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>> [Music kucheza]

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>> DOUG LLOYD: Hi, hivyo hebu
majadiliano juu ya waendeshaji katika C.

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Hivyo, tumekuwa tayari kuona moja, kwa kweli,
sawa operator zoezi.

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Ni inaruhusu sisi kuweka tu
thamani ndani ya kutofautiana.

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Hiyo ni zoezi
operator, moja ishara sawa.

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Ili kuendesha na kazi
na maadili na vigezo katika C,

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tuna idadi ya kampuni za
tulizonazo kwamba tunaweza kutumia.

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Hebu tuangalie
baadhi ya wale kawaida

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kuanzia na hesabu waendeshaji.

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Kama unaweza kutarajia, tunaweza kufanya
shughuli pretty msingi math katika C.

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Tunaweza kuongeza, Ondoa, kuzidisha, na
nambari mgawanyiko kwa kutumia plus, bala, nyota,

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na kufyeka, kwa mtiririko huo.

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Hapa ni michache ya mistari ya
kificho ambayo sisi kufanya hivyo.

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Hivyo, tuna int x sawa y pamoja na 1.

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Hebu kudhani kuwa mahali fulani
juu juu mstari wa kanuni

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sisi alikuwa amesema int y sawa 10.

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Nini thamani ya x baada ya mimi
kutekeleza mstari huu wa kwanza wa kanuni?

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Ulisema 11?

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Wewe d haki.

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Kwanini hivyo?

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Naam, y ilikuwa 10.

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Baadhi int mimi kusema x sawa 10 pamoja na 1.

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10 pamoja na 1 ni 11.

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Hivyo, thamani 11 anapata
kuhifadhiwa katika x kutofautiana.

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Si mbaya sana, sawa?

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>> Vipi kuhusu mstari huu kijacho cha
kanuni? x sawa x mara 5.

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Naam, kabla ya sisi kunyongwa
mstari wa kanuni, x miaka 11.

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Hivyo, ni nini thamani ya
x baada ya mstari wa kanuni?

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Kuchukua pili.

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Hivyo, x sawa x mara 5.

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x miaka 11.

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Hivyo, x sawa 11 mara 5.

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Au 55.

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Hivyo kama wewe alisema 55, utaweza kuwa na haki.

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>> Sasa, inaweza kuwa utata kidogo, lakini
kwa njia ya zoezi kwamba kazi katika C

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ni thamani ya juu ya haki anapata
kwa ajili ya thamani upande wa kushoto.

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Hivyo, kwanza sisi kutathmini x mara 5.

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Hivyo, mara 11 5 ni 55.

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Na kisha sisi kuhifadhi kwamba thamani katika x.

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11 kwamba alikuwa huko
kabla ya sasa ni overwritten.

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Hivyo thamani x ni sasa 55.

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Hopefully hiyo ni haki moja kwa moja.

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>> Kuna alama nyingine ambayo wameweza
pengine si lazima kusikia

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kuitwa hii, lakini wameweza
hakika kazi pamoja katika siku za nyuma

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kama unakumbuka siku zenu za muda mrefu
mgawanyiko njia ya nyuma katika shule ya daraja.

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Ni wito modulus operator.

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Nini modulus gani ni
anatoa salio

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wakati kugawanya namba mbili kwa pamoja.

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Hivyo, kama mimi kusema 13 kugawanywa na
4, nini salio?

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Na thamani ya kwamba itakuwa mahesabu
na modulus operator.

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>> Hivyo, nina mstari wa kanuni
hapa, int m ni sawa na 13 mod 4.

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Na mimi kusema hapa katika maoni
thamani kwamba m ni sasa 1.

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Kwa nini nasema hivyo?

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Naam, kufanya mgawanyo kwa muda mrefu nje katika yako
kichwa, kama wewe kuzaa na mimi kwa ajili ya pili.

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Hivyo, nina 4 kugawanywa na 13.

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4 huenda katika 13 mara tatu
pamoja salio ya 1.

