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>> BRIAN SCASSELLATI: Karibu
kwa CS50 ai video mfululizo.

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Jina langu ni Scas.

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Na leo, tunakwenda kuwa
kuzungumza juu ya magari binafsi kuendesha gari.

5
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Sasa, mimi nina kidogo
aibu kukubali kwamba wakati

6
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Nikiwa mtoto sehemu kubwa ya utoto wangu
ulifanyika kwa David Hasselhoff.

7
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Sasa, hii ilikuwa kabla ya yeye alihusika
katika kitu kama Got Talent Marekani,

8
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au kushiriki kama lifeguard katika Baywatch,
au hata kabla alikuwa aina ya historia

9
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kama nyota pop nchini Ujerumani.

10
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>> Katika utoto wangu, Daudi Hasselhoff
alikuwa muigizaji kusaidia

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kwenye televisheni maalumu
mfululizo wa Knight Rider.

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Na mimi kusema yeye alikuwa muigizaji kusaidia,
kwa sababu kwa kweli nyota wa show hii

13
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ilikuwa gari, Trans Am aitwaye
Kit, ambao wanaweza kuendesha kwa yenyewe.

14
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Kit ilikuwa ajabu.

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Ni inaweza kuzungumza na wewe.

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>> Ni inaweza kutatua matatizo.

17
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Ni inaweza kuendesha kila mahali.

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Pia alikuwa lasers na makombora.

19
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Hivyo ilikuwa ajabu
gari kuanza na.

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>> Lakini hii ilikuwa sayansi
uongo wa wakati huo,

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magari uhuru kwamba
inaweza kufanya maamuzi,

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ambayo inaweza kuendesha kando ya barabara.

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Na katika kila hatua katika
moja ya matukio haya,

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David Hasselhoff ingekuwa
kupata shida na gari

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kuanza kuendesha gari na kwenda na kumwokoa.

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Hiyo ilikuwa ni sayansi yetu ya uongo.

27
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>> Hata katika tu 30 iliyopita
miaka, kwamba sayansi ya uongo

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imetoka kwenye televisheni
na juu ya screen

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katika hali halisi, katika mazao ya biashara.

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Leo, sisi ni kwenda kuzungumza kuhusu jinsi
ni kwamba magari uhuru ni kweli

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uwezo wa kwenda na gari na kwa
mambo ya ajabu kabisa.

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Lakini hebu kuanza na historia.

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>> Kwa sababu hizi magari binafsi kuendesha gari
hakuja nje ya mahali pa.

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Na kwa kweli, sana
magari kwanza binafsi kuendesha gari,

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kweli kwanza ushawishi mkubwa
miradi ya utafiti,

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waliotoka mradi inayoitwa Navlab.

37
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Navlab ni mradi kwamba ilikuwa imewekwa
karibu miongo miwili katika Carnegie Mellon

38
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Chuo Kikuu.

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>> Tena walijenga aina
magari ya tofauti

40
00:02:11,570 --> 00:02:14,940
ambayo ilianza nje kuangalia
kama minivans ndogo, kwamba

41
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walikuwa Humvees, waliokuwa hatimaye tu
sedans, na minivans, hata mabasi ya mji.

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Na vifaa hivi mbalimbali
na sensorer katika wao,

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alikuwa Computational
mifumo kuweka ndani yao, hivyo

44
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waweze kuendesha, na kuvunja,
na kuharakisha autonomously

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yote juu yao wenyewe.

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Sasa, mifumo hii walikuwa
primitive sana mwanzoni.

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>> Nao kutegemewa sana
maalum mstari alama.

48
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Hivyo mfumo wa kuvutia zaidi kwamba
walikuwa kujengwa ilikuwa sehemu ya Navlab tano.

49
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Na mwaka 1995, hii
gari, ilikuwa minivan,

50
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alimfukuza kutoka Pittsburgh San
Diego, karibu maili 3,000.

51
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Na 98% ya muda, tu
Jambo kudhibiti uendeshaji

52
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Ilikuwa kompyuta.

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>> 98% ya muda, ilikuwa
uhuru kabisa

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kama alimfukuza karibu kutoka pwani kwa pwani.

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Sasa, hiyo ni incredibly kuvutia.

