1
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2
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Doug LLOYD: Jekk inti stajt
ġew jaraw dawn il-videos

3
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fid-digriet li nirrakkomandaw,
aħna qed dwar li jgħaddu minn

4
00:00:09,030 --> 00:00:10,260
daqsxejn ta 'bidla kulturali.

5
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Għaliex issa, aħna qed tmur biex tibda
jitkellem dwar l-internet u web

6
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teknoloġiji.

7
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Allura sa issa, konna
verament qed tagħmel ħafna ta 'C.

8
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>> U meta aħna kont qed
running programmi tagħna,

9
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aħna kienu qed jaħdmu magħhom
mill-linja ta 'kmand.

10
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Li pretty ħafna kif l-utenti jkollhom
ġew interazzjoni mal-programmi

11
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li aħna tikteb.

12
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Huma pick xi ħaġa li fil-pront, xi ħaġa
jiġri fit-tieqa terminal,

13
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u mbagħad dan isir.

14
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>> Kultant inti jista 'jkollok persistenti
data li tibqa 'wara.

15
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Imma dak li pretty ħafna dan.

16
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Huwa fil-linja tal-kmand.

17
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Hu l-uniku mod l-utent jistgħu jinteraġixxu.

18
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Minn dan il-punt quddiem,
aħna qed tmur biex tibda

19
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transizzjoni sabiex l-utenti
jistgħu jinteraġixxu ma 'websajts tagħna.

20
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Allura aħna qed tmur biex tkun bil-miktub
websajts, li ma tkunx inkitbet fis-C,

21
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iżda huma miktuba fil-varjetà ta 'oħrajn
lingwi ta 'programmar, inklużi PHP,

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u huwa tip ta 'lingwi helper,
HTML, CSS, u simili.

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Allura aħna qed tmur biex tibda
jitkellem dwar dawk l-affarijiet.

24
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>> Qabel ma aħna jsibu rwieħhom web
programmazzjoni innifsu,

25
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Naħseb li huwa probabbilment tajba
idea li tieħu pass lura u jitkellmu

26
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dwar kif il-kompjuters u
bnedmin jinteraġixxu fuq il-web.

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Allura dan il-video huwa verament primer,
gwida bażika, l-internet.

28
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Issa, il-twiddiba hawnhekk huwa l-
CS50 mhix klassi netwerking.

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Allura dak li aħna qed tmur biex jitkellem
dwar hawn huwa l-livell pjuttost għoli.

30
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Aħna mhux se
jsibu rwieħhom kwalunkwe livell baxx

31
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dettalji ta 'kif dan kollu Jittieħed xogħlijiet.

32
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Jekk int interessat
peress li, I d qawwa

33
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jirrakkomanda teħid ta 'klassi
fuq in-netwerking tal-kompjuter.

34
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U nistgħu anke tell
jinsabu abjad jew tnejn biss

35
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għall-finijiet li ssir l
fehim ġenerali ċara.

36
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>> Allura ma 'dak imsemmi, ejja nitkellmu dwar
kif aħna jinteraġixxu mal-internet.

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Allura aħna qegħdin hawn.

38
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Hawn us.

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Aħna pretty ħerqana li
jkollna fuq l-internet, li

40
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kif nafu lkoll, hija chock sħiħa ta 'qtates.

41
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>> Issa nistgħu biss jgħaqqdu l
l-internet bħal din?

42
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Well, probabbilment le.

43
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Intuwittivament, inti taf
li, jgħidu per eżempju,

44
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meta tibdel tiegħek Wi-Fi
netwerk fuq il-kompjuter tiegħek,

45
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ma tarax wieħed imsejjaħ internet
sakemm dik biss hekk jiġri

46
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li jkun l-isem tal tiegħek lokali Wi-Fi.

47
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Dritt?

48
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>> Huwa ġeneralment xi ħaġa bħal dar.

49
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Jew jekk int fuq ix-xogħol, jista '
jkun l-isem tal-kumpanija tiegħek.

50
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Hemm mhux biss wieħed
għażla msejħa internet.

51
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U hekk xi ħaġa jew xi
affarijiet jeżistu bejn meta

52
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irridu li jgħaqqdu l-internet.

53
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Liema huma xi wħud minn dawk l-affarijiet?

54
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Well, aħna qed tmur biex jitkellmu dwar dan.

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Aħna wkoll qed tmur biex jitkellmu dwar
xi wħud mill-affarijiet importanti

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għandna bżonn sabiex tkun tista '
li jgħaqqdu l-internet.

57
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U l-ewwel minn dawn
affarijiet huwa indirizz IP.

58
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Allura inti ħadthom probabbilment jinstemgħu
it-terminu indirizz IP qabel.

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Xi tfisser?

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Ukoll, l-indirizz IP huwa
bażikament identifikatur uniku

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tal-kompjuter tiegħek fuq netwerk.

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Eżatt bħal kull dar jew
uffiċċju għandu indirizz uniku

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li wieħed jista 'jibgħat email.

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>> Bl-istess mod, kull kompjuter jekk
trid tirċievi data jew jibagħtu data,

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jeħtieġ li jkollu indirizz uniku.

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B'tali mod li meta l-informazzjoni
huwa mibgħut jew riċevut,

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huwa qed tintbagħat minn jew riċevuti
għall-post korretta.

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Din l-iskema li tindirizza, kif I
qal, huwa msejjaħ IP indirizzar.

69
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IP huwa stands għall-Protokoll Internet,
li aħna ser nitkellmu dwar darb'oħra dalwaqt.

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>> Issa, dak ma IP indirizzar look like?

71
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Ukoll, l-iskema bażikament kien,
meta ġie implimentat l-ewwel,

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biex jagħti lil kull kompjuter
uniku indirizz 32-bit.

73
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Li l-lott ta 'bits.

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C'est 4 biljun indirizz.

