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>> BRIAN SCASSELLATI: Merħba
għas-serje video CS50 AI.

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Jisimni SCAS.

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U llum, aħna qed tmur biex tkun
jitkellem dwar karozzi-sewqan awto.

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Issa, jien ftit
embarrassed li jammettu li meta

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I kien kid parti kbira tat-tfulija tiegħi
revolved madwar David Hasselhoff.

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Issa, dan kien qabel kien involut
fil xi ħaġa bħal Amerika Got Talent,

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jew involuti bħala lifeguard fil Baywatch,
jew saħansitra qabel kien tip ta 'storja

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bħala stilla pop fil-Ġermanja.

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>> Fit-tfulija tiegħi, David Hasselhoff
kien l-attur appoġġ

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fuq it-televiżjoni magħrufa sew
serje imsejħa Knight Rider.

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U jien ngħid li kien l-attur ta 'sostenn,
minħabba verament l-istilla ta 'dan juru

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kien karozza, a Am Trans jismu
Kit, li jistgħu jsuqu minnu stess.

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Kit kien aqwa.

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Dan jista 'jitkellem miegħek.

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>> Hija tista 'ssolvi problemi.

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Dan jista 'jsuq kollha fuq il-post.

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Hija kellha wkoll lasers u murtali.

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Allura kien meraviljuż
vettura biex jibdew bihom.

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>> Iżda dan kien l-xjenza
finzjoni tal-ħin,

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karozzi awtonomi li
tista 'tagħmel id-deċiżjonijiet,

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li jistgħu jsuqu fit-triq.

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U f'kull punt fil
wieħed ta 'dawn l-episodji,

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David Hasselhoff kieku
jiksbu fl-inkwiet u l-karozza

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se tibda sewqan u mur u jiffranka lilu.

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Dan kien fantaxjenza tagħna.

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>> Anke fil biss l-aħħar 30
snin, li fantaxjenza

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marret minn fuq it-televiżjoni
u fuq l-iskrin

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f'realtà, fi prodotti kummerċjali.

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Illum, aħna qed tmur biex jitkellmu dwar kif
huwa li l-vetturi awtonomi huma verament

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tista 'tmur u issuq u biex
affarijiet assolutament aqwa.

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Imma ejja nibdew mal-istorja.

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>> Minħabba dawn il-karozzi-sewqan awto
ma jkunux ġejjin minn imkien.

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U fil-fatt, il-ħafna
ewwel-sewqan awto karozzi,

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l really ewwel influwenti
proġetti ta 'riċerka,

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ħareġ mill proġett imsejjaħ Navlab.

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Navlab kien proġett li rrappreżentaw
kważi għoxrin sena fil-Carnegie Mellon

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Università.

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>> U huma bnew varjetà
vetturi ta 'differenti

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li beda tfittex
bħal minivans żgħar, li

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kienu Humvees, li kienu eventwalment biss
sedans, u minivans, anke xarabanks belt.

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U dawn il-mezzi differenti
jkollhom sensors fihom,

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kellhom komputazzjoni
Sistemi jitqiegħdu fis minnhom, hekk

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li dawn jistgħu tidderieġi, u l-brejk,
u taċċellera awtonomu

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kollha dwar tagħhom stess.

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Issa, dawn is-sistemi kienu
ħafna primitive fil-bidu.

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>> U huma invokati ħafna
marki speċifiċi korsija.

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Allura l-aktar sistema impressjonanti li
li kienu bnew kienet parti mill Navlab ħamsa.

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U fl-1995, dan
vettura, kien minivan,

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saq minn Pittsburgh lejn San
Diego, kważi 3,000 mil.

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U 98% tal-ħin, l-uniku
ħaġa li tikkontrolla l-istering

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kien il-kompjuter.

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>> 98% tal-ħin, kien
kompletament awtonomi

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kif saq kważi mill-kosta għall-kosta.

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Issa, dan huwa oerhört impressjonanti.

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U meta naħsbu dwar dan,
hemm ħafna għalina biex tikkunsidra.

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>> Liema tipi ta 'sensors kien billi tuża?

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X'tip ta 'deċiżjoni
ma kien verament jagħmlu?

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Liema kienet li 2% oħra tal-ħin?

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>> Aħna qed tmur biex nipprova nikseb għal
xi wħud minn dawn il-kwistjonijiet llum.