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Kwa hiyo, kimsingi, kila
modulus operator gani

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je, ni atakwambia wakati
mgawanyiko, kupata salio.

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Unaweza kufikiri kwamba kweli
si jambo sana na manufaa,

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lakini wewe d kushangazwa, kwa kweli,
na jinsi mara nyingi kwamba modulus

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Opereta anaweza kuja katika Handy.

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>> Kuna wanandoa wa matatizo
tutaweza kufanya CS50 kwamba kukabiliana nayo.

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Ni pia nzuri kwa ajili ya kufanya
mambo kama idadi random.

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Hivyo, kwa mfano kama wameweza milele
sikia random idadi jenereta,

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hiyo ni kwenda kukupa idadi
kutoka 0 kwa baadhi ya idadi kubwa.

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Lakini labda wewe tu kweli
haja idadi 0-20.

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Kama matumizi ya modulus operator
juu ya kwamba idadi kubwa kwamba

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anapata yanayotokana na
random idadi jenereta,

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wewe ni kwenda kuchukua chochote
thamani kubwa ni, kuigawanya kwa asilimia 20,

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na kupata salio.

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Unaweza tu salio
kuwa thamani 0-19.

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Kwa hiyo, matumizi ya modulus operator
kuchukua hii idadi kubwa

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na whittle chini katika kitu
zaidi kidogo ya maana.

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Mimi nina uhakika pretty wewe utakuwa na
uwezo wa kutumia zote mbili za wale

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wakati fulani katika siku zijazo katika CS50.

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>> Kwa hiyo, C pia inatupa njia
kuomba hesabu

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alama ya kutofautiana moja
katika kidogo zaidi shorthand njia.

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Hivyo, katika slide uliopita,
tuliona x sawa x mara 5.

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Hiyo kazi.

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x mara 5 kisha anapata kuhifadhiwa nyuma katika x.

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Kuna njia fupi ya kufanya hivyo, mawazo,
na ni mara syntax x sawa 5.

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Ni kitu kimoja halisi kama ni
akisema x sawa x mara 5.

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Ni tu kidogo
njia fupi ya kufanya hivyo.

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Na wakati unaweza kuona baadhi
usambazaji kanuni au wewe

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ona baadhi ya kanuni sampuli kwamba
anafanya mambo kama hii,

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tu kuwa na mazoea na
nini syntax maana yake.

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Wewe hakika hawana
matumizi yake, lakini kama wewe,

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inaweza kufanya kanuni yako
kuangalia slicker kidogo.

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Na kujua kwamba unaweza pia kutumia yoyote ya
waendeshaji mbalimbali tumekuwa tayari

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kuona mbele badala ya mara kwa mara.

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Unaweza kusema x pamoja ni sawa na 5, bala
sawa 5, mara, mgawanyiko, na mod.

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Wote wa wale kazi.

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>> Pia kuna kitu
hiyo ni jambo la kawaida katika C

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kwamba tumekuwa aliamua
kuboresha kwamba hata zaidi.

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Incrementing kutofautiana na 1
au decrementing kutofautiana na 1

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ni kama thing-- kawaida hasa
wakati sisi majadiliano juu loops baadaye kidogo

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on-- kwamba tumekuwa aliamua badala ya
kusema kitu kama x plus sawa na 1,

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au x sawa x pamoja na 1, tumekuwa hata
short mitupu kwamba kwa x pamoja pamoja.

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Hivyo, x sawa x pamoja na 1, x pamoja ni sawa na 1,
na x pamoja pamoja na wote kufanya kitu kimoja.

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Wote x nyongeza na 1.

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Lakini hiyo incrementing
na decrementing na 1

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ni jambo la kawaida kwamba tuna
pamoja na bala bala pamoja

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kwamba kuruhusu sisi shorthand
kuwa hata zaidi.

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>> Hivyo, hebu kubadili gia kwa ajili ya pili
na majadiliano juu ya maneno Boolean.

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Yote ambayo ni pia aina ya kuanguka katika
jamii kwa ujumla ya kampuni.