75
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>> U ġeneralment, minflok li jużaw
eżadeċimali, li

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konna użat qabel fil-kuntest ta '
pointers fis-C biex jitkellmu dwar l-indirizzi,

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aħna normalment jirrappreżentaw IP
indirizzi ftit aktar

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ta 'ħbiberija bniedem
mod, li jirrappreżentawhom

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bħala erba 'gruppi ta' 8 bits
rappreżentati kif numri deċimali.

80
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Minħabba bnedmin ma 'spiss jitkellmu
hexadeċimali, sakemm int programmazzjoni.

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Iżda n-nies li jużaw l-internet
mhumiex neċessarjament programmaturi.

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>> U għalhekk jagħmilha faċli
u aċċessibbli għalihom

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li tkun kapaċi jitkellmu dwar dak tagħhom
Indirizz IP huwa fil-każ li forsi

84
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bżonn tirrikorri up xi ħadd
li troubleshoot xi ħaġa,

85
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huwa aħjar li jagħmlu dan fil-aktar
Numru deċimali konvenzjonali komuni

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format.

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U hekk l-indirizz IP biss jistenna
pretty ħafna bħal dan, w.x.y.z,

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fejn kull wieħed minn dawn l-ittri
tirrappreżenta valur non-negattiv

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fil-medda ta 0-255.

90
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Ifakkar li numru 8-bit
tista 'żżomm 256 valuri distinti.

91
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>> U hekk hu għalhekk firxa tagħna huwa 0-255.

92
00:04:10,520 --> 00:04:15,030
U aħna għandna erba 'gruppi ta' 8
bits għal total grand ta '32 bits.

93
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U hekk l-indirizz IP jista
tfittex xi ħaġa bħal din.

94
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Dan huwa tip ta ġeneriku
default indirizz IP, 123.45.67.89.

95
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Kollha kemm huma fil-medda ta '0 sa
255, b'tali mod li l-indirizz IP validu.

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>> Hawn fuq Harvard University, li kollha
indirizzi IP tagħna tibda bil 140.247.

97
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Dik hija biss il-mod li l-PI
indirizzi f'dan il-qasam ġeografika

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ġew assenjati.

99
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U hekk dan jista 'jkun l-indirizz IP
li jistgħu jeżistu hawnhekk fil-Harvard.

100
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>> So kif għidt, jekk kull indirizz IP
huwa 32 bits, aħna għandna madwar 4 biljun

101
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biex jagħtu, ftit
aktar minn 4 biljun.

102
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Iżda nistgħu tip ta 'tara problema, id-dritt?

103
00:04:51,470 --> 00:04:53,190
X'hemm-popolazzjoni dinjija dritt issa?

104
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>> Ukoll, huwa x'imkien
tramuntana ta '7 biljun ruħ.

105
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U fid-dinja tal-Punent
Mill-inqas, ħafna nies

106
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jkollhom aktar minn apparat wieħed
kapaċi konnettività internet.

107
00:05:02,644 --> 00:05:03,560
I jkollhom waħda dritt hawn.

108
00:05:03,560 --> 00:05:04,880
U jien xulxin fil-but tiegħi.

109
00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:06,340
U I jkollhom waħda lura fl-uffiċċju tiegħi.

110
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>> U hekk dan huwa tlieta.

111
00:05:07,387 --> 00:05:09,970
U li lanqas ma jgħoddu l-
dawk li għandi fid-dar, wisq.

112
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U hekk dan huwa tip ta 'problema, id-dritt?

113
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Aħna jkollhom mill-inqas 7 biljun ruħ
u biss 4 biljun indirizz.

114
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>> U kull mezz suppost
li tiġi identifikata b'mod uniku.

115
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Aħna żviluppajna xi workarounds
biex jittrattaw din il-problema,

116
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xi ħaġa imsejħa privat
Indirizz IP, li aħna mhux qed

117
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se jsibu rwieħhom f'dan il-video.

118
00:05:24,573 --> 00:05:31,920
Imma bażikament, Jippermetti wkoll l-
web, l-internet, it-tip ta 'foloz

119
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out ftit li għandek unika
indirizz billi indirizzi privati

120
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u mbagħad funneling lilhom permezz
f'indirizz wieħed, li

121
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hija maqsuma minn kompjuters differenti ħafna.

122
00:05:41,220 --> 00:05:43,200
>> Imma dak li verament ma jiffissaw fit-tul.

123
00:05:43,200 --> 00:05:45,250
Anki li fiss mhux
se aħħar dejjem.

124
00:05:45,250 --> 00:05:50,030
U għalhekk għandna bżonn li jkollhom differenti
mod kif wieħed jittratta ma 'dan.

125
00:05:50,030 --> 00:05:51,904
>> So kif għidt, kellna madwar 4 biljun.

126
00:05:51,904 --> 00:05:53,820
Iżda dan mhux se
tkun tajba biżżejjed, id-dritt?

127
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U għalhekk l-mod li hija għandha
ġie deċiż fiha aħna qed

128
00:05:56,540 --> 00:05:59,240
ser jittrattaw dan huwa
li jagħmlu indirizzi IP itwal.

129
00:05:59,240 --> 00:06:03,344
Minflok indirizzi 32-bit, aħna qed
ser ikollhom indirizzi 128-bit.

130
00:06:03,344 --> 00:06:05,260
Allura minflok 4 biljun
indirizzi, aħna qed tmur

131
00:06:05,260 --> 00:06:11,130
li jkollhom dak in-numru kbir ta 'indirizzi,
li hija 340000000000 biljun biljun

132
00:06:11,130 --> 00:06:14,150
biljun, u għalhekk ħafna ta 'indirizzi IP.

133
00:06:14,150 --> 00:06:18,240
>> U din l-iskema l-ġdida huwa msejjaħ IPv6
huwa komunement kif huwa msemmi.