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Na wakati sisi kufikiri juu ya kwamba,
kuna mengi kwa ajili yetu kwa kuzingatia.

57
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>> Ni aina gani ya sensorer ilikuwa ni kwa kutumia?

58
00:03:16,250 --> 00:03:19,580
Ni aina gani ya uamuzi
ilikuwa ni kweli kufanya?

59
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Ni kwamba wengine 2% ya muda gani?

60
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>> Tunakwenda kujaribu kupata
baadhi ya masuala haya leo.

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Na kama sisi kuangalia yao,
sisi ni kwenda kujaribu

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kuweka wazi nini ni kwamba
muundo wa chini

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na jinsi hesabu ni moja kwa moja
kuendesha gari maombi hayo.

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Sasa, Navlab ilikuwa na mafanikio makubwa.

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Na ilikuwa msingi wa yote ya yetu
mawazo ya kisasa kuhusu uhuru

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magari.

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>> Lakini magari binafsi kuendesha gari hawakuwa kweli
kuwa maalumu na maarufu

68
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mpaka mwaka 2005 DARPA, kama sehemu ya
changamoto yao kuu juhudi,

69
00:03:58,060 --> 00:04:03,420
kuweka pamoja mpango wa kujaribu
kujenga gari uhuru.

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Nao wakafanya huu changamoto.

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Wao kuweka $ 2,000,000 tuzo
huko nje na wazo

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kwamba baadhi ya utafiti kweli smart
Timu atakuja pamoja na kuwa na

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uwezo wa kudai hii $ 2,000,000 tuzo.

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>> Sasa, tuzo hakuwa
itakuwa rahisi kupata.

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Ili kupata
tuzo, ungependa kuwa

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kujenga gari kwamba
na hakuna juhudi za kibinadamu

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alikuwa na uwezo wa kuendesha 150 maili
Bila shaka kupitia ardhi ya eneo mbaya

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ya jangwa.

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Na kwamba alikuwa Kazi mengi.

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>> Na wakati huo, watu walidhani kwamba
wao walikuwa kweli mambo katika kufanya hivyo.

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Hivyo mkutano wa kwanza wa
Changamoto kuu ilikuwa mwaka 2004.

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Na nje ya kwamba bila shaka 150 maili,
mbali, timu bora kuwa walikuwa na,

83
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akizunguka maili 11 kabla
mfumo imeshindwa kabisa.

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>> Sasa, kukupa wazo
ya jinsi vigumu yaani,

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kuwa 11 maili ilionekana kama
kabisa phenomenal mafanikio.

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Lakini DARPA alitaka zaidi.

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Na hivyo wakatoa hiyo
tuzo mwaka uliofuata.

88
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>> Na mwaka mmoja tu baadaye,
teknolojia na

89
00:05:09,830 --> 00:05:15,270
imepanda kwa uhakika ambapo si moja tu
mfumo alikuwa na uwezo wa kukamilisha shaka,

90
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lakini tano robot tofauti
magari kumaliza kozi hiyo.

91
00:05:19,290 --> 00:05:24,800
Moja ya haraka sana kumaliza 132
maili katika chini ya masaa saba.

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Hiyo ilikuwa ni robot aitwaye Stanley.

93
00:05:27,070 --> 00:05:30,810
>> Stanley ilijengwa na
Stanford racing timu.

94
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Na kama unaweza kuona katika
juu, alikuwa idadi

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sensorer ya tofauti juu ya
kofia, hadi juu ya gari,

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na wote katika.

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Kutumia mchanganyiko wa kamera,
infrared, na mwanga wa kawaida,

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kutumia rada na mifumo Sonar kwenye bodi,
kutumia finders laser mbalimbali ili kuchunguza

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vikwazo, gari hilo alikuwa na uwezo
navigate juu ya ardhi ya eneo mbaya sana

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autonomously uendeshaji,
autonomously kuvunja, autonomously

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kutumia gesi.

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>> Hiyo ilikuwa ni mafanikio ya kweli.

103
00:06:05,930 --> 00:06:10,300
Leo, tunaona jambo hili kutokea
hata kama wadogo grander.

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Wengi wenu na habari za
gari binafsi kuendesha gari Google.

