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>> [Music kucheza]

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>> DOUG LLOYD: Sawa, hivyo katika
hatua hii ya shaka,

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tumekuwa kufunikwa mengi ya mambo ya msingi ya C.
Tunajua mengi kuhusu vigezo, arrays,

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kuyatumia, mambo ambayo yote mazuri.

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Wale wote ni aina ya kujengwa
katika kuona kama misingi,

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lakini tunaweza kufanya zaidi, sawa?

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Tunaweza kuchanganya mambo
pamoja kwa njia ya kuvutia.

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>> Na hivyo hebu kufanya hivyo, hebu kuanza
tawi nje ya kile C inatupa,

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na kuanza kujenga takwimu zetu wenyewe
miundo kutumia jengo hizi

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vitalu pamoja ili kufanya kitu
kweli thamani, manufaa.

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Njia moja tunaweza kufanya hivyo ni
kuzungumzia makusanyo.

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Hivyo hadi sasa tulikuwa na aina moja ya data
muundo wa anayewakilisha makusanyo

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ya kama maadili, maadili hayo.

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Hiyo itakuwa safu.

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Tuna makusanyo ya integers, au
makusanyo ya wahusika na kadhalika.

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>> Miundo pia aina ya data
muundo wa kukusanya taarifa,

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lakini siyo kwa ajili ya kukusanya kama maadili.

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Ni kawaida huchanganyika aina mbalimbali data
pamoja ndani ya sanduku moja.

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Lakini siyo yenyewe
kutumika mlolongo pamoja

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au kuungana pamoja kama
vitu, kama safu.

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Arrays ni kubwa kwa
kipengele kuangalia juu, lakini wanakumbuka

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kwamba ni vigumu sana
kuingiza ndani ya safu,

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isipokuwa sisi ni kuingiza katika
mwisho kabisa wa kwamba safu.

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>> Na mfano bora nina
kwa kuwa ni kuingizwa aina.

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Kama unakumbuka video wetu
juu ya kuingizwa aina,

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kuna mengi ya
gharama zinazohusika katika kuwa

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kuchukua vipengele, na kuhama yao
nje ya njia na kifafa kitu

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ndani ya katikati ya safu yako.

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Arrays pia wanakabiliwa na mwingine
tatizo, ambayo ni kutokubadilika.

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Wakati sisi kutangaza safu,
sisi kupata risasi moja katika hilo.

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Sisi kupata cha kusema, nataka
hii mambo mengi.

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Inaweza kuwa 100, inaweza
kuwa 1,000, inaweza

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kuwa x ambapo x ni idadi kwamba mtumiaji
alitupa katika haraka au kwa amri

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mstari.

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>> Lakini sisi tu kupata risasi moja saa hiyo, sisi
hawapati kisha kusema lo, kwa kweli mimi

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inahitajika 101, au mimi zinahitajika x pamoja 20.

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Kuchelewa, tumekuwa tayari alitangaza
safu, na kama tunataka kupata 101 au x

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pamoja na 20, tuna kutangaza
safu tofauti kabisa,

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nakala mambo yote ya safu
juu, na kisha tuna kutosha.

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Na nini kama sisi ni makosa tena, nini
kama sisi kweli haja 102, au x plus 40,

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tuna kufanya hii tena.

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Hivyo wao ni usiobadilika sana
kwa resizing takwimu zetu,

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lakini kama sisi kuchanganya pamoja baadhi
ya mambo ya msingi kwamba tumekuwa tayari

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kujifunza kuhusu kuyatumia na miundo,
hasa kwa kutumia kumbukumbu ya nguvu

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mgao kwa malloc, sisi
unaweza kuweka vipande hayo pamoja

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kujenga takwimu mpya structure-- a
moja moja wanaohusishwa orodha tupate say--

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ambayo inaruhusu sisi kukua na
kuogopa mkusanyiko wa maadili

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na hatutakuwa na nafasi yoyote kupita.

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>> Hivyo tena, tunatoa wito wazo hili,
wazo hili, orodha wanaohusishwa.

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Hasa, katika video hii tuko
kuzungumza juu ya orodha moja moja wanaohusishwa,

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na kisha mwingine video tutaweza majadiliano
orodha kuhusu mara mbili wanaohusishwa, ambayo

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ni tu tofauti juu ya mandhari hapa.

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Lakini orodha moja moja wanaohusishwa
inakuwa na nodes,

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nodes tu kuwa term-- abstract
ni tu kitu mimi nina wito

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hiyo ni aina ya
muundo, kimsingi, mimi nina?

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Tu kwenda kumwita node-- na hii
node ina wanachama wawili, au mashamba mawili.

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Ina data, kwa kawaida
integer, tabia kuelea,

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au inaweza kuwa baadhi ya data aina nyingine
kwamba umefanya inavyoelezwa na aina def.

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Na ina pointer
nodi nyingine ya aina moja.

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>> Hivyo tuna mambo mawili ndani ya
nodi hii, data na pointer

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nodi mwingine.

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Na kama kuanza kupiga taswira
hivyo, unaweza kufikiri juu yake

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kama mlolongo wa nodes kwamba
ni kushikamana pamoja.

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Tuna nodi ya kwanza,
ina data, na pointer

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nodi pili, ambayo ina
data, na pointer nodi ya tatu.

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Na hivyo ndiyo sababu sisi kuiita
orodha wanaohusishwa, wao ni wanaohusishwa pamoja.

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>> Je, hii maalum
muundo wa nodi kuangalia kama?

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Naam, kama unakumbuka kutoka sehemu yetu juu ya
kufafanua aina desturi, na aina def,

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tunaweza kufafanua structure-- na
aina kufafanua muundo kama hii.

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tyepdef struct sllist, na kisha mimi nina
kutumia thamani neno hapa kiholela

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zinaonyesha aina yoyote data kweli.

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Unaweza kupita kwenye integer au kuelea,
unaweza kuwa na chochote unataka.

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Ni si vikwazo kwa tu
integers, au kitu kama hicho.

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Hivyo thamani ya kitu holela tu
Aina ya data, na kisha pointer

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nodi nyingine ya aina moja.

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>> Sasa, kuna samaki kidogo
hapa na kufafanua muundo

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wakati ni muundo binafsi rejea.

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Mimi kuwa na muda
jina kwa mfumo wangu.

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Mwisho wa siku mimi
wazi unataka simu yake

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SLL nodi, hiyo ni hatimaye mpya
jina sehemu ya aina yangu ufafanuzi,

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lakini siwezi kutumia SLL nodi
katikati ya hii.