134
00:06:18,240 --> 00:06:21,242
L-iskema antika jkunu IPv4.

135
00:06:21,242 --> 00:06:23,450
Huwa daqsxejn ta 'problema fil-
li din il-problema kienet

136
00:06:23,450 --> 00:06:25,470
magħruf dwar għal żmien twil verament.

137
00:06:25,470 --> 00:06:28,025

138
00:06:28,025 --> 00:06:32,201
>> U tkun taf tara dan ħafna fil-
kuntest ta 'kompjuters u kompjuters.

139
00:06:32,201 --> 00:06:33,700
Aħna tajba fil-problemi antiċipazzjoni.

140
00:06:33,700 --> 00:06:36,449
Iżda aħna qed bad li tittratta magħhom
anke jekk nafu dwarhom.

141
00:06:36,449 --> 00:06:38,340
Allura IPv6 kien madwar għal waqt.

142
00:06:38,340 --> 00:06:40,510
U biss fl-aħħar ftit
snin li aħna attwalment

143
00:06:40,510 --> 00:06:47,190
beda dħul gradwali f'dawn l-indirizzi IPv6
li gradwalment ineħħi l-indirizzi IPv4.

144
00:06:47,190 --> 00:06:49,520
Iżda xi postijiet do jkollhom magħhom.

145
00:06:49,520 --> 00:06:52,200
U huma jixxieħbu
għal indirizz IP regolari.

146
00:06:52,200 --> 00:06:53,520
Imma dawn huma ħafna itwal.

147
00:06:53,520 --> 00:06:59,900
>> Allura minflok issa erbgħa
gruppi ta '8 bytes għall-indirizz tiegħek,

148
00:06:59,900 --> 00:07:03,580
issa għandna tmien gruppi ta '16 bytes.

149
00:07:03,580 --> 00:07:06,680
U 8 darbiet 16 huwa 128.

150
00:07:06,680 --> 00:07:11,210
U aħna jirrappreżentaw dawn fil-inqas
forma hexadeċimali konvenzjonali.

151
00:07:11,210 --> 00:07:16,930
Minħabba li jkollhom in-numri 16-bit ifisser li
minflok ma 'firxa ta' 0 sa 255,

152
00:07:16,930 --> 00:07:20,350
Aħna'd jkollhom firxa ta '0 sa 65,535.

153
00:07:20,350 --> 00:07:22,470
>> U hekk li jkollhom mazz
ta 'dawk mwaħħla flimkien

154
00:07:22,470 --> 00:07:24,680
Ikun diffiċli ħafna biex jinqara.

155
00:07:24,680 --> 00:07:27,480
U hekk aħna normalment jużaw hex
biss mill-konvenjenza.

156
00:07:27,480 --> 00:07:31,180
U hekk l-indirizz IPv6 tipiku
tista 'tidher xi ħaġa bħal din.

157
00:07:31,180 --> 00:07:35,860
>> Huwa ċertament ħafna itwal minn
-indirizz IPv4 konna rajna qabel.

158
00:07:35,860 --> 00:07:39,280
Iżda dan ikun indirizz IPv6 validu.

159
00:07:39,280 --> 00:07:41,570
Dan wieħed huwa wkoll dwar l-indirizz IPv6.

160
00:07:41,570 --> 00:07:44,331
>> Dan wieħed jiġri li jappartjenu lill-Google.

161
00:07:44,331 --> 00:07:46,080
U avviż hemm
mazz ta 'żerijiet hemmhekk.

162
00:07:46,080 --> 00:07:47,930
Xi kultant dawn l-indirizzi
jistgħu jiksbu sakemm.

163
00:07:47,930 --> 00:07:50,530
U peress li aħna qed għadhom
pretty kmieni fil IPv6,

164
00:07:50,530 --> 00:07:54,250
kultant jista 'jkun hemm biċċiet kbar ta'
żerijiet fil hemmhekk li ma kellniex bżonn.

165
00:07:54,250 --> 00:08:01,920
>> Jekk qed taqra dan out loud,
huwa 2001.4860.4860.0.0.0.0.8844.

166
00:08:01,920 --> 00:08:03,325
Huwa tip ta 'lott, id-dritt?

167
00:08:03,325 --> 00:08:05,450
Mela jekk tara mazz ta '
żerijiet, inti tista 'xi kultant

168
00:08:05,450 --> 00:08:08,990
tara indirizz IPv6 bħal dan,
fejn dawn iħallu barra l-żerijiet

169
00:08:08,990 --> 00:08:10,959
u l-użu kolon doppja minflok.

170
00:08:10,959 --> 00:08:11,750
Dan huwa OK, għalkemm.

171
00:08:11,750 --> 00:08:14,610
Għaliex aħna nafu li hemm
mistennija li jkunu tmien biċċiet distinti.

172
00:08:14,610 --> 00:08:17,190
U għalhekk impliċitament, naraw erbgħa.

173
00:08:17,190 --> 00:08:20,620
Allura nafu li għandu jkun hemm erba 'settijiet
ta 'żerijiet bħal dan, li imla fil.

174
00:08:20,620 --> 00:08:23,760
>> Allura xi kultant, inti tista 'tara
indirizz IPv6 ma jkollhomx

175
00:08:23,760 --> 00:08:26,650
tmien biċċiet separati bħal nagħmlu hawnhekk.

176
00:08:26,650 --> 00:08:28,760
Inti tista 'tara dan tfittex bħal dan.

177
00:08:28,760 --> 00:08:31,310
U dan ifisser biss li
kollox ma tarax fil

178
00:08:31,310 --> 00:08:37,450
bejn fejn dak kolon doppja
huwa huwa biss żero separati.

179
00:08:37,450 --> 00:08:37,998
>> Allura, OK.

180
00:08:37,998 --> 00:08:40,039
Nafu ftit aktar
dwar indirizzi IP issa.

