:59,730 --> 00:55:05,660
U nispera li inti tiftakar li
computing fuq skala out hija ħaġa reali.

968
00:55:05,660 --> 00:55:08,162
U hemm ħafna ta 'nies
li stajt qbilna ħafna ta 'arti minn qabel

969
00:55:08,162 --> 00:55:09,370
li se jkunu kapaċi biex jgħinek.

970
00:55:09,370 --> 00:55:14,330
U kollha ta 'l-aħjar ta' xortih ma
isforzi futuri tiegħek fit-teħid

971
00:55:14,330 --> 00:55:18,280
żgur li tagħna computing kemm
skali, huwa prestazzjoni għolja,

972
00:55:18,280 --> 00:55:20,370
u tgħin l-umanità aktar
minn kull ħaġ'oħra.

973
00:55:20,370 --> 00:55:22,850
Allura, nirringrazzjak għall-ħin tiegħek.

974
00:55:22,850 --> 00:55:23,947