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CONNOR HARRIS: Bado mimi
kufikiri baadhi ya video ya kusisimua

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zinazozalishwa na ushauri mtaalamu
ambayo inatumia R mengi katika kazi yake.

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>> NARRATOR: Nini nyuma ya takwimu,
analytics, na visualizations

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data wanasayansi kwamba leo brightest
na viongozi wa biashara kutegemea

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kufanya maamuzi yenye nguvu?

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Wewe huenda daima kuona.

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Lakini ni pale.

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Ni wito R, wazi chanzo R--
takwimu lugha ya programu

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takwimu ambazo wataalam dunia
juu ya matumizi ya kila kitu

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kutoka ramani pana kijamii
na mwenendo wa masoko online

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zinazoendelea kifedha na hali ya hewa
mifano ya kwamba kusaidia kuendesha uchumi wetu

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na jamii.

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>> Lakini nini hasa ni R
na wapi R kuanza?

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Naam awali, R ilianza
hapa na maprofesa wawili

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aliyetaka takwimu bora
jukwaa kwa wanafunzi wao.

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Hivyo wao wameumbwa moja inatokana
baada lugha takwimu S.

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Wao, pamoja na wengine wengi,
naendelea kufanya kazi katika na kutumia R,

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kujenga zana kwa ajili R na kutafuta
maombi mapya kwa ajili ya R kila siku.

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>> Shukrani kwa hii ni
juhudi jamii duniani kote,

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R naendelea kukua kwa maelfu
maktaba user-umba kujengwa

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kuongeza R utendaji na
umati wa watu-sourced ubora uthibitisho

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na msaada kutoka kwa wengi kutambuliwa
viongozi wa sekta katika kila shamba hilo

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anatumia R. ipi ni kubwa, kwa sababu
R ni bora katika nini anafanya.

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Chipukizi wataalam haraka na
urahisi kutafsiri, kiutendaji na,

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na taswira data kuonyesha yao kwa kasi
kuongezeka jamii ya watumiaji duniani kote R

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na kuona ni jinsi wazi chanzo
R inaendelea sura

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mustakabali wa takwimu
uchambuzi na takwimu sayansi.

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>> CONNOR HARRIS: Sawa, kubwa.

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Hivyo kuwasilisha yangu mwenyewe
itakuwa kidogo na kiasi zaidi.

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Itakuwa si kuhusisha kiasi hicho
kusisimua historia muziki.

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Lakini kama wewe aliona katika video, R ni aina
ya ujumla lugha madhumuni ya mpango.

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Lakini iliundwa hasa
kwa kazi za takwimu.

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>> Hivyo ni iliyoundwa kwa ajili ya takwimu,
kwa uchambuzi wa data, kwa ajili ya madini data.

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Na hivyo unaweza kuona hii katika mengi ya
uchaguzi mtindo ambao waandaaji wa R

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alifanya.

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Ni iliyoundwa kwa ajili kiasi kikubwa,
watu ambao si

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wataalam katika programu, ambao
ni kuokota tu juu ya programu

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upande ili waweze kufanya kazi zao
katika sayansi ya jamii au katika takwimu

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au chochote.

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>> Ina mengi ya sana
tofauti muhimu kutoka C.

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Lakini syntax na mitizamo
kwamba anatumia ni mapana huo.

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Na unapaswa kujisikia pretty
kiasi nyumbani haki mbali bat.

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Ni lugha muhimu.

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>> Je, si wasiwasi sana kuhusu kwamba
kama huna kujua mrefu.

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Lakini kuna tofauti
kati ya muhimu, declarative,

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na kazi.

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Muhimu njia tu ya kufanya
kauli kwamba kimsingi ni amri.

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Na kisha mkalimani au
kompyuta ifuatavyo nao moja kwa moja.

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Ni weakly typed, kuna
hakuna maazimio ya aina katika R.

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>> Na kisha mistari
kati ya aina tofauti

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ni kidogo zaidi kuliko huru
wao ni katika C, kwa mfano.

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Na kama nilivyosema kuna watu
vifaa vya makubwa sana

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kwa graphing, kwa takwimu
uchambuzi, kwa ajili ya madini data.

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Hizi ni wawili kujengwa katika
lugha na, kama video akasema,

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maelfu ya maktaba chama cha tatu kwamba
unaweza kushusha na kutumia bila ya malipo

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na hali huru sana leseni.

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>> Hivyo kwa ujumla, Ningependa kupendekeza
kwamba ukiangalia vitabu hivi viwili

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kama wewe ni kwenda kufanya kazi kwenye R. Moja
mmoja wao ni rasmi R Beginner

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kuongoza.

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Ni iimarishwe na
watengenezaji msingi ya R.

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Unaweza kushusha ni tena, bila ya
malipo na kisheria wakati huo kiungo hapo.

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Slides yote haya ni kwenda
up kwenye mtandao, juu ya CS50 tovuti

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baada ya hii ni kosa.

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Hivyo hakuna haja ya nakala
mambo chini frantically.

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>> Mtu mwingine ni
vitabu vya kiada na Cosma Shalizi,

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ambaye ni profesa takwimu katika
Carnegie Mellon, aitwaye Juu Takwimu

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Uchambuzi kutoka
Point ya msingi ya View.

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Hii si hasa kitabu R.

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Ni kitabu takwimu na
ni kitabu uchambuzi wa data.

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Lakini ni kupatikana sana kwa watu ambao
na kiasi kidogo cha takwimu maarifa.

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>> Sijawahi kuchukuliwa kozi rasmi.

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Mimi tu kujua vipande vipande
kutoka washirika masomo mbalimbali

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kwamba nimekuwa kuchukuliwa kozi katika.

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Na mimi alikuwa na uwezo wa kuelewa
ni kikamilifu vizuri.

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>> Takwimu zote wanapewa
katika R. Wao ni kufanywa katika R

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na wao pia wana nyimbo kificho
chini ya kila takwimu kwamba kukuambia

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jinsi ya kufanya kila takwimu na R kanuni.

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Na hiyo ndiyo muhimu sana kama
wewe ni kujaribu kuiga

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baadhi takwimu, unaweza kuona katika kitabu.

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>> Na tena bure shusha
stat.cmu.edu/cshalizi/ Samahani,

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kwamba lazima kufyeka tilde cshalizi.

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Mimi itabidi kuhakikisha kusahihisha kwamba
wakati slides rasmi kwenda juu.

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/ ADAfaEPoV ambayo ni haki
kifupi cha jina kitabu.

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>> Hivyo ujumla caveats-- R
ina mengi ya uwezo.

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Mimi tu kwenda kuwa na uwezo wa kufunika
uso wa mambo mengi.

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Pia sehemu ya kwanza ya semina
ni kwenda kuwa kitu cha data dampo.

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Nasikitika kabisa juu ya hilo.

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Kimsingi, mimi nina kwenda kwa
kuanzisha wewe mambo mengi

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haki mbali bat, kwenda
haraka iwezekanavyo.