181
00:08:40,039 --> 00:08:41,250
Imma kif nistgħu tikseb minnhom?

182
00:08:41,250 --> 00:08:44,727
Ma nistgħux sempliċement pick-waħda li rridu.

183
00:08:44,727 --> 00:08:47,810
Jekk aħna ma dan, aħna jista 'jispiċċa ġlied
xi ħadd għall-istess indirizz IP.

184
00:08:47,810 --> 00:08:50,050
Jew xi ħadd jista 'jkollhom
magħżula dan qabel.

185
00:08:50,050 --> 00:08:52,799
Jekk nippruvaw u teħodha, aħna qed tmur
li jinżel fit daqsxejn ta 'problema.

186
00:08:52,799 --> 00:08:56,300
U hekk aħna ma tistax biss pick
-indirizz IP li rridu.

187
00:08:56,300 --> 00:08:58,410
>> Allura l-mod li aħna tikseb
Indirizz IP huwa x'imkien

188
00:08:58,410 --> 00:09:02,960
bejn il-kompjuter u l-tagħna
internet, li internet big hemmhekk,

189
00:09:02,960 --> 00:09:07,500
hemm xi ħaġa imsejħa server DHCP,
a Konfigurazzjoni Protokoll Dynamic Ospitanti

190
00:09:07,500 --> 00:09:08,630
server.

191
00:09:08,630 --> 00:09:09,960
Huwa f'gidma kbir ta 'test.

192
00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:12,670
Imma verament kollha li ma huwa
tassenja inti l-indirizz IP.

193
00:09:12,670 --> 00:09:16,960
>> Server DHCP tiegħek għandu lista ta '
jindirizza ikun jista validament tassenja.

194
00:09:16,960 --> 00:09:18,160
U jagħtik wieħed.

195
00:09:18,160 --> 00:09:19,743
Li pretty ħafna kollha hemm għaliha.

196
00:09:19,743 --> 00:09:23,810
Issa qabel DHCP, dan il-kompitu
li jiġi assenjat indirizzi

197
00:09:23,810 --> 00:09:25,106
waqgħet għal amministratur tas-sistema.

198
00:09:25,106 --> 00:09:27,730
Allura persuna nnifisha jkollhom
li manwalment tassenja kompjuter tiegħek

199
00:09:27,730 --> 00:09:30,670
u l-indirizz meta inti
konnessi ma 'netwerk.

200
00:09:30,670 --> 00:09:34,307
Allura DHCP biss tip ta 'automates dan
proċess ta 'jagħtik l-indirizz IP.

201
00:09:34,307 --> 00:09:35,390
Imma dak li kif inti ġġibu.

202
00:09:35,390 --> 00:09:37,431
Huwa biss programm ta 'tmexxija
x'imkien bejn vous

203
00:09:37,431 --> 00:09:40,920
u l-internet li għandha bank ta
Indirizzi IP li tista 'tagħti out.

204
00:09:40,920 --> 00:09:43,170
U meta inti jgħaqqdu l-
network, li tagħtik wieħed.

205
00:09:43,170 --> 00:09:44,660
Mela ejja rriveduti dan dijagramma.

206
00:09:44,660 --> 00:09:49,660
X'imkien bejn inti u l-
internet, hemm server DHCP.

207
00:09:49,660 --> 00:09:50,160
KOLLOX SEW.

208
00:09:50,160 --> 00:09:51,500
Allura li tajjeb.

209
00:09:51,500 --> 00:09:53,537
Issa, ejja nitkellmu dwar DNS.

210
00:09:53,537 --> 00:09:55,370
Allura konna tkellimna għalkemm
dawn l-indirizzi IP.

211
00:09:55,370 --> 00:09:57,840
U nafu li jekk aħna qed
se jidentifika unikament

212
00:09:57,840 --> 00:10:01,740
apparat fuq l-internet, it
għandu jkollhom indirizz uniku.

213
00:10:01,740 --> 00:10:04,150
>> U nistgħu żjara li
tindirizza jekk ridna li.

214
00:10:04,150 --> 00:10:09,600
Imma inti ħadthom probabbilment qatt ittajpjat
fil xi ħaġa bħal 192.168.1.0

215
00:10:09,600 --> 00:10:11,490
fil-browser tiegħek, id-dritt?

216
00:10:11,490 --> 00:10:13,980
Inti ma tip f'numri
fil-browser tiegħek.

217
00:10:13,980 --> 00:10:19,410
Inti normalment tip fl-ismijiet tinqara mill-bniedem
bħal google.com jew cs50.harvard.edu,

218
00:10:19,410 --> 00:10:20,640
id-dritt?

219
00:10:20,640 --> 00:10:22,880
>> Dawk mhumiex indirizzi IP, għalkemm.

220
00:10:22,880 --> 00:10:27,320
Allura jeżisti dan is-servizz
imsejjaħ il Isem ta 'Dominju

221
00:10:27,320 --> 00:10:33,990
Sistema, DNS, li jittraduċi IP
tindirizza lill-kliem tal-bniedem komprensibbli

222
00:10:33,990 --> 00:10:37,690
jew frażijiet li huma ħafna aktar memorabbli
minn ftakar sett ta 'erba' numri

223
00:10:37,690 --> 00:10:40,430
jew, dalwaqt, sett ta 'tmien
numri hexadeċimali.

224
00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:42,400
Dan ikun verament sfida, right?

225
00:10:42,400 --> 00:10:45,560
>> Aħseb dwar qabel il
ġranet ta 'mowbajls.

226
00:10:45,560 --> 00:10:47,730
Kellek Memorize tiegħek tiegħek
numri tat-telefon ħabib.

227
00:10:47,730 --> 00:10:49,230
Jista gotten iebsa
wara ftit ftit.