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Sababu ya kuwa, nina si
umba aina aitwaye SLL nodi

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mpaka mimi hit hatua hii ya mwisho hapa.

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Hadi hatua hiyo, mimi kuwa na
njia nyingine ya kutaja aina hii ya data.

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>> Na hii ni kwa mujibu
rejea aina data.

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Yake; s aina ya data
muundo ambayo ina data,

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na pointer mwingine
muundo wa aina moja.

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Hivyo mimi haja ya kuwa na uwezo wa kutaja
aina hii data angalau kwa muda,

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hivyo kutoa ni muda
jina la struct sllist

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inaruhusu mimi kisha kusema nataka
pointer na mwingine sllist struct,

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nyota struct sllist, na kisha
baada nimekuwa kukamilika ufafanuzi,

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Mimi sasa wanaweza kupiga aina hii SLL nodi.

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>> Hivyo ndiyo sababu unaweza kuona kuna
jina la muda hapa,

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lakini jina kudumu hapa.

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Wakati mwingine unaweza kuona
ufafanuzi wa muundo,

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kwa mfano, kwamba si
binafsi rejea, kwamba

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hawana jina specifier hapa.

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Ingekuwa tu kusema typedef struct,
kufungua curly brace na kisha kufafanua.

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Lakini kama wewe ni struct ni kwa mujibu
rejea, kama hii ni moja ya,

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unahitaji kutaja
muda aina jina.

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Lakini hatimaye, sasa
kwamba tumefanya huu,

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tunaweza tu kutaja
nodi hiyo, vitengo hivi,

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kama nodes SLL kwa madhumuni
ya mapumziko ya video hii.

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>> Haki wote, hivyo tunajua jinsi ya
kujenga uhusiano orodha nodi.

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Tunajua jinsi ya kufafanua
wanaohusishwa orodha nodi.

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Sasa, kama sisi ni kwenda kuanza
kutumia yao ya kukusanya taarifa,

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kuna wanandoa wa shughuli sisi
wanapaswa kuelewa na kufanya kazi pamoja.

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Tunahitaji kujua jinsi ya kujenga
orodha wanaohusishwa nje ya hewa nyembamba.

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Kama hakuna orodha tayari,
tunataka kuanza moja.

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Kwa hiyo, tunahitaji kuwa na uwezo
kuunda orodha wanaohusishwa,

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tunahitaji pengine kutafuta
kupitia orodha kiungo

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kupata kipengele sisi ni kuangalia kwa.

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Tunahitaji kuwa na uwezo wa kuingiza
mambo mapya katika orodha,

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tunataka orodha yetu kuwa na uwezo wa kukua.

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Na vile vile, tunataka kuwa na uwezo
kufuta vitu kutoka orodha yetu,

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tunataka orodha yetu kuwa na uwezo wa kuogopa.

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Na mwishoni mwa yetu
mipango, hasa

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kama unakumbuka kwamba tuko
dynamically kugawa kumbukumbu

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kujenga orodha hizi kwa kawaida,
tunataka bure yote hayo kumbukumbu

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wakati sisi ni kosa kufanya kazi kwa hayo.

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Na hivyo tunahitaji kuwa na uwezo wa kufuta
nzima wanaohusishwa orodha katika moja kushindwa swoop.

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Basi hebu kwenda kupitia
baadhi ya shughuli hizo

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na jinsi sisi tupate taswira yao,
kuzungumza katika pseudocode kificho mahsusi.

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Hivyo tunataka kujenga
wanaohusishwa orodha, hivyo labda sisi

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wanataka kufafanua kazi
kwa mfano huu.

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SLL nyota nodi, kujenga, na mimi nina kupita
katika hoja moja, baadhi ya data holela

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aina tena, baadhi ya data aina holela.

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Lakini mimi nina returning-- kazi hii lazima
kurudi kwangu pointer, kwa mmoja-

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wanaohusishwa orodha nodi.

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Tena, sisi ni kujaribu kujenga
orodha wanaohusishwa nje ya hewa nyembamba,

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hivyo mimi haja pointer
kwamba orodha wakati mimi nina kufanyika.

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>> Hivyo hatua zinazohusika hapa ni nini?

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Naam, jambo la kwanza mimi nina
kwenda kufanya ni dynamically

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kutenga nafasi kwa nodi mpya.

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Tena, sisi ni kujenga nje ya nyembamba
hewa, hivyo tunahitaji malloc nafasi kwa ajili yake.

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Na bila shaka, mara moja
baada ya sisi malloc,

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sisi daima kuangalia ili kuhakikisha kwamba yetu
pointer hatukuwa kupata nyuma null.

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Kwa sababu kama sisi kujaribu na
staha pointer null,

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tunakwenda kuteseka
segfault na hatutaki hilo.

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>> Kisha tunataka kujaza katika uwanja,
tunataka initialize shamba thamani

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na initialize uwanja ijayo.

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Na kisha tunataka to-- hatimaye kama
kazi mfano indicates-- tunataka

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kurudi pointer SLL nodi.

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Kwa hiyo kile kufanya hili kuangalia kama kuibua?

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Naam, kwanza tunakwenda dynamically
kutenga nafasi kwa mwezi SLL nodi,

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hivyo sisi malloc-- hiyo ni
Visual uwakilishi

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ya nodi sisi tu kuundwa.

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Na sisi kuangalia kuhakikisha
siyo NULL katika kesi hiyo,

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picha bila kuwa na
umeonyesha juu kama ilikuwa null,

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tunataka kuwa kukimbia nje ya kumbukumbu,
hivyo sisi ni vizuri kwenda huko.

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Hivyo sasa sisi ni juu ya hatua C,
initialize shamba nodes thamani.

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Naam, kulingana na kazi hii
piga mimi nina kutumia hapa,

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Inaonekana kama nataka kupita katika 6,
hivyo mimi itabidi 6 katika uwanja thamani.

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Sasa, initialize uwanja ijayo.

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Naam, je, Mimi kwenda kufanya huko,
hakuna kitu ijayo, haki,

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hii ni kitu pekee katika orodha.

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Basi nini jambo la pili katika orodha?

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00:08:27,206 --> 00:08:29,660
>> Ni lazima uhakika na kitu chochote, haki.

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Kuna kitu kingine huko, ili kile ni
dhana tunajua ya kwamba ni nothing--

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kuyatumia kwa kitu?