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U kif aħna nħarsu lejn lilhom,
aħna qed tmur biex tipprova

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biex tikxef dak li huwa li
l-istruttura taħtha

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u kif il-kompjutazzjoni hija direttament
sewqan dawn l-applikazzjonijiet.

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Issa, Navlab kien suċċess tremend.

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U kien il-bażi ta 'dak kollu tagħna
ħsibijiet moderni dwar awtonomu

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vetturi.

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>> Iżda karozzi-sewqan awto ma verament
sar magħruf sew u popolari

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sakemm fl-2005 DARPA, bħala parti mill-
isforz isfida grand tagħhom,

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jitqiegħdu flimkien program li jippruvaw
li tibni vettura awtonoma.

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U huma għamlu dan sfida.

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Li jqiegħdu premju $ 2,000,000
hemmhekk bl-idea

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li xi riċerka verament smart
tim se ġejjin flimkien u jkunu

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jistgħu jitolbu dan il-premju $ 2 miljuni.

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>> Issa, il-premju ma kienx
se tkun faċli li tinkiseb.

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Sabiex tikseb l-
premju, inti jkollok

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li jibnu vettura li
bl-ebda intervent uman

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kienet kapaċi li ssuq 150 mile
Naturalment permezz tal-art mhux maħduma

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tal-deżert.

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U li kien kompitu ħafna.

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>> U fil-ħin, in-nies ħasbu li
huma kienu verament crazy meta jagħmlu dan.

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Allura l-ewwel laqgħa tal-
isfida grand kien fl-2004.

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U 'l barra ta' dak il-kors 150 mile, il
aktar 'il bogħod, l-aħjar tim li kellhom,

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marru madwar 11 mili qabel
is-sistema fallew kompletament.

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>> Issa, biex jagħti idea
ta 'kemm hu diffiċli jiġifieri,

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li 11-il mil kienet meqjusa bħala
suċċess fenomenali assoluta.

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Iżda DARPA riedu aktar.

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U għalhekk huma offruti l-istess
premju il sena ta 'wara.

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>> U wieħed biss sena wara,
it-teknoloġija kien

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avvanzat sal-punt fejn mhux biss wieħed
sistema kienet kapaċi jlestu l-kors,

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imma ħames robot differenti
karozzi lest dak il-kors.

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Il-wieħed mgħaġġla lest 132
mili fil taħt seba 'sigħat.

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Dan kien robot imsejjaħ Stanley.

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>> Stanley kienet mibnija mill-
Tim tlielaq Stanford.

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U kif tista 'tara fuq
il-quċċata, hija kellha numru

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sensors tal differenti fuq il-
barnuża, fuq il-quċċata tal-vettura,

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u kollha matul.

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Jużaw kombinazzjoni ta 'kameras,
infrared, u regolari tad-dawl,

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użu radar u sistemi sonar abbord,
użu FINDERS firxa laser biex tiskopri

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ostakli, din il-vettura kienet f'pożizzjoni
biex jinnaviga fuq art raffa ħafna

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istering b'mod awtonomu,
b'mod awtonomu tkissir, b'mod awtonomu

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applikazzjoni tal-gass.

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>> Li kienet kisba reali.

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Illum, naraw li dan iseħħ
anki bħala skala grander.

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Ħafna minnkom smajt ta '
l-sewqan awto karozza Google.

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U dawn il-vetturi jkunu reġistrati matul 1.2
mil miljun fl-aħħar ftit snin,

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ebda intervent uman tkun xi tkun.

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>> Fil-fatt, kull darba
li l-karozza Google

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kien involut fi kwalunkwe tip ta 'inċident,
huwa jew kien minħabba li kien ipparkjata,

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jew minħabba xi bniedem kien
tant interessat fil dak li

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kienet tagħmel li dawn twettqu fil-karozza.

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Allura kollha ta 'dawn is-sistemi,
naraw din il-kumplessità emerġenti.

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U f'dan qasir ħafna
perjodu ta 'żmien, konna

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marret mill-isfera tax-xjenza
finzjoni għar-realtà kummerċjali.

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>> Mela ejja tibda tieħu
dawn is-sistemi bogħod minn xulxin.

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Ejja jipprova jifhem kif huwa li
jaħdmu, dak ma huma fil-fatt jagħmlu.

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Biex tagħmel dan, aħna qed tmur biex
jużaw l-istess tipi ta 'ħiliet

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li konna tkellimna dwar fil-klassi.