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Lakini maneno Boolean,
tofauti na hesabu waendeshaji,

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hutumiwa kwa ajili ya kulinganisha maadili.

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Hivyo, tena, kila maneno Boolean katika C
kutathmini na mmoja wa maadili mbili inawezekana,

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kukumbuka.

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Kweli au uongo.

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Hiyo ni maadili mbili tu kwamba
Kutofautiana Boolean inaweza kuchukua.

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Tunaweza kutumia matokeo
ya kujieleza Boolean

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katika njia nyingi katika programu.

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Kwa kweli, wewe utakuwa na
kufanya hivyo mengi kabisa.

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>> Kwa mfano, tunaweza kuamua,
vizuri, kama baadhi ya hali ni kweli,

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labda mimi itabidi kuchukua hii
tawi chini kificho wangu.

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Masharti, hivyo kusema.

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Tutaweza kujifunza kuhusu wale mapema mno.

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Au labda, kwa muda mrefu kama
hii ni kweli, nataka

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kwa kuendelea kufanya hivyo
tena na tena na tena.

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Kitanzi.

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Katika kesi zote, tunajua kwamba sisi ni kutumia
kujieleza Boolean, kweli au uongo,

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kuamua kama au si
kuchukua njia fulani.

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Wakati mwingine wakati sisi ni kazi
kwa maneno Boolean,

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tutatumia vigezo vya aina Bool.

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Unaweza wametangaza
Bool typed kutofautiana,

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na wewe utakuwa kutumia katika yako
Boolean kujieleza.

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Lakini huna daima na mambo yetu.

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Kama ni zamu nje, katika C, kila yasiyo ya 0
thamani ni sawa na kusema kweli.

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Kama alikuwa ametangaza
kutofautiana wa aina Boolean,

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na kupewa hiyo thamani ya kweli, hiyo ni
sawa na kutangaza integer

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na kumshirikisha ni thamani
1, 2, 3, au kweli thamani yoyote

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yo mengine ya 0.

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Kwa sababu katika C, kila yasiyo ya 0 thamani ni kweli.

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0, kwa upande mwingine, ni uongo.

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Hii inaweza kuja katika
sehemu za baadaye kujua,

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lakini tu kitu cha kukumbuka.

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Hatuwezi daima kuwa na matumizi ya
Boolean vigezo aina wakati sisi

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wanafanya kazi kwa maneno Boolean.

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>> Kuna aina kuu mbili za Boolean
Maneno kwamba tutaweza kazi pamoja.

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Waendeshaji mantiki na
waendeshaji kimahusiano.

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Lugha kuna
si sana muhimu.

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Ni kweli tu jinsi mimi nina kambi yao.

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Na utasikia hakika, nadhani, kwa haraka
kutambua nini operator kimahusiano ni,

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kulingana na kile wao ni wakati sisi
majadiliano juu yao katika pili.

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Lakini msiwe na wasiwasi juu lazima
kukariri mrefu mantiki operator

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au kimahusiano operator.

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Mimi tu kutumia kwa kundi
yao kwa njia mantiki.

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>> Hivyo, hebu tuangalie
tatu waendeshaji mantiki

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kwamba tutaweza kuona kabisa
kidogo katika programu katika CS50

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na katika programu zaidi kwa ujumla.

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Mantiki NA ni kweli, ikiwa na
tu kama operands yote ni ya kweli.

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Vinginevyo uongo.

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Ambapo haina maana?

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Hivyo, hebu kusema kwamba mimi niko kwenye
uhakika katika kanuni yangu ambapo mimi kuwa

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vigezo mbili, x na y.

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Na mimi nataka kuamua kama
kufanya kitu katika kanuni yangu

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kulingana na kama x ni ya kweli na y ni kweli.

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Mimi tu unataka kufanya hivyo kama
wawili kati yao ni wa kweli,

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vinginevyo Sitaki kwenda chini kwamba
njia kwa sababu si kwenda kwa msaada kwangu.

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Ninachoweza kusema ni kama x & & y.