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Ni lazima labda tunataka
kuweka pointer null huko,

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na mimi itabidi kuwakilisha null
pointer kama tu sanduku nyekundu,

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hatuwezi kwenda yoyote zaidi.

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Kama tutaweza kuona baadaye kidogo juu ya,
tutakuwa na hatimaye minyororo

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ya mishale ya kuunganisha
hizi nodes pamoja,

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lakini wakati kugonga
nyekundu sanduku, hiyo ni null,

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hatuwezi kwenda yoyote zaidi,
hiyo ni mwisho wa orodha.

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>> Na mwisho, sisi tu wanataka
kurudi pointer nodi hii.

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Hivyo tutaweza simu yake mpya,
tena atarejea mpya

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hivyo inaweza kutumika katika
chochote kazi aliyeliumba.

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Kwa hiyo, kuna sisi kwenda, Tumeunda mmoja-
wanaohusishwa orodha nodi nje ya hewa nyembamba,

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na sasa tuna orodha tunaweza kufanya kazi pamoja.

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>> Sasa, hebu sema sisi tayari
kuwa na mkufu kubwa,

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na tunataka kupata kitu ndani yake.

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Na tunataka kazi hiyo ni kwenda
kurudi kweli au uongo, kulingana

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kama kweli thamani lipo katika orodha hiyo.

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Mfano kazi, au
Tamko kwa kazi hiyo,

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ili kuangalia kama hii bool kupata, na
kisha tunataka kupitisha katika hoja mbili.

180
00:09:23,320 --> 00:09:26,996
>> Kwanza, ni pointer
sehemu ya kwanza ya orodha wanaohusishwa.

181
00:09:26,996 --> 00:09:29,620
Hii ni kweli kitu utasikia
Siku zote unataka kuweka wimbo wa,

182
00:09:29,620 --> 00:09:33,110
na kwa kweli inaweza kuwa kitu ambacho
wewe hata kuweka katika variable kimataifa.

183
00:09:33,110 --> 00:09:35,360
Mara baada ya kujenga orodha,
nanyi siku zote, siku zote

184
00:09:35,360 --> 00:09:38,990
wanataka kuweka wimbo wa sana
sehemu ya kwanza ya orodha.

185
00:09:38,990 --> 00:09:43,690
Kwa njia hiyo unaweza kutaja wengine wote
mambo kwa kufuata tu mlolongo,

186
00:09:43,690 --> 00:09:47,300
bila ya kuwa na kuweka kuyatumia
intact kwa kila kipengele moja.

187
00:09:47,300 --> 00:09:50,920
Wewe tu haja ya kuweka wimbo wa kwanza
moja ikiwa wao ni wote minyororo pamoja.

188
00:09:50,920 --> 00:09:52,460
>> Na kisha Jambo la pili
sisi ni kupita katika tena

189
00:09:52,460 --> 00:09:54,376
ni kiholela some--
chochote data aina tuko

190
00:09:54,376 --> 00:09:59,640
kuangalia kwa huko ni ndani ya
hopefully moja ya nodes katika orodha.

191
00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:00,980
Hivyo hatua ni nini?

192
00:10:00,980 --> 00:10:04,250
Naam, jambo la kwanza sisi kufanya ni
sisi kujenga transversal pointer

193
00:10:04,250 --> 00:10:06,015
akizungumzia orodha kichwa.

194
00:10:06,015 --> 00:10:08,890
Naam, kwa nini sisi kufanya hivyo, sisi tayari
na pointer katika orodha kichwa,

195
00:10:08,890 --> 00:10:10,974
kwa nini sio sisi tu hoja kwamba moja karibu?

196
00:10:10,974 --> 00:10:13,140
Naam, kama mimi tu alisema,
ni kweli muhimu kwetu

197
00:10:13,140 --> 00:10:17,580
daima kuweka wimbo wa
kipengele sana kwanza katika orodha.

198
00:10:17,580 --> 00:10:21,270
Na hivyo ni kweli bora
kujenga duplicate ya kwamba,

199
00:10:21,270 --> 00:10:25,350
na kutumia kuweza kuzunguka hivyo sisi kamwe
ajali kuondokana, au sisi daima

200
00:10:25,350 --> 00:10:30,430
na pointer wakati fulani kwamba ni
haki juu ya kipengele kwanza ya orodha.

201
00:10:30,430 --> 00:10:33,290
Hivyo ni bora ya kujenga
pili moja kwamba sisi kutumia kutoa hoja.

202
00:10:33,290 --> 00:10:35,877
>> Kisha sisi tu kulinganisha kama
shamba thamani katika nodi kwamba

203
00:10:35,877 --> 00:10:38,960
ni nini sisi ni kutafuta, na kama ni
si, tunakwenda nodi ijayo.

204
00:10:38,960 --> 00:10:41,040
Na sisi kuendelea kufanya hivyo
tena na tena, na tena,

205
00:10:41,040 --> 00:10:44,811
mpaka sisi ama kupata
kipengele, au sisi kugonga

206
00:10:44,811 --> 00:10:47,310
NULL tumekuwa kufikiwa mwisho
ya orodha na si huko.

207
00:10:47,310 --> 00:10:50,540
Hii lazima hopefully kuwapigia kengele
na wewe kama tu tafuta linear,

208
00:10:50,540 --> 00:10:54,430
sisi ni tu kujinakilisha katika
moja moja wanaohusishwa orodha muundo

209
00:10:54,430 --> 00:10:56,280
badala ya kutumia safu ya kufanya hivyo.

210
00:10:56,280 --> 00:10:58,210
>> Hivyo hapa ni mfano wa
orodha moja moja wanaohusishwa.

211
00:10:58,210 --> 00:11:00,043
Hii moja lina
nodes tano, na tuna

212
00:11:00,043 --> 00:11:04,330
pointer kichwa cha
orodha, iitwayo orodha.

213
00:11:04,330 --> 00:11:07,385
Jambo la kwanza tunataka kufanya ni
tena, kujenga kwamba traversal pointer.

214
00:11:07,385 --> 00:11:09,760
Hivyo tuna sasa kuyatumia mbili
hatua hiyo kwa kitu kimoja.

215
00:11:09,760 --> 00:11:15,025
>> Sasa, taarifa hapa pia, sikuwa
na malloc nafasi yoyote kwa trav.

216
00:11:15,025 --> 00:11:18,970
Mimi hakusema trav sawa na malloc
kitu, kwamba nodi tayari ipo,

217
00:11:18,970 --> 00:11:21,160
kwamba nafasi katika kumbukumbu tayari ipo.