228
00:10:49,230 --> 00:10:51,190
U l-istess, jekk inti tixtieq
biex iżuru mazz ta 'websajts,

229
00:10:51,190 --> 00:10:53,570
inti probabilment ma jridux
ftakar mazz ta 'numri.

230
00:10:53,570 --> 00:10:56,640
Tixtieq aktar tiftakar mazz ta 'kliem.

231
00:10:56,640 --> 00:11:01,930
>> Allura dan mapping, dan traduzzjoni, ta '
settijiet ta 'numri lil ismijiet tinqara mill-bniedem

232
00:11:01,930 --> 00:11:04,520
tip ta 'jagħmel DNS l
yellow pages tal-web.

233
00:11:04,520 --> 00:11:06,270
U inti tista 'taħseb dwar
bħallikieku huwa biss

234
00:11:06,270 --> 00:11:14,305
lista enormi li jibda mill 0.0.0.0 kollha
it-triq biex 255.255.255.255, li

235
00:11:14,305 --> 00:11:21,490
ikun l-ogħla possible-- li l-
il-firxa sħiħa mill 0s li 255s ta 'kull 4

236
00:11:21,490 --> 00:11:25,525
indirizzi IPv4 biljun ish.

237
00:11:25,525 --> 00:11:27,400
I magħmula dawk fuq
il-quċċata u l-qiegħ.

238
00:11:27,400 --> 00:11:30,500
Iżda l-wieħed fin-nofs hemm
huwa attwalment indirizz IP.

239
00:11:30,500 --> 00:11:38,440
Mela jekk żorna 74.125.202.138,
apparentement li jittraduċi għal dak is-sit

240
00:11:38,440 --> 00:11:40,490
hemm, io-- dak l-Heck huwa li?

241
00:11:40,490 --> 00:11:46,290
Ukoll, mhux kull isem li mapep huwa
attwalment ċar dak li hi, id-dritt?

242
00:11:46,290 --> 00:11:48,920
>> Allura xi kultant xi ħadd
li tippossjedi l-indirizz IP

243
00:11:48,920 --> 00:11:52,090
jista isem xi ħaġa ospitanti tagħhom
li dawn qed attwalment le.

244
00:11:52,090 --> 00:11:55,442
Per eżempju, dak l-indirizz IP jekk inti
marru hemm, huwa attwalment biss google.com.

245
00:11:55,442 --> 00:11:57,540
Iżda Google għandha ħafna
servers ta differenti.

246
00:11:57,540 --> 00:11:59,322
>> U ma jistgħux jsejħulhom kollha google.com.

247
00:11:59,322 --> 00:12:03,530
Sabiex ikollhom tagħhom stess
sistema interna għat-traduzzjoni

248
00:12:03,530 --> 00:12:09,125
google.com għal dak kollu server attwalment
huwa konness ma 'dak l-indirizz IP.

249
00:12:09,125 --> 00:12:11,250
U allura hemm ieħor
sistema li teżisti bejn

250
00:12:11,250 --> 00:12:15,120
biex minnha gobbledygook
hawn biex google.com.

251
00:12:15,120 --> 00:12:16,830
Iżda aħna mhux se jsibu rwieħhom li.

252
00:12:16,830 --> 00:12:18,920
>> U l-istess għal
IPv6s, aħna qed wkoll se

253
00:12:18,920 --> 00:12:22,089
li jkollhom yellow pages
li ser tkun ħafna akbar.

254
00:12:22,089 --> 00:12:23,880
U l-istess, fil-
nofs there-- kien

255
00:12:23,880 --> 00:12:26,496
iebsa biex isibu IPv6
indirizz li kien leġittimu.

256
00:12:26,496 --> 00:12:27,620
Imma sibt wieħed għal Google.

257
00:12:27,620 --> 00:12:30,460
>> Imma hija website Irlandiż Google.

258
00:12:30,460 --> 00:12:34,170
Imma jekk inti marru għal dik indirizz IPv6,
jekk browser tiegħek kien IPv6 kapaċi,

259
00:12:34,170 --> 00:12:36,940
li ġġib inti
Homepage Irlandiż google.

260
00:12:36,940 --> 00:12:39,460
Allura hemmhekk inti tmur.

261
00:12:39,460 --> 00:12:41,830
>> Iżda dan mhux kompletament veru, right?

262
00:12:41,830 --> 00:12:43,710
Dan is-sistema tidher problematika, right?

263
00:12:43,710 --> 00:12:47,220
Jekk hemm lista enormi ta '4
biljun affarijiet li għandek tfittex up,

264
00:12:47,220 --> 00:12:48,270
dan huwa pretty big.

265
00:12:48,270 --> 00:12:52,634
M'hemm l-ebda yellow pages
tad-dinja, id-dritt?

266
00:12:52,634 --> 00:12:54,800
Jekk inti xorta jiksbu l-isfar
paġni mogħtija lill you--

267
00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:56,841
Sibt minjiera l-oħra jum,
u I biss riċiklat dan.

268
00:12:56,841 --> 00:12:59,070
Imma jekk inti do nikseb l-isfar
paġni mogħtija lilek,

269
00:12:59,070 --> 00:13:02,120
inti ma tieħux ktieb li l-kull
numru tat-telefon li teżisti fuq il-pjaneta,

270
00:13:02,120 --> 00:13:02,620
id-dritt?

271
00:13:02,620 --> 00:13:05,500
Ikollok lista ta 'l-
numri tat-telefon lokali,

272
00:13:05,500 --> 00:13:07,670
dawk li inti qed aktar probabbli li sejħa.

273
00:13:07,670 --> 00:13:09,400
>> U dan huwa fil-fatt dak DNS huwa.

274
00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:12,860
Jekk taħseb dwar dan, DNS huwa
verament-yellow pages lokali.