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Ambayo itakuwa Boolean mantiki
kujieleza kulinganisha x na y

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na kuchukua njia fulani
kulingana na kile maadili yao ni.

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Hivyo, kama x ni ya kweli na y ni kweli
kulingana na hii meza ukweli hapa,

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basi tu sisi kwenda chini njia hiyo.

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Kama x, y & &.

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Ni true-- tu na ni tu
kweli kama x ni ya kweli na y ni kweli.

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Kama moja ama ni uongo,
kama tunaona meza kweli,

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kisha wote x na y si kweli.

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Na hivyo, x & & y ni ya uongo.

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>> Mantiki AU ni kweli kama na tu
kama operand angalau moja ni kweli.

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Vinginevyo uongo.

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Hivyo mantiki NA required
wote x na y kuwa ni kweli.

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Mantiki AU inahitaji x kuwa ni kweli au y
kuwa ni kweli au wote wawili x na y kuwa ni kweli.

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Hivyo, tena, sisi aina ya kupata
sisi wenyewe katika hali

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ambapo tunakwenda kanuni zetu,
na sisi kufikiwa uma katika barabara.

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Na tunataka kwenda chini
Hasa njia kama x ni kweli

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au y ni kweli, lakini si
lazima kama wote wawili ni kweli.

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Lakini pengine kama wote wawili ni kweli.

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Hivyo kama x ni ya kweli na y ni
kweli, tutaweza kwenda chini njia hiyo.

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x ni kweli.

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Mmoja wao ni kweli, haki?

184
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Kama x ni ya kweli na y ni kweli.

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Kama x ni kweli, na y ni uongo,
mmoja wao bado ni kweli.

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Hivyo, x au y bado ni kweli.

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Kama x ni ya uongo, na y ni kweli,
mmoja wao bado ni kweli, haki?

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00:08:52,290 --> 00:08:53,290
y ni kweli, katika kesi hii.

189
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Kwa hiyo, ni kweli kwamba x au y ni kweli.

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Tu kama x ni ya uongo na y ni uongo
Je, sisi si kwenda chini njia hiyo,

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kwa sababu wala x wala y ni kweli.

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Sasa, kama wewe ni kuangalia
katika screen hivi sasa

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na anashangaa kwamba
ishara ni kwa mantiki AU,

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ni kuitwa bar wima.

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Na kama wewe kuangalia keyboard yako
kwa dakika moja, kama mimi nina kufanya sasa,

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ni kawaida tu juu ya
Kuingia muhimu, juu ya keyboards zaidi,

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juu ya msingi huo kama backslash.

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Ni pia kawaida haki
karibu na mabano mraba.

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Hivyo, inaweza kuwa muhimu ambayo wewe
si typed mengi sana katika siku za nyuma.

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Lakini, kama wewe ni milele kufanya
kulinganisha mantiki,

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kama tutaweza kufanya
mengi katika shaka, ni

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kwenda kuwa na manufaa kwa
kupata kwamba muhimu na matumizi yake.

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Hivyo, ni kawaida juu ya msingi huo
kama backslash tu juu kuingia.

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>> Mwisho mantiki operator sio.

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Na sio pretty moja kwa moja.

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Ni inverts thamani ya operand wake.

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00:09:42,830 --> 00:09:46,080
Kama x ni kweli, basi si x ni ya uongo.

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Kama x ni uongo, basi si x ni kweli.

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Wakati mwingine utasikia alama hii
hutamkwa kama bang au Moderators

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au la.

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Ni pretty much wote kitu kimoja.

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Katika kesi kusikia kwamba amesema na
huna uhakika nini maana,

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ni tu mshangao
uhakika, lakini wakati mwingine ni

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aitwaye wanandoa mambo mbalimbali.

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Haki wote, hivyo kwamba inachukua
huduma ya kampuni za mantiki.

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Kwa hiyo, hebu majadiliano juu ya
waendeshaji kimahusiano.

