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>> [Daqq tal-mużika]

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>> Professur: Kull dritt.

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Dan huwa CS50 u dan huwa
l-aħħar ta 'tlieta ġimgħa.

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Allura aħna qed hawn illum, mhux fil Sanders
Teatru, minflok fil Weidner Librerija.

5
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Ġewwa tiegħu hija studio
magħrufa bħala Hauser Studio,

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jew nistgħu ngħidu Studio H, jew għandhom
aħna say-- jekk inti jgawdu dan ċajta,

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huwa attwalment mil
classmate, Mark, online,

8
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li ssuġġeriet kemm permezz Twitter.

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Issa x'hemm jibred dwar
tkun hawn fi studjo

10
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huwa li jien mdawra minn dawn aħdar
ħitan, skrin aħdar jew chromakey,

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biex ngħidu hekk, li jfisser li s CS50
tim tal-produzzjoni, unbeknownst lili

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dritt issa, jista 'jkun it-tqegħid
me aktar kullimkien fid-dinja,

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għall-aħjar jew għall-agħar.

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>> Issa dak li jinsab quddiem, il-problema sett
tnejn hija f'idejk għal din il-ġimgħa,

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iżda bil-problema stabbiliti
tliet din il-ġimgħa li ġejjin,

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inti ser jiġu kkontestati ma
il-logħba hekk imsejħa ta '15,

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favor parti antik li
inti tista 'recall tirċievi

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bħala wild li għandha mazz sħiħ
ta 'numri li jistgħu slide up, down,

19
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xellug u lemin, u hemm distakk wieħed
fi ħdan il-puzzle, li fih inti

20
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jistgħu attwalment slide dawk il-biċċiet puzzle.

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Fl-aħħar inti tirċievi dan
puzzle f'xi ordni każwali semi,

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u l-għan huwa li
sort dan, fuq għal isfel,

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xellug għal-lemin, minn wieħed
it-triq kollha sa permezz 15.

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>> Sfortunatament, l-implimentazzjoni
inti ser ikollok fil-idejn

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se tkun software
ibbażata, mhux fiżikament.

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Int fil-fatt se jkollhom jiktbu
kodiċi li magħhom student jew utent jista

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jilagħbu l-logħba tal-15.

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U fil-fatt, fil-Hacker
edizzjoni ta 'logħba tal-15,

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inti ser tkun sfida biex jimplimentaw,
mhux biss l-daqq ta 'din l-iskola antika

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logħba, iżda pjuttost il-solving
ta 'dan, l-implimentazzjoni modalità god,

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biex ngħidu hekk, li attwalment
issolvi l-puzzle għall-bniedem,

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billi jipprovdulhom ħjiel,
wara ħjiel, wara ħjiel.

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Allura aktar fuq dik il-ġimgħa d-dieħla.

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Imma dan huwa dak li jinsab quddiem.

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>> Għal issa ifakkar li aktar kmieni din il-ġimgħa
kellna dan cliffhanger, jekk inti se,

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li biha l-aħjar aħna kienu qed jagħmlu l-issortjar
għaqli kien limitu massimu ta 'big o ta n

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kwadrat.

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Fi kliem ieħor, sort bużżieqa,
sort għażla, sort inserzjoni,

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kollha kemm huma, filwaqt li jkunu differenti
fl-implimentazzjoni tagħhom,

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devoluti fi n kwadrat taħdem
time fil-ħafna agħar każ.

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U aħna ġeneralment tassumi li
il ħafna agħar każ għall-għażla

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huwa wieħed li inputs tiegħek
huma kompletament lura.

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U fil-fatt, hija ħadet pjuttost ftit passi
biex timplimenta kull waħda minn dawk il algoritmi.

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>> Issa fl-aħħar nett tal-klassi
irtirar, qabbilna sort bużżieqa

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kontra sort għażla kontra ieħor
li aħna msejħa jingħaqdu sort fil-ħin,

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u nipproponi li huwa jieħu
vantaġġ ta 'lezzjoni minn ġimgħa

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żero, qasma u conquer.

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U b'xi mod kisba xi tip ta '
logaritmika running time finalment,

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minflok xi ħaġa
dan huwa purament kwadratiċi.

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U huwa pjuttost mhux logaritmika,
huwa daqsxejn aktar minn dak.

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Imma jekk inti recall mill-klassi,
kien ħafna, ħafna aktar mgħaġġla.

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Ejja tagħti ħarsa lejn fejn aħna jitħalla 'off.

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>> Bubble sort versus għażla
sort versus sort jingħaqdu.

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Issa dawn qed kollha timxi, fil
teorija, fl-istess ħin.

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Il-CPU qed taħdem bl-istess veloċità.

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Iżda int tista 'tħossok kif boring dan
huwa malajr ħafna se ssir,

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u kemm fast, meta aħna injetta
daqsxejn ta 'algoritmi ġimgħa żero, il

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nistgħu veloċità affarijiet up.

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>> Allura sort marka jistenna aqwa.

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Kif nistgħu lieva, sabiex
sort numri aktar malajr.

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Well ejja jaħsbu lura
li ingredjent li aħna

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kellhom lura fil żero ġimgħa, dak ta '
tiftix għal xi ħadd fil-ktieb tat-telefon,

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u tfakkar li l-
pseudocode li aħna propost,

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li permezz tagħhom nistgħu nsibu
xi ħadd bħal Mike Smith,

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stenna ftit xi ħaġa bħal din.

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>> Issa tagħti ħarsa b'mod partikolari
fil-linja 7 u 8, u 10 u 11,

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li jinduċi li loop, fejn aħna tinżamm
tmur lura għal-linja 3 għal darb'oħra, u għal darb'oħra,

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u għal darb'oħra.

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Iżda jirriżulta li nistgħu tara
dan algoritmu, hawnhekk fil pseudocode,

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ftit aktar ħolistiku.

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Fil-fatt, dak li jien tfittex
fil hawn fuq l-iskrin,

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huwa algoritmu għat-tiftix għal
Mike Smith fost uħud sett ta 'paġni.

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U fil-fatt, nistgħu jissimplifika dan
algoritmu fil dawk il-linji 7 u 8,

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u 10 u 11 biss jgħidu dan,
li stajt ppreżentati hawnhekk bl-isfar.

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Fi kliem ieħor, jekk Mike
Smith huwa aktar kmieni fil-ktieb,

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aħna ma bżonn li jispeċifikaw pass
pass issa kif imorru issib lilu.

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Aħna ma jkollhom biex tispeċifika
li jmorru lura għal-linja 3,

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għaliex ma we biss minflok,
jiġifieri, b'mod iktar ġenerali,

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tfittxija għall Mike fil-
nofs tax-xellug tal-ktieb.

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>> Bil-maqlub, jekk Mike huwa
attwalment aktar tard fil-ktieb,

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għaliex ma aħna biss jikkwotaw tfittxija unquote
għall Mike fil-nofs tal-lemin tal-ktieb.

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Fi kliem ieħor, għaliex ma we biss
tip ta 'Punt li lilna nfusna qal,

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tfittxija għal Mike f'dan
subsett tal-ktieb,

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u tħalli f'idejn l eżistenti tagħna
algoritmu biex tgħidilna

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Kif tfittex Mike fil
li nofs tax-xellug tal-ktieb.

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Fi kliem ieħor, tagħna
algoritmu jaħdem jekk huwa

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ktieb tat-telefon ta 'din il-ħxuna, ta' dan
ħxuna, jew kwalunkwe ħxuna tkun xi tkun.

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Allura nistgħu recursively
jiddefinixxu dan algoritmu.

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Fi kliem ieħor, fuq il-
screen hawn, huwa algoritmu

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għat-tiftix għal Mike Smith
fost il-paġni ta 'ktieb tat-telefon.

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Dan b'konformità 7 u 10, ejja
biss jgħidu eżattament dan.

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U jien jużaw dan it-terminu mument
ilu, u tabilħaqq, recursion

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huwa l-buzzword għal issa,
u huwa dan il-proċess

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ta 'kif isir xi ħaġa ċiklika mill b'xi
użu kodiċi li diġà għandek,

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u ssejjaħ dan mill-ġdid,
u għal darb'oħra, u għal darb'oħra.

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Issa li għaddej biex tkun importanti
li aħna b'xi mod qiegħ

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out, u ma tagħmel dan infinitament twil.

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Inkella aħna qed tmur biex
ikollhom tabilħaqq loop infinita.

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Imma ejja ara jekk nistgħu tissellef din l-idea
ta 'recursion, tagħmel xi ħaġa mill-ġdid

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u għal darb'oħra u għal darb'oħra, biex isolvu
il-problema issortjar permezz jingħaqdu

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sort, l-aktar effiċjenti.

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>> So I jagħtuk jingħaqdu sort.

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Ejja tagħti ħarsa.

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Allura hawnhekk huwa pseudocode, ma
li nistgħu jimplimentaw issortjar,

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jużaw dan algoritmu imsejħa tip jingħaqdu.

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U huwa pjuttost sempliċi dan.

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Fuq l-input ta 'elementi N,
fi kliem ieħor, jekk int

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minħabba n elementi u n-numri u
ittri jew ikun x'ikun l-input huwa,

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jekk int tingħata l-elementi n, jekk
n huwa inqas minn 2, biss jirritorna.

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Dritt?

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Għaliex jekk n hija inqas minn 2, li
ifisser dik il-lista tiegħi ta 'elementi

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huwa jew daqs 0 jew 1, u
f'dawn iż-żewġ każijiet trivjali,

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l-lista hija diġà riżolta.

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Jekk ma jkunx hemm lista, huwa magħżula.

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U jekk hemm lista ta 'tul
1, huwa ovvjament magħżula.

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Allura l-algoritmu biss jeħtieġ li
verament tagħmel xi ħaġa interessanti,

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jekk ikollna tnejn jew aktar
elementi mogħtija lilna.

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Mela ejja nħarsu lejn il-magic imbagħad.

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Else issolvi l nofs tax-xellug tal-elementi,
imbagħad sort in-nofs lemini ta 'elementi,

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imbagħad jingħaqdu l-nofsijiet magħżula.

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U x'hemm tip tal-moħħ liwi
hawnhekk, huwa li jien ma verament

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jidhru li qallek
xejn għadha biss, id-dritt?

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All I ve qal huwa, tingħata lista ta
n elementi, issolvi l-nofs xellugi,

125
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allura l-nofs tal-lemin, imbagħad
jingħaqdu l-nofsijiet magħżula,

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iżda fejn huwa l-zalza sigriet attwali?

127
00:06:03,840 --> 00:06:05,260
Fejn hi l-algoritmu?

128
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Ukoll jirriżulta li dawn iż-żewġ linji
ewwel, nofs tip xellug ta 'elementi,

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u tip dritt nofs ta 'elementi,
huma sejħiet rikursivi, biex ngħidu hekk.

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>> Wara kollox, f'dan
il-ħin, għandi

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algoritmu li biex
sort mazz sħiħ ta 'elementi?

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Iva.

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00:06:19,450 --> 00:06:20,620
Huwa dritt hawn.

134
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Huwa dritt hawn fuq l-iskrin, u
so I jistgħu jużaw l-istess sett ta 'passi

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biex isolvi l-nofs tax-xellug,
kif nista in-nofs lemini.

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U fil-fatt, għal darb'oħra, u għal darb'oħra.

137
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Allura b'xi mod jew ieħor, u aħna ser dalwaqt
tara dan, il-maġija ta 'tip jingħaqdu

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huwa inkorporat f'dak finali ħafna
linja, li qed jingħaqdu in-nofsijiet magħżula.

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U li jidher pjuttost intuwittivi.