105
00:06:13,670 --> 00:06:21,180
Na magari hayo kuwa sasa juu ya 1.2
milioni maili katika miaka michache iliyopita,

106
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hakuna juhudi za kibinadamu wowote.

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>> Kwa kweli, kila wakati
kwamba gari Google ina

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waliohusika katika aina yoyote ya ajali,
ni ama wamekuwa sababu ilikuwa imeegeshwa,

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au kwa sababu baadhi ya binadamu ilikuwa
hivyo nia ya nini

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alikuwa akifanya kwamba walikimbia ndani ya gari.

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Hivyo, pamoja na yote ya mifumo hii,
tunaona utata huu kujitokeza.

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Na katika hili mfupi sana
kipindi cha muda, tumekuwa

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gone kutoka ulimwengu wa sayansi
uongo na ukweli kibiashara.

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>> Basi hebu kuanza kuchukua
mifumo hii kusambaratika.

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Hebu jaribu kuelewa jinsi ni kwamba
wanafanya kazi, je, wao kweli kufanya.

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Ili kufanya hivyo, tunakwenda
kutumia aina hiyo ya ujuzi

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kwamba tumekuwa kuongelea katika darasa.

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Wakati wowote unaweza kuona tatizo,
nini tunakwenda kujaribu kufanya

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ni kujaribu kuoza yake.

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>> Kuanza na rahisi
kuunda kwamba tunaweza.

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Na kisha kujenga nje
kutoka fomu rahisi.

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00:07:12,110 --> 00:07:15,950
Hivyo kwamba hutuongoza swali, nini
ni njia rahisi ya uhuru

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kuendesha gari?

124
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Katika hatua gani ni kompyuta
kweli katika udhibiti wa gari yangu?

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>> Sasa, jibu inaweza mshangao wewe huko.

126
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Kwa sababu karibu kila gari kuuzwa
leo katika Marekani au Ulaya au mahali popote

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kweli ni sehemu
uhuru gari.

128
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Kutumia mifumo kama kupambana na lock brakes,
mifumo hii ni kweli uhuru.

129
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>> Hiyo ni, wakati mimi hatua juu ya mapumziko,
nini mimi kufanya ni mimi nina kuuliza gari

130
00:07:44,610 --> 00:07:46,800
tafadhali kuvunja sasa.

131
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Sina hakika moja kwa moja
wanazidi juu ya kitu ambacho

132
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inatumika pedi akaumega kwa rotor.

133
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Na hatua nzima ya kupambana na lock brakes
ni kwamba wakati fulani njiani

134
00:07:57,580 --> 00:08:00,610
Mimi utakuwa na uwezo wa vyombo vya habari chini juu ya mapumziko.

135
00:08:00,610 --> 00:08:04,620
>> Lakini gari kutambua
kwamba gurudumu ni kuteleza.

136
00:08:04,620 --> 00:08:10,670
Na itakuwa kaba kwamba mapumziko ishara,
ili kuvunja haina kumfunga.

137
00:08:10,670 --> 00:08:16,100
Hizi mifumo ya kupambana na kufuli na kuvunja ni,
kwa njia, kufanya maamuzi kwa ajili yenu.

138
00:08:16,100 --> 00:08:19,610
>> Na kwa kweli, wao ni wale kwamba
ni katika malipo ya mfumo wa kusimama.

139
00:08:19,610 --> 00:08:22,070
Wewe ni kufanya ombi.

140
00:08:22,070 --> 00:08:25,120
Lakini wewe si kweli katika kudhibiti.

141
00:08:25,120 --> 00:08:30,070
>> Hivyo tunaweza kujaribu kutambua hili na
kuvunja chini katika sehemu sehemu.

142
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Na tunaweza kufikiri juu yake kama
kidogo ya pseudocode kanuni.

143
00:08:33,900 --> 00:08:36,760
Hiyo ni, wakati mimi nina
wanazidi juu na kuvunja,

144
00:08:36,760 --> 00:08:40,400
wakati mimi nina kutumia shinikizo
kwa kanyagio akaumega,

145
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kupambana na lock mfumo wa breki
ni kuangalia kuendelea

146
00:08:44,110 --> 00:08:48,480
kuona ni kila mmoja magurudumu haya kuteleza.

