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>> Mitch Resnick: Hi, mimi nina Mitch Resnick.

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Mimi nina Profesa wa Learning
Utafiti hapa katika MIT Media Lab,

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na mimi pia moja kwa moja Team MIT Scratch.

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JOHN MALONEY: mimi nina John
Maloney, na mimi nilikuwa

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mtafiti kwa miaka 11
kazi ya Scratch Project

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kama developer kuongoza.

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Mitch Resnick: Tunatoa wito
kundi letu utafiti

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Chekechea kundi Lifelong kwa sababu
sisi ni aliongoza kwa watoto njia

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kujifunza katika shule ya awali.

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chekechea classic, watoto
ni playfully kubuni na kujenga

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mambo kwa kushirikiana na
mtu mwingine - minara majengo

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na vipande vya mbao, kutengeneza picha
na rangi kidole na crayons.

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Kama sisi maendeleo Scratch, tulitaka
kukamata kwamba chekechea roho

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kwa wanafunzi wa miaka yote.

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JOHN MALONEY: Moja ya
motisha kubwa kwa Scratch

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mara mradi huu
Mitchell na Natalie

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walianza aitwaye
Kompyuta Clubhouse.

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Na waliona mengi ya watoto kufanya
mambo na zana vyombo vya habari kama Photoshop

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na zana mbalimbali za uzalishaji sauti,
lakini wao walikuwa si kufanya programu yoyote.

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watoto walikuwa si kufanya programu yoyote,
na sisi inaonekana pande zote, akawaambia, vizuri,

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kwa nini si wao kufanya hivyo?

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jibu walionekana
kuwa kulikuwa na si

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chombo kwamba ilikuwa sahihi
kwa ajili ya kuweka hiyo.

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>> Mitch Resnick: Kama sisi
walikuwa kuendeleza Scratch,

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Mimi ulitokana na baadhi ya mawazo
ya mshauri wangu, Seymour Papert, ambaye

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maendeleo ya filamu maarufu India lugha ya programu.

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Seymour daima kutumika kusema kwamba ni
ilikuwa ni muhimu kwa teknolojia mpya

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kuwa na sakafu ya chini - maana ni rahisi
kupata ilianza na - dari high -

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maana unaweza kufanya zaidi na
mambo tata zaidi nayo.

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Sisi pia alitaka na
kile tunachokiita "pana kuta,"

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maana kuna watu wengi
pathways mbalimbali,

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kwamba unaweza kufanya mbalimbali
mambo na programu.

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>> Haitoshi tu kuwa na uwezo wa kupata
kuanza kwa urahisi na kufanya mambo tata

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kama kila mtu kufanya kitu kimoja.

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Tunataka kuwa na njia nyingi mbalimbali
kwa sababu tunajua watu mbalimbali na

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maslahi tofauti,
na sisi alitaka kila mmoja

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kuwa na uwezo wa kufanya kazi katika miradi ambayo
ilikua nje ya maslahi yao wenyewe.

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>> JOHN MALONEY: Ningependa
kusema kwamba sisi pengine -

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there's - sisi kuchukuliwa kuhusu mara 10
amri zaidi na makala ya kuwa na

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milele kuishia katika Scratch.

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Tunataka kuwa na kutokuwa na mwisho
mijadala kuhusu nini hasa

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maneno ya kuweka kwenye vitalu na
mambo kama kama default

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mwelekeo wa sprites
lazima juu au haki.

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Kwa hiyo sisi mawazo kuhusu mambo yote haya,
hasa uzoefu mapema sana

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kwamba watu kuwa na
na Scratch na kujaribu

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kwa kufanya hivyo ili mambo inaweza kuwa
aligundua tu kwa majaribio.

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>> Mitch Resnick: Tulipokuwa
kwanza kubuni Scratch,

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lengo letu watazamaji ilikuwa miaka 8 16.

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JOHN MALONEY: On
mwisho chini ya wigo,

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tuligundua kwamba watoto wadogo sana walikuwa
kutumia Scratch kuliko sisi milele kutarajia.

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Mimi bado kumbuka moja - kwanza
Scratch siku, nadhani, kwamba alikuwa,

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kidogo hii sita mwenye umri wa miaka guy aliingia

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Tarehe ya mwisho ya juu, nimekuwa kushangaa
saa, kwa mfano, matumizi ya Scratch

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katika madarasa ya chuo kama CS50
kwa sababu sisi si kweli

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kufikiria Scratch kama lugha kwa
kufundisha sayansi kompyuta kwa kompyuta

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wanasayansi.

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>> Mshangao mwingine ni jinsi
watu wazima wengi ni kutumia.

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Tuligundua kwamba watu ambao ni
kama programmers muda

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kufurahia programu katika
Scratch kama aina ya hobby.

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Na hivyo tumeona watu
kwenye tovuti Scratch

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kujenga miradi kwamba kufanya, kwa mfano,
ray hazieleweki 3-D mifumo ya utoaji.

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Sikuamini ni nilipoona kuwa.

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>> Mitch Resnick: Kama sisi
kuanza kufanya kazi juu ya Scratch,

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tunataka kufanya ni tofauti na
lugha programu uliopita

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ili kufanya hivyo kupatikana
mbalimbali pana sana ya watu.

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Hivyo tulikuwa na kanuni tatu za msingi kuongoza.

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Kwanza, tunataka kufanya
ni zaidi tinker-uwezo,

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hivyo unaweza kujenga mipango ya kiasi
kama kuweka Lego matofali pamoja.

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Hivyo tulikuwa na programu Visual
vitalu kwamba snap pamoja.

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Pili, tunataka
basi watu kazi

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katika miradi ya zaidi ya maana, mambo
waliokuwa binafsi husika kwa ajili yao.