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Tieħu żewġ nofsijiet, u int,
b'xi, jingħaqdu flimkien,

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u aħna ser tara dan
konkret fil-mument.

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>> Iżda din hija algoritmu kompluta.

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U ejja tara eżattament għaliex.

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Well ejja ngħidu li aħna qed jingħataw dawn l-istess
tmien elementi hawn fuq l-iskrin, wieħed

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permezz tmienja, iżda dawn qed
sabiex apparentement każwali.

146
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U l-għan fil-idejn huwa
biex issolvi dawn l-elementi.

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00:06:55,320 --> 00:06:58,280
Well kif nista tmur dwar
nagħmilx hekk tuża, għal darb'oħra,

148
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jingħaqdu sort, permezz ta 'dan pseudocode?

149
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U għal darb'oħra, ingrain dan
moħħok, għal ftit mument.

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00:07:02,740 --> 00:07:05,270
L-ewwel każ hija pjuttost
trivjali, jekk huwa inqas minn 2,

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redditu ġust, hemm ebda xogħol xi jsir.

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00:07:07,060 --> 00:07:09,290
Allura verament hemm biss tlieta
passi biex verament iżomm f'moħħu.

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Għal darb'oħra, u għal darb'oħra, jien
tmur jridu jkollhom

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biex isolvi l-nofs tax-xellug,
sort l-nofs tal-lemin,

155
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u mbagħad darba tagħhom
żewġ nofsijiet huma magħżula,

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Irrid li jingħaqdu flimkien
fil-lista Issortjati wieħed.

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Sabiex iżommu dan f'moħħhom.

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>> Allura hawnhekk-lista oriġinali.

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00:07:21,310 --> 00:07:23,510
Ejja jittratta dan bħala
array, kif aħna bdew

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f'żewġ ġimgħa, li huwa
blokk kontigwa ta 'memorja.

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F'dan il-każ, li jkun fih tmien
numri, lura lura lura.

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U ejja issa japplikaw sort jingħaqdu.

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So I l-ewwel trid issolvi
in-nofs tax-xellug ta 'din il-lista,

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u ejja, għalhekk,
tiffoka fuq 4, 8, 6, u 2.

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00:07:37,370 --> 00:07:41,000
>> Issa kif nista tmur dwar
issortjar lista ta 'daqs 4?

166
00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:45,990
Well I għandhom issa jqisu
issortjar ix-xellug tan-nofs tax-xellug.

167
00:07:45,990 --> 00:07:47,720
Għal darb'oħra, ejja Rewind għal ftit mument.

168
00:07:47,720 --> 00:07:51,010
Jekk il-pseudocode huwa dan,
u jien mogħtija tmien elementi,

169
00:07:51,010 --> 00:07:53,230
8 huwa ovvjament akbar
minn jew ugwali għal 2.

170
00:07:53,230 --> 00:07:54,980
Allura l-ewwel każ ma japplikax.

171
00:07:54,980 --> 00:07:58,120
Allura biex issolvi tmien elementi, I-ewwel
sort l-nofs tax-xellug ta 'elementi,

172
00:07:58,120 --> 00:08:01,930
imbagħad I sort l-nofs tal-lemin, imbagħad I jingħaqdu
l-żewġ nofsijiet magħżula, kull waħda ta 'daqs 4.

173
00:08:01,930 --> 00:08:02,470
KOLLOX SEW.

174
00:08:02,470 --> 00:08:07,480
>> Imma jekk inti stajt biss told me, isolvi l-
nofs tax-xellug, li issa hija d-daqs 4,

175
00:08:07,480 --> 00:08:09,350
kif nista sort l-nofs xellug?

176
00:08:09,350 --> 00:08:11,430
Ukoll jekk I jkollhom
input ta 'erba' elementi,

177
00:08:11,430 --> 00:08:14,590
I ewwel sort ix-xellug
tnejn, allura l-tnejn id-dritt,

178
00:08:14,590 --> 00:08:16,210
u mbagħad I jingħaqdu flimkien.

179
00:08:16,210 --> 00:08:18,700
Għalhekk għal darb'oħra, din issir bit
ta mind liwi logħba hawn,

180
00:08:18,700 --> 00:08:21,450
għaliex inti, tip ta ', għandek
ftakar fejn inti fil-istorja,

181
00:08:21,450 --> 00:08:23,620
iżda fl-aħħar tal-ġurnata,
minħabba kwalunkwe numru ta 'elementi,

182
00:08:23,620 --> 00:08:25,620
inti l-ewwel trid issolvi l-
nofs tax-xellug, allura l-nofs tal-lemin,

183
00:08:25,620 --> 00:08:26,661
imbagħad jingħaqdu flimkien.

184
00:08:26,661 --> 00:08:28,630
Nibdew biex jagħmlu eżattament dan.

185
00:08:28,630 --> 00:08:30,170
Hawn il-input ta 'tmien elementi.

186
00:08:30,170 --> 00:08:31,910
Issa aħna qed tħares lejn in-nofs tax-xellug hawn.

187
00:08:31,910 --> 00:08:33,720
Kif nista sort erba 'elementi?

188
00:08:33,720 --> 00:08:35,610
Well I ewwel isolvi l-nofs tax-xellug.

189
00:08:35,610 --> 00:08:37,720
Issa kif nista sort l-nofs xellug?

190
00:08:37,720 --> 00:08:39,419
Well I kont qed jingħataw żewġ elementi.

191
00:08:39,419 --> 00:08:41,240
Mela ejja sort dawn iż-żewġ elementi.

192
00:08:41,240 --> 00:08:44,540
2 hija akbar minn jew
ugwali għal 2, tal-kors.

193
00:08:44,540 --> 00:08:46,170
Allura li l-ewwel każ ma japplikax.

194
00:08:46,170 --> 00:08:49,010
>> So I issa għandhom biex issolvi ix-xellug
nofs ta 'dawn iż-żewġ elementi.

195
00:08:49,010 --> 00:08:50,870
Il-half-xellug, naturalment, huwa biss 4.

196
00:08:50,870 --> 00:08:54,020
Allura kif nista sort lista ta 'element wieħed?

197
00:08:54,020 --> 00:08:57,960
Ukoll issa, din il-bażi speċjali
top up, biex ngħidu hekk, tapplika.

198
00:08:57,960 --> 00:09:01,470
1 huwa inqas minn 2, u tiegħi
lista hija tabilħaqq ta 'daqs 1.

199
00:09:01,470 --> 00:09:02,747
So I biss ritorn.

200
00:09:02,747 --> 00:09:03,580
I ma tagħmel xejn.

201
00:09:03,580 --> 00:09:06,770
U fil-fatt, tħares lejn dak li stajt
jsir, 4 huwa diġà magħżula.

202
00:09:06,770 --> 00:09:09,220
Bħal Jien diġà
parzjalment suċċess hawn.

203
00:09:09,220 --> 00:09:11,750
>> Issa li jidher tip ta 'stupid
li jitlob, iżda huwa veru.

204
00:09:11,750 --> 00:09:13,700
4 hija lista ta 'daqs 1.

205
00:09:13,700 --> 00:09:15,090
Huwa diġà magħżula.

206
00:09:15,090 --> 00:09:16,270
Dik hija l-nofs tax-xellug.

207
00:09:16,270 --> 00:09:18,010
Now I sort l-nofs tal-lemin.

208
00:09:18,010 --> 00:09:22,310
Input tiegħi huwa element wieħed, 8
bl-istess mod, diġà magħżula.

209
00:09:22,310 --> 00:09:25,170
Stupid, wisq, iżda għal darb'oħra,
dan il-prinċipju bażiku

210
00:09:25,170 --> 00:09:28,310
se jippermettilna naslu biex issa jibnu
fuq quċċata ta 'dan b'suċċess.

211
00:09:28,310 --> 00:09:32,260
4 magħżula, 8 huwa magħżul, issa
dak li kien dan l-aħħar pass?

212
00:09:32,260 --> 00:09:35,330
Allura l-tielet u laħħar pass, kwalunkwe
ħin li inti qed issortjar lista, irtirar,

213
00:09:35,330 --> 00:09:38,310
kien li jingħaqdu ż-żewġ nofsijiet,
ix-xellug u d-dritt.

214
00:09:38,310 --> 00:09:39,900
Mela ejja nagħmlu eżattament dan.

215
00:09:39,900 --> 00:09:41,940
Nofs tax-xellug tiegħi huwa, ovvjament, 4.

216
00:09:41,940 --> 00:09:43,310
Nofs tal-lemin tiegħi hija 8.

217
00:09:43,310 --> 00:09:44,100
>> Mela ejja tagħmel dan.

218
00:09:44,100 --> 00:09:46,410
L-ewwel jien ser talloka
xi memorja addizzjonali,

219
00:09:46,410 --> 00:09:48,680
li jien ser jirrappreżentaw hawn,
biss bħala firxa sekondarja,

220
00:09:48,680 --> 00:09:49,660
li l-kbir biżżejjed biex joqgħodu f'din.

221
00:09:49,660 --> 00:09:52,243
Iżda int tista 'timmaġina li testendi
li rettangolu t-tul kollu,

222
00:09:52,243 --> 00:09:53,290
jekk għandna bżonn aktar tard.

223
00:09:53,290 --> 00:09:58,440
Kif nista 'tieħu 4 u 8, u jingħaqdu
dawn iż-żewġ listi ta 'daqs 1 flimkien?

224
00:09:58,440 --> 00:10:00,270
Hawnhekk, ukoll, pretty sempliċi.

225
00:10:00,270 --> 00:10:03,300
4 jiġi l-ewwel, mbagħad taqa 8.

226
00:10:03,300 --> 00:10:07,130
Għaliex jekk irrid biex issolvi l-
nofs tax-xellug, allura l-nofs tal-lemin,

227
00:10:07,130 --> 00:10:09,900
u mbagħad jingħaqdu dawn iż-żewġ nofsijiet
flimkien, sabiex magħżula,

228
00:10:09,900 --> 00:10:11,940
4 jiġi l-ewwel, mbagħad taqa 8.

229
00:10:11,940 --> 00:10:15,810
>> Allura aħna jidhru li jagħmlu progress, anke
għalkemm I ma jsir ebda xogħol effettiv.

230
00:10:15,810 --> 00:10:17,800
Imma ftakar fejn ninsabu fl-istorja.

231
00:10:17,800 --> 00:10:19,360
Aħna oriġinarjament ħadet tmien elementi.

232
00:10:19,360 --> 00:10:21,480
Aħna magħżula l-nofs tax-xellug, li huwa ta '4.

233
00:10:21,480 --> 00:10:24,450
Imbagħad aħna magħżula in-nofs tax-xellug
tan-nofs tax-xellug, li kien ta '2.

234
00:10:24,450 --> 00:10:25,270
U here we go.

235
00:10:25,270 --> 00:10:26,920
Aħna qed isir ma dak il-pass.

236
00:10:26,920 --> 00:10:29,930
>> Allura jekk aħna ve magħżula l
xellug nofs ta '2, issa aħna

237
00:10:29,930 --> 00:10:32,130
jkollhom biex issolvi l-nofs tal-lemin tat-2.

238
00:10:32,130 --> 00:10:35,710
Allura l-nofs tal-lemin tat-2 huwa
dawn iż-żewġ valuri hawn, 6 u 2.

239
00:10:35,710 --> 00:10:40,620
Mela ejja issa tieħu l-input ta 'daqs
2, u sort l-nofs tax-xellug, u mbagħad

240
00:10:40,620 --> 00:10:42,610
in-nofs lemini, u mbagħad
jingħaqdu flimkien.