147
00:08:48,480 --> 00:08:51,740
>> Na kwa kutumia baadhi ya ndani
sensorer ndani ya gari,

148
00:08:51,740 --> 00:08:54,020
re kuchunguza iwapo
au si gurudumu ni kweli

149
00:08:54,020 --> 00:08:56,350
kuacha au kama ni sliding.

150
00:08:56,350 --> 00:09:01,890
Na kama ni sliding, kupambana na kufuli
mifumo na kuvunja disengages breki,

151
00:09:01,890 --> 00:09:03,190
na kisha lets go.

152
00:09:03,190 --> 00:09:07,750
Na wakati magurudumu kuacha
sliding, ni reapplies yao.

153
00:09:07,750 --> 00:09:09,850
>> Yaani, mimi nina kufanya ombi.

154
00:09:09,850 --> 00:09:11,900
Mimi wanazidi juu na kuvunja.

155
00:09:11,900 --> 00:09:17,540
Lakini kuvunja halisi ni kuwa
waliamua kwa kipande hiki kidogo cha programu.

156
00:09:17,540 --> 00:09:23,320
Hivyo kweli, wote wa magari yetu ni
tayari uhuru magari.

157
00:09:23,320 --> 00:09:27,470
>> Sasa, si kwamba kile sisi kufikiri juu ya
wakati sisi kufikiri juu ya magari uhuru.

158
00:09:27,470 --> 00:09:31,090
Tunadhani kuhusu magari ambapo naweza
kuchukua mikono yangu mbali na gurudumu,

159
00:09:31,090 --> 00:09:34,500
na tunaweza tu basi ni kwenda.

160
00:09:34,500 --> 00:09:38,910
Sasa, hii haifanyiki katika
grand wadogo kila mahali lakini leo.

161
00:09:38,910 --> 00:09:40,990
>> Lakini kuna vipande vya
kuwa kwamba ni mapya

162
00:09:40,990 --> 00:09:44,960
kuja katika sekta ya biashara.

163
00:09:44,960 --> 00:09:52,120
Tangu mwaka 2003, Toyota, na kufuatia
kwamba wazalishaji wengine wengi,

164
00:09:52,120 --> 00:09:55,740
kila mtu kutoka Ford na
Lincoln kwa Mercedes Benz,

165
00:09:55,740 --> 00:09:59,660
imekuwa kutoa baadhi ya aina
ya akili maegesho kusaidia.

166
00:09:59,660 --> 00:10:02,890
Hiyo ni, kuna sensorer
katika gari, kawaida

167
00:10:02,890 --> 00:10:07,010
ultrasonic sensorer kwa muda mfupi
kugundua aina mbalimbali ya vikwazo,

168
00:10:07,010 --> 00:10:12,360
kwamba wana uwezo wa kutambua ambapo
kuna magari, magari, watu,

169
00:10:12,360 --> 00:10:16,230
aina yoyote ya kikwazo kuzunguka gari.

170
00:10:16,230 --> 00:10:22,070
>> Wewe kisha waandishi wa habari kifungo juu ya dash
na kuuliza gari, tafadhali Hifadhi sasa.

171
00:10:22,070 --> 00:10:24,460
Wewe kutoa ombi.

172
00:10:24,460 --> 00:10:28,570
Mfumo uhuru kisha inachukua
zaidi na kutumia sensorer wale

173
00:10:28,570 --> 00:10:33,250
ni uwezo wa kuongoza gari katika
Hasa maegesho msimamo.

174
00:10:33,250 --> 00:10:36,260
Katika baadhi ya mifano ya haya, kuna
Sambamba maegesho toleo la

175
00:10:36,260 --> 00:10:39,980
na inaunga mkono katika toleo la papo hapo.

176
00:10:39,980 --> 00:10:46,200
>> Na kila moja ya maombi hayo mbalimbali
evokes kipande mbalimbali ya programu.

177
00:10:46,200 --> 00:10:48,145
Sasa, kwamba programu
si kitu chochote cha ajabu

178
00:10:48,145 --> 00:10:51,820
au si kitu chochote ambacho wewe
hawezi kuelewa katika hatua hii.

179
00:10:51,820 --> 00:10:54,520
Ni kufuatia tu
chombo hicho ishara hizi.