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Kull meta tara problema,
dak li aħna qed tmur biex jipprova jagħmel

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huwa li tipprova li jiddekomponu dan.

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>> Tibda bl-aktar sempliċi
forma li nistgħu.

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U mbagħad jinbnew l barra
minn dik il-formola sempliċi.

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Allura li twassalna għall-mistoqsija, liema
hija l-aktar forma sempliċi ta awtonomu

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sewqan?

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Fuq liema punt huwa kompjuter
fil-fatt fil-kontroll tal-karozza tiegħi?

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>> Issa, ir-risposta tista 'sorpriża għalik hemmhekk.

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Minħabba li kważi kull vettura mibjugħa
illum fl-Istati Uniti jew l-Ewropa jew fi kwalunkwe post

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fil-fatt huwa parzjalment
vettura awtonoma.

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Sistemi li jużaw bħall-brejkijiet anti-lock,
dawn is-sistemi huma verament awtonomu.

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>> Dan huwa, meta I pass fuq il-mistrieħ,
dak li qed nagħmel huwa jien tistaqsi l-karozza

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jekk jogħġbok break issa.

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Jien ma attwalment direttament
titjib fuq xi ħaġa li

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tapplika l-kuxxinett tal-brejk għall-rotor.

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U l-punt kollu ta 'brejkijiet anti-lock
hija li f'xi punt tul it-triq

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I ser tkun kapaċi li agħfas l-isfel fuq il-waqfa.

135
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>> Iżda l-karozza se jirrikonoxxu
li r-rota huwa żliq.

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U se throttle dak is-sinjal break,
sabiex il-brejk ma lock up.

137
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Dawn is-sistemi tal-brejkijiet anti-lock huma,
fil-passaġġ, billi jagħmlu deċiżjonijiet għalik.

138
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>> U tassew, dawn qed dawk li
huma responsabbli mill-sistema tal-brejkijiet.

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Int tagħmel talba.

140
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Imma int ma attwalment fil-kontroll.

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>> Allura aħna jistgħu jippruvaw jirrikonoxxu dan u
din tinqasam il-partijiet komponenti.

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U nistgħu taħseb dwarha bħala
xi ftit ta 'kodiċi pseudocode.

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Dan huwa, filwaqt li jien
titjib fuq il-brejk,

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filwaqt li jien applikazzjoni tal-pressjoni
l-pedala tal-brejk,

145
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sistema tal-brejkijiet anti-lock
qed jiċċekkja kontinwament

146
00:08:44,110 --> 00:08:48,480
biex tara hija kull wieħed minn dawn ir-roti żliq.

147
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>> U l-użu xi intern
sensors fi ħdan il-karozza,

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dawn qed iskoperta jekk
jew le r-rota huwa attwalment

149
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waqfien jew jekk huwa jiżżerżqu.

150
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U jekk huwa jiżżerżqu, il anti-lock
sistemi tal-brejkijiet disengages-brejkijiet,

151
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u mbagħad tikri għaddej.

152
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U meta r-roti tieqaf
jiżżerżqu, huwa jerġa 'japplika għalihom.

153
00:09:07,750 --> 00:09:09,850
>> Dan huwa, jien tagħmel talba.

154
00:09:09,850 --> 00:09:11,900
Jien titjib fuq il-brejk.

155
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Iżda l-tkissir attwali qed
deċiż mill din il-biċċa żgħira ta 'softwer.

156
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Allura verament, kollha ta 'karozzi tagħna huma
vetturi diġà awtonomi.

157
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>> Issa, li mhux dak li aħna naħsbu dwar
meta naħsbu dwar vetturi awtonomi.

158
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Aħna naħsbu dwar karozzi fejn nista
tieħu lili bogħod mill-rota,

159
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u nistgħu biss ħallieh għaddej.

160
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Issa, dan mhuwiex jiġri fuq
skala kbira kullimkien għadha llum.

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>> Iżda hemm biċċiet ta '
li dan qed jibdew

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li jidħlu fis-settur kummerċjali.

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Mill-2003, Toyota, u wara
li manifatturi oħra ħafna,

164
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kulħadd minn Ford u
Lincoln li Mercedes Benz,

165
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kien joffri xi tip
ta 'parkeġġ intelliġenti jassistu.

166
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Dan huwa, hemm sensors
fil-karozza, tipikament

167
00:10:02,890 --> 00:10:07,010
sensors ultrasoniku għal żmien qasir
kxif firxa ta 'ostakli,

168
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li huma kapaċi jagħrfu fejn
hemm karozzi, vetturi, nies,

169
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kull tip ta 'ostaklu madwar il-vettura.