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Na kisha sisi kupata
sehemu ya kujifurahisha, ambayo ni

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demo ambapo naweza kuonyesha kila kitu
kwamba tumekuwa kuongelea juu ya screen.

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Na unaweza kucheza karibu juu yako mwenyewe.

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Kwa hiyo, kuna kwenda kuwa mengi ya
mambo ya kiufundi kimesababisha hapa.

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Msiwe na wasiwasi juu ya kuiga kila kitu chini.

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Kwa sababu, unaweza kupata yote
mambo juu ya CS50 tovuti baadaye.

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Na B, siyo kweli kwamba muhimu
kukariri hii kutoka slides.

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Ni muhimu zaidi kwamba kupata
baadhi kituo Intuitive na hayo

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na kwamba linatokana na kucheza tu karibu.

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>> Hivyo kwa nini kutumia R?

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Kimsingi, kama una mradi huo
inahusisha madini seti kubwa data, data

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taswira, wewe
unapaswa kutumia R. Kama uko

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kufanya uchambuzi wa takwimu ngumu,
kwamba itakuwa vigumu katika Excel,

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Kwa mfano, ingekuwa
pia inaweza wakatenda mema, pia

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kama wewe ni kufanya takwimu
Uchambuzi hiyo moja kwa moja.

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Hebu sema wewe ni kudumisha tovuti.

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Na unataka kusoma gogo server
kila siku na kukusanya baadhi ya orodha,

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kama nchi juu kwamba
watumiaji yako ni kuja kutoka,

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baadhi ya takwimu muhtasari juu ya muda gani
wanatumia kwenye tovuti yako au chochote.

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Na unataka kukimbia huu kila siku.

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>> Sasa kama wewe ni kufanya hili katika Excel,
d kuwa na kwenda kwa server logi yako,

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kuagiza kwamba katika
Excel spreadsheet data,

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kukimbia uchambuzi zote manually.

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Pamoja R, unaweza tu kuandika script moja.

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Ratiba hiyo kuendesha kila siku
kutoka mfumo wa uendeshaji wako.

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Na kisha kila usiku saa 2:00 asubuhi,
au wakati wowote ratiba yake ya kuendesha,

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itakuwa kuangalia njia yako
internet trafiki kwa siku hiyo.

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Na kisha kwa siku ya pili, utasikia
kuwa, ripoti hii shiny mpya

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au chochote na wote wa
Maelezo akaomba.

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>> Hivyo kimsingi R ni kwa Cisco
programu dhidi Cisco uchambuzi.

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Awali ni kosa.

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Hebu kupata katika mambo halisi.

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Hivyo kuna tatu halisi
aina katika lugha.

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Kuna numeric aina.

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Kuna aina ya tofauti kati
integers na pointi yaliyo,

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lakini si kweli.

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Kuna tabia
aina, ambayo ni masharti.

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Na kuna mantiki
aina, ambayo ni Booleans.

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>> Na unaweza kubadilisha kati ya aina
kutumia kazi hizo kama numeric,

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kama tabia, kama mantiki.

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Kama wewe piga, kwa mfano,
kama numeric kwenye kamba,

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itakuwa kujaribu kusoma kamba kwamba
kama idadi, njia ile ile

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kwamba a2i na scanf kufanya, na C. Kama
wewe piga kama numeric kwenye kweli au uongo

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itakuwa kubadilisha na 1 au 0.

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Kama wewe piga kama tabia
juu ya kitu chochote ni itabidi

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kubadilisha kwamba katika
uwakilishi kamba.

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>> Halafu kulikuwa na wadudu na matrices.

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Hivyo kusukuma kimsingi
1 dimensional arrays.

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Wao ni kile tunachokiita arrays katika
C. Matrices, 2 dimensional arrays.

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Na kisha juu
dimensional arrays unaweza

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3, 4, 5 vipimo au chochote
maadili numeric, ya masharti,

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ya mantiki maadili.

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>> Unaweza pia kuwa na orodha ambayo ni
aina ya safu associative.

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Mimi itabidi kupata katika kwamba kidogo.

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Kwa hiyo, jambo moja muhimu
kwamba safari hadi watu katika R

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ni kwamba hakuna
halisi, safi atomic aina.

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Hakuna tofauti halisi kati
idadi, kama thamani numeric,

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na orodha ya maadili nambari.

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Maadili numeric kweli
sawa na vectors ya urefu 1.

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Na hii ina idadi ya
athari muhimu.

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Moja, ina maana kwamba unaweza kufanya
mambo kwa urahisi sana ambazo zinahusisha

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kama vile kuongeza idadi ya vector.

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R mapenzi kimsingi takwimu
nje nini maana ya jambo hilo.

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Na mimi itabidi kupata kwamba katika pili.

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Pia ina maana kwamba hakuna njia
kwa ajili ya aina checker-- kwa kiasi

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kwamba kitu kama hicho
ipo katika R-- kuwaambia

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wakati umepita katika thamani moja
wakati inatarajia safu au kinyume chake.

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Na kwamba inaweza kusababisha baadhi ya isiyo ya kawaida
matatizo ambayo mimi mbio katika wakati

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Mimi nilikuwa kutumia R wakati wa majira yangu kazi.

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Na hakuna arrays mchanganyiko wa aina.

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Hivyo huwezi kuwa na safu walikuwa
mambo ya kwanza ni, mimi sijui,

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kamba "John" na
kipengele cha pili ni namba 42.

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Kama wewe kujaribu kufanya hivyo, basi utasikia kupata
kila kitu tu kubadilishwa kwa kamba.

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Hivyo tuna kamba John, kamba 42.

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>> Kisintaksia hivyo kawaida features-- zaidi
R syntax ni sawa na C.

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Kuna wachache tofauti muhimu.

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Kuandika ni dhaifu sana.

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Hivyo hakuna maazimio kutofautiana.

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Zoezi anatumia ajabu
makosa operator chini ya hyphen.

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Maoni ni pamoja na alama hash.

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Nadhani sasa siku sisi kuiita alama
ingawa hiyo si kweli accurate-- si

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mara mbili kufyeka.

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>> Mabaki Msimu ni kwa ishara %%.

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Integer mgawanyiko ni pamoja na% /% ambayo ni
ngumu sana kusoma wakati ni makadirio

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up kwenye screen.

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Unaweza kupata safu ya
integers kwa matumbo.

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Hivyo 2,5 nitakupa vector
ya namba zote 2 kwa njia ya 5.

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>> Arrays ni mmoja indexed,
ambayo screws mengi ya watu

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up kama uko kutoka zaidi
Lugha ya kawaida ya programu,

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kama C, ambapo zaidi
mambo ni sifuri indexed.

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Tena, hii ni mahali ambapo urithi R
kama lugha ya kama si

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programmers wataalamu huja katika.