180
00:10:54,520 --> 00:10:57,340
>> Endapo kuna jambo kwa
karibu upande wa mkono wa kushoto

181
00:10:57,340 --> 00:11:00,570
na mimi kuwa na nafasi juu ya haki,
basi mimi itabidi Bad kidogo,

182
00:11:00,570 --> 00:11:03,010
ili niweze hoja juu ya haki.

183
00:11:03,010 --> 00:11:06,840
Wengi wa mifumo mapema maegesho
ingekuwa kudhibiti uendeshaji pembeni,

184
00:11:06,840 --> 00:11:11,420
lakini zinahitaji mtumiaji, dereva binadamu,
kwa kweli hatua juu ya accelerator

185
00:11:11,420 --> 00:11:13,480
au hatua juu ya mapumziko.

186
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Mifumo ya kisasa zaidi kwa kweli kudhibiti
kwamba kabisa kwa wenyewe.

187
00:11:18,040 --> 00:11:21,190
>> Hivyo kwa mfano, katika Mercedes
S Hatari gari haki

188
00:11:21,190 --> 00:11:25,410
sasa, unaweza kuvuta sambamba ambapo
Ningependa Hifadhi, waandishi wa habari kifungo,

189
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na itakuwa sambamba Hifadhi kwa ajili yenu
bila mikono yako juu ya gurudumu

190
00:11:28,610 --> 00:11:31,770
au miguu yenu kwa pedals.

191
00:11:31,770 --> 00:11:36,140
Sasa wote wa mifumo hii
kutegemea juu sensorer

192
00:11:36,140 --> 00:11:39,510
kwamba wao ni jengo
ndani ya magari hayo leo.

193
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Na kama sisi kutumia sensorer wale
kwa ajili ya kuchunguza vikwazo uwezo

194
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na kuwatahadharisha mtumiaji au kama sisi kutumia
sensorer wale wa kuchunguza kikwazo,

195
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na kisha moja kwa moja Bad mbali,
kwamba suala la programu.

196
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>> Kwa kweli, chache tu
Wiki iliyopita, Tesla, ambaye ni

197
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wamekuwa kujenga magari ajabu kwa
wote wa sensorer haya ndani yao kwa miaka

198
00:12:03,680 --> 00:12:07,870
sasa, iliyotolewa update programu.

199
00:12:07,870 --> 00:12:12,522
Na kwamba update programu kuruhusiwa
magari kwa mara ya kwanza

200
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kuingia kuendesha gari moja kwa moja
zaidi, auto majaribio wao kuitwa hivyo.

201
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Hii majaribio auto kuruhusiwa gari
kuchunguza migongano na moja kwa moja

202
00:12:21,490 --> 00:12:26,600
kuvunja, kufuata gari lingine
hiyo ni mbele yake, vinavyolingana kasi,

203
00:12:26,600 --> 00:12:32,450
kukaa ndani ya vichochoro, kuangalia kwa
kamera, wote infrared na inayoonekana

204
00:12:32,450 --> 00:12:34,980
mwanga, na kuwa na uwezo
kusema kama au

205
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wewe ni drifting nje ya mstari yako au
si, kurekebisha uendeshaji ipasavyo,

206
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na hata kubadili vichochoro
wakati ishara mtumiaji.

207
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>> Wote wa makala haya tofauti yalikuwa
suala la programu update.

208
00:12:46,240 --> 00:12:48,610
Yaani, yote haya
watumiaji aliamka asubuhi moja

209
00:12:48,610 --> 00:12:52,910
kupata programu hii mpya
inapatikana katika magari yao.

210
00:12:52,910 --> 00:12:56,210
Kwa sababu mifumo ya chombo hicho
walikuwa tayari pale.

211
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>> Sasa, katika matukio yote haya,
sisi ni kuona programu hizi

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00:13:00,730 --> 00:13:03,870
mifumo ya msingi kuwa na
zaidi na zaidi imefikia.

213
00:13:03,870 --> 00:13:06,500
Wao ni huko nje katika
bidhaa ya kibiashara tayari.

214
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Na baadaye ni kwamba tuko
kwenda kuona zaidi ya hiyo.