241
00:10:42,610 --> 00:10:45,722
Well kif nista sort lista ta 'daqs
1, li jkun fiha biss in-numru 6?

242
00:10:45,722 --> 00:10:46,430
Jien diġà sar.

243
00:10:46,430 --> 00:10:48,680
Dik il-lista ta 'daqs 1 huwa magħżul.

244
00:10:48,680 --> 00:10:52,140
>> Kif nista sort lista oħra ta '
daqs 1, l-hekk imsejħa nofs tal-lemin.

245
00:10:52,140 --> 00:10:54,690
Ukoll, wisq, huwa diġà magħżula.

246
00:10:54,690 --> 00:10:56,190
In-numru 2 huwa waħdu.

247
00:10:56,190 --> 00:11:00,160
Allura issa I għandhom żewġ nofsijiet, tax-xellug u
dritt, I-ħtieġa li jingħaqdu flimkien.

248
00:11:00,160 --> 00:11:01,800
Ħalli nagħtikom myself xi spazju żejjed.

249
00:11:01,800 --> 00:11:05,580
U mqiegħda 2 fil hemm,
allura 6 fil hemm, u b'hekk

250
00:11:05,580 --> 00:11:10,740
issortjar dik il-lista, tax-xellug u lemin,
u li jingħaqad flimkien, finalment.

251
00:11:10,740 --> 00:11:12,160
Hekk jien fil-forma ftit aħjar.

252
00:11:12,160 --> 00:11:16,250
Jien ma jsirx, minħabba b'mod ċar 4, 8, 2,
6 mhijiex l-ordni finali li nixtieq.

253
00:11:16,250 --> 00:11:20,640
Imma jien issa għandhom żewġ listi ta 'daqs 2, li
ikunu t-tnejn, rispettivament, ġew magħżula.

254
00:11:20,640 --> 00:11:24,580
Allura issa jekk inti kontrina fil moħħ tiegħek
għajn, fejn ma dan il-leave us?

255
00:11:24,580 --> 00:11:28,520
I bdew bi tmien elementi, imbagħad I
fadal l-isfel man-nofs tax-xellug ta '4,

256
00:11:28,520 --> 00:11:31,386
allura l-nofs tax-xellug ta '2, u
allura l-nofs tal-lemin ta '2,

257
00:11:31,386 --> 00:11:34,510
I lest, għalhekk, l-issortjar ix-xellug
nofs ta '2, u n-nofs dritt ta' 2,

258
00:11:34,510 --> 00:11:37,800
Allura x'inhu l-tielet u laħħar pass hawn?

259
00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:41,290
Għandi biex jingħaqdu flimkien
żewġ listi ta 'daqs 2.

260
00:11:41,290 --> 00:11:42,040
Mela ejja imorru quddiem.

261
00:11:42,040 --> 00:11:43,940
U fuq l-iskrin hawn, jagħtu
me xi memorja addizzjonali,

262
00:11:43,940 --> 00:11:47,170
għalkemm teknikament, avviż li stajt
ltqajna mazz sħiħ ta 'vojt ispazju top up

263
00:11:47,170 --> 00:11:47,670
hemmhekk.

264
00:11:47,670 --> 00:11:50,044
Jekk Nixtieq inkun speċjalment
ispazju effiċjenti għaqli,

265
00:11:50,044 --> 00:11:52,960
I tista 'biss tibda miexja l-elementi
quddiem u lura, fuq u isfel.

266
00:11:52,960 --> 00:11:55,460
Iżda biss għaċ-ċarezza viżwali,
Jien ser tpoġġi l-isfel hawn taħt,

267
00:11:55,460 --> 00:11:56,800
li żżomm affarijiet sbieħ u nodfa.

268
00:11:56,800 --> 00:11:58,150
>> So I ħadthom ltqajna żewġ listi ta 'daqs 2.

269
00:11:58,150 --> 00:11:59,770
L-ewwel lista għandha 4 u 8.

270
00:11:59,770 --> 00:12:01,500
It-tieni lista tkun 2 u 6.

271
00:12:01,500 --> 00:12:03,950
Ejja jingħaqdu dawk
flimkien sabiex Issortjat.

272
00:12:03,950 --> 00:12:09,910
2, naturalment, jiġi l-ewwel,
imbagħad 4, imbagħad 6, imbagħad 8.

273
00:12:09,910 --> 00:12:12,560
U issa aħna jidhru li qegħdin ikunu
x'imkien interessanti.

274
00:12:12,560 --> 00:12:15,720
Nofs Issa stajt magħżula tal-
lista, u inzerta, huwa

275
00:12:15,720 --> 00:12:18,650
il-numri anke, iżda li
huwa, tabilħaqq, biss koinċidenza.

276
00:12:18,650 --> 00:12:22,220
U jien issa magħżula ix-xellug
nofs, b'tali mod li huwa 2, 4, 6, u 8.

277
00:12:22,220 --> 00:12:23,430
Xejn huwa out of order.

278
00:12:23,430 --> 00:12:24,620
Li jħoss simili progress.

279
00:12:24,620 --> 00:12:26,650
>> Issa jħoss simili stajt
kien jitkellem dejjem issa,

280
00:12:26,650 --> 00:12:29,850
Allura dak għad irid jara jekk din
algoritmu huwa, tabilħaqq, aktar effiċjenti.

281
00:12:29,850 --> 00:12:31,766
Iżda aħna qed tmur permezz
super metodiku.

282
00:12:31,766 --> 00:12:34,060
A kompjuter, naturalment,
tagħmel dan bħal dik.

283
00:12:34,060 --> 00:12:34,840
Għalhekk, fejn huma aħna?

284
00:12:34,840 --> 00:12:36,180
Bdejna bi tmien elementi.

285
00:12:36,180 --> 00:12:37,840
I magħżula l nofs tax-xellug tal-4.

286
00:12:37,840 --> 00:12:39,290
I jidhru li jsir ma 'dak.

287
00:12:39,290 --> 00:12:42,535
Allura issa l-pass li jmiss huwa li
sort in-nofs lemini tal-4.

288
00:12:42,535 --> 00:12:44,410
U din il-parti nistgħu mmorru
permezz ta 'aktar ftit

289
00:12:44,410 --> 00:12:47,140
malajr, għalkemm int
merħba lill kontrina jew nieqaf, biss

290
00:12:47,140 --> 00:12:49,910
jaħsbu permezz dan fid
pass tiegħek, imma dak

291
00:12:49,910 --> 00:12:53,290
għandna issa hija opportunità biex
jagħmlu l-istess algoritmu eżatt fuq erba

292
00:12:53,290 --> 00:12:54,380
numri differenti.

293
00:12:54,380 --> 00:12:57,740
>> Mela ejja aqbad, u tiffoka fuq
in-nofs lemini, li aħna qegħdin hawn.

294
00:12:57,740 --> 00:13:01,260
Il-half xellug ta 'dik
nofs tal-lemin, u issa l-

295
00:13:01,260 --> 00:13:04,560
nofs xellugija xellug
nofs ta 'li nofs id-dritt,

296
00:13:04,560 --> 00:13:08,030
u kif nista sort lista ta 'daqs
1 fih biss in-numru 1?

297
00:13:08,030 --> 00:13:09,030
Huwa diġà sar.

298
00:13:09,030 --> 00:13:11,830
Kif nista 'tagħmel l-istess lista
ta 'daqs 1 fih biss 7?

299
00:13:11,830 --> 00:13:12,840
Huwa diġà sar.

300
00:13:12,840 --> 00:13:16,790
It-tielet pass għal dan nofs imbagħad
huwa li jingħaqdu dawn iż-żewġ elementi

301
00:13:16,790 --> 00:13:20,889
fi lista ġdida ta 'daqs 2, 1 u 7.

302
00:13:20,889 --> 00:13:23,180
Ma jidhirx li għamlu kollha
xogħol li ħafna interessanti.

303
00:13:23,180 --> 00:13:24,346
Ejja naraw x'jiġri li jmiss.

304
00:13:24,346 --> 00:13:29,210
I biss magħżula l-nofs tax-xellug tal-
nofs tal-lemin tal-input oriġinali tiegħi.

305
00:13:29,210 --> 00:13:32,360
Issa ejja sort-dritt
nofs, li jkun fih 5 u 3.

306
00:13:32,360 --> 00:13:35,740
Ejja darb'oħra nħarsu lejn ix-xellug
nofs, magħżula, nofs tal-lemin, magħżula,

307
00:13:35,740 --> 00:13:39,120
u jingħaqdu dawn iż-żewġ flimkien,
fis xi spazju addizzjonali,

308
00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:41,670
3 jiġi l-ewwel, mbagħad taqa 5.

309
00:13:41,670 --> 00:13:46,190
U hekk issa, aħna għandna magħżula l
nofs xellugija nofs tal-lemin

310
00:13:46,190 --> 00:13:49,420
tal-problema oriġinali, u
in-nofs lemini tal-nofs tal-lemin

311
00:13:49,420 --> 00:13:50,800
tal-problema oriġinali.

312
00:13:50,800 --> 00:13:52,480
X'hemm-tielet u laħħar Pass?

313
00:13:52,480 --> 00:13:54,854
Ukoll biex jingħaqdu dawn iż-żewġ nofsijiet flimkien.

314
00:13:54,854 --> 00:13:57,020
So let me nikseb myself xi
ispazju żejda, iżda, għal darb'oħra, I

315
00:13:57,020 --> 00:13:58,699
jista 'jkun jużaw dak l-ispazju up żejda top.

316
00:13:58,699 --> 00:14:00,490
Iżda aħna qed tmur biex iżommu
sempliċi viżwalment.

317
00:14:00,490 --> 00:14:07,070
Let me jingħaqdu fil issa 1, u
imbagħad 3, u mbagħad 5, u mbagħad 7.

318
00:14:07,070 --> 00:14:10,740
B'hekk jħallu me issa mal-
nofs tal-lemin tal-problema oriġinali

319
00:14:10,740 --> 00:14:12,840
li l-perfettament riżolta.

320
00:14:12,840 --> 00:14:13,662
>> Allura dak li jibqa?

321
00:14:13,662 --> 00:14:16,120
Inħoss bħal I iżommu qal il
istess affarijiet darb'oħra, u għal darb'oħra,

322
00:14:16,120 --> 00:14:18,700
iżda li jirrifletti tal-
fatt li aħna qed tuża recursion.

323
00:14:18,700 --> 00:14:21,050
Il-proċess ta 'użu ta
algoritmu darb'oħra, u għal darb'oħra,

324
00:14:21,050 --> 00:14:23,940
fuq sottogruppi iżgħar ta '
il-problema oriġinali.

325
00:14:23,940 --> 00:14:27,580
So I issa għandhom xellug magħżula
nofs il-problema oriġinali.

326
00:14:27,580 --> 00:14:30,847
I jkollu nofs Issortjat dritt
tal-problema oriġinali.

327
00:14:30,847 --> 00:14:32,180
X'hemm-tielet u laħħar pass?

328
00:14:32,180 --> 00:14:33,590
Oh, huwa qed jingħaqdu.

329
00:14:33,590 --> 00:14:34,480
Mela ejja tagħmel dan.

330
00:14:34,480 --> 00:14:36,420
Ejja jalloka xi addizzjonali
memorja, iżda god tiegħi, aħna

331
00:14:36,420 --> 00:14:37,503
tista 'tpoġġi kullimkien issa.

332
00:14:37,503 --> 00:14:40,356
Għandna spazju tant disponibbli
lilna, imma aħna ser jżommha sempliċi.