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00:09:56,560 --> 00:09:59,680
Kama uko mwanasosholojia au
mchumi au kitu

191
00:09:59,680 --> 00:10:01,980
na wewe ni kujaribu kutumia
R kimsingi kama adjunct

192
00:10:01,980 --> 00:10:03,832
kwa yako muhimu zaidi
kazi kitaaluma,

193
00:10:03,832 --> 00:10:06,040
wewe ni kwenda kupata
mmoja Indexing kidogo zaidi ya asili.

194
00:10:06,040 --> 00:10:09,890
Kwa sababu wewe kuanza kuhesabu
saa 1 katika maisha ya kila siku, si 0.

195
00:10:09,890 --> 00:10:13,260
>> Kwa-tanzi, hii ni sawa na
foreach kujenga katika PHP,

196
00:10:13,260 --> 00:10:17,090
ambao utakuwa kupata
kujifunza in-- pretty hivi karibuni.

197
00:10:17,090 --> 00:10:22,540
Ambayo ni kwa thamani katika vector na
basi unaweza kufanya mambo kwa thamani.

198
00:10:22,540 --> 00:10:24,040
Watazamaji: Hiyo kuja katika hotuba.

199
00:10:24,040 --> 00:10:26,248
CONNOR HARRIS: Oh, hiyo ni
kuja hotuba, bora.

200
00:10:26,248 --> 00:10:29,815
Watazamaji: zoezi, je, ni
zinatakiwa uhakika kutoka kulia kwenda kushoto?

201
00:10:29,815 --> 00:10:31,440
CONNOR HARRIS: Kuanzia kulia kwenda kushoto, ndiyo.

202
00:10:31,440 --> 00:10:34,720
Unaweza kufikiria kama thamani ya
haki kumfanyia fujo katika kutofautiana

203
00:10:34,720 --> 00:10:36,240
kwa kushoto.

204
00:10:36,240 --> 00:10:36,781
Watazamaji: Sawa.

205
00:10:36,781 --> 00:10:39,770

206
00:10:39,770 --> 00:10:42,330
>> CONNOR HARRIS: Na hatimaye
kazi syntax ni ajabu kidogo.

207
00:10:42,330 --> 00:10:48,460
Una jina kazi foo, kupewa
kwa kazi hii keyword, ikifuatiwa

208
00:10:48,460 --> 00:10:51,530
na wote hoja na kisha
mwili wa kazi baada ya hapo.

209
00:10:51,530 --> 00:10:53,280
Tena mambo hayo may
kuonekana kidogo ajabu.

210
00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:57,181
Wao itabidi kuwa asili ya pili baada ya
kazi na lugha kwa kidogo.

211
00:10:57,181 --> 00:10:58,930
Hivyo wadudu, njia
wewe kujenga vector

212
00:10:58,930 --> 00:11:04,550
ni wewe aina C, ambayo ni keyword, kisha
namba zote unataka au masharti

213
00:11:04,550 --> 00:11:06,490
au chochote.

214
00:11:06,490 --> 00:11:07,995
Hoja pia kuwa wadudu.

215
00:11:07,995 --> 00:11:09,620
Lakini safu kusababisha anapata bapa.

216
00:11:09,620 --> 00:11:14,385
Hivyo huwezi kuwa na arrays ambapo
baadhi ya vipengele ni idadi single

217
00:11:14,385 --> 00:11:17,010
na baadhi ya vipengele ni arrays wenyewe.

218
00:11:17,010 --> 00:11:20,010
>> Hivyo kama wewe kujaribu kujenga
safu walikuwa kitu cha kwanza ni 4

219
00:11:20,010 --> 00:11:22,370
na kipengele cha pili
ni safu 3,5 utasikia

220
00:11:22,370 --> 00:11:25,890
tu kupata mambo matatu safu, 4,3,5.

221
00:11:25,890 --> 00:11:27,760
Hawawezi kuwa na mchanganyiko wa aina.

222
00:11:27,760 --> 00:11:32,290
Kama wewe kujaribu kusoma wala kuandika
nje ya mipaka ya vector

223
00:11:32,290 --> 00:11:36,640
utasikia kupata thamani huu inaitwa NA a
ambayo inasimamia kwa thamani kukosa.

224
00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:39,900
Na hii ni lengo kwa ajili
kama wanatakwimu ambao

225
00:11:39,900 --> 00:11:43,080
ni kufanya kazi na pungufu seti data.

226
00:11:43,080 --> 00:11:46,460
>> Kama wewe kutumia kazi kwamba walidhani
kuchukua namba moja tu kwa safu

227
00:11:46,460 --> 00:11:49,220
basi nini utapata ni,
kazi itakuwa ramani juu ya safu.

228
00:11:49,220 --> 00:11:52,130
Hivyo kama kazi yako hebu sema inachukua
idadi na anarudi ni mraba.

229
00:11:52,130 --> 00:11:58,170
Kuomba kwamba kwa safu 2,3,5
Nini utapata ni safu 4,9,25.

230
00:11:58,170 --> 00:12:00,010
>> Na hiyo ndiyo muhimu sana
kwa sababu ina maana wewe

231
00:12:00,010 --> 00:12:03,374
Si lazima kuandika kwa mizunguko kwa
kufanya mambo rahisi sana kama kutumia

232
00:12:03,374 --> 00:12:05,040
kazi kwa wanachama wote wa kuweka data.

233
00:12:05,040 --> 00:12:08,557
Ambayo kama wewe ni kufanya kazi na kubwa
seti data, una kufanya mengi.

234
00:12:08,557 --> 00:12:10,390
Kazi mapacha ni
kutumiwa kuingia kwa kuingia.

235
00:12:10,390 --> 00:12:12,430
Mimi itabidi kupata katika jambo hilo.

236
00:12:12,430 --> 00:12:16,750
Unaweza kupata yao kwa arrays
au wadudu na mabano mraba.

237
00:12:16,750 --> 00:12:22,300
Mabano hivyo jina vector mraba 1
nitakupa kipengele kwanza.

238
00:12:22,300 --> 00:12:25,510
Jina Vector mraba mabano 2
nitakupa kipengele cha pili.

239
00:12:25,510 --> 00:12:27,530
>> Unaweza kupita juu vector
ya fahirisi na utasikia

240
00:12:27,530 --> 00:12:29,640
kupata nyuma nje kimsingi sababu ndogo.

241
00:12:29,640 --> 00:12:34,990
Hivyo unaweza kufanya vector mabano jina C, 2,4
na utapata nje vector zenye

242
00:12:34,990 --> 00:12:38,804
pili na ya nne
mambo ya safu.

243
00:12:38,804 --> 00:12:40,720
Na kama unataka tu
haraka muhtasari takwimu

244
00:12:40,720 --> 00:12:47,529
ya vector kama interquartile
mbalimbali, wastani, kiwango cha juu, chochote,

245
00:12:47,529 --> 00:12:49,820
unaweza aina tu muhtasari
jina vector na kupata kwamba nje.