170
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>> Inti mbagħad tagħfas buttuna fuq il-sing
u titlob lill-karozza, jekk jogħġbok park issa.

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Inti joħroġ talba.

172
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Is-sistema awtonoma imbagħad jieħu
aktar u jużaw dawk sensors

173
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huwa kapaċi li jiggwidaw l-karozza fis
pożizzjoni partikolari parkeġġ.

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F'uħud minn dawn il-mudelli, hemm
verżjoni ipparkjar parallel

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u appoġġ fi verżjoni post.

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>> U kull wieħed minn dawn l-applikazzjonijiet differenti
tevoka biċċa differenti ta 'software.

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Issa, li s-softwer
mhuwiex xi ħaġa stramba

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jew ma jkunx xi ħaġa li inti
ma jistax jifhem f'dan il-punt.

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Huwa biss wara
dawn is-sinjali sensorju.

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>> Jekk hemm xi ħaġa li
qrib fuq in-naħa tax-xellug

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u I jkollhom spazju fuq il-lemin,
imbagħad I ser imexxi ftit,

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sabiex I tista 'timxi fuq il-lemin.

183
00:11:03,010 --> 00:11:06,840
Ħafna mill-sistemi ta 'parkeġġ kmieni
jikkontrolla l-angolu tat-tmun,

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iżda titlob lill-utent, is-sewwieq tal-bniedem,
li attwalment pass fuq l-aċċeleratur

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00:11:11,420 --> 00:11:13,480
jew pass fuq il-waqfa.

186
00:11:13,480 --> 00:11:18,040
Sistemi aktar moderni fil-fatt kontroll
li kompletament waħedhom.

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00:11:18,040 --> 00:11:21,190
>> Hekk per eżempju, fil-Mercedes
Dritt S Klassi vettura

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00:11:21,190 --> 00:11:25,410
issa, inti tista 'pull flimkien fejn
inti tixtieq li park, jagħfsu buttuna,

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u se paralleli park għalik
mingħajr idejk fuq ir-rota

190
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jew saqajn tiegħek fuq il-pedali.

191
00:11:31,770 --> 00:11:36,140
Issa kollha ta 'dawn is-sistemi
jiddependu fuq l-sensors

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li huma bini
f'dawn il-vetturi tal-lum.

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U jekk nużaw dawk sensuri
għall-iskoperta ostakoli potenzjali

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u jallerta lill-utent jew jekk nużaw
dawk sensors jikxef ostaklu,

195
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u mbagħad awtomatikament tidderieġi l bogħod,
li jinsab biss kwistjoni ta 'software.

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>> Fil-fatt, biss ftit
ġimgħat ilu, Tesla, li l-

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qed jibni vetturi meraviljuż ma
kollha ta 'dawn is-sensors fihom għas-snin

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issa, ħarġet aġġornament tas-softwer.

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U li l-aġġornament tas-softwer permessi
il-vetturi għall-ewwel darba

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li tiddaħħal sewqan awtomatiku
aktar, pilota auto huma talbu dan.

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Dan pilota auto ippermetta lill-vettura
biex jikxfu kolliżjonijiet u awtomatikament

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break, li ssegwi vettura oħra
li fil quddiem ta 'dan, il-veloċità tqabbil,

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00:12:26,600 --> 00:12:32,450
li jibqgħu fi ħdan il-korsiji, li tfittex ma '
Kameras, kemm infrared u viżibbli

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dawl, u biex ikunu jistgħu
li wieħed jgħid jekk jew le

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int riesqa minn korsija tiegħek jew
le, taġġusta l-isteering xieraq,

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u anke għall-bidla korsiji
meta s-sinjali utent.

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>> Kollha ta 'dawn il-karatteristiċi differenti kienu
biss kwistjoni ta 'aġġornament tas-softwer.

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Dan huwa, dawn kollha
utenti woke up waħda filgħodu

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00:12:48,610 --> 00:12:52,910
biex isibu dan is-software ġdid
disponibbli fil-vetturi tagħhom.

210
00:12:52,910 --> 00:12:56,210
Għax is-sistemi sensur
kien diġà hemm.

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>> Issa, fil kollha ta 'dawn il-każijiet,
aħna qed jaraw dawn is-software

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sistemi bbażati isiru
aktar u aktar prevalenti.