333
00:14:40,356 --> 00:14:42,730
Minflok tmur lura u
raba memorja oriġinali tagħna,

334
00:14:42,730 --> 00:14:44,480
ejja biss tagħmel dan
viżwalment stabbiliti hawn taħt,

335
00:14:44,480 --> 00:14:47,240
biex jintemm l-għaqda tal-
nofs tax-xellug u n-nofs lemin.

336
00:14:47,240 --> 00:14:49,279
>> Allura bl-inkorporazzjoni, dak li għandi bżonn tagħmel?

337
00:14:49,279 --> 00:14:50,820
I tixtieq li tieħu l-elementi fl-ordni.

338
00:14:50,820 --> 00:14:53,230
Allura tħares lejn l-nofs tax-xellug,
Nara l-ewwel numru huwa 2.

339
00:14:53,230 --> 00:14:55,230
I tħares lejn in-nofs lemini,
Nara l-ewwel numru

340
00:14:55,230 --> 00:14:58,290
huwa 1, dan ovvjament li
Numru do Irrid ġewwieni out,

341
00:14:58,290 --> 00:15:00,430
u mqiegħda ewwel fil-lista finali tiegħi?

342
00:15:00,430 --> 00:15:01,449
Of course, 1.

343
00:15:01,449 --> 00:15:02,990
Issa nixtieq li jistaqsu l-istess kwistjoni.

344
00:15:02,990 --> 00:15:05,040
Fuq in-nofs tax-xellug, stajt
għadhom kisbu n-numru 2.

345
00:15:05,040 --> 00:15:07,490
Min-nofs tal-lemin,
Stajt ltqajna l-għadd 3.

346
00:15:07,490 --> 00:15:08,930
Liema wieħed do Irrid li jagħżlu?

347
00:15:08,930 --> 00:15:11,760
Of course, numru 2 U
issa avviż l-kandidati

348
00:15:11,760 --> 00:15:13,620
huma 4 fuq ix-xellug, 3 fuq il-lemin.

349
00:15:13,620 --> 00:15:15,020
Ejja, naturalment, jagħżlu 3.

350
00:15:15,020 --> 00:15:18,020
Issa l-kandidati huma 4 dwar
fuq ix-xellug, 5 fuq il-lemin.

351
00:15:18,020 --> 00:15:19,460
Aħna, naturalment, jagħżlu 4.

352
00:15:19,460 --> 00:15:21,240
6 fuq ix-xellug, 5 fuq il-lemin.

353
00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:22,730
Aħna, naturalment, jagħżlu 5.

354
00:15:22,730 --> 00:15:25,020
6 fuq ix-xellug, 7 fuq il-lemin.

355
00:15:25,020 --> 00:15:29,320
Nagħżlu 6, u allura aħna
jagħżlu 7, u allura aħna jagħżlu 8.

356
00:15:29,320 --> 00:15:30,100
Voila.

357
00:15:30,100 --> 00:15:34,370
>> Allura numru kbir ta 'kliem aktar tard, we
jkunu magħżula din il-lista ta 'tmien elementi

358
00:15:34,370 --> 00:15:38,450
fi lista ta 'wieħed permezz tmienja,
li żied ma 'kull pass,

359
00:15:38,450 --> 00:15:40,850
imma kemm ħin ma
jieħdu magħna biex tagħmel dan.

360
00:15:40,850 --> 00:15:43,190
Well stajt deliberatament
affarijiet stabbiliti pictorially

361
00:15:43,190 --> 00:15:46,330
hawn, sabiex inkunu nistgħu tip ta '
tara jew japprezzaw id-diviżjoni

362
00:15:46,330 --> 00:15:49,060
fil conquering li kien jiġri.

363
00:15:49,060 --> 00:15:52,830
>> Tabilħaqq jekk inti tħares lura lejn il-qawmien,
Stajt xellug kollha ta 'dawn il-linji bit-tikek

364
00:15:52,830 --> 00:15:55,660
fis-seħħ id-detenturi, inti tista ',
tip ta ', ara, f'ordni riversa,

365
00:15:55,660 --> 00:15:58,800
jekk inti tip ta 'ħarsa lura fil
istorja issa, lista oriġinali tiegħi

366
00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:00,250
huwa, ovvjament, ta 'daqs ta' 8.

367
00:16:00,250 --> 00:16:03,480
U allura qabel, I kien
jittrattaw żewġ listi ta 'daqs 4,

368
00:16:03,480 --> 00:16:08,400
u mbagħad erba 'listi ta' daqs 2,
u mbagħad tmien listi ta 'daqs 1.

369
00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:10,151
>> Allura dak li ma dan,
tip ta ', infakkarkom ta'?

370
00:16:10,151 --> 00:16:11,858
Ukoll, fil-fatt, xi wieħed
l-algoritmi Imxejna

371
00:16:11,858 --> 00:16:14,430
ħares lejn s'issa fejn aħna
firda, u jaqsmu, u qasma,

372
00:16:14,430 --> 00:16:19,500
iżommu jkollhom affarijiet mill-ġdid, u
għal darb'oħra, jirriżulta din l-idea ġenerali.

373
00:16:19,500 --> 00:16:23,100
U hekk hemm xi ħaġa
logaritmika għaddejjin hawn.

374
00:16:23,100 --> 00:16:26,790
U m'humiex log pjuttost ta n, iżda
hemm komponent logaritmiku

375
00:16:26,790 --> 00:16:28,280
għal dak li aħna ħadthom biss isir.

376
00:16:28,280 --> 00:16:31,570
>> Issa ejja tikkunsidra kif dan fil-fatt hu.

377
00:16:31,570 --> 00:16:34,481
Allura log ta n, reġa 'kien
żmien running kbir,

378
00:16:34,481 --> 00:16:36,980
meta għamilna xi ħaġa bħal
tfittxija binarju, kif aħna issa sejħa hija,

379
00:16:36,980 --> 00:16:40,090
l-istrateġija firda u conquer
permezz tagħhom sibna Mike Smith.

380
00:16:40,090 --> 00:16:41,020
Issa teknikament.

381
00:16:41,020 --> 00:16:43,640
C'est log bażi 2 tal n, anke
għalkemm fil-klassijiet matematika aktar,

382
00:16:43,640 --> 00:16:45,770
10 huwa normalment il-bażi li għandek tassumi.

383
00:16:45,770 --> 00:16:48,940
Imma x-xjenzjati tal-kompjuter kważi dejjem
jaħsbu u jitkellmu f'termini ta 'bażi ​​2,

384
00:16:48,940 --> 00:16:52,569
hekk aħna ġeneralment biss jgħidu log ta
n, minflok log bażi 2 tal n,

385
00:16:52,569 --> 00:16:55,110
iżda dawn qed eżattament waħda u l-
istess fid-dinja tal-kompjuter

386
00:16:55,110 --> 00:16:57,234
xjenza, u bħala twarrib,
hemm fattur kostanti

387
00:16:57,234 --> 00:17:01,070
differenza bejn it-tnejn, dan huwa
irrilevanti xorta waħda, għal raġunijiet aktar formali.

388
00:17:01,070 --> 00:17:04,520
>> Iżda għal issa, dak li aħna kura
dwar huwa dan l-eżempju.

389
00:17:04,520 --> 00:17:08,520
Mela ejja ma jipprova bl-eżempju, iżda fl
inqas użu eżempju tan-numri

390
00:17:08,520 --> 00:17:10,730
fil-idejn bħala kontroll sanità, jekk inti se.

391
00:17:10,730 --> 00:17:14,510
Allura qabel il-formula kienet log bażi
2 ta 'n, imma dak li hu n f'dan il-każ.

392
00:17:14,510 --> 00:17:18,526
Kelli numri n oriġinali, jew 8
numru oriġinali speċifikament.

393
00:17:18,526 --> 00:17:20,359
Issa huwa kien ftit
imma jien pretty

394
00:17:20,359 --> 00:17:25,300
żgur li log bażi 2
tal-valur 8 huwa 3,

395
00:17:25,300 --> 00:17:29,630
u fil-fatt, x'hemm sbieħ dwar dan hija
li 3 huwa eżattament l-għadd ta 'drabi

396
00:17:29,630 --> 00:17:33,320
li inti tista 'taqsam lista
ta 'tul 8 darb'oħra, u għal darb'oħra,

397
00:17:33,320 --> 00:17:36,160
u għal darb'oħra, sakemm int xellug
ma 'listi ta' ftit daqs 1.

398
00:17:36,160 --> 00:17:36,660
Dritt?

399
00:17:36,660 --> 00:17:40,790
8 tmur sa 4, tmur għal 2,
tmur għal 1, u li l-

400
00:17:40,790 --> 00:17:43,470
jirriflettu eżattament dak
stampa kellna ftit mument ilu.

401
00:17:43,470 --> 00:17:47,160
Allura sanità ftit jiċċekkjaw dwar fejn
l-logaritmu huwa attwalment involut.

402
00:17:47,160 --> 00:17:50,180
>> Allura issa, x'iktar huwa involut hawnhekk? n.

403
00:17:50,180 --> 00:17:53,440
Allura avviż li kull
time I maqsuma l-lista,

404
00:17:53,440 --> 00:17:58,260
għalkemm ordni invers fl-istorja
hawn, I kien għadhom jagħmlu n-affarijiet.

405
00:17:58,260 --> 00:18:02,320
Dak il-pass li qed jingħaqdu meħtieġ li
I tolqot kull wieħed mill-numri,

406
00:18:02,320 --> 00:18:05,060
sabiex mexxiha fil
post xieraq tagħha.

407
00:18:05,060 --> 00:18:10,760
Għalhekk anki jekk l-għoli ta 'din
dijagramma tkun ta 'daqs log n ta' n jew 3,

408
00:18:10,760 --> 00:18:13,860
speċifikament, fi kliem ieħor,
Jien għamilt tliet diviżjonijiet hawn.

409
00:18:13,860 --> 00:18:18,800
Kemm ix-xogħol ma nagħmel orizzontalment
flimkien din it-tabella kull darba?

410
00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:21,110
>> Well, I ma n-passi ta '
xogħol, għaliex jekk stajt

411
00:18:21,110 --> 00:18:24,080
ltqajna erba 'elementi u erba' elementi,
u għandi bżonn biex jingħaqdu flimkien.

412
00:18:24,080 --> 00:18:26,040
I bżonn li tgħaddi minn
dawn l-erba u dawn l-erba,

413
00:18:26,040 --> 00:18:28,123
finalment jingħaqdu magħhom
lura fi tmien elementi.

414
00:18:28,123 --> 00:18:32,182
Jekk maqlub Stajt ltqajna tmien swaba
minn hawn, li jiena ma, u tmienja

415
00:18:32,182 --> 00:18:34,390
fingers-- sorry-- Jekk stajt
ltqajna erba 'frottiet hawn fuq,

416
00:18:34,390 --> 00:18:37,380
li nagħmel, erba 'frottiet
minn hawn, li nagħmel,

417
00:18:37,380 --> 00:18:40,590
allura dak l-istess
eżempju bħal qabel, jekk nagħmel

418
00:18:40,590 --> 00:18:44,010
tmien swaba għalkemm fil
B'kollox, li nista ', tip ta', do.

419
00:18:44,010 --> 00:18:47,950
I tista 'eżattament do hawnhekk,
imbagħad I jista 'ċertament

420
00:18:47,950 --> 00:18:50,370
jingħaqdu kollha ta 'dawn il-listi
ta 'daqs 1 flimkien.

421
00:18:50,370 --> 00:18:54,050
Imma I ċertament jkollha tħares
f'kull element darba eżattament.

422
00:18:54,050 --> 00:18:59,640
Allura l-għoli ta 'dan il-proċess huwa log n,
il-wisa 'dan il-proċess, biex ngħidu hekk,

423
00:18:59,640 --> 00:19:02,490
huwa n, sabiex dak we jidhru
li jkollhom, finalment, huwa

424
00:19:02,490 --> 00:19:06,470
żmien running-daqs n drabi log n.