246
00:12:49,820 --> 00:12:52,680
Hiyo si muhimu kweli kweli katika
programu lakini kama wewe ni kucheza

247
00:12:52,680 --> 00:12:55,990
karibu data seti, ni Handy.

248
00:12:55,990 --> 00:12:58,650
>> Matrices-- kimsingi
juu ya pande arrays.

249
00:12:58,650 --> 00:13:01,190
Wana huu nukuu syntax maalum.

250
00:13:01,190 --> 00:13:07,620
Tumbo na safu kwamba anapata
kujazwa in-- pole, tumbo na data,

251
00:13:07,620 --> 00:13:09,780
idadi ya mistari, idadi ya nguzo.

252
00:13:09,780 --> 00:13:13,180
Wakati una baadhi ya data, huijaza katika
safu kimsingi kwenda juu hadi chini

253
00:13:13,180 --> 00:13:13,380
kwanza.

254
00:13:13,380 --> 00:13:14,190
Kisha kushoto kwenda kulia.

255
00:13:14,190 --> 00:13:15,030
Hivyo, kama hiyo.

256
00:13:15,030 --> 00:13:17,809

257
00:13:17,809 --> 00:13:19,600
Na R imejenga katika
tumbo kuzidisha,

258
00:13:19,600 --> 00:13:24,310
spectral mtengano,
diagonalization, mambo mengi.

259
00:13:24,310 --> 00:13:27,785
Kama unataka juu ya pande
arrays, hivyo 3, 4, 5,

260
00:13:27,785 --> 00:13:29,410
au chochote vipimo unaweza kufanya hivyo.

261
00:13:29,410 --> 00:13:34,400
Syntax ni safu finyu sawa na c,
kisha orodha ya vipimo.

262
00:13:34,400 --> 00:13:38,620
Hivyo kama unataka 4 dimensional safu
na vipimo 4, 7, 8, 9, safu,

263
00:13:38,620 --> 00:13:45,470
hafifu sawa na c (4,7,8,9).

264
00:13:45,470 --> 00:13:51,180
>> Upatikanaji maadili moja kwa mabano
kwanza kuingia comma kuingia wa pili.

265
00:13:51,180 --> 00:13:54,870
Unaweza kupata vipande nzima
ya safu au nguzo.

266
00:13:54,870 --> 00:13:59,900
Na syntax hii ni pungufu
tu mstari idadi comma au comma safu

267
00:13:59,900 --> 00:14:00,400
idadi.

268
00:14:00,400 --> 00:14:02,874

269
00:14:02,874 --> 00:14:04,540
Hivyo orodha ni aina ya kuhusishwa safu.

270
00:14:04,540 --> 00:14:06,360
Wana syntax yao wenyewe hapa.

271
00:14:06,360 --> 00:14:08,320
Tena hawana frantically
nakala chini hawa wote.

272
00:14:08,320 --> 00:14:11,370
Hii ni ili watu
kwenda kwa slides baadaye

273
00:14:11,370 --> 00:14:13,089
na hii yote katika kumbukumbu nzuri.

274
00:14:13,089 --> 00:14:16,130
Na hii itakuwa mara moja sana ya asili
Mimi kwa kweli kutembea kwa njia ya demos.

275
00:14:16,130 --> 00:14:19,295

276
00:14:19,295 --> 00:14:20,920
Hivyo unaorodhesha arrays kimsingi yanayohusiana.

277
00:14:20,920 --> 00:14:27,040
Unaweza kupata maadili na
orodha jina, ishara ya dola, muhimu.

278
00:14:27,040 --> 00:14:31,370
Hivyo kama orodha yako ni jina foo,
basi unaweza kupata hiyo kama hicho.

279
00:14:31,370 --> 00:14:37,032
Unaweza kupata yote jozi ufunguo thamani
kwa kupita katika mraba mabano ripoti.

280
00:14:37,032 --> 00:14:39,240
Kama unaweza kusoma kutoka haupo
ufunguo, utapata null.

281
00:14:39,240 --> 00:14:41,150
Itakuwa si kosa.

282
00:14:41,150 --> 00:14:43,590
Suala hapa ni, R tutafanya kama wewe
sana na null kama wanaweza.

283
00:14:43,590 --> 00:14:46,580
Na hii ina maana kwamba kama wewe ni
hatarajii kupata null nje

284
00:14:46,580 --> 00:14:51,840
baadhi orodha kusoma, utapata baadhi
haitabiriki makosa zaidi chini

285
00:14:51,840 --> 00:14:52,620
mstari.

286
00:14:52,620 --> 00:14:54,890
>> Hii ilitokea kwangu yangu
majira ya kazi wakati nilikuwa kutumia R

287
00:14:54,890 --> 00:14:58,410
ambapo mimi iliyopita jinsi baadhi ya
orodha ilipewa katika doa moja

288
00:14:58,410 --> 00:15:05,410
lakini hakuna mabadiliko baadaye
kificho kwamba kusoma maadili kutoka humo.

289
00:15:05,410 --> 00:15:10,190
Na hivyo kile kilichotokea ilikuwa Nilikuwa
kusoma null maadili nje ya orodha hii,

290
00:15:10,190 --> 00:15:13,090
kuvigawa katika kazi,
na kuwa kuchanganyikiwa sana

291
00:15:13,090 --> 00:15:16,000
nilipofika kila aina ya
infinities random mseto juu

292
00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:16,790
katika kazi hii.

293
00:15:16,790 --> 00:15:20,730
Kwa sababu kama wewe kuomba fulani upeo
au kazi chini null,

294
00:15:20,730 --> 00:15:22,570
utasikia kupata maadili usio nje.

295
00:15:22,570 --> 00:15:26,400

296
00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:29,180
>> Takwimu muafaka, wao uko Aina ya orodha.

297
00:15:29,180 --> 00:15:31,170
Kila thamani ya kitu vector
ya urefu sawa.

298
00:15:31,170 --> 00:15:34,220
Na wao ni kutumika kwa ajili ya kuwasilisha,
kimsingi, meza data.

299
00:15:34,220 --> 00:15:36,175
Kuna hii syntax initialization.

300
00:15:36,175 --> 00:15:38,800
Hii itakuwa zote, tena, kuwa na kiasi
wazi wakati kupata demo.

301
00:15:38,800 --> 00:15:42,240

302
00:15:42,240 --> 00:15:44,240
Jambo zuri na
muafaka data ni kwamba

303
00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:49,380
inaweza kutoa majina kwa nguzo zote
na majina ya safu yote.

304
00:15:49,380 --> 00:15:53,890
Na hivyo kwamba inafanya kupata
yao kidogo friendlier.

305
00:15:53,890 --> 00:15:59,130
Pia hii ni jinsi kazi zaidi kwamba
kusoma katika takwimu kutoka Excel

306
00:15:59,130 --> 00:16:03,820
au kutoka Nakala files, kwa mfano,
kusoma katika takwimu zao.