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00:13:03,870 --> 00:13:06,500
Huma qed hemmhekk fil
prodotti kummerċjali diġà.

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U l-futur hija li aħna qed
ser tara aktar ta 'dak.

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00:13:10,350 --> 00:13:13,880
>> Fil-fatt, biss dan
sena, Freightliner kien

216
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tista 'tiżvela trakk awtonoma,
'trattur awtonoma karru,

217
00:13:18,810 --> 00:13:22,650
li dawn qed ittestjar legalment
fit-triq fil Nevada.

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00:13:22,650 --> 00:13:25,960
Dawn il-vetturi, għal darb'oħra,
isegwu rotta predeterminat.

219
00:13:25,960 --> 00:13:27,570
Dawn jibqgħu fi ħdan korsija tagħhom.

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>> Jgħaġġlu u
tonqos bi tweġiba

221
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ostakli jew kondizzjonijiet tat-traffiku.

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U anki dawn jobdu xi wħud mill-
niceties oħra tat-triq.

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Kollha ta 'dawn is-sistemi huma
isiru aktar u aktar kumplessi.

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>> Iżda dawn qed għadu mhux pjuttost awtonoma.

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Huma qed għadu mhux
pjuttost tagħmel minn kollox.

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Dan huwa, dawn għadhom qed
jeħtieġu sewwieq tal-bniedem

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li jkunu preżenti sabiex jagħmlu
xi deċiżjonijiet ta 'livell għoli.

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>> U waħda mill-affarijiet li aħna qed
ser tara fil-ħames snin li ġejjin

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varjetà ta ġuridika
u kwistjonijiet etiċi

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li jduru madwar l-software
qed jinbnew għall dawn il-karozzi Driverless.

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Kif huwa li Driverless
karozza għandhom jirrispondu jekk huwa

232
00:14:10,830 --> 00:14:13,320
imdawwar minn grupp ta 'nies?

233
00:14:13,320 --> 00:14:16,360
X'jiġri jekk il-Driverless
karozza hija iskidjar fuq it-triq

234
00:14:16,360 --> 00:14:21,710
u inti tista 'tidderieġi lejn folla
ta '10 persuni jew folla ta '7 nies?

235
00:14:21,710 --> 00:14:24,420
X'għandi-karozza do?

236
00:14:24,420 --> 00:14:29,780
>> Fil kollha ta 'dawn il-każijiet, hemm għani
varjetà ta 'mistoqsijiet li jiġi mistoqsi.

237
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U huma mhux biss softwer
mistoqsijiet, kwistjonijiet legali,

238
00:14:33,610 --> 00:14:36,520
kwistjonijiet etiċi,
mistoqsijiet filosofiċi.

239
00:14:36,520 --> 00:14:40,600
U huma dawk li aħna bħala
komunità se jkollhom jindirizzaw.

240
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>> So I ser tħallik ma aħħar wieħed
ħasbu, dan wieħed minn Randall Munroe,

241
00:14:44,500 --> 00:14:48,640
ta XKCD, wieħed mill-komiks favoriti tiegħi.

242
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Huwa mhux biss li aħna qed tmur biex tara
dawn il-vetturi qed tinbena u tkun

243
00:14:53,430 --> 00:14:55,000
mfassla bil software.

244
00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:58,440
Iżda aħna qed tmur biex tara nies
jippruvaw jisfruttaw lilhom ukoll.

245
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>> Kif huwa se jkun meta xi ħadd
jista, aktar minn Wi-Fi, tniżżel garża

246
00:15:03,850 --> 00:15:07,720
jew upload virus għall-karozza tiegħek?

247
00:15:07,720 --> 00:15:10,770
Liema tipi ta 'affarijiet se jiġri allura?

248
00:15:10,770 --> 00:15:13,860
Dan wieħed huwa xi ftit
aktar jilgħab ta 'eżempju.

249
00:15:13,860 --> 00:15:17,510
Iżda dawn huma l-mistoqsijiet
aħna qed tmur biex jittrattaw malajr.

250
00:15:17,510 --> 00:15:18,930
>> Grazzi għall jingħaqdu lili.

251
00:15:18,930 --> 00:15:20,420
Nispera li inti stajt jgawdu minnu.

252
00:15:20,420 --> 00:15:22,650
U aħna ser tara inti ħin li jmiss.

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00:15:22,650 --> 00:15:23,294