425
00:19:06,470 --> 00:19:08,977
>> Fi kliem ieħor, aħna maqsuma
il-lista, log n drabi,

426
00:19:08,977 --> 00:19:11,810
imma kull darba għamilna dan, kellna
tmissx kull wieħed mill-elementi

427
00:19:11,810 --> 00:19:13,560
sabiex jingħaqdu
kollha flimkien, li

428
00:19:13,560 --> 00:19:18,120
kien n pass, hekk aħna n ħinijiet log n,
jew bħala xjenzat kompjuter ngħid,

429
00:19:18,120 --> 00:19:20,380
asimptotikalment, li
ikun il-kelma big

430
00:19:20,380 --> 00:19:22,810
biex jiddeskrivu l-ogħla
marbuta fuq running time,

431
00:19:22,810 --> 00:19:28,010
qed norganizzaw fil-o big
ta 'log n żmien, biex ngħidu hekk.

432
00:19:28,010 --> 00:19:31,510
>> Issa dan huwa sinifikanti, għaliex
tfakkar dak il-ħinijiet tmexxija kienu

433
00:19:31,510 --> 00:19:34,120
ma sort bużżieqa, u l-għażla
sort, u sort inserzjoni,

434
00:19:34,120 --> 00:19:38,200
u anki ftit oħrajn li jeżistu,
n kwadrat kien fejn konna fuq.

435
00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:39,990
U inti tista ', tip ta', tara dan hawn.

436
00:19:39,990 --> 00:19:45,720
Jekk n kwadrat hija ovvjament n darbiet
n, iżda hawnhekk għandna n ħinijiet log n,

437
00:19:45,720 --> 00:19:48,770
u aħna diġà jafu minn ġimgħa
żero, li log n, l-logaritmika,

438
00:19:48,770 --> 00:19:50,550
huwa aħjar minn lineari xi ħaġa.

439
00:19:50,550 --> 00:19:52,930
Wara kollox, tfakkar l-istampa
mal-aħmar u l-isfar

440
00:19:52,930 --> 00:19:56,500
u l-linji aħdar li aħna ġibdet, l
linja logaritmika aħdar kien ħafna inqas.

441
00:19:56,500 --> 00:20:00,920
U għalhekk, ħafna aħjar u aktar malajr
mill-linji sofor u ħomor dritta,

442
00:20:00,920 --> 00:20:05,900
n ħinijiet log n jiġifieri, tabilħaqq, aħjar
minn żminijiet n n, jew n kwadrat.

443
00:20:05,900 --> 00:20:09,110
>> Allura aħna jidhru li jkollhom
identifikat jingħaqdu algoritmu

444
00:20:09,110 --> 00:20:11,870
sort li tmur fil ħafna
iktar ħeffa, u tabilħaqq,

445
00:20:11,870 --> 00:20:16,560
hu għalhekk, aktar kmieni din il-ġimgħa, meta
rajna dak il-konkors bejn bużżieqa

446
00:20:16,560 --> 00:20:20,750
sort, sort għażla, u jingħaqdu
sort, jingħaqdu sort tassew, tassew rebaħ.

447
00:20:20,750 --> 00:20:23,660
U fil-fatt, aħna lanqas biss stenna
għall bubble sort u sort għażla

448
00:20:23,660 --> 00:20:24,790
biex jintemm.

449
00:20:24,790 --> 00:20:27,410
>> Issa ejja tagħti pass ieħor
għal dan, minn ftit aktar

450
00:20:27,410 --> 00:20:31,030
perspettiva formali, biss fil-
każ, dan resonates aħjar

451
00:20:31,030 --> 00:20:33,380
minn dik id-diskussjoni f'livell ogħla.

452
00:20:33,380 --> 00:20:34,880
Allura hawnhekk-algoritmu ġdid.

453
00:20:34,880 --> 00:20:36,770
Ejja nistaqsu lilna nfusna,
dak il-ħin qed taħdem

454
00:20:36,770 --> 00:20:39,287
huwa ta 'din algoritmi diversi passi?

455
00:20:39,287 --> 00:20:41,620
Ejja diviż l-ewwel
każ u t-tieni każ.

456
00:20:41,620 --> 00:20:46,280
L-IF u l-ieħor fil-każ IF,
JEKK n huwa inqas minn 2, biss jirritorna.

457
00:20:46,280 --> 00:20:47,580
Iħoss bħal time kostanti.

458
00:20:47,580 --> 00:20:50,970
Huwa, tip ta, bħal żewġ passi,
JEKK n huwa inqas minn 2, mbagħad jirritornaw.

459
00:20:50,970 --> 00:20:54,580
Imma kif għidna nhar it-Tnejn,
ħin kostanti, jew kbar o ta '1,

460
00:20:54,580 --> 00:20:57,130
jista jkun żewġ skali, tliet
passi, anke 1,000 passi.

461
00:20:57,130 --> 00:20:59,870
Li huwa importanti huwa li huwa
numru kostanti ta 'passi.

462
00:20:59,870 --> 00:21:03,240
Allura l-isfar enfasizzati pseudocode
hawn runs fi, aħna ser sejħa hija,

463
00:21:03,240 --> 00:21:04,490
ħin kostanti.

464
00:21:04,490 --> 00:21:06,780
Allura b'mod aktar formali, u
aħna qed tmur to-- dan

465
00:21:06,780 --> 00:21:09,910
se jkun il-punt sa fejn aħna
jifformalizza dan id-dritt now-- T ta n,

466
00:21:09,910 --> 00:21:15,030
l running time ta 'problema
li jieħu somethings n bħala input,

467
00:21:15,030 --> 00:21:19,150
ugwali big o wieħed,
JEKK n huwa inqas minn 2.

468
00:21:19,150 --> 00:21:20,640
Allura huwa kondizzjonali fuq dan.

469
00:21:20,640 --> 00:21:24,150
Allura biex tkun ċara, JEKK n huwa inqas minn
2, aħna għandna lista qasira ħafna, imbagħad

470
00:21:24,150 --> 00:21:29,151
l-running time, T ta 'n, fejn n hija
1 jew 0, f'dan il-każ speċifiku ħafna,

471
00:21:29,151 --> 00:21:30,650
huwa biss se jkun żmien kostanti.

472
00:21:30,650 --> 00:21:32,691
Huwa ser jieħu waħda
pass, żewġ passi, tkun xi tkun.

473
00:21:32,691 --> 00:21:33,950
Huwa numru fiss ta 'passi.

474
00:21:33,950 --> 00:21:38,840
>> Allura l-parti mmerraq żgur li jridu fil
il każ l-ieħor fil-pseudocode.

475
00:21:38,840 --> 00:21:40,220
Il-każ IKTAR.

476
00:21:40,220 --> 00:21:44,870
Sort nofs tax-xellug ta 'elementi, tip dritt
nofs ta 'elementi, jingħaqdu nofsijiet magħżula.

477
00:21:44,870 --> 00:21:46,800
Kemm idum ma kull wieħed minn dawk il-passi tieħu?

478
00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:49,780
Ukoll, jekk it-tmexxija
ħin biex issolvi elementi n

479
00:21:49,780 --> 00:21:53,010
huwa, ejja sejħa hija ħafna
ġenerikament, T ta n,

480
00:21:53,010 --> 00:21:55,500
imbagħad issortjar ix-xellug
nofs mill-elementi

481
00:21:55,500 --> 00:21:59,720
huwa, tip ta ', simili qal,
T ta 'n diviż bi 2,

482
00:21:59,720 --> 00:22:03,000
u l-istess għażla in-nofs lemini
ta 'elementi huwa, tip ta', simili qal,

483
00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:06,974
T ta 'n maqsuma 2, u mbagħad
jingħaqdu l nofsijiet magħżula.

484
00:22:06,974 --> 00:22:08,890
Ukoll jekk stajt ltqajna xi
numru ta 'elementi hawn,

485
00:22:08,890 --> 00:22:11,230
bħall erba, u xi numru
ta 'elementi hawn, bħal erbgħa,

486
00:22:11,230 --> 00:22:14,650
u I għandhom jingħaqdu kull wieħed minn dawn l-erba
fi, u kull wieħed minn dawn l-erba fi, wieħed

487
00:22:14,650 --> 00:22:17,160
wara l-oħra, b'tali mod li
finalment I jkollhom tmien elementi.

488
00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:20,230
Hija tħoss bħal dan huwa big o ta 'passi n?

489
00:22:20,230 --> 00:22:23,500
Jekk Stajt ltqajna n swaba u kull wieħed
minnhom għandu jiġu amalgamati fis-seħħ,

490
00:22:23,500 --> 00:22:25,270
dan huwa simili ieħor passi n.

491
00:22:25,270 --> 00:22:27,360
>> Allura fil-fatt formulaically,
nistgħu tesprimi din,

492
00:22:27,360 --> 00:22:29,960
għalkemm scarily ftit fl-ewwel
daqqa t'għajn, iżda hija xi ħaġa

493
00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:31,600
li jaqbad eżattament li l-loġika.

494
00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:35,710
Il-ħin taħdem, T ta n-IF n
hija akbar minn jew ugwali għal 2.

495
00:22:35,710 --> 00:22:42,500
F'dan il-każ, il-każ IKTAR, huwa T ta n
maqsum bi 2, flimkien ma T ta 'N diviż bi 2,

496
00:22:42,500 --> 00:22:45,320
plus big o ta n, xi
Numru lineari ta 'passi,

497
00:22:45,320 --> 00:22:51,630
forsi eżattament n, forsi 2 darbiet
n, imma hija bejn wieħed u ieħor, l-ordni ta 'n.

498
00:22:51,630 --> 00:22:54,060
Allura dan, wisq, huwa kif nistgħu
tesprimi din formulaically.

499
00:22:54,060 --> 00:22:56,809
Issa inti ma tkunx taf dan sakemm
inti ħadthom rreġistrati fil moħħok,

500
00:22:56,809 --> 00:22:58,710
jew tfittex it up fil-
lura ta 'textbook, li

501
00:22:58,710 --> 00:23:00,501
jista 'jkollhom ftit
iqarrqu sheet fit-tmiem,

502
00:23:00,501 --> 00:23:03,940
iżda dan huwa, tabilħaqq, ser
tagħtina big o ta n log n,

503
00:23:03,940 --> 00:23:06,620
minħabba r-rikorrenza li
int tara hawn fuq l-iskrin,

504
00:23:06,620 --> 00:23:09,550
jekk inti fil-fatt ma kien out, ma
numru infinit ta 'eżempji,

505
00:23:09,550 --> 00:23:13,000
jew inti ma kien formulaically, inti
tara li dan, minħabba din il-formula

506
00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:17,100
innifsu huwa rikursivi, ma 't ta
n fuq xi ħaġa fuq il-lemin,

507
00:23:17,100 --> 00:23:21,680
u t ta 'N fuq ix-xellug, din tista
fil-fatt jiġu espressi, finalment,

508
00:23:21,680 --> 00:23:24,339
go kemm kbar ta 'log n n.

509
00:23:24,339 --> 00:23:26,130
Jekk ma konvint, li
multa għal issa, ftit

510
00:23:26,130 --> 00:23:28,960
jieħdu fuq il-fidi, li dan huwa, tabilħaqq,
dak li rikorrenza twassal għal,

511
00:23:28,960 --> 00:23:31,780
iżda din hija biss daqsxejn aktar ta '
approċċ matematika li tfittex

512
00:23:31,780 --> 00:23:36,520
fil-mument tmexxija ta sort jingħaqdu
ibbażata fuq pseudocode tagħha waħdu.