215
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>> Kwa kweli, tu hii
mwaka, Freightliner ilikuwa

216
00:13:13,880 --> 00:13:18,810
uwezo wa kufunua lori uhuru,
uhuru trekta trailer,

217
00:13:18,810 --> 00:13:22,650
kwamba wao ni kupima kisheria
juu ya barabara katika Nevada.

218
00:13:22,650 --> 00:13:25,960
Magari hayo, tena,
kufuata njia predetermined.

219
00:13:25,960 --> 00:13:27,570
Wao kukaa ndani ya mstari yao.

220
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>> Wao kuongeza kasi na
kushuka katika kukabiliana

221
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kwa vikwazo au hali ya usalama barabarani.

222
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Nao hata kutii baadhi ya
mambo madogo madogo wa pili wa barabara.

223
00:13:38,780 --> 00:13:43,250
Wote wa mifumo hii ni
kuwa zaidi na zaidi tata.

224
00:13:43,250 --> 00:13:45,260
>> Lakini bado siyo uhuru kabisa.

225
00:13:45,260 --> 00:13:47,610
Wao ni bado si
kabisa kufanya kila kitu.

226
00:13:47,610 --> 00:13:49,810
Hiyo ni, wao ni bado
wanaohitaji dereva binadamu

227
00:13:49,810 --> 00:13:54,030
kuwa sasa kufanya
baadhi ya maamuzi ngazi ya juu.

228
00:13:54,030 --> 00:13:57,500
>> Na moja ya mambo ambayo tuko
kwenda kuona katika miaka mitano ijayo

229
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aina ya kisheria
na maswali kimaadili

230
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kwamba zinahusu programu
inajengwa kwa magari hayo driverless.

231
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Jinsi ni kwamba driverless
gari lazima kujibu kama ni

232
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kuzungukwa na kundi la watu?

233
00:14:13,320 --> 00:14:16,360
Nini kinatokea kama driverless
gari ni skidding juu ya barabara

234
00:14:16,360 --> 00:14:21,710
na unaweza Bad kuelekea umati
ya watu 10 au umati wa watu 7?

235
00:14:21,710 --> 00:14:24,420
Kile lazima gari gani?

236
00:14:24,420 --> 00:14:29,780
>> Katika matukio yote haya, kuna tajiri
aina ya maswali ya kuulizwa.

237
00:14:29,780 --> 00:14:33,610
Na wao si tu programu
maswali, maswali ya kisheria,

238
00:14:33,610 --> 00:14:36,520
maswali kimaadili,
falsafa maswali.

239
00:14:36,520 --> 00:14:40,600
Nao ni wale ambao sisi kama
jumuiya itakuwa na kushughulikia.

240
00:14:40,600 --> 00:14:44,500
>> Hivyo mimi itabidi kuondoka na mwisho moja
mawazo, hii moja kutoka Randall Munroe,

241
00:14:44,500 --> 00:14:48,640
ya XKCD, mmoja wa Jumuia favorite.

242
00:14:48,640 --> 00:14:53,430
Siyo tu kwamba sisi ni kwenda kuona
magari hayo inajengwa na kuwa

243
00:14:53,430 --> 00:14:55,000
iliyoundwa na programu.

244
00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:58,440
Lakini tunakwenda kuona watu
kujaribu kutumia yao pia.

245
00:14:58,440 --> 00:15:03,850
>> Jinsi ni kwenda kuwa wakati mtu
unaweza, juu ya Wi-Fi, kushusha kiraka

246
00:15:03,850 --> 00:15:07,720
au kupakia virusi kwa gari lako?

247
00:15:07,720 --> 00:15:10,770
Ni aina gani ya mambo kutokea, basi?

248
00:15:10,770 --> 00:15:13,860
Hii moja kidogo
zaidi playful wa mfano.

249
00:15:13,860 --> 00:15:17,510
Lakini haya ni maswali
tunakwenda kushughulika na hivi karibuni.

250
00:15:17,510 --> 00:15:18,930
>> Shukrani kwa ajili ya kujiunga na mimi.

251
00:15:18,930 --> 00:15:20,420
Natumaini umefanya starehe yake.

252
00:15:20,420 --> 00:15:22,650
Na tutaweza kuona wewe wakati ujao.

253
00:15:22,650 --> 00:15:23,294