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Tena, kama wewe ni ukoo na hii
hesabu nyuma katika shule ya daraja,

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wewe pengine ukoo
na jinsi kazi hizi tayari.

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Hizi kuishi hasa kama wewe d kutarajia.

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Hivyo chini ya ni kweli, katika hili
mfano, kama x ni chini ya y.

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Hivyo, kama x ni 4 na y ni
6, x ni chini ya y.

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Hiyo ni kweli.

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Chini ya au sawa na
kazi pretty vile vile.

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Kama x ni 4, na y ni 4, kisha
x ni chini ya au sawa na y.

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Mkuu kuliko mimi. x ni mkubwa kuliko y.

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Na zaidi au sawa na, x
ni mkubwa kuliko au sawa na y.

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Kama ni kweli, basi utasikia
kupita kwamba kujieleza,

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na wewe utakuwa kwenda chini
kwamba njia juu ya barabara.

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Kama una an kama x ni mkubwa kuliko y,
na x ni, kwa kweli, ni mkubwa kuliko y,

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itabidi kufanya chochote ni
chini ya hali hiyo.

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>> Taarifa kwamba hatuna
tabia moja kwa chini ya

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au sawa na, kama unaweza kuwa na
ukoo na kutoka vitabu vya kiada hisabati.

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Hivyo, tuna chini ya ishara,
ikifuatiwa na ishara sawa.

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00:10:59,874 --> 00:11:01,790
Hiyo ni jinsi sisi kuwakilisha
chini ya au sawa na.

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00:11:01,790 --> 00:11:04,490
Na vile vile, je, sisi kufanya hivyo
kwa zaidi au sawa na.

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00:11:04,490 --> 00:11:06,698
>> Mwisho kimahusiano mbili
kampuni hiyo ni muhimu

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ni kupima kwa usawa na kukosekana kwa usawa.

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Hivyo, kama x ni sawa sawa na y, ni kweli
kama x na y ya thamani ni sawa.

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00:11:13,380 --> 00:11:19,610
Kama x ni 10, na y ni 10, kisha
x ni sawa sawa na y ni kweli.

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Kama x ni 10 na y ni 11, x
sawa sawa na y si kweli.

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00:11:26,010 --> 00:11:29,680
Tunaweza pia mtihani kwa kukosekana kwa usawa kwa kutumia
Moderators kumweka au bang au sio,

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tena.

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Kama x si sawa na y, kama
hiyo ni mtihani sisi ni kutumia hapa,

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tunatarajia kuwa vizuri kwenda.

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Hivyo, kama x si sawa na
y, tutaweza kwenda chini njia hiyo.

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>> Kuwa kweli makini hapa.

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Ni kweli mistake-- kawaida na
moja mimi hakika alifanya mengi kabisa wakati

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Mimi nilikuwa kupata started--
kwa ajali makosa

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operator zoezi, sawa moja,
kwa usawa kulinganisha operator,

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mara mbili sawa.

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00:11:52,582 --> 00:11:54,540
Kutakuwa na kusababisha baadhi weird
tabia katika kanuni yako,

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na kwa kawaida compiler mapenzi
kuonya kuhusu hilo wakati wewe kujaribu

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na kukusanya code yako, lakini wakati mwingine
unaweza kuwa na uwezo sneak hivyo kwa.

254
00:11:59,910 --> 00:12:02,770
Ni si lazima jambo zuri
kwamba sneak hivyo kwa, ingawa.

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00:12:02,770 --> 00:12:04,710
Hivyo tu kama unafanya
kukosekana kwa usawa mtihani,

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00:12:04,710 --> 00:12:07,970
kama wewe ni kuangalia kama mbili
vigezo mbalimbali na thamani sawa

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00:12:07,970 --> 00:12:11,980
ndani mwao, kuhakikisha kutumia
sawa sawa, na usawa si moja.

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Na kwamba njia yako mpango mapenzi
kuwa na tabia unakusudia.

259
00:12:15,450 --> 00:12:18,400
Mimi nina Doug Lloyd na hii ni CS50.

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