513
00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:39,030
>> Issa ejja tagħti daqsxejn ta '
breather minn dak kollu li,

514
00:23:39,030 --> 00:23:41,710
u tagħti ħarsa lejn
ċerti ex Senatur, li

515
00:23:41,710 --> 00:23:44,260
tista 'tidher ftit familjari,
li poġġa bilqiegħda ma 'Eric Google

516
00:23:44,260 --> 00:23:48,410
Schmidt, xi żmien ilu, għal intervista
fuq il-palk, quddiem il-mazz sħiħ

517
00:23:48,410 --> 00:23:53,710
ta 'nies, jitkellem finalment dwar
suġġett, li pjuttost issa familjari.

518
00:23:53,710 --> 00:23:54,575
Ejja tagħti ħarsa.

519
00:23:54,575 --> 00:24:01,020

520
00:24:01,020 --> 00:24:03,890
>> ERIC SCHMIDT: Issa Senatur,
int hawn fuq Google,

521
00:24:03,890 --> 00:24:09,490
u Inħobb naħseb tal-
presidenza bħala intervista tax-xogħol.

522
00:24:09,490 --> 00:24:11,712
Issa huwa diffiċli li jsibu xogħol bħala president.

523
00:24:11,712 --> 00:24:12,670
PRESIDENT OBAMA: Dritt.

524
00:24:12,670 --> 00:24:13,940
ERIC SCHMIDT: U int
se tagħmel [inaudible] issa.

525
00:24:13,940 --> 00:24:15,523
Huwa wkoll diffiċli li jsibu xogħol fil-Google.

526
00:24:15,523 --> 00:24:17,700
PRESIDENT OBAMA: Dritt.

527
00:24:17,700 --> 00:24:21,330
>> ERIC SCHMIDT: Aħna mistoqsijiet,
u aħna jistaqsu mistoqsijiet kandidati tagħna,

528
00:24:21,330 --> 00:24:24,310
u dan huwa wieħed mill Larry Schwimmer.

529
00:24:24,310 --> 00:24:25,890
>> PRESIDENT OBAMA: OK.

530
00:24:25,890 --> 00:24:27,005
>> ERIC SCHMIDT: What?

531
00:24:27,005 --> 00:24:28,130
You guys think jien kidding?

532
00:24:28,130 --> 00:24:30,590
Huwa dritt hawn.

533
00:24:30,590 --> 00:24:33,490
X'inhu l-aktar mod effiċjenti biex
sort xi interi miljun 32 bit?

534
00:24:33,490 --> 00:24:37,560

535
00:24:37,560 --> 00:24:38,979
>> PRESIDENT OBAMA: Well--

536
00:24:38,979 --> 00:24:41,020
ERIC SCHMIDT: Kultant,
forsi jien sorry, maybe--

537
00:24:41,020 --> 00:24:42,750
PRESIDENT OBAMA: No, no,
no, no, no, I think--

538
00:24:42,750 --> 00:24:43,240
ERIC SCHMIDT: Li mhux it--

539
00:24:43,240 --> 00:24:45,430
PRESIDENT OBAMA: I
think, naħseb li l-bużżieqa

540
00:24:45,430 --> 00:24:46,875
sort tkun l-mod żbaljat biex imorru.

541
00:24:46,875 --> 00:24:49,619

542
00:24:49,619 --> 00:24:50,535
ERIC SCHMIDT: Come on.

543
00:24:50,535 --> 00:24:52,200
Li qallu dan?

544
00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:54,020
KOLLOX SEW.

545
00:24:54,020 --> 00:24:55,590
I ma l-xjenza tal-kompjuter on--

546
00:24:55,590 --> 00:24:58,986
>> PRESIDENT OBAMA: Imxejna
ltqajna Spies tagħna fil hemmhekk.

547
00:24:58,986 --> 00:24:59,860
Professur: Kull dritt.

548
00:24:59,860 --> 00:25:03,370
Ejja jħallu warajhom us issa l
dinja teoretiku ta 'algoritmi

549
00:25:03,370 --> 00:25:06,520
fl-analiżi asintotika
tiegħu, u r-ritorn għal xi suġġetti

550
00:25:06,520 --> 00:25:09,940
minn ġimgħa żero u wieħed, u l-bidu
li jitneħħew xi roti ta 'taħriġ,

551
00:25:09,940 --> 00:25:10,450
jekk inti se.

552
00:25:10,450 --> 00:25:13,241
Sabiex inti verament jifhmu
finalment mill-art up, x'hemm

553
00:25:13,241 --> 00:25:16,805
għaddej taħt il-barnuża, meta inti
jiktbu, jikkompilaw, u tesegwixxi programmi.

554
00:25:16,805 --> 00:25:19,680
Recall b'mod partikolari, li dan kien
l-ewwel programm C ħarisna lejn,

555
00:25:19,680 --> 00:25:22,840
a, programm sempliċi canonical
ta 'tipi, relattivament,

556
00:25:22,840 --> 00:25:24,620
fejn, prints, Hello World.

557
00:25:24,620 --> 00:25:27,610
U recall li għidt, il-proċess
li source code tmur permezz

558
00:25:27,610 --> 00:25:28,430
huwa eżattament dan.

559
00:25:28,430 --> 00:25:31,180
Tieħu kodiċi sors tiegħek, jgħaddu
permezz kompilatur, bħal Clang,

560
00:25:31,180 --> 00:25:34,650
u l jaqa object code, li
tista 'tidher bħal dan, żerijiet u dawk

561
00:25:34,650 --> 00:25:37,880
li CPU tal-kompjuter, ċentrali
ipproċessar unità jew moħħ,

562
00:25:37,880 --> 00:25:39,760
finalment jifhem.

563
00:25:39,760 --> 00:25:42,460
>> Jirriżulta li li l-
daqsxejn ta oversimplification,

564
00:25:42,460 --> 00:25:44,480
li aħna qed issa fil-
f'pożizzjoni li tease apparti

565
00:25:44,480 --> 00:25:46,720
biex jifhem dak li verament kien
għaddej taħt il-barnuża

566
00:25:46,720 --> 00:25:48,600
kull darba li inti tmexxi
Clang, jew b'mod iktar ġenerali,

567
00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:53,040
kull darba li inti tagħmel programm,
użu Għamla u CF 50 IDE.

568
00:25:53,040 --> 00:25:56,760
B'mod partikolari, għalf bħal
dan huwa l-ewwel ġġenerat,

569
00:25:56,760 --> 00:25:58,684
meta inti l-ewwel jikkompilaw program tiegħek.

570
00:25:58,684 --> 00:26:00,600
Fi kliem ieħor, meta inti
tieħu kodiċi sors tiegħek

571
00:26:00,600 --> 00:26:04,390
u josservawha, x'hemm ewwel
qed outputted mill Clang

572
00:26:04,390 --> 00:26:06,370
hija xi ħaġa magħrufa bħala kodiċi assemblea.

573
00:26:06,370 --> 00:26:08,990
U fil-fatt, jidher eżattament bħal dan.

574
00:26:08,990 --> 00:26:11,170
>> I dam kmand fil-
linja ta 'kmand qabel.

575
00:26:11,170 --> 00:26:16,260
Kapital sing Clang s hello.c,
u dan ħoloq fajl

576
00:26:16,260 --> 00:26:19,490
għalija imsejħa hello.s,
ġewwa minnhom kienu eżattament

577
00:26:19,490 --> 00:26:22,290
dawn il-kontenuti, u aktar ftit
hawn fuq u ftit aktar hawn taħt,

578
00:26:22,290 --> 00:26:25,080
imma stajt tpoġġi l-juiciest
informazzjoni hawn fuq l-iskrin.

579
00:26:25,080 --> 00:26:29,190
U jekk inti tħares mill-qrib, tkun taf tara
keywords familjari mill-inqas ftit.

580
00:26:29,190 --> 00:26:31,330
Għandna prinċipali fil-quċċata.

581
00:26:31,330 --> 00:26:35,140
Aħna printf fl-nofs.

582
00:26:35,140 --> 00:26:38,670
U għandna wkoll bonjour dinja
backslash n fil-kwotazzjonijiet isfel hawn taħt.

583
00:26:38,670 --> 00:26:42,450
>> U kull ħaġa oħra fil hawn
huwa istruzzjonijiet f'livell baxx ħafna

584
00:26:42,450 --> 00:26:45,500
li CPU tal-kompjuter jifhem.

585
00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:50,090
Istruzzjonijiet CPU li jiċċaqalqu memorja
madwar, li kordi tagħbija mill-memorja,

586
00:26:50,090 --> 00:26:52,750
u finalment, jistampa
affarijiet fuq l-iskrin.

587
00:26:52,750 --> 00:26:56,780
Issa x'jiġri għalkemm wara
din il-kodiċi assemblaġġ huwa ġġenerat?

588
00:26:56,780 --> 00:26:59,964
Fl-aħħarnett, inti tagħmel, tabilħaqq,
xorta jiġġeneraw object code.

589
00:26:59,964 --> 00:27:02,630
Iżda l-passi li għandhom verament
ilu għaddej taħt il-barnuża

590
00:27:02,630 --> 00:27:04,180
tfittex ftit aktar bħal dan.

591
00:27:04,180 --> 00:27:08,390
Kodiċi tas-sors isir kodiċi assemblaġġ,
li mbagħad isir object code,

592
00:27:08,390 --> 00:27:11,930
u l-kliem operattiva hawnhekk huma li,
meta inti tiġbor kodiċi sors tiegħek,

593
00:27:11,930 --> 00:27:16,300
out taqa kodiċi assemblaġġ, u mbagħad
meta inti tiġbor kodiċi assemblaġġ tiegħek,

594
00:27:16,300 --> 00:27:17,800
out taqa object code.

595
00:27:17,800 --> 00:27:20,360
>> Issa Clang huwa super sofistikati,
simili ħafna ta 'kompilaturi,

596
00:27:20,360 --> 00:27:23,151
u dan ma kollha ta 'dawn il-passi
flimkien, u għaliex mhux neċessarjament

597
00:27:23,151 --> 00:27:25,360
output kwalunkwe intermedjarja
fajls li inti tista 'anki tara.

598
00:27:25,360 --> 00:27:28,400
Hija biss jikkompila affarijiet,
li huwa t-terminu ġenerali li

599
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:30,000
jiddeskrivi dan il-proċess kollu.

600
00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:32,000
Imma jekk int verament tixtieq
li jkun partikulari, hemm

601
00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:34,330
ħafna aktar għaddejjin hemmhekk ukoll.

602
00:27:34,330 --> 00:27:38,860
>> Imma ejja jikkunsidraw ukoll issa li anke
dak il-programm super sempliċi, hello.c,

603
00:27:38,860 --> 00:27:40,540
imsejħa funzjoni.

604
00:27:40,540 --> 00:27:41,870
Huwa sejjaħ printf.

605
00:27:41,870 --> 00:27:46,900
Imma jien ma jiktbu printf, tabilħaqq,
li jiġi ma ċ, biex ngħidu hekk.

606
00:27:46,900 --> 00:27:51,139
Huwa irtirar funzjoni li l-
iddikjarat io.h standard, li

607
00:27:51,139 --> 00:27:53,180
huwa fajl header, li
huwa suġġett aħna ser fil-fatt

608
00:27:53,180 --> 00:27:55,780
adsa fis f'aktar dettal qabel ma twil.