218
00:11:21,160 --> 00:11:24,290
Basi wote mimi nina kweli kufanya ni
kujenga pointer mwingine kwa hayo.

219
00:11:24,290 --> 00:11:28,210
Mimi si mallocing ziada
nafasi, tu na sasa kuyatumia mbili

220
00:11:28,210 --> 00:11:31,370
akizungumzia kitu kimoja.

221
00:11:31,370 --> 00:11:33,710
>> Hivyo ni nini 2 Mimi nina kuangalia kwa?

222
00:11:33,710 --> 00:11:37,220
Naam, hapana, hivyo badala mimi nina
kwenda hoja kwa moja ijayo.

223
00:11:37,220 --> 00:11:41,740
Hivyo kimsingi napenda kusema,
trav sawa na trav ijayo.

224
00:11:41,740 --> 00:11:43,630
Ni 3 nini mimi kutafuta, hakuna.

225
00:11:43,630 --> 00:11:45,780
Hivyo mimi kuendelea kwenda
kupitia mpaka hatimaye

226
00:11:45,780 --> 00:11:48,690
kupata 6 ambayo ni nini mimi nina kuangalia
kwa kuzingatia kazi ya wito

227
00:11:48,690 --> 00:11:51,600
Nina juu
huko, na hivyo mimi nina kufanyika.

228
00:11:51,600 --> 00:11:54,150
>> Sasa, nini kama kipengele mimi nina
kutafuta ni si katika orodha,

229
00:11:54,150 --> 00:11:55,510
ni bado kwenda kufanya kazi?

230
00:11:55,510 --> 00:11:57,120
Naam, taarifa kwamba orodha
hapa ni subtly tofauti,

231
00:11:57,120 --> 00:11:59,410
na hii ni kitu kingine kwamba ni
muhimu kwa orodha wanaohusishwa,

232
00:11:59,410 --> 00:12:01,780
huna kuhifadhi
yao ili yoyote.

233
00:12:01,780 --> 00:12:05,390
Unaweza kama unataka, lakini
unaweza kuwa tayari niliona

234
00:12:05,390 --> 00:12:09,310
kwamba sisi siyo kuweka wimbo wa
nini idadi kipengele sisi ni katika.

235
00:12:09,310 --> 00:12:13,150
>> Na hiyo ni aina ya biashara moja kwamba sisi
kuwa na uhusiano orodha mistari arrays,

236
00:12:13,150 --> 00:12:15,300
je, ni hatuna
random kupata tena.

237
00:12:15,300 --> 00:12:18,150
Hatuwezi tu kusema, nataka
kwenda kipengele 0,

238
00:12:18,150 --> 00:12:21,410
au kipengele 6 wa safu yangu,
ambayo siwezi kufanya katika safu.

239
00:12:21,410 --> 00:12:25,080
Siwezi kusema mimi nataka kwenda
0 kipengele, au kipengele 6,

240
00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:30,360
au kipengele 25 ya orodha yangu wanaohusishwa,
hakuna ripoti kuhusishwa na wao.

241
00:12:30,360 --> 00:12:33,660
Na hivyo hana kweli jambo
kama sisi kuhifadhi orodha yetu katika utaratibu.

242
00:12:33,660 --> 00:12:36,080
Kama unataka wewe
hakika wanaweza, lakini kuna

243
00:12:36,080 --> 00:12:38,567
hakuna sababu kwa nini wanahitaji
kuhifadhiwa ili yeyote.

244
00:12:38,567 --> 00:12:40,400
Hivyo tena, hebu jaribu na
kupata 6 katika orodha hii.

245
00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:43,200
Naam, sisi kuanza saa
mwanzo, hatuoni 6,

246
00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:47,690
na kisha tunaendelea si kutafuta
6, mpaka sisi hatimaye kupata hapa.

247
00:12:47,690 --> 00:12:52,790
Hivyo sasa hivi trav pointi nodi
zenye 8, na sita ni si huko.

248
00:12:52,790 --> 00:12:55,250
>> Hivyo hatua ya pili itakuwa
kwenda pointer ijayo,

249
00:12:55,250 --> 00:12:57,440
hivyo kusema trav sawa na trav ijayo.

250
00:12:57,440 --> 00:13:00,750
Naam, trav ijayo, unahitajika kwa
sanduku nyekundu huko, ni null.

251
00:13:00,750 --> 00:13:03,020
Hivyo kuna mahali popote kwa
kwenda, na hivyo katika hatua hii

252
00:13:03,020 --> 00:13:06,120
tunaweza kuhitimisha kwamba tumekuwa kufikiwa
mwisho wa orodha wanaohusishwa,

253
00:13:06,120 --> 00:13:07,190
na 6 ni si huko.

254
00:13:07,190 --> 00:13:10,980
Na ingekuwa irudishwe
uongo katika kesi hii.

255
00:13:10,980 --> 00:13:14,540
>> OK, ni jinsi gani sisi kuingiza mpya
nodi katika orodha wanaohusishwa?

256
00:13:14,540 --> 00:13:17,310
Hivyo tumekuwa na uwezo wa kujenga
orodha wanaohusishwa bila ya kutarajia,

257
00:13:17,310 --> 00:13:19,370
lakini sisi pengine wanataka
kujenga mlolongo na si

258
00:13:19,370 --> 00:13:22,620
kujenga rundo la orodha tofauti.

259
00:13:22,620 --> 00:13:25,700
Tunataka kuwa na orodha moja ambayo
ina rundo la nodes ndani yake,

260
00:13:25,700 --> 00:13:28,040
si kundi la orodha na nodi moja.

261
00:13:28,040 --> 00:13:31,260
Hivyo hatuwezi tu kuendelea kutumia Kujenga
kazi sisi kuelezwa hapo awali, sasa sisi

262
00:13:31,260 --> 00:13:33,860
wanataka kuingiza ndani
orodha ambayo tayari zipo.

263
00:13:33,860 --> 00:13:36,499
>> Hivyo kesi hiyo, tunakwenda
kupita katika hoja mbili,

264
00:13:36,499 --> 00:13:39,290
pointer kichwa cha kwamba
wanaohusishwa orodha kwamba tunataka kuongeza.

265
00:13:39,290 --> 00:13:40,910
Tena, kwamba ni kwa nini ni hivyo
muhimu kwamba huwa

266
00:13:40,910 --> 00:13:43,400
kuweka wimbo wa jambo hilo, kwa sababu
ni njia pekee sisi kweli

267
00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:46,690
na kwa kutaja orodha nzima ni
tu kwa pointer kipengele kwanza.