307
00:16:03,820 --> 00:16:07,555
Wao itabidi kuiweka katika
aina fulani ya sura data.

308
00:16:07,555 --> 00:16:09,680
Hivyo functions-- kazi
syntax ni kidogo weird.

309
00:16:09,680 --> 00:16:16,160
Tena ni jina la kazi,
kuwapa, hii kazi keyword na kisha

310
00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:17,900
orodha ya hoja.

311
00:16:17,900 --> 00:16:24,080
Hivyo kuna baadhi ya mambo mazuri
kuhusu jinsi kazi kazi hapa.

312
00:16:24,080 --> 00:16:28,170
Kwa moja, unaweza kweli kuwapa
maadili ya msingi kwa hoja fulani.

313
00:16:28,170 --> 00:16:32,910
Hivyo unaweza kusema R1
equals-- unaweza kusema foo

314
00:16:32,910 --> 00:16:38,290
ni kazi ambapo R1 sawa na kitu
na msingi kama user bayana

315
00:16:38,290 --> 00:16:39,090
hakuna hoja.

316
00:16:39,090 --> 00:16:41,932
Vinginevyo, ni chochote kuweka katika.

317
00:16:41,932 --> 00:16:44,140
Na hii ni Handy sana
kwa sababu mengi ya kazi yetu

318
00:16:44,140 --> 00:16:47,910
na mara nyingi kadhaa au
mamia ya hoja.

319
00:16:47,910 --> 00:16:51,210
Kwa mfano ndio kwa kupanga njama
grafu au kupanga njama kuwatawanya viwanja

320
00:16:51,210 --> 00:16:54,430
na hoja kwamba kudhibiti
kila kitu kutoka kichwa na mhimili

321
00:16:54,430 --> 00:16:59,512
maandiko kwa rangi ya mistari kurudi nyuma.

322
00:16:59,512 --> 00:17:01,470
Na hivyo kama wewe hawataki
kuwafanya watu kutaja

323
00:17:01,470 --> 00:17:04,050
kila mmoja wa haya
mamia ya hoja

324
00:17:04,050 --> 00:17:07,674
kudhibiti kila nyanja moja ya
njama au kurudi nyuma au chochote,

325
00:17:07,674 --> 00:17:09,299
ni nzuri na kuwa na maadili haya ya msingi.

326
00:17:09,299 --> 00:17:12,700

327
00:17:12,700 --> 00:17:19,146
>> Na kisha unaweza kweli
kuandika kama wewe aliona nyuma hapa.

328
00:17:19,146 --> 00:17:22,869
Au kupata mfano bora.

329
00:17:22,869 --> 00:17:28,690
Wakati wewe piga kazi unaweza kweli
kuwaita kwa kutumia majina hoja.

330
00:17:28,690 --> 00:17:33,919
Hivyo hapa ni mfano wa
tumbo kuujenga.

331
00:17:33,919 --> 00:17:34,960
Inachukua hoja tatu.

332
00:17:34,960 --> 00:17:36,760
Kwa kawaida una data,
ambayo ni vector.

333
00:17:36,760 --> 00:17:38,920
Una N mstari, ambayo
ni idadi ya safu.

334
00:17:38,920 --> 00:17:41,160
Una N cols-- idadi ya nguzo.

335
00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:43,920
Suala hapa ni kama aina
N mstari sawa na chochote

336
00:17:43,920 --> 00:17:46,520
na N Kanali sawa na chochote wakati
wewe ni wito kazi hii,

337
00:17:46,520 --> 00:17:47,770
unaweza kweli kubadili yao.

338
00:17:47,770 --> 00:17:51,590
Hivyo unaweza kuweka N Kanali kwanza na N mstari
pili na itafanya hakuna tofauti.

339
00:17:51,590 --> 00:17:54,660
Hivyo hiyo ni nzuri kidogo kipengele.

340
00:17:54,660 --> 00:17:56,260
>> Je, kuagiza na kuuza nje.

341
00:17:56,260 --> 00:18:00,010
Hii inaweza kufanyika, kimsingi.

342
00:18:00,010 --> 00:18:03,816
Pia kuna vituo vya kuandika
holela R vitu kwa faili binary

343
00:18:03,816 --> 00:18:05,190
na kisha kusoma yao nyuma katika baadaye.

344
00:18:05,190 --> 00:18:08,030
Ambayo ni sehemu za kama wewe ni kufanya
kubwa mwingiliano kikao R

345
00:18:08,030 --> 00:18:12,850
na unahitaji kuokoa
mambo kwa haraka sana.

346
00:18:12,850 --> 00:18:16,460
By default R ina directory kazi
kuwa mafaili kupata kuandikwa kutoka ndani ya

347
00:18:16,460 --> 00:18:19,410
na kusoma nyuma katika kutoka.

348
00:18:19,410 --> 00:18:22,350
Unaweza kuona kwamba pamoja na
getwg, mabadiliko hayo kwa setdw.

349
00:18:22,350 --> 00:18:25,630
Hakuna kitu ya kuvutia hasa hapa

350
00:18:25,630 --> 00:18:28,270
>> Hivyo sasa takwimu halisi
stuff-- multilinear regression.

351
00:18:28,270 --> 00:18:30,960

352
00:18:30,960 --> 00:18:34,910
Hivyo syntax kawaida
ni kidogo ngumu.

353
00:18:34,910 --> 00:18:37,260
Mfano ni kitu kubwa kimsingi.

354
00:18:37,260 --> 00:18:39,910
Anapata ajili ya Lm,
ambayo ni kazi ya wito.

355
00:18:39,910 --> 00:18:43,840
Kitu cha kwanza, y
tilde x1 pamoja na chochote.

356
00:18:43,840 --> 00:18:46,574

357
00:18:46,574 --> 00:18:47,990
Syntax yangu hapa ni kidogo utata.

358
00:18:47,990 --> 00:18:49,490
Nasikitika kabisa, hii
ni njia standard

359
00:18:49,490 --> 00:18:50,990
kwamba vitabu vya sayansi ya kompyuta kufanya hivyo.

360
00:18:50,990 --> 00:18:54,890
Lakini ni kidogo weird.

361
00:18:54,890 --> 00:18:58,200
>> Hivyo kimsingi, ni lm
mabano, kwanza bidhaa

362
00:18:58,200 --> 00:19:06,730
ni kutofautiana pole, tegemezi
kutofautiana tilde x1 pamoja x2 pamoja

363
00:19:06,730 --> 00:19:10,910
Hata hivyo wengi wa kujitegemea
vigezo una.

364
00:19:10,910 --> 00:19:14,240
Na kisha hizi yanaweza ama kuwa
vectors, urefu wote huo.

365
00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:16,220
Au wanaweza kuwa safu
headers katika sura data

366
00:19:16,220 --> 00:19:18,553
kwamba wewe tu bayana katika
pili hoja data sura.