609
00:27:55,780 --> 00:27:58,000
Iżda fajl header hija
tipikament akkumpanjat

610
00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:02,920
minn fajl kodiċi, fajl source code, hekk
ferm simili teżisti io.h. standard

611
00:28:02,920 --> 00:28:05,930
>> F'xi ilu, xi ħadd,
jew someones, kiteb ukoll

612
00:28:05,930 --> 00:28:11,040
fajl imsejjaħ io.c standard, fil
li d-definizzjonijiet attwali,

613
00:28:11,040 --> 00:28:15,220
jew implimentazzjonijiet ta printf,
u għenieqed ta 'funzjonijiet oħra,

614
00:28:15,220 --> 00:28:16,870
huma attwalment miktuba.

615
00:28:16,870 --> 00:28:22,140
Allura peress li, jekk wieħed jikkunsidra li
hawn fuq il-, hello.c xellug, li meta

616
00:28:22,140 --> 00:28:26,250
ikkumpilata, jagħtina hello.s, anki jekk
Clang ma jolqot iffrankar fil-post

617
00:28:26,250 --> 00:28:31,360
nistgħu naraw dan, u dan il-kodiċi assemblaġġ
gets mmuntati fi hello.o, li

618
00:28:31,360 --> 00:28:34,630
huwa, tabilħaqq, l-isem default
mogħtija kull meta inti tiġbor sors

619
00:28:34,630 --> 00:28:39,350
kodiċi fis object code, iżda mhumiex
pjuttost lesta li teżegwixxi encore,

620
00:28:39,350 --> 00:28:41,460
minħabba pass ieħor
għandu jiġri, u għandha

621
00:28:41,460 --> 00:28:44,440
kien jiġri għall-aħħar ftit
ġimgħat, forsi unbeknownst lilek.

622
00:28:44,440 --> 00:28:47,290
>> Speċifikament x'imkien
fil CS50 IDE, u dan,

623
00:28:47,290 --> 00:28:49,870
wisq, se tkun daqsxejn ta '
oversimplification għal mument,

624
00:28:49,870 --> 00:28:54,670
hemm, jew kien fuq żmien,
fajl imsejjaħ io.c standard,

625
00:28:54,670 --> 00:28:58,440
li xi ħadd ikkumpilata fis
io.s standard jew l-ekwivalenti,

626
00:28:58,440 --> 00:29:02,010
li xi ħadd allura immuntati
fis io.o standard,

627
00:29:02,010 --> 00:29:04,600
jew jirriżulta fi
fajl kemmxejn differenti

628
00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:07,220
f'format li jista 'jkollhom differenti
fajl estensjoni għal kollox,

629
00:29:07,220 --> 00:29:11,720
iżda fit-teorija u kunċettwali, eżattament
dawk il-passi kellhom jiġri f'xi forma.

630
00:29:11,720 --> 00:29:14,060
Li jfisser, li issa
meta jien kitba ta 'programm,

631
00:29:14,060 --> 00:29:17,870
hello.c, li biss jgħid, bonjour dinja,
u jien jużaw kodiċi xi ħadd ieħor

632
00:29:17,870 --> 00:29:22,480
bħal printf, li darba kien fuq
time, fil-fajl imsejħa io.c standard,

633
00:29:22,480 --> 00:29:26,390
imbagħad b'xi I għandhom jieħdu tiegħi
object code, żerijiet tiegħi u dawk,

634
00:29:26,390 --> 00:29:29,260
u l-għan tal-persuna
kodiċi, jew żero u dawk,

635
00:29:29,260 --> 00:29:34,970
u b'xi mod torbothom flimkien fi
fajl wieħed finali, imsejħa hello, li

636
00:29:34,970 --> 00:29:38,070
għandu l-żerijiet u
dawk mill-funzjoni prinċipali tiegħi,

637
00:29:38,070 --> 00:29:40,830
u kollha ta 'l-żerijiet
u dawk għall-printf.

638
00:29:40,830 --> 00:29:44,900
>> U fil-fatt, dan il-proċess l-aħħar huwa
imsejħa, li jgħaqqdu kodiċi ta 'oġġett tiegħek.

639
00:29:44,900 --> 00:29:47,490
L-produzzjoni tagħhom
huwa fajl eżekutibbli.

640
00:29:47,490 --> 00:29:49,780
Għalhekk fl-ekwità, fil-
aħħar tal-ġurnata, xejn

641
00:29:49,780 --> 00:29:52,660
inbidlet mill ġimgħa, meta aħna
ewwel beda kumpilazzjoni programmi.

642
00:29:52,660 --> 00:29:55,200
Tabilħaqq, dan kollu kien
jiġri taħt il-barnuża,

643
00:29:55,200 --> 00:29:57,241
iżda issa aħna qed f'pożizzjoni
fejn nistgħu attwalment

644
00:29:57,241 --> 00:29:58,794
tease apparti dawn il-passi varji.

645
00:29:58,794 --> 00:30:00,710
U fil-fatt, fl-aħħar
tal-ġurnata, aħna qed għadhom

646
00:30:00,710 --> 00:30:04,480
xellug b'żero u dawk li
huwa attwalment segue kbir issa

647
00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:08,620
għall-kapaċità oħra ta 'C, li
konna ma kellhom lieva aktar probabbli

648
00:30:08,620 --> 00:30:11,250
sal-lum, magħrufa bħala operaturi bitwise.

649
00:30:11,250 --> 00:30:15,220
Fi kliem ieħor, s'issa, f'kull waqt konna
ttrattati bid-data fi C jew varjabbli fis-C,

650
00:30:15,220 --> 00:30:17,660
aħna kellna affarijiet simili
Chars u sufruni u ins

651
00:30:17,660 --> 00:30:21,990
u twal u doubles u simili, iżda
kollha ta 'dawn huma mill-inqas tmien bits.

652
00:30:21,990 --> 00:30:25,550
Imxejna qatt għadu jista
jimmanipulaw bits individwali,

653
00:30:25,550 --> 00:30:28,970
anki jekk daqsxejn individwali, aħna
jafu, jista 'jirrappreżenta 0 u 1.

654
00:30:28,970 --> 00:30:32,640
Issa jirriżulta li fis-C, inti
jistgħu jiksbu aċċess għall-bits individwali,

655
00:30:32,640 --> 00:30:35,530
jekk inti taf l-sintassi,
li biex tikseb għalihom.

656
00:30:35,530 --> 00:30:38,010
>> Mela ejja tagħti ħarsa
fil operaturi bitwise.

657
00:30:38,010 --> 00:30:41,700
Allura isaffru hawn huma simboli ftit li
konna, tip ta ', tip ta', rajna qabel.

658
00:30:41,700 --> 00:30:45,580
Nara ampersand, vertikali
bar, u xi oħrajn kif ukoll,

659
00:30:45,580 --> 00:30:49,430
u jfakkru li ampersand ampersand
hija xi ħaġa rajna qabel.

660
00:30:49,430 --> 00:30:54,060
L-operatur loġiku U, fejn inti għandek
tnejn minnhom flimkien, jew il-loġika OR

661
00:30:54,060 --> 00:30:56,300
operatur, fejn inti
għandhom żewġ bars vertikali.

662
00:30:56,300 --> 00:31:00,550
Operaturi bitwise, li aħna ser
tara joperaw fuq bits individwalment,

663
00:31:00,550 --> 00:31:03,810
biss użu ampersand waħda,
bar vertikali waħda, is-simbolu caret

664
00:31:03,810 --> 00:31:06,620
li jmiss tidħol, il-ftit
tilde, u mbagħad titħalla

665
00:31:06,620 --> 00:31:08,990
parentesi xellug parentesi, jew
bracket dritt bracket dritt.

666
00:31:08,990 --> 00:31:10,770
Kull wieħed minn dawn għandhom tifsiriet differenti.

667
00:31:10,770 --> 00:31:11,950
>> Fil-fatt, ejja tagħti ħarsa.

668
00:31:11,950 --> 00:31:16,560
Ejja ħa mmorru l-iskola antika llum, u l-użu
touch screen mill-imgħoddi,

669
00:31:16,560 --> 00:31:18,002
magħrufa bħala bord abjad.

670
00:31:18,002 --> 00:31:19,710
U dan il-bord abjad
se jippermettilna naslu

671
00:31:19,710 --> 00:31:27,360
li jesprimu xi simboli pjuttost sempliċi,
jew pjuttost xi formuli pjuttost sempliċi,

672
00:31:27,360 --> 00:31:29,560
li nistgħu mbagħad finalment
ingranaġġ, sabiex

673
00:31:29,560 --> 00:31:33,230
għall-aċċess individwali
bits fi ħdan programm C.

674
00:31:33,230 --> 00:31:34,480
Fi kliem ieħor, ejja tagħmel dan.

675
00:31:34,480 --> 00:31:37,080
Ejja ewwel talk għal
mument dwar ampersand,

676
00:31:37,080 --> 00:31:39,560
li hija l-bitwise U operatur.

677
00:31:39,560 --> 00:31:42,130
Fi kliem ieħor, dan huwa
operatur li jippermetti

678
00:31:42,130 --> 00:31:45,930
me li jkollhom varjabbli fuq ix-xellug
tipikament, u varjabbli tal-lemin,

679
00:31:45,930 --> 00:31:50,640
jew valur individwali, li jekk aħna U
flimkien, tagħti me riżultat finali.

680
00:31:50,640 --> 00:31:51,560
Allura dak li għandi jfisser?

681
00:31:51,560 --> 00:31:54,840
Jekk fi programm, għandek varjabbli
li l-ħażniet waħda minn dawn il-valuri,

682
00:31:54,840 --> 00:31:58,000
jew ejja jżommha sempliċi, u biss
jiktbu l żerijiet u dawk individwalment,

683
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:00,940
hawnhekk kif l-operatur ampersand xogħlijiet.

684
00:32:00,940 --> 00:32:06,400
0 ampersand 0 se ugwali 0.

685
00:32:06,400 --> 00:32:07,210
Issa għaliex huwa li?

686
00:32:07,210 --> 00:32:09,291
>> Dan huwa simili ħafna għal
Espressjonijiet Boolean,

687
00:32:09,291 --> 00:32:10,540
li konna diskussi s'issa.

688
00:32:10,540 --> 00:32:15,800
Jekk taħseb wara kollox, il 0 hija
falza, 0 hija falza, foloz u foloz

689
00:32:15,800 --> 00:32:18,720
huwa, kif konna diskussi
loġikament, ukoll falza.

690
00:32:18,720 --> 00:32:20,270
Allura aħna nikseb 0 hawnhekk ukoll.

691
00:32:20,270 --> 00:32:24,390
Jekk tieħu 0 ampersand
1, sew li, wisq,

692
00:32:24,390 --> 00:32:29,890
se jkun 0, għaliex għal dan
espressjoni tan-naħa tax-xellug biex ikunu vera jew 1,

693
00:32:29,890 --> 00:32:32,360
ikun jeħtieġ li jkun veru u vera.

694
00:32:32,360 --> 00:32:36,320
Iżda hawnhekk għandna falza
u vera, jew 0 u 1.

695
00:32:36,320 --> 00:32:42,000
Issa mill-ġdid, jekk ikollna 1 ampersand
0, dan, wisq, se jkun 0,

696
00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:47,240
u jekk ikollna 1 ampersand 1,
finalment do għandna 1 bit.

697
00:32:47,240 --> 00:32:50,340
Allura fi kliem ieħor, aħna mhux qed isir
xejn interessanti ma 'dan l-operatur

698
00:32:50,340 --> 00:32:51,850
għadha biss, dan l-operatur ampersand.

699
00:32:51,850 --> 00:32:53,780
Hu l-bitwise U operatur.