268
00:13:46,690 --> 00:13:49,360
Hivyo tunataka kupitisha katika
pointer kwa kuwa kipengele kwanza,

269
00:13:49,360 --> 00:13:52,226
na chochote thamani sisi
wanataka kuongeza orodha.

270
00:13:52,226 --> 00:13:54,600
Na hatimaye kazi hii
ni kwenda na kurudi pointer

271
00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:57,980
kwa mkuu mpya wa orodha wanaohusishwa.

272
00:13:57,980 --> 00:13:59,700
>> Ni hatua zinazohusika hapa ni nini?

273
00:13:59,700 --> 00:14:02,249
Naam, tu kama kwa kujenga,
tunahitaji dynamically kutenga

274
00:14:02,249 --> 00:14:05,540
nafasi kwa ajili ya nodi mpya, na kuangalia kufanya
hakika sisi si kukimbia nje ya kumbukumbu, tena,

275
00:14:05,540 --> 00:14:07,150
kwa sababu sisi ni kutumia malloc.

276
00:14:07,150 --> 00:14:09,080
Kisha tunataka idadi
na kuingiza nodi,

277
00:14:09,080 --> 00:14:12,730
hivyo kuweka idadi, chochote
val ni, ndani ya nodi.

278
00:14:12,730 --> 00:14:17,310
Tunataka kuingiza nodi katika
mwanzo wa orodha wanaohusishwa.

279
00:14:17,310 --> 00:14:19,619
>> Kuna sababu ya kuwa mimi
wanataka kufanya hivyo, na ni

280
00:14:19,619 --> 00:14:21,910
inaweza kuwa na thamani ya kuchukua pili
kutulia video hapa,

281
00:14:21,910 --> 00:14:25,860
na kufikiri kuhusu nini napenda wanataka
kuingiza mwanzoni mwa wanaohusishwa

282
00:14:25,860 --> 00:14:26,589
orodha.

283
00:14:26,589 --> 00:14:28,630
Tena, nilivyoeleza awali
kwamba ni kweli haina

284
00:14:28,630 --> 00:14:33,020
jambo kama sisi kuhifadhi katika yoyote
ili, hivyo labda hiyo ni habari.

285
00:14:33,020 --> 00:14:36,040
Na wewe aliona nini kitatokea kama sisi
alitaka to-- au kutoka tu pili

286
00:14:36,040 --> 00:14:37,360
iliyopita wakati tulipokuwa tunakwenda
njia ya kutafuta wewe

287
00:14:37,360 --> 00:14:39,235
naweza kuona nini kinaweza
kutokea kama sisi walikuwa wakijaribu

288
00:14:39,235 --> 00:14:41,330
kuingiza mwishoni mwa orodha.

289
00:14:41,330 --> 00:14:44,750
Kwa sababu hatuna
pointer hadi mwisho wa orodha.

290
00:14:44,750 --> 00:14:47,490
>> Hivyo sababu hiyo napenda wanataka
kuingiza mwanzoni,

291
00:14:47,490 --> 00:14:49,380
ni kwa sababu siwezi kufanya hivyo mara moja.

292
00:14:49,380 --> 00:14:52,730
Nina pointer mwanzoni, na
tutaweza kuona hii katika Visual katika pili.

293
00:14:52,730 --> 00:14:55,605
Lakini kama nataka kuingiza mwishoni,
Nina kuanza mwanzoni,

294
00:14:55,605 --> 00:14:58,760
traverse njia yote ya
mwisho, na kisha upepo juu.

295
00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:01,420
Hivyo kwamba itakuwa na maana kwamba
kuingiza mwishoni mwa orodha

296
00:15:01,420 --> 00:15:04,140
angekuwa o ya n
operesheni, kurejea

297
00:15:04,140 --> 00:15:06,720
kwa mjadala wetu wa
Computational utata.

298
00:15:06,720 --> 00:15:10,140
Ni d kuwa o ya n operesheni, ambapo
kama orodha got kubwa zaidi, na kubwa zaidi,

299
00:15:10,140 --> 00:15:13,310
na kubwa zaidi, kutakuwa na kuwa zaidi na
vigumu zaidi upepo kitu

300
00:15:13,310 --> 00:15:14,661
juu ya mwishoni.

301
00:15:14,661 --> 00:15:17,410
Lakini mara nyingi ni kweli rahisi
upepo kitu juu mwanzoni,

302
00:15:17,410 --> 00:15:19,060
wewe daima katika mwanzo.

303
00:15:19,060 --> 00:15:21,620
>> Na tutaweza kuona Visual ya hii tena.

304
00:15:21,620 --> 00:15:24,100
Na kisha mara moja sisi ni kosa, kwa mara nyingine
tumekuwa kuingizwa nodi mpya,

305
00:15:24,100 --> 00:15:26,880
tunataka kurudi pointer wetu
mkuu mpya wa orodha wanaohusishwa, ambayo

306
00:15:26,880 --> 00:15:29,213
tangu sisi ni kuingiza katika
mwanzo, kwa kweli kuwa

307
00:15:29,213 --> 00:15:31,060
pointer nodi sisi tu kuundwa.

308
00:15:31,060 --> 00:15:33,280
Hebu taswira hii,
kwa sababu nadhani utakuwa msaada.

309
00:15:33,280 --> 00:15:36,661
>> Hivyo hapa ni orodha yetu, lina ya
mambo manne, nodi zenye 15,

310
00:15:36,661 --> 00:15:38,410
ambayo inaelekeza katika nodi
zenye 9, ambayo

311
00:15:38,410 --> 00:15:41,370
anazungumzia nodi zenye 13,
ambayo inaelekeza katika nodi zenye

312
00:15:41,370 --> 00:15:44,840
10, ambayo ina null
pointer kama pointer yake ya pili

313
00:15:44,840 --> 00:15:47,010
hivyo hiyo ni mwisho wa orodha.

314
00:15:47,010 --> 00:15:50,200
Hivyo tunataka kuingiza
nodi mpya kwa thamani 12

315
00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:52,720
mwanzoni mwa hii
orodha, tunafanya nini?

316
00:15:52,720 --> 00:15:58,770
Naam, kwanza sisi malloc nafasi kwa
nodi, na kisha sisi kuweka 12 katika huko.