367
00:19:18,553 --> 00:19:23,270

368
00:19:23,270 --> 00:19:26,380
>> Unaweza pia kutaja
fomula ngumu zaidi

369
00:19:26,380 --> 00:19:31,990
hivyo huna kwa mstari
regress moja tegemezi kutofautiana,

370
00:19:31,990 --> 00:19:34,440
au vector moja juu ya vector ya awali iliyopo.

371
00:19:34,440 --> 00:19:38,070
Unaweza kufanya, kwa mfano, a
sehemu vector y mraba pamoja na 1

372
00:19:38,070 --> 00:19:42,100
na regress kwamba dhidi
kuingia ya baadhi vector mengine.

373
00:19:42,100 --> 00:19:45,200
Unaweza magazeti muhtasari wa
mfano wa kuigwa na amri hii inaitwa

374
00:19:45,200 --> 00:19:48,607
summary-- muhtasari tu parens mfano wa kuigwa.

375
00:19:48,607 --> 00:19:50,190
Tena kitu kingine ni lazima kufafanua.

376
00:19:50,190 --> 00:19:55,407

377
00:19:55,407 --> 00:19:58,615
Kitu kingine kwamba kupata kusahihishwa
wakati slides kwenda kwenye mtandao.

378
00:19:58,615 --> 00:20:01,127

379
00:20:01,127 --> 00:20:03,210
Kama unataka tu kwa mahesabu ya
uwiano rahisi

380
00:20:03,210 --> 00:20:09,170
unaweza kutumia uwiano vector
1 vector 2 kazi ya msingi.

381
00:20:09,170 --> 00:20:11,856
Mbinu ni kwa default
Pearson mahusiano.

382
00:20:11,856 --> 00:20:13,480
Hao ndio kiwango cha unaweza kufanya.

383
00:20:13,480 --> 00:20:15,990
Kuna pia Spearman na
Kendell correlations

384
00:20:15,990 --> 00:20:19,530
ambayo ni baadhi ya aina ya
cheo ili uwiano.

385
00:20:19,530 --> 00:20:23,600
Naam hawana mahesabu bidhaa
muda mfupi kati ya wadudu wenyewe,

386
00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:28,511
lakini wa cheo amri vector ya.

387
00:20:28,511 --> 00:20:29,510
Mimi itabidi kueleza kwamba baadaye.

388
00:20:29,510 --> 00:20:30,120
>> Watazamaji: Quick swali

389
00:20:30,120 --> 00:20:30,360
>> CONNER HARRIS: Ni kweli.

390
00:20:30,360 --> 00:20:33,151
>> Watazamaji: Hivyo wakati wewe ni kuhesabu
kwa mahusiano rahisi kufanya

391
00:20:33,151 --> 00:20:37,655
wewe kudhani kuwa kuna takwimu
umuhimu wa uwiano?

392
00:20:37,655 --> 00:20:39,030
CONNER HARRIS: Huwezi kuwa na uhuru.

393
00:20:39,030 --> 00:20:41,840

394
00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:43,960
Lm ni kimsingi tu mashine.

395
00:20:43,960 --> 00:20:47,690
Itachukua katika mambo mawili
na itakuwa mate nje

396
00:20:47,690 --> 00:20:49,770
coefficients kwa bora fit line.

397
00:20:49,770 --> 00:20:52,310
Pia ripoti kiwango
makosa juu ya coefficients hizo.

398
00:20:52,310 --> 00:20:55,865
Na itakuambia, kama ni
kukatiza kitakwimu

399
00:20:55,865 --> 00:20:56,740
au tofauti kutoka 0.

400
00:20:56,740 --> 00:20:59,400
Ni mteremko wa bora
fit mstari takwimu

401
00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:01,510
tofauti na sifuri, na kadhalika.

402
00:21:01,510 --> 00:21:06,260
Hivyo inadhaniwa chochote, nadhani
ni jibu bora kwa swali lako.

403
00:21:06,260 --> 00:21:07,410
SAWA.

404
00:21:07,410 --> 00:21:14,650
>> Plotting-- hivyo sababu kuu unapaswa
kutumia R, kama multilinear regression.

405
00:21:14,650 --> 00:21:17,320
Kimsingi kila lugha
ina baadhi kituo kwa ajili hiyo.

406
00:21:17,320 --> 00:21:21,365
Na kwa uaminifu R syntax kwa
regression ni kidogo arcane.

407
00:21:21,365 --> 00:21:22,990
Lakini vitimbi ni mahali ambapo kweli huangaza.

408
00:21:22,990 --> 00:21:28,090
>> Workhorse kazi ni njama
na inachukua wadudu wawili, x na y.

409
00:21:28,090 --> 00:21:33,010
Na kisha ellipses anasimama kwa sana
idadi kubwa ya hoja hiari kwamba

410
00:21:33,010 --> 00:21:39,190
kudhibiti kila kitu kutoka vyeo kwa rangi
ya mistari mbalimbali au maeneo mbalimbali,

411
00:21:39,190 --> 00:21:40,200
na aina ya njama.

412
00:21:40,200 --> 00:21:42,250
Unaweza kuwa na kuwatawanya
viwanja au mstari viwanja.

413
00:21:42,250 --> 00:21:47,900

414
00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:49,710
>> [Inaudible] 2 vectors
ya urefu sawa.

415
00:21:49,710 --> 00:21:53,780
Unaweza kutanguliza huu kwa masharti
data sura katika hati yako.

416
00:21:53,780 --> 00:22:01,220
Na hii basi wewe tu kutumia safu
headers badala ya kusukuma tofauti.

417
00:22:01,220 --> 00:22:05,410
Unaweza kuongeza bora fit mistari na ndani
regression curves kwa graph yako.

418
00:22:05,410 --> 00:22:09,390
>> Amri hizi waliotajwa
hapa, ab mstari na mistari,

419
00:22:09,390 --> 00:22:11,640
by default hizi kupata
Imeandikwa katika pop up madirisha

420
00:22:11,640 --> 00:22:15,560
kwa sababu inadhaniwa kuwa
unatumia R interactively.

421
00:22:15,560 --> 00:22:17,310
Kama huna unaweza
kuandika mafaili mawili ambayo

422
00:22:17,310 --> 00:22:21,600
ni katika kweli mfumo wowote Ningependa.

423
00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:25,410
Samahani, nina typo mimi tu barabara.

424
00:22:25,410 --> 00:22:30,887

425
00:22:30,887 --> 00:22:32,720
Kama unataka kufungua
kifaa kingine graphical

426
00:22:32,720 --> 00:22:39,200
unaweza kutumia kazi huu inaitwa PNG au
JPEG au mengi ya muundo mwingine picha.

427
00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:42,319
Na unaweza kuandika grafu kwa
chochote faili jina bayana.