275
00:13:12,860 --> 00:13:17,350
U s-servers DNS kbar
bħal google.coms, huma

276
00:13:17,350 --> 00:13:19,180
huma attwalment biss aktar
bħal libreriji li

277
00:13:19,180 --> 00:13:25,470
jkollhom kopja ta 'kull wieħed l-isfar lokali
paġni jew kollha tar-rekords DNS lokali.

278
00:13:25,470 --> 00:13:29,520
Allura hemm verament ebda repożitorju wieħed
tal-DNS sħiħa tal-internet,

279
00:13:29,520 --> 00:13:32,410
bħad hemm l-ebda waħda
yellow pages tad-dinja.

280
00:13:32,410 --> 00:13:36,450
>> Hemm dawn kollha żgħar lokali
DNSs skala li jeżistu hemmhekk.

281
00:13:36,450 --> 00:13:39,010
U hemm servizzi li
aggregati flimkien.

282
00:13:39,010 --> 00:13:42,174
Iżda huma jiddependu fuq dawk
Sistemi DNS iżgħar

283
00:13:42,174 --> 00:13:45,340
aġġornar tat-tagħrif tagħhom, b'tali mod li
ikollhom l-informazzjoni aktar preċiża.

284
00:13:45,340 --> 00:13:48,500
>> Għalhekk għal darb'oħra, din l-analoġija
hija aggregazzjoni kbir

285
00:13:48,500 --> 00:13:51,910
Sistemi DNS huma simili
libreriji li għandhom kopja

286
00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:56,410
minn kull yellow pages tad-dinja.

287
00:13:56,410 --> 00:13:58,350
Dawn ma infushom
taġġorna dawk il-kotba.

288
00:13:58,350 --> 00:14:01,620
Huma jiddependu fuq il-kotba li ġejjin fil-
sabiex ikunu jistgħu jaġġornaw l-informazzjoni

289
00:14:01,620 --> 00:14:04,560
jekk jeħtiġuha.

290
00:14:04,560 --> 00:14:07,700
>> Għalhekk is-sistema DNS mhuwiex blokk ġgant.

291
00:14:07,700 --> 00:14:11,026
Huwa deċentralizzata madwar
ħafna, servers ħafna.

292
00:14:11,026 --> 00:14:13,400
Allura issa nafu li x'imkien
bejnietna u l-internet

293
00:14:13,400 --> 00:14:18,350
teżisti server DNS
kif ukoll server DHCP.

294
00:14:18,350 --> 00:14:20,910
>> Issa, punti ta 'aċċess,
dak punti ta 'aċċess tagħna?

295
00:14:20,910 --> 00:14:23,840
Ukoll, punti ta 'aċċess int probabilment
pretty familjari mal milli attwalment

296
00:14:23,840 --> 00:14:24,964
konnessjoni għall-internet.

297
00:14:24,964 --> 00:14:28,820
Dik hija l-network li inti tagħżel,
l-dar jew netwerk xogħol tiegħek

298
00:14:28,820 --> 00:14:30,310
jew dak li int.

299
00:14:30,310 --> 00:14:32,597
>> U jien jiġġeneralizzaw l
kunċett ta 'punt ta' aċċess

300
00:14:32,597 --> 00:14:33,930
hawn għal finijiet ta 'dan il-video.

301
00:14:33,930 --> 00:14:35,721
Iżda hemm attwalment
ħafna affarijiet li

302
00:14:35,721 --> 00:14:38,766
jistgħu ikunu rroljati fil punti ta 'aċċess.

303
00:14:38,766 --> 00:14:41,890
Hemm kunċetti ta 'routers, li
huwa tip ta 'terminu ġenerali li nużaw.

304
00:14:41,890 --> 00:14:45,940
>> Iżda hemm swiċċijiet ukoll
u affarijiet attwalment imsejħa

305
00:14:45,940 --> 00:14:49,070
punti ta 'aċċess li huma separati minn
dan il-kunċett ġenerali ta 'aċċess

306
00:14:49,070 --> 00:14:49,780
punt.

307
00:14:49,780 --> 00:14:54,510
Imma bażikament dak
jiġri huwa ma IPv4, I

308
00:14:54,510 --> 00:14:57,030
qal għandna dan il-kunċett
ta 'indirizzi privati, id-dritt?

309
00:14:57,030 --> 00:15:03,680
U minflok kull magna
li jkollhom l-indirizz IP uniku, li

310
00:15:03,680 --> 00:15:07,720
għandna jispiċċaw ta ', għaliex
aħna qed aktar minn 4 biljun mezzi

311
00:15:07,720 --> 00:15:09,860
jippruvaw li jgħaqqdu l
l-internet, dak li nagħmlu

312
00:15:09,860 --> 00:15:12,810
huwa minflok tassenja
Indirizz IP għal router.

313
00:15:12,810 --> 00:15:15,960
Li router jew punt ta 'aċċess
biss fid-dar tiegħek, per eżempju.

314
00:15:15,960 --> 00:15:19,280
>> U tax-xogħol tal-router li
tip ta 'jaġixxi bħala COP traffiku,

315
00:15:19,280 --> 00:15:23,540
jippermettu kulħadd li konness
għal dak router li jużaw l-istess PI

316
00:15:23,540 --> 00:15:25,115
jindirizzaw lill toħroġ.

317
00:15:25,115 --> 00:15:25,990
Does li jagħmel sens?

318
00:15:25,990 --> 00:15:29,414
Allura kulħadd fid-dar tiegħek
għandu indirizz IP privat.

319
00:15:29,414 --> 00:15:31,830
Huma ma jistgħux jgħaqqdu l-
internet, jew l-internet pjuttost

320
00:15:31,830 --> 00:15:34,870
ma jistax jitkellem magħhom, permezz
dak l-indirizz privat.

321
00:15:34,870 --> 00:15:37,656
Huma jistgħu jitkellmu biss għalihom
permezz tal-indirizz fl-router.