317
00:15:58,770 --> 00:16:02,211
>> Hivyo sasa tumekuwa kufikiwa
uamuzi hatua, sawa?

318
00:16:02,211 --> 00:16:03,960
Sisi kuwa wanandoa wa
kuyatumia kwamba tunaweza

319
00:16:03,960 --> 00:16:06,770
hoja, ambayo mtu anatakiwa sisi hoja ya kwanza?

320
00:16:06,770 --> 00:16:09,250
Tunapaswa kufanya 12 hatua kwa
Mkuu mpya ya orodha

321
00:16:09,250 --> 00:16:13,020
au udhuru kwangu, tunapaswa kufanya 12
uhakika na kichwa wa zamani wa orodha?

322
00:16:13,020 --> 00:16:15,319
Au lazima sisi kusema kwamba
orodha sasa huanza saa 12.

323
00:16:15,319 --> 00:16:17,110
Kuna tofauti
huko, na tutaangalia

324
00:16:17,110 --> 00:16:19,870
nini kinatokea na wote katika pili.

325
00:16:19,870 --> 00:16:23,350
>> Lakini hii inaongoza kwa
mada kuu kwa sidebar,

326
00:16:23,350 --> 00:16:26,280
ambayo ni kwamba moja ya
mambo trickiest na orodha wanaohusishwa

327
00:16:26,280 --> 00:16:30,980
ni kupanga kuyatumia
katika mpangilio sahihi.

328
00:16:30,980 --> 00:16:34,520
Kama hoja mambo nje ya utaratibu,
unaweza kuishia ajali

329
00:16:34,520 --> 00:16:36,050
orphaning wengine wa orodha.

330
00:16:36,050 --> 00:16:37,300
Na hapa ni mfano wa jambo hilo.

331
00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:40,540
Basi hebu kwenda na wazo of--
vizuri, tumekuwa tu kuundwa 12.

332
00:16:40,540 --> 00:16:43,180
Tunajua 12 ni kwenda kuwa
mkuu mpya wa orodha,

333
00:16:43,180 --> 00:16:47,660
na hivyo kwa nini sio sisi tu hoja
orodha pointer kwa uhakika pale.

334
00:16:47,660 --> 00:16:49,070
>> OK, hivyo hiyo ni nzuri.

335
00:16:49,070 --> 00:16:51,560
Hivyo sasa wapi 12 hatua ya pili?

336
00:16:51,560 --> 00:16:54,580
I mean, kuibua tunaweza kuona
kuwa ni uhakika na 15,

337
00:16:54,580 --> 00:16:57,250
kama binadamu ni kweli wazi kwetu.

338
00:16:57,250 --> 00:17:00,300
Ni kwa jinsi gani kompyuta kujua?

339
00:17:00,300 --> 00:17:02,720
Hatuna chochote
akizungumzia 15 tena, sawa?

340
00:17:02,720 --> 00:17:05,869
>> Tumekuwa kupoteza uwezo wowote kwa kutaja 15.

341
00:17:05,869 --> 00:17:11,460
Hatuwezi kusema mshale mpya sawa ijayo
kitu, kuna kitu huko.

342
00:17:11,460 --> 00:17:13,510
Kwa kweli, tumekuwa yatima
mapumziko ya orodha

343
00:17:13,510 --> 00:17:16,465
kwa kufanya hivyo, tumekuwa
ajali kuvunjwa mlolongo.

344
00:17:16,465 --> 00:17:18,089
Na sisi hakika hawataki kufanya hivyo.

345
00:17:18,089 --> 00:17:20,000
>> Basi hebu kwenda nyuma na kujaribu tena.

346
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:24,060
Labda jambo la haki ya kufanya
ni kuweka 12 ijayo pointer

347
00:17:24,060 --> 00:17:28,290
kwa kichwa wa zamani wa orodha ya kwanza,
kisha tunaweza kusonga orodha zaidi.

348
00:17:28,290 --> 00:17:30,420
Na kwa kweli, kwamba ni
mpangilio sahihi kwamba sisi

349
00:17:30,420 --> 00:17:32,836
haja ya kufuata wakati tuko
kufanya kazi na orodha moja moja wanaohusishwa.

350
00:17:32,836 --> 00:17:36,460
Sisi siku zote wanataka kuungana
kipengele mpya katika orodha,

351
00:17:36,460 --> 00:17:41,010
kabla ya sisi kuchukua aina hiyo ya
hatua muhimu ya mabadiliko

352
00:17:41,010 --> 00:17:43,360
ambapo mkuu wa orodha wanaohusishwa ni.

353
00:17:43,360 --> 00:17:46,740
Tena, hiyo ni jambo kama hilo la msingi,
hatutaki kupoteza wimbo wa hayo.

354
00:17:46,740 --> 00:17:49,310
>> Hivyo tunataka kuhakikisha kwamba
kila kitu ni minyororo pamoja,

355
00:17:49,310 --> 00:17:52,040
kabla ya kuendelea kuwa pointer.

356
00:17:52,040 --> 00:17:55,300
Na hivyo hii itakuwa ni mpangilio sahihi,
ambayo ni kuungana 12 kwa orodha,

357
00:17:55,300 --> 00:17:57,630
kisha kusema kwamba orodha kuanza 12.

358
00:17:57,630 --> 00:18:00,860
Kama sisi alisema orodha kuanza saa 12 na
kisha walijaribu kuunganisha 12 kwa orodha,

359
00:18:00,860 --> 00:18:02,193
tumekuwa tayari kuona nini kinatokea.

360
00:18:02,193 --> 00:18:04,920
Tunapoteza orodha kwa makosa.

361
00:18:04,920 --> 00:18:06,740
>> OK, hivyo jambo moja zaidi ya kuzungumzia.

362
00:18:06,740 --> 00:18:09,750
Nini kama tunataka kujikwamua
nzima wanaohusishwa orodha kwa mara moja?

363
00:18:09,750 --> 00:18:11,750
Tena, sisi ni mallocing
nafasi yote haya, na hivyo sisi

364
00:18:11,750 --> 00:18:13,351
unahitaji huru ni wakati sisi ni kosa.

365
00:18:13,351 --> 00:18:15,350
Hivyo sasa tunataka kufuta
nzima wanaohusishwa orodha.

366
00:18:15,350 --> 00:18:16,850
Naam, je, tunataka kufanya?

367
00:18:16,850 --> 00:18:20,460
>> Kama tumekuwa kufikiwa pointer null, sisi
unataka kuacha, vinginevyo, tu kufuta

368
00:18:20,460 --> 00:18:23,420
wengine wa orodha na kisha bure me.