700
00:32:53,780 --> 00:32:57,290
Iżda dawn huma l-ingredjenti
li permezz tagħhom nistgħu nagħmlu

701
00:32:57,290 --> 00:32:59,240
affarijiet interessanti, kif aħna ser dalwaqt tara.

702
00:32:59,240 --> 00:33:02,790
>> Issa ejja nħarsu lejn biss l-uniku
bar vertikali minn hawn fuq il-lemin.

703
00:33:02,790 --> 00:33:06,710
Jekk ikolli 0 daqsxejn u I
Jew ma ', l bitwise

704
00:33:06,710 --> 00:33:11,030
JEW operatur, 0 bit ieħor,
li għaddej biex jagħti me 0.

705
00:33:11,030 --> 00:33:17,540
Jekk I tieħu 0 daqsxejn u OR ma
ta '1 bit, allura jien ser tikseb 1.

706
00:33:17,540 --> 00:33:19,830
U fil-fatt, biss għall
ċarezza, let me jmorru lura,

707
00:33:19,830 --> 00:33:23,380
sabiex bars vertikali tiegħi
mhumiex żbaljata għal 1 s.

708
00:33:23,380 --> 00:33:26,560
Let me jikteb kollha ta '
my 1 l-ftit aktar

709
00:33:26,560 --> 00:33:32,700
b'mod ċar, sabiex inkunu jmiss tara, jekk I
jkunu ta '1 JEW 0, li għaddej biex tkun ta' 1,

710
00:33:32,700 --> 00:33:39,060
u jekk ikolli 1 JEW 1 li,
wisq, se tkun ta '1.

711
00:33:39,060 --> 00:33:42,900
Allura tista 'tara loġikament li l-OR
operatur iġib ruħu b'mod differenti ħafna.

712
00:33:42,900 --> 00:33:48,070
Dan jagħti me 0 JEW 0 tagħti me 0, iżda
kull kombinazzjoni oħra tagħti me 1.

713
00:33:48,070 --> 00:33:52,480
Sakemm I jkollhom waħda 1 fil-
formula, ir-riżultat se tkun 1.

714
00:33:52,480 --> 00:33:55,580
>> B'kuntrast mal-U
operatur, il ampersand,

715
00:33:55,580 --> 00:34:00,940
biss jekk Għandi żewġ 1 fil-
ekwazzjoni, nista attwalment nikseb out 1.

716
00:34:00,940 --> 00:34:02,850
Issa hemm ieħor ftit
operaturi kif ukoll.

717
00:34:02,850 --> 00:34:04,810
Waħda minnhom hija ftit aktar involuti.

718
00:34:04,810 --> 00:34:07,980
So let me jimxi 'l quddiem u tħassar
dan biex tillibera xi spazju.

719
00:34:07,980 --> 00:34:13,020

720
00:34:13,020 --> 00:34:16,460
U ejja tagħti ħarsa lejn l-
simbolu caret, għal ftit mument.

721
00:34:16,460 --> 00:34:18,210
Dan huwa tipikament
karattru inti tista tip

722
00:34:18,210 --> 00:34:21,420
fuq Shift azjenda tastiera tiegħek u
mbagħad wieħed mill-numri atop Istati Uniti tiegħek

723
00:34:21,420 --> 00:34:22,250
keyboard.

724
00:34:22,250 --> 00:34:26,190
>> Allura dan huwa l esklussiva
JEW operatur, esklussiv JEW.

725
00:34:26,190 --> 00:34:27,790
Allura aħna biss raw l-operatur OR.

726
00:34:27,790 --> 00:34:29,348
Dan huwa operatur l esklussiv JEW.

727
00:34:29,348 --> 00:34:30,639
X'hemm fil-fatt id-differenza?

728
00:34:30,639 --> 00:34:34,570
Well ejja biss ħarsa lejn il-formula,
u jużaw dan bħala ingredjenti fl-aħħar.

729
00:34:34,570 --> 00:34:37,690
0 XOR 0.

730
00:34:37,690 --> 00:34:39,650
Jien se ngħid huwa dejjem 0.

731
00:34:39,650 --> 00:34:41,400
Dik hija d-definizzjoni ta XOR.

732
00:34:41,400 --> 00:34:47,104
0 XOR 1 se tkun 1.

733
00:34:47,104 --> 00:34:58,810
1 XOR 0 se jkun 1,
u 1 XOR 1 se tkun?

734
00:34:58,810 --> 00:34:59,890
Wrong?

735
00:34:59,890 --> 00:35:00,520
Jew id-dritt?

736
00:35:00,520 --> 00:35:01,860
I do not know.

737
00:35:01,860 --> 00:35:02,810
0.

738
00:35:02,810 --> 00:35:04,700
Issa dak li qed jiġri hawn?

739
00:35:04,700 --> 00:35:06,630
Ukoll jaħsbu dwar il-
isem ta 'dan l-operatur.

740
00:35:06,630 --> 00:35:09,980
Esklussiva JEW, sabiex il-
isem, it-tip ta ', jissuġġerixxi,

741
00:35:09,980 --> 00:35:13,940
it-tweġiba hija biss ser tkun
a 1 jekk l-inputs huma esklussivi,

742
00:35:13,940 --> 00:35:15,560
esklussivament differenti.

743
00:35:15,560 --> 00:35:18,170
Allura hawnhekk l-inputs huma l-
istess, sabiex il-produzzjoni hija ta '0.

744
00:35:18,170 --> 00:35:20,700
Hawn l-inputs huma l-
istess, sabiex il-produzzjoni hija ta '0.

745
00:35:20,700 --> 00:35:25,640
Hawn huma l-outputs huma differenti, dawn
huma esklussivi, u għalhekk l-output huwa 1.

746
00:35:25,640 --> 00:35:28,190
Allura huwa simili ħafna għall
U, huwa simili ħafna,

747
00:35:28,190 --> 00:35:32,760
jew pjuttost huwa simili ħafna għall
JEW, iżda biss b'mod esklussiv.

748
00:35:32,760 --> 00:35:36,210
Dan huwa wieħed m'għadux 1,
għaliex għandna żewġ 1, il

749
00:35:36,210 --> 00:35:38,621
u mhux esklużivament, biss wieħed minnhom.

750
00:35:38,621 --> 00:35:39,120
Kull dritt.

751
00:35:39,120 --> 00:35:40,080
Xi ngħidu dwar l-oħrajn?

752
00:35:40,080 --> 00:35:44,220
Ukoll l-tilde, sadanittant, hija
attwalment sbieħ u sempliċi, Thankfully.

753
00:35:44,220 --> 00:35:46,410
U dan huwa unary
operatur, li jfisser

754
00:35:46,410 --> 00:35:50,400
huwa applikat għall-input wieħed biss,
operand wieħed, biex ngħidu hekk.

755
00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:51,800
Mhux għal xellug u dritt.

756
00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:56,050
Fi kliem ieħor, jekk inti tieħu tilde ta
0, ir-risposta se tkun l-oppost.

757
00:35:56,050 --> 00:35:59,710
U jekk inti tieħu tilde ta '1, il-
tweġiba se jkun hemm l-oppost.

758
00:35:59,710 --> 00:36:02,570
Allura l-operatur tilde hija
mod ta 'ċaħdu daqsxejn,

759
00:36:02,570 --> 00:36:06,000
jew flipping daqsxejn minn
0-1, jew 1-0.

760
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:09,820
>> U li l-weraq us finalment
bil biss żewġ operaturi finali,

761
00:36:09,820 --> 00:36:13,840
l-hekk imsejħa shift xellug, u l-
hekk imsejħa operatur shift dritt.

762
00:36:13,840 --> 00:36:16,620
Ejja tagħti ħarsa lejn kif dawn ix-xogħol.

763
00:36:16,620 --> 00:36:20,780
L-operatur shift xellug, miktuba
b'żewġ parentesi angolu bħal dak,

764
00:36:20,780 --> 00:36:22,110
topera kif ġej.

765
00:36:22,110 --> 00:36:27,390
Jekk input tiegħi, jew operand tiegħi, lejn ix-xellug
operatur shift hija sempliċament 1.

766
00:36:27,390 --> 00:36:33,750
U I imbagħad tgħid il-kompjuter li
xellug shift li 1, jgħidu seba postijiet,

767
00:36:33,750 --> 00:36:37,150
ir-riżultat huwa bħallikieku I
jieħdu dik 1, u jġorrhom

768
00:36:37,150 --> 00:36:40,160
seba postijiet fuq l-
xellug, u awtomatikament,

769
00:36:40,160 --> 00:36:42,270
aħna qed tmur biex wieħed jassumi li
l-ispazju fuq il-lemin

770
00:36:42,270 --> 00:36:44,080
se tkun padded b'żero.

771
00:36:44,080 --> 00:36:50,316
Fi kliem ieħor, 1 ħallew shift 7 va
li tagħti me dak 1, segwit minn 1, 2, 3,

772
00:36:50,316 --> 00:36:54,060
4, 5, 6, 7 żerijiet.

773
00:36:54,060 --> 00:36:57,380
Dan b'mod, li jippermettilek li
tieħu numru żgħir bħal 1,

774
00:36:57,380 --> 00:37:00,740
u b'mod ċar jagħmilha ferm
ħafna, ħafna akbar b'dan il-mod,

775
00:37:00,740 --> 00:37:06,460
imma aħna qed attwalment għaddejjin biex tara
approċċi aktar għaqlija għal dan

776
00:37:06,460 --> 00:37:08,080
minflok, kif ukoll,

777
00:37:08,080 --> 00:37:08,720
>> Kull dritt.

778
00:37:08,720 --> 00:37:10,060
Li lilha għall tliet ġimgħat.

779
00:37:10,060 --> 00:37:11,400
Aħna se tara inti ħin li jmiss.

780
00:37:11,400 --> 00:37:12,770
Dan kien CS50.

781
00:37:12,770 --> 00:37:17,270

782
00:37:17,270 --> 00:37:22,243
>> [Daqq tal-mużika]

783
00:37:22,243 --> 00:37:25,766
>> SPEAKER 1: Hu kien fil-snack
bar tiekol fudge hot sundae.

784
00:37:25,766 --> 00:37:28,090
Huwa kellu dan kollu fuq wiċċu.

785
00:37:28,090 --> 00:37:30,506
Hu ilbies li ċikkulata bħal beard

786
00:37:30,506 --> 00:37:31,756
SPEAKER 2: X'Ser tagħmel?

787
00:37:31,756 --> 00:37:32,422
SPEAKER 3: Hmmm?

788
00:37:32,422 --> 00:37:33,500
Xiex?

789
00:37:33,500 --> 00:37:36,800
>> SPEAKER 2: Ridt biss dip doppja?

790
00:37:36,800 --> 00:37:38,585
Inti double dipped-ċippa.

791
00:37:38,585 --> 00:37:39,460
SPEAKER 3: Skuża me.

792
00:37:39,460 --> 00:37:44,440
SPEAKER 2: Inti dipped-ċippa, inti
ħa gidma, u inti dipped-ġdid.

793
00:37:44,440 --> 00:37:44,940
SPEAKER 3:

794
00:37:44,940 --> 00:37:48,440
SPEAKER 2: Allura dak hu simili tqegħid
dritt tiegħek ħalq sħiħa fil-dip.

795
00:37:48,440 --> 00:37:52,400
Next time inti tieħu chip,
biss dip darba, u t-tmiem dan.

796
00:37:52,400 --> 00:37:53,890
>> SPEAKER 3: Inti taf liema, Dan?

797
00:37:53,890 --> 00:37:58,006
Inti dip-mod li inti tixtieq li dip.

798
00:37:58,006 --> 00:38:01,900
I ser dip l-mod li nixtieq li dip.

799
00:38:01,900 --> 00:38:03,194