322
00:15:37,656 --> 00:15:39,530
U huwa l-router s
xogħol li jieħdu informazzjoni

323
00:15:39,530 --> 00:15:42,900
li int tibgħat l-router
u li jindirizzawha lejn il-post korretta

324
00:15:42,900 --> 00:15:46,890
u għall-informazzjoni li l-ġejjin
fil-router għall-router

325
00:15:46,890 --> 00:15:48,860
li tibgħat lill inti.

326
00:15:48,860 --> 00:15:52,470
>> Allura l-routers huma verament l-
apparati here-- partikolarment router

327
00:15:52,470 --> 00:15:59,010
fid-dar tiegħek, l-aktar tip komuni
ta 'każ-użu għal ħafna people--

328
00:15:59,010 --> 00:16:00,870
li għandha l-indirizz IP pubbliku.

329
00:16:00,870 --> 00:16:03,910
Dik hija l-mezz li l-
konness mal-internet.

330
00:16:03,910 --> 00:16:07,190
U inti jgħaqqdu l-router
li jkollhom fluss ta 'informazzjoni

331
00:16:07,190 --> 00:16:09,910
permezz ta 'dan għan-nom tiegħek.

332
00:16:09,910 --> 00:16:14,420
>> As I said, netwerk nazzjonali moderna, l-
router u jaqilbu u punt ta 'aċċess

333
00:16:14,420 --> 00:16:16,420
huma kollha tip ta 'bundled
ġo apparat wieħed.

334
00:16:16,420 --> 00:16:19,240
Kultant modem huwa
magħmul fi gzuz fil hemm ukoll.

335
00:16:19,240 --> 00:16:20,800
Li normalment ftit imsejħa router.

336
00:16:20,800 --> 00:16:23,210
Imma huwa verament kollha
dawk l-affarijiet flimkien.

337
00:16:23,210 --> 00:16:27,870
>> Networks kbar tan-negozju iskala jew
hekk imsejħa Netwerks ta 'Erja Wiesgħa, WANS,

338
00:16:27,870 --> 00:16:29,570
attwalment iżommu dawn il-mezzi separati.

339
00:16:29,570 --> 00:16:30,470
Huma għandhom swiċċ.

340
00:16:30,470 --> 00:16:31,550
Huma għandhom routers.

341
00:16:31,550 --> 00:16:33,510
Huma għandhom punti ta 'aċċess multipli.

342
00:16:33,510 --> 00:16:36,250
>> Per eżempju, fi
università tkun taf tara affarijiet

343
00:16:36,250 --> 00:16:40,300
li look like hekk imsejħa routers
immuntati huma kollha madwar il-kampus.

344
00:16:40,300 --> 00:16:44,120
Dawk huma punti kollha ta 'aċċess li joħorġu
fis routers, switches, eċċetera,

345
00:16:44,120 --> 00:16:45,250
li jgħaddu informazzjoni flimkien.

346
00:16:45,250 --> 00:16:49,120
Minħabba dawn in-netwerks huma tant
kbir li punt wieħed ta 'aċċess uniku

347
00:16:49,120 --> 00:16:51,870
ma tistax tkopri żona kbira tagħha.

348
00:16:51,870 --> 00:16:54,990
>> U hekk dawn in-netwerks kbar,
netwerks tan-negozju, eċċetera,

349
00:16:54,990 --> 00:16:57,710
maqsuma dawn fi separat
mezzi, hekk in-netwerk u l-iskala

350
00:16:57,710 --> 00:16:59,780
u jikbru jekk meħtieġ.

351
00:16:59,780 --> 00:17:04,180
Għalhekk għal darb'oħra, x'imkien bejnietna u
l-internet, għandna punt ta 'aċċess.

352
00:17:04,180 --> 00:17:05,430
U dan huwa dak li aħna jgħaqqdu.

353
00:17:05,430 --> 00:17:08,992
U permezz hemmhekk, aħna
jistgħu jiksbu l-internet.

354
00:17:08,992 --> 00:17:10,700
Kif għidt fil-
bidu ta 'dan il-video,

355
00:17:10,700 --> 00:17:12,540
din mhix kors fuq netwerking.

356
00:17:12,540 --> 00:17:13,990
Allura dan mhux l-istorja sħiħa.

357
00:17:13,990 --> 00:17:15,109
U stajt tip ta 'glossed fuq dan.

358
00:17:15,109 --> 00:17:17,150
U forsi stajt xellug inti
anke xi ftit konfuż

359
00:17:17,150 --> 00:17:18,670
dwar liema xi wħud minn dawn l-affarijiet huma.

360
00:17:18,670 --> 00:17:19,329
Imma dak li OK.

361
00:17:19,329 --> 00:17:20,599
>> M'għandniex bżonn l-istorja kollha.

362
00:17:20,599 --> 00:17:25,250
Huwa biżżejjed li nkunu nafu li jiċċaqilqu
quddiem biss bażikament ftit

363
00:17:25,250 --> 00:17:27,450
dwar kif l-internet jaħdem.

364
00:17:27,450 --> 00:17:30,670
Allura dak li nafu hu li għandna dawn
netwerks privati ​​fil-dar tagħna.

365
00:17:30,670 --> 00:17:32,880
>> U aħna konnessjoni ma 'router.

366
00:17:32,880 --> 00:17:36,674
U li router huwa konness
għall-internet b'mod ġenerali.

367
00:17:36,674 --> 00:17:38,090
Imma x'inhi l-internet b'mod ġenerali?

368
00:17:38,090 --> 00:17:39,930
I iżommu qal dan, iżda x'inhu?

369
00:17:39,930 --> 00:17:43,610
>> Ukoll, huwa verament ftit dawn kollha
networks individwali fil-dar tiegħi,

370
00:17:43,610 --> 00:17:47,460
u fil-dar tiegħek, u f'kull oħra
house, li huma konnessi flimkien.