369
00:18:23,420 --> 00:18:28,890
Kufuta wengine wa orodha,
na kisha bure nodi ya sasa.

370
00:18:28,890 --> 00:18:32,850
Je kwamba sauti kama,
nini mbinu na sisi aliyesema

371
00:18:32,850 --> 00:18:35,440
kuhusu awali gani kwamba sauti kama?

372
00:18:35,440 --> 00:18:39,560
Kufuta kila mtu mwingine, basi
kurudi na kufuta yangu.

373
00:18:39,560 --> 00:18:42,380
>> Hiyo ni kujirudia, tumekuwa alifanya
Tatizo kidogo kidogo,

374
00:18:42,380 --> 00:18:46,910
sisi ni kusema kila mtu kufuta
kingine, basi unaweza kufuta yangu.

375
00:18:46,910 --> 00:18:50,940
Na zaidi chini ya barabara, kwamba nodi
watasema, kufuta kila mtu mwingine.

376
00:18:50,940 --> 00:18:53,940
Lakini hatimaye tutaweza kupata
mahali ambapo orodha ni null,

377
00:18:53,940 --> 00:18:55,310
na kwamba msingi wetu kesi.

378
00:18:55,310 --> 00:18:57,010
>> Basi hebu tuangalie hii,
na jinsi hii inaweza kufanya kazi.

379
00:18:57,010 --> 00:18:59,759
Hivyo hapa ni orodha yetu, ni sawa
orodha tulikuwa tu kuzungumza juu,

380
00:18:59,759 --> 00:19:00,980
na kuna hatua.

381
00:19:00,980 --> 00:19:04,200
Kuna mengi ya maandishi hapa, lakini
hopefully taswira itasaidia.

382
00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:08,557
>> Hivyo sisi have-- na mimi pia vunjwa
up yetu muafaka stack mfano

383
00:19:08,557 --> 00:19:10,890
kutoka sehemu yetu juu ya wito mwingi,
na pengine yote haya

384
00:19:10,890 --> 00:19:13,260
pamoja kuonyesha nini kinaendelea.

385
00:19:13,260 --> 00:19:14,510
Hivyo hapa ni pseudocode kanuni zetu.

386
00:19:14,510 --> 00:19:17,830
Kama sisi kufikia null
pointer, kuacha, vinginevyo,

387
00:19:17,830 --> 00:19:21,320
kufuta wengine wa orodha,
kisha bure nodi ya sasa.

388
00:19:21,320 --> 00:19:25,700
Hivyo sasa hivi, list--
pointer kwamba tuko

389
00:19:25,700 --> 00:19:28,410
kupita katika kuharibu pointi 12.

390
00:19:28,410 --> 00:19:33,340
12 si pointer null, hivyo sisi ni
kwenda kufuta wengine wa orodha.

391
00:19:33,340 --> 00:19:35,450
>> Kile ni kufuta
sisi wengine waliohusika?

392
00:19:35,450 --> 00:19:37,950
Vizuri, ina maana kufanya
piga kuharibu, akisema

393
00:19:37,950 --> 00:19:42,060
kuwa 15 ni mwanzo wa
mapumziko ya orodha tunataka kuharibu.

394
00:19:42,060 --> 00:19:47,480
Na hivyo wito kuharibu
12 ni aina ya juu ya umiliki.

395
00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:52,690
Ni waliohifadhiwa huko, kusubiri kwa
piga kuharibu 15, na kumaliza kazi yake.

396
00:19:52,690 --> 00:19:56,280
>> Naam, 15 si pointer null, na
hivyo ni kwenda kusema, sawa,

397
00:19:56,280 --> 00:19:58,450
vizuri, kufuta wengine wa orodha.

398
00:19:58,450 --> 00:20:00,760
Mapumziko ya orodha kuanza
saa 9, na hivyo tutaweza tu

399
00:20:00,760 --> 00:20:04,514
kusubiri mpaka kufuta yote
mambo, kisha kurudi na kufuta yangu.

400
00:20:04,514 --> 00:20:06,680
Naam 9 kwenda kusema, vizuri,
Sina pointer null,

401
00:20:06,680 --> 00:20:09,020
hivyo kufuta wengine orodha kutoka hapa.

402
00:20:09,020 --> 00:20:11,805
Na hivyo kujaribu na kuharibu 13.

403
00:20:11,805 --> 00:20:15,550
13 anasema, mimi si pointer null,
kitu kimoja, unapita mume.

404
00:20:15,550 --> 00:20:17,930
10 si pointer null, 10
ina pointer null,

405
00:20:17,930 --> 00:20:20,200
lakini 10 si yenyewe
null pointer sasa hivi,

406
00:20:20,200 --> 00:20:22,470
na hivyo unapita mume pia.

407
00:20:22,470 --> 00:20:25,560
>> Na sasa orodha pointi huko,
kweli ingekuwa uhakika na some--

408
00:20:25,560 --> 00:20:28,710
kama ningekuwa na nafasi zaidi katika picha,
ingekuwa uhakika na baadhi ya nafasi random

409
00:20:28,710 --> 00:20:29,960
kwamba hatujui ni nini.

410
00:20:29,960 --> 00:20:34,680
Ni pointer null ingawa, orodha
ni halisi sasa kuweka ni maadili null.

411
00:20:34,680 --> 00:20:36,820
Ni akizungumzia haki ndani ya kwamba sanduku nyekundu.

412
00:20:36,820 --> 00:20:39,960
Sisi kufikiwa pointer null, hivyo
tunaweza kuacha, na sisi ni kosa.

413
00:20:39,960 --> 00:20:46,230
>> Na hivyo sura kwamba zambarau ni now-- katika
juu ya stack-- hiyo ni sura ya kazi,

414
00:20:46,230 --> 00:20:47,017
lakini ni kosa.

415
00:20:47,017 --> 00:20:48,600
Kama tumekuwa kufikiwa pointer null, kuacha.

416
00:20:48,600 --> 00:20:51,290
Hatuwezi kufanya kitu chochote, sisi
Huwezi bure pointer null,

417
00:20:51,290 --> 00:20:55,070
hatukuwa malloc yoyote
nafasi, na hivyo sisi ni kosa.