428
00:22:42,319 --> 00:22:45,110
Kufuta kwamba una use--
Sikuweza kuandika hii katika slide--

429
00:22:45,110 --> 00:22:49,650
lakini kuna kazi kuitwa dev
nukta mbali kwamba inachukua hakuna hoja.

430
00:22:49,650 --> 00:22:51,517
>> Kisha kuna vituo vya
kwa 3D mipango

431
00:22:51,517 --> 00:22:53,350
na kwa contour kupanga njama
kama unataka kufanya

432
00:22:53,350 --> 00:22:55,700
grafu ya mbili vigezo huru.

433
00:22:55,700 --> 00:22:57,150
Mimi si kupata katika hizi hivi sasa.

434
00:22:57,150 --> 00:22:59,130
>> Kuna pia baadhi ni
vifaa kwa ajili ya uhuishaji

435
00:22:59,130 --> 00:23:01,300
wale ni kawaida
iimarishwe na upande wa tatu.

436
00:23:01,300 --> 00:23:06,330
Nimefanya michoro na R grafu,
lakini mimi si kutumika hivi chama cha tatu

437
00:23:06,330 --> 00:23:06,940
maktaba.

438
00:23:06,940 --> 00:23:09,929
Hivyo siwezi kushuhudia
kwa jinsi nzuri walipo.

439
00:23:09,929 --> 00:23:12,220
Nini mimi kupendekeza kama unataka
kufanya michoro kutumia R

440
00:23:12,220 --> 00:23:16,480
ni unaweza kuandika yote ya
muafaka kwa michoro

441
00:23:16,480 --> 00:23:18,470
na basi unaweza kutumia
chama cha tatu program--

442
00:23:18,470 --> 00:23:23,630
ndio kawaida zinaitwa FFmpeg
au ImageMagick-- kushona

443
00:23:23,630 --> 00:23:26,540
wote wa muafaka yako katika moja uhuishaji.

444
00:23:26,540 --> 00:23:28,380
>> Hivyo wakati kwa demo.

445
00:23:28,380 --> 00:23:31,030

446
00:23:31,030 --> 00:23:37,189
Hivyo kama wewe ni kutumia yoyote Unix kama mfumo
ambayo ni Linux BSD lakini ambaye anatumia BSD.

447
00:23:37,189 --> 00:23:39,730
OS X kufungua dirisha terminal na
aina R katika amri ya haraka.

448
00:23:39,730 --> 00:23:42,820
Kama una R studio au
kama kwamba pia kazi.

449
00:23:42,820 --> 00:23:46,270
Kwa watumiaji Windows unapaswa kuwa
uwezo wa kupata R katika Mwanzo orodha yako.

450
00:23:46,270 --> 00:23:50,390
Ni lazima kuitwa kitu
kama R x64 3 hatua yoyote.

451
00:23:50,390 --> 00:23:53,110
Fungua kuwa hadi hapo.

452
00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:58,850
>> Hivyo sasa napenda tu
kufungua dirisha terminal.

453
00:23:58,850 --> 00:24:02,562
Haki wote, utafutaji.

454
00:24:02,562 --> 00:24:03,520
Watazamaji: amri-Nafasi

455
00:24:03,520 --> 00:24:06,675
CONNER HARRIS: amri-Nafasi, asante.

456
00:24:06,675 --> 00:24:10,030
Sina kawaida kutumia Macs.

457
00:24:10,030 --> 00:24:13,310
Terminal, kuonyesha dirisha mpya.

458
00:24:13,310 --> 00:24:18,120
New dirisha ni mazingira
msingi, R. Hivyo unapaswa kupata

459
00:24:18,120 --> 00:24:22,230
kuwakaribisha ujumbe, kitu kama hiki.

460
00:24:22,230 --> 00:24:31,060
>> Hivyo mimi nina kutumia R interactively.

461
00:24:31,060 --> 00:24:32,719
Unaweza pia kuandika maandiko R bila shaka.

462
00:24:32,719 --> 00:24:34,510
Kimsingi maandiko kukimbia
halisi njia ile ile kama

463
00:24:34,510 --> 00:24:40,250
kama wewe walikuwa wamekaa katika kompyuta
kuandika katika kila mstari mmoja kwa wakati.

464
00:24:40,250 --> 00:24:42,660
Basi hebu kuanza kwa kufanya vector.

465
00:24:42,660 --> 00:24:46,230
Mshale C 1, 2.

466
00:24:46,230 --> 00:24:49,400
1, 2, 4.

467
00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:50,050
OK, uhakika.

468
00:24:50,050 --> 00:24:51,630
Siwezi kufanya ukubwa wa herufi kubwa.

469
00:24:51,630 --> 00:24:53,030
>> Watazamaji: amri-Plus

470
00:24:53,030 --> 00:24:53,650
>> CONNER HARRIS: amri-Plus.

471
00:24:53,650 --> 00:24:54,191
Amri-Plus.

472
00:24:54,191 --> 00:24:57,610

473
00:24:57,610 --> 00:25:00,370
Sawa, jinsi hiyo?

474
00:25:00,370 --> 00:25:00,870
Nzuri?

475
00:25:00,870 --> 00:25:01,551
SAWA.

476
00:25:01,551 --> 00:25:03,300
Basi hebu kuanza na
kutangaza orodha vector.

477
00:25:03,300 --> 00:25:08,710
Je, mshale, C 1,2,4.

478
00:25:08,710 --> 00:25:11,181
Tunaweza kuona.

479
00:25:11,181 --> 00:25:12,680
Msiwe na wasiwasi juu mabano hapo.

480
00:25:12,680 --> 00:25:18,590
Mabano ni hivyo kama wewe magazeti nje
arrays muda mrefu sana, tunaweza wapi.

481
00:25:18,590 --> 00:25:26,987
Mfano mmoja itakuwa kama mimi
nataka tu mbalimbali 2-200.

482
00:25:26,987 --> 00:25:28,820
Kama mimi kuchapishwa sana
muda mrefu safu, mabano

483
00:25:28,820 --> 00:25:31,060
ni tu hivyo siwezi kuweka
wimbo wa ambayo ripoti

484
00:25:31,060 --> 00:25:33,250
sisi ni juu ya kama mimi nina kuangalia
kwa njia hii kuibua.

485
00:25:33,250 --> 00:25:36,570

486
00:25:36,570 --> 00:25:38,280
Hivyo hata hivyo, tuna.

487
00:25:38,280 --> 00:25:43,326
>> Hivyo nilivyosema hapo kabla kwamba arrays kuingiliana
vizuri mno na, kwa mfano,

488
00:25:43,326 --> 00:25:44,450
shughuli unary kama hii.

489
00:25:44,450 --> 00:25:46,500
Hivyo nini unafikiri mimi itabidi
kupata kama mimi aina pamoja na 1?

490
00:25:46,500 --> 00:25:49,630

491
00:25:49,630 --> 00:25:51,140
Yep.

492
00:25:51,140 --> 00:25:54,250
Haki, sasa mimi itabidi kufanya
hii safu mbalimbali.