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Hiyo ni kwa nini sisi kufanya
Scratch hivyo vyombo vya habari-tajiri.

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>> Tatu ya yote, tunataka kufanya
ni kwa sababu zaidi ya kijamii ninyi

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kujua mengi ya bora
kujifunza uzoefu

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umefika wakati sisi kiutendaji na wengine.

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Hivyo sisi aliongeza Scratch online
jamii tangu mwanzo,

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haki tulipozindua
programu ili watu

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ingekuwa watazamaji
kwa ubunifu wao

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na pia kupata aliongoza kwa
nini watu wengine kuundwa.

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Tangu sisi ilizindua Scratch, kuna
wamekuwa karibu miradi milioni 4.5

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kwamba wamekuwa pamoja
kwenye tovuti Scratch.

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>> JOHN MALONEY: Kwa hiyo mimi
kweli alijiunga na mradi

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na aina ya maombi kwa Mitchell.

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Mimi aliuliza kujiunga na niliposikia
kuhusu hilo kwa sababu nilifikiri

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ilikuwa ni kwenda kuwa kama baridi
kitu, na nilitaka kusaidia.

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Lakini lugha yangu ya favorite
mara Smalltalk, na mimi

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alikuwa alisaidia kuendeleza toleo hili
ya Smalltalk aitwaye Squeak.

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Kwa hiyo mimi nikasema, vizuri, mimi itabidi
kuja na kufanya kazi hii

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muda mrefu kama mimi unaweza kujenga katika Squeak.

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Na Mitchell alisema, oh uhakika, mimi
hawajali nini alifanya in

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Tu kufanya kazi yake.

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Na hivyo kwamba ni jinsi gani got
kuandikwa katika Squeak.

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>> Hivyo, pamoja na Scratch 2.0, sisi
walidhani kwamba tunataka

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kujaribu kufanya Scratch kuwafikia zaidi
watu na kuifanya programu wingu makao.

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Na ingawa kulikuwa na toleo
ya Squeak kwamba mbio katika browser,

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ni required kushusha
na kufunga kuziba-katika.

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Na sisi alijua kwamba mengi ya watu
ingekuwa shida kufanya hivyo,

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ama kwa sababu ilikuwa ni
mchakato ngumu

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au kwa sababu utawala wao katika wao
shule au chochote bila kuruhusu.

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Hivyo sisi alitaka kitu ambacho alikuwa
aina ya kujengwa katika browsers

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au ilikuwa ni aina ya by default
huko juu ya browsers zaidi.

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>> Sisi kuchukuliwa Java.

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Sisi kuchukuliwa Sliverlight.

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Sisi kuchukuliwa JavaScript,
na sisi kuchukuliwa Kiwango cha.

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Katika hatua hiyo, Kiwango cha mara
kweli juu ya kupanda.

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Adobe kwa kweli alikuwa kusukuma, na
sisi hawakujua, unajua,

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kuwa ni kwenda kuwa tatizo kama
juu ya iOS na vifaa simu na kadhalika.

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Hivyo sisi akaenda kwa Kiwango cha, na
katika retrospect, unajua,

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ingekuwa wameweza labda imekuwa nicer
kama tunatarajia gone na JavaScript

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kwa sababu hiyo kuwa
lugha kubwa.

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>> Lakini sidhani kuna
njia yoyote tunaweza uwezekano wa

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tumeona mambo ya wote waliokuwa
kwenda na mabadiliko kati ya basi na sasa.

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Inachukua miaka mitatu au zaidi kwa
kuweka pamoja kitu kama hii,

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hivyo kufanya nadhani yako bora
na matumaini kwa bora.

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>> Mitch Resnick: One wetu mpya
miradi inaitwa Scratch Junior,

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kujaribu kuwa na Scratch go
chini ya watoto wenye umri mdogo.

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Ni kuwa lengo la umri
wenye umri wa miaka 5-7,

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kama chekechea hadi darasa la pili.

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toleo la kwanza la
itakuwa juu ya iPod,

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na sisi mpango wa kuwa na kuja
nje katikati ya mwaka 2014.

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Hivyo Scratch Junior itakuwa
kiasi fulani scaled chini version.

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Itabidi kiasi fulani
makala chache na pia

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kufanya mambo zaidi kimaendeleo
sahihi kwa watoto wadogo.

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>> JOHN MALONEY: Mimi kufurahia ukweli
kwamba Scratch 2.0 hasa

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ni aina ya siri juu
utendaji kuliko unaweza kufikiria.

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By default, wakati unafanya
michoro na kadhalika,

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wewe ni mdogo kwa sura ya
kiwango cha - aina ya update

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kiwango cha screen, na tumekuwa
iliyoundwa kwa makusudi

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ili tu anafanya
kidogo kwa sura ya

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hivyo kwamba kama wewe kusema kurudia
10 hoja 10, kwa kweli

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kuona hoja katika 10 kidogo
hatua - 10 nyongeza kidogo.

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>> Hata hivyo, kuna aina ya
mode siri, iitwayo mode Turbo,

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ambayo unaweza kupata kwa
Kuhama-Kwenye bendera ya kijani,

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na kwamba kimsingi lets
kukimbia aina ya haraka kama unaweza.

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Hivyo hii ni nini inakuwezesha kufanya
mambo kama ray tracer,

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na huna kwa -
awali ray tracer,

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alikuwa na kusubiri juu ya nusu
saa kuona matokeo kwa sababu

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ilikuwa aina ya chugging
kupitia sura moja kwa wakati mmoja.

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Lakini kwa Shift-Click
kitu, unaweza kupata matokeo

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katika kitu kama sekunde 20.

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Hivyo, kwa ghafla, unaweza kufanya aina
kiwango cha juu ya mambo katika Scratch,

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lakini ni kipengele siri.

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