418
00:20:55,070 --> 00:20:57,590
Hivyo kwamba sura kazi
ni kuharibiwa, na sisi

419
00:20:57,590 --> 00:21:00,930
resume-- sisi kuchukua ambapo sisi kushoto
mbali na ujao juu moja, ambayo

420
00:21:00,930 --> 00:21:02,807
ni hii rangi ya bluu sura hapa.

421
00:21:02,807 --> 00:21:04,390
Kwa hiyo sisi kuchukua haki ambapo sisi kushoto mbali.

422
00:21:04,390 --> 00:21:06,598
Sisi kufutwa mapumziko ya
orodha tayari, hivyo sasa tuko

423
00:21:06,598 --> 00:21:08,000
kwenda bure nodes sasa.

424
00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:12,920
Hivyo sasa tunaweza bure nodi hii, na sasa
tumekuwa kufikiwa mwisho wa kazi.

425
00:21:12,920 --> 00:21:16,810
Na hivyo kuwa sura kazi ni kuharibiwa,
na sisi kuchukua katika mwanga wa bluu moja.

426
00:21:16,810 --> 00:21:20,650
>> Hivyo ni says-- nimekuwa tayari done--
kufuta wengine wa orodha, hivyo

427
00:21:20,650 --> 00:21:23,140
bure nodi ya sasa.

428
00:21:23,140 --> 00:21:26,520
Na sasa sura ya njano ni
nyuma juu ya stack.

429
00:21:26,520 --> 00:21:29,655
Na hivyo kama unaweza kuona, sisi ni sasa
kuharibu orodha kutoka kulia kwenda kushoto.

430
00:21:29,655 --> 00:21:33,710

431
00:21:33,710 --> 00:21:37,280
>> Nini kingetokea, ingawa,
kama sisi alikuwa amefanya mambo kwa njia sahihi?

432
00:21:37,280 --> 00:21:39,410
Tu kama wakati sisi walijaribu
kuongeza kipengele.

433
00:21:39,410 --> 00:21:41,909
Kama sisi messed up mlolongo, kama
hatukuwa kuungana kuyatumia

434
00:21:41,909 --> 00:21:44,690
katika mpangilio sahihi, kama sisi
tu huru kipengele kwanza,

435
00:21:44,690 --> 00:21:47,420
kama sisi tu huru
mkuu wa orodha, sasa sisi

436
00:21:47,420 --> 00:21:49,642
hawana njia ya kutaja
wengine wa orodha.

437
00:21:49,642 --> 00:21:51,350
Na hivyo tunataka kuwa
yatima kila kitu,

438
00:21:51,350 --> 00:21:53,880
tungekuwa na nini
aitwaye kumbukumbu kuvuja.

439
00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:56,800
Kama unakumbuka kutoka sehemu yetu
juu ya mgao wa nguvu kumbukumbu,

440
00:21:56,800 --> 00:21:58,650
si kwamba ni jambo jema sana.

441
00:21:58,650 --> 00:22:00,810
>> Hivyo kama nilivyosema, kuna
ni shughuli kadhaa

442
00:22:00,810 --> 00:22:04,010
kuwa tunahitaji kutumia kufanya kazi
kwa wanaohusishwa orodha kwa ufanisi.

443
00:22:04,010 --> 00:22:08,430
Na unaweza kuwa niliona mimi liliondolewa moja,
kufuta kipengele moja kutoka wanaohusishwa

444
00:22:08,430 --> 00:22:09,064
orodha.

445
00:22:09,064 --> 00:22:10,980
Sababu mimi kwamba
ni ni kweli aina ya

446
00:22:10,980 --> 00:22:14,360
gumu kufikiri kuhusu jinsi ya kufuta
kipengele moja kutoka moja moja

447
00:22:14,360 --> 00:22:15,600
wanaohusishwa orodha.

448
00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:19,950
Tunahitaji kuwa na uwezo wa ruka juu
kitu katika orodha, ambayo

449
00:22:19,950 --> 00:22:22,975
ina maana sisi kupata point-- sisi
unataka kufuta node-- hii

450
00:22:22,975 --> 00:22:25,350
lakini ili kufanya hivyo sisi
si kupoteza taarifa yoyote,

451
00:22:25,350 --> 00:22:30,530
tunahitaji kuungana huu
nodi hapa, hapa.

452
00:22:30,530 --> 00:22:33,390
>> Hivyo mimi pengine alifanya hivyo vibaya
kutokana na mtazamo Visual.

453
00:22:33,390 --> 00:22:36,830
Hivyo sisi ni mwanzoni mwa yetu
orodha, sisi ni kuendelea kupitia,

454
00:22:36,830 --> 00:22:40,510
tunataka kufuta nodi hii.

455
00:22:40,510 --> 00:22:43,440
Kama sisi tu kufuta,
tumekuwa kuvunjwa mlolongo.

456
00:22:43,440 --> 00:22:45,950
Nodi hii hapa hapa
inahusu kila kitu kingine,

457
00:22:45,950 --> 00:22:48,260
ina mlolongo kutoka hapa juu ya nje.

458
00:22:48,260 --> 00:22:51,190
>> Kwa hiyo kile tunahitaji kufanya kweli
baada ya sisi kupata hatua hii,

459
00:22:51,190 --> 00:22:56,670
ni tunahitaji kurudi nyuma moja, na
kuungana nodi hii juu ya nodi hii,

460
00:22:56,670 --> 00:22:58,590
ili tuweze kisha kufuta
moja katikati.

461
00:22:58,590 --> 00:23:02,120
Lakini orodha moja moja wanaohusishwa hawana
kutupatia njia ya kwenda nyuma.

462
00:23:02,120 --> 00:23:05,160
Kwa hiyo, tunahitaji ama kuweka
kuyatumia mbili, na hoja yao

463
00:23:05,160 --> 00:23:09,527
aina ya hatua mbali, moja nyuma ya
wengine kama sisi kwenda, au kupata kwa uhakika

464
00:23:09,527 --> 00:23:11,110
na kisha kutuma pointer mwingine kwa njia ya.

465
00:23:11,110 --> 00:23:13,150
Na kama unaweza kuona, ni
wanaweza kupata messy kidogo.

466
00:23:13,150 --> 00:23:15,360
Kwa bahati nzuri, tuna
njia nyingine ya kutatua kwamba,

467
00:23:15,360 --> 00:23:17,810
wakati sisi majadiliano juu ya orodha doubly wanaohusishwa.

468
00:23:17,810 --> 00:23:20,720
>> Mimi nina Doug Lloyd, hii ni CS50.

469
00:23:20,720 --> 00:23:22,298