371
00:17:47,460 --> 00:17:52,030
Huwa ta 'interkonness
network, l-inter-xibka.

372
00:17:52,030 --> 00:17:53,840
Allura minflok ta 'ħsieb
dwar l-internet

373
00:17:53,840 --> 00:17:59,080
kif dan sħaba ġgant, dan etereali
ħaġa li teżisti hemmhekk,

374
00:17:59,080 --> 00:18:02,470
huwa verament ftit konnessjoni
fost kollha ta 'dawn in-netwerks.

375
00:18:02,470 --> 00:18:03,500
>> So here we go.

376
00:18:03,500 --> 00:18:04,752
Aħna netwerk lokali tagħna.

377
00:18:04,752 --> 00:18:07,210
U aħna mhux qed l-unika persuna
probabbilment fuq in-netwerk lokali tagħna

378
00:18:07,210 --> 00:18:08,335
jippruvaw jużaw l-internet.

379
00:18:08,335 --> 00:18:10,940
Hemm probabbilment diversi
minna tipprova tikseb in.

380
00:18:10,940 --> 00:18:13,870
>> U aħna mhux qed l-unika network
li teżisti fid-dinja, id-dritt?

381
00:18:13,870 --> 00:18:18,300
Hemm netwerks oħra, ukoll, li
qed jippruvaw li jgħaqqdu l-internet.

382
00:18:18,300 --> 00:18:21,400
Iżda l-internet mhijiex,
għal darb'oħra, entità separata.

383
00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:25,592
>> Huwa biss sett ta 'regoli li jippermettu
dawn in-netwerks, dawn in-netwerks żgħar,

384
00:18:25,592 --> 00:18:27,300
l-blu, l-vjola,
u n-netwerk aħmar

385
00:18:27,300 --> 00:18:28,980
hawn, biex jikkomunikaw ma 'xulxin.

386
00:18:28,980 --> 00:18:31,230
Hekk hemm ebda ħaġa
dawn qed kollha konnessjoni għal.

387
00:18:31,230 --> 00:18:35,010
Huma qed kollha biss konnessi
ma 'xulxin, id-dritt?

388
00:18:35,010 --> 00:18:37,710
>> U hekk x'imkien fuq dawn
networks teżisti s-servizzi

389
00:18:37,710 --> 00:18:39,095
li aħna fil-fatt tixtieq.

390
00:18:39,095 --> 00:18:41,220
Allura forsi fin-netwerk blu
huwa fejn Google jgħix.

391
00:18:41,220 --> 00:18:43,303
U fin-netwerk vjola
huwa fejn Facebook jgħix.

392
00:18:43,303 --> 00:18:46,310
U fin-netwerk aħmar, ukoll, forsi
li fejn dawk qtates kollha huma.

393
00:18:46,310 --> 00:18:49,440
>> U hekk jekk aħna rridu nġibu
informazzjoni dwar qtates,

394
00:18:49,440 --> 00:18:55,166
aħna biss travers din il-katina ta 'netwerks
biex jiksbu l-informazzjoni li rridu.

395
00:18:55,166 --> 00:18:57,040
U hawn, stajt rappreżentati
in-netwerk bħala kollha

396
00:18:57,040 --> 00:18:58,414
jkunu jistgħu jitkellmu ma 'xulxin.

397
00:18:58,414 --> 00:19:00,300
U nistgħu biss nitkellmu man-network.

398
00:19:00,300 --> 00:19:01,910
Iżda n-netwerk ma tistax titkellem lura lilna.

399
00:19:01,910 --> 00:19:03,326
>> Imma dak li mhux veru lanqas, id-dritt?

400
00:19:03,326 --> 00:19:04,610
Din hija kollha b'żewġ direzzjonijiet tat-triq.

401
00:19:04,610 --> 00:19:07,860
Informazzjoni tista fluss permezz
networks u lura.

402
00:19:07,860 --> 00:19:09,007
>> Kif ma tagħmel dan?

403
00:19:09,007 --> 00:19:11,090
Ukoll, l-internet verament
sistema ta 'protokolli.

404
00:19:11,090 --> 00:19:11,970
U aħna qed tmur biex
jibda jitkellem dwar dak li

405
00:19:11,970 --> 00:19:14,130
dawn il-protokolli huma fil videos futuri.

406
00:19:14,130 --> 00:19:16,940
>> Iżda għal darb'oħra, l-internet
mhix ħaġa separata.

407
00:19:16,940 --> 00:19:20,760
Huwa sett ta 'regoli li jiddefinixxi
kif netwerks jikkomunikaw,

408
00:19:20,760 --> 00:19:23,410
dawn in-netwerks żgħar, dawn
netwerk lokali li aħna qed jintużaw biex,

409
00:19:23,410 --> 00:19:26,600
il-poplu fid-dar tagħna, il-poplu
fl-iskola tagħna, il-poplu fil xogħol tagħna,

410
00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:29,160
kollha qsim network.

411
00:19:29,160 --> 00:19:31,900
U kif dawn in-netwerks interkonnessjoni
u jitkellmu ma 'xulxin,

412
00:19:31,900 --> 00:19:34,160
dan huwa fil-fatt dak l-
tal-internet kollha madwar.

413
00:19:34,160 --> 00:19:36,090
Mela ejja, fil-futur
video, jitkellmu dwar xi wħud

414
00:19:36,090 --> 00:19:38,940
tal-protokolli li jinkludu
l-internet biex wieħed jittama

415
00:19:38,940 --> 00:19:42,320
jagħtuk daqsxejn aktar ta '
fehim tajjeb fit-tond.

416
00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:43,320
Jien Doug Lloyd.

417
00:19:43,320 --> 00:19:45,260
Dan huwa CS50.

418
00:19:45,260 --> 00:19:47,351