493
00:25:54,250 --> 00:26:01,650
Hebu sema b c 20,40, 80.

494
00:26:01,650 --> 00:26:03,400
Hivyo unafikiri nini
amri hii itakuwa nini?

495
00:26:03,400 --> 00:26:09,962

496
00:26:09,962 --> 00:26:10,670
Kuongeza mambo.

497
00:26:10,670 --> 00:26:14,950
Na hivyo kimsingi hiyo ni nini anafanya.

498
00:26:14,950 --> 00:26:16,740
Hivyo hii ni pretty rahisi.

499
00:26:16,740 --> 00:26:23,800
Hivyo mimi vipi kuhusu mimi kufanya hivyo. c
ni, hebu sema, mara Juni 01-10.

500
00:26:23,800 --> 00:26:26,789

501
00:26:26,789 --> 00:26:28,830
Basi je, nataka kuona
zilizomo, unafikiri?

502
00:26:28,830 --> 00:26:37,110

503
00:26:37,110 --> 00:26:38,110
Basi wote mafungu ya sita.

504
00:26:38,110 --> 00:26:42,170
Sasa, unafikiri nini
kitatokea kama mimi kufanya hili?

505
00:26:42,170 --> 00:26:48,090
Mimi itabidi kufanya hii kidogo wazi, c, c.

506
00:26:48,090 --> 00:26:50,365
Hivyo kile kinachotokea, je
kufikiri, kama mimi kufanya hili?

507
00:26:50,365 --> 00:26:51,488
pamoja c.

508
00:26:51,488 --> 00:26:55,550

509
00:26:55,550 --> 00:26:56,050
[Inaudible]

510
00:26:56,050 --> 00:26:58,552

511
00:26:58,552 --> 00:27:02,350
>> Watazamaji: Aidha kosa au ni
tu anaongeza kwanza mambo matatu.

512
00:27:02,350 --> 00:27:04,510
>> CONNER HARRIS: Si kabisa.

513
00:27:04,510 --> 00:27:05,522
Hii ni nini tulipata.

514
00:27:05,522 --> 00:27:08,910
Kinachojitokeza ni mfupi
safu,, got waliendesha.

515
00:27:08,910 --> 00:27:13,990
Hivyo tulipata 124, 124, 124.

516
00:27:13,990 --> 00:27:15,710
Naam.

517
00:27:15,710 --> 00:27:18,940
Na kimsingi, unaweza kuona
tabia hii kabla, pamoja na 1,

518
00:27:18,940 --> 00:27:22,190
kama Aina ya tabia hii, ambapo
mfupi safu ni idadi tu

519
00:27:22,190 --> 00:27:25,410
1, ambayo ni moja ya kipengele safu.

520
00:27:25,410 --> 00:27:27,740
I just kuwa akisema vector zote
wakati badala ya safu,

521
00:27:27,740 --> 00:27:30,290
kwa sababu hiyo ndiyo r
nyaraka kawaida gani.

522
00:27:30,290 --> 00:27:33,070
Ni ingrained c tabia.

523
00:27:33,070 --> 00:27:37,590
>> Sawa, na hivyo kwa sasa tuna safu hii.

524
00:27:37,590 --> 00:27:38,830
Hivyo tuna safu hii, c.

525
00:27:38,830 --> 00:27:41,380
Tunaweza kupata muhtasari
takwimu juu ya c, muhtasari c.

526
00:27:41,380 --> 00:27:46,920

527
00:27:46,920 --> 00:27:48,280
Na hiyo ndiyo nzuri.

528
00:27:48,280 --> 00:27:51,070

529
00:27:51,070 --> 00:27:52,670
Hivyo sasa hebu kufanya baadhi ya mambo tumbo.

530
00:27:52,670 --> 00:27:56,160
Hebu sema m ni tumbo.

531
00:27:56,160 --> 00:27:57,780
Hebu kufanya hivyo vitatu na tatu moja.

532
00:27:57,780 --> 00:28:01,630
Hivyo nrows sawa na 3, na ncols sawa na 3.

533
00:28:01,630 --> 00:28:04,190

534
00:28:04,190 --> 00:28:10,710
Na kwa data hebu do-- hivyo nini
unafikiri hii ni kwenda kufanya?

535
00:28:10,710 --> 00:28:15,310

536
00:28:15,310 --> 00:28:16,580
>> Haki, ni moja ijayo.

537
00:28:16,580 --> 00:28:17,970
Ni nrow na ncolumn.

538
00:28:17,970 --> 00:28:22,164

539
00:28:22,164 --> 00:28:24,580
Hivyo kile nimepata kufanyika ni Nimekuwa
alitangaza tatu na tatu tumbo

540
00:28:24,580 --> 00:28:26,950
na nimekuwa kupita katika tisa kipengele safu.

541
00:28:26,950 --> 00:28:30,530
Hivyo logarithm ya yote
mambo moja kwa njia ya tisa.

542
00:28:30,530 --> 00:28:33,400

543
00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:37,285
Na maadili ya wale wote kujaza
up pole array--?

544
00:28:37,285 --> 00:28:38,660
Watazamaji: Hayo ni msingi 10 magogo?

545
00:28:38,660 --> 00:28:41,284
CONNER HARRIS: Hapana, gogo ni
logarithms asili, hivyo wigo wa e.

546
00:28:41,284 --> 00:28:44,886

547
00:28:44,886 --> 00:28:47,010
Naam, kama alitaka msingi
10 gogo, nadhani wewe d kuwa

548
00:28:47,010 --> 00:28:51,620
kuingia chochote, kugawanywa na gogo 10.

549
00:28:51,620 --> 00:28:56,750
Na hivyo data ya [inaudible] tu
fyller safu, hivyo juu hadi chini,

550
00:28:56,750 --> 00:28:59,490
kisha kushoto kwenda kulia.

551
00:28:59,490 --> 00:29:06,890
Na kama wewe alitaka kufanya baadhi ya wengine
safu, hebu sema n ni tumbo.

552
00:29:06,890 --> 00:29:10,317
Hebu kufanya, sijui, 2 hadi 13.

553
00:29:10,317 --> 00:29:11,900
Au mimi itabidi kufanya kitu zaidi ya kuvutia.

554
00:29:11,900 --> 00:29:13,770
Mimi itabidi kufanya 2 hadi 4.

555
00:29:13,770 --> 00:29:15,780
nrow sawa na, hebu sema, 3.

556
00:29:15,780 --> 00:29:18,992
ncol sawa na 4.

557
00:29:18,992 --> 00:29:20,360
n.

558
00:29:20,360 --> 00:29:22,090
Hivyo sisi tumepewa hii.

559
00:29:22,090 --> 00:29:26,130
>> Na sasa kama tunataka kuzidisha hayo,
tunataka kufanya asilimia nyakati asilimia n,

560
00:29:26,130 --> 00:29:27,680
kwa sababu hiyo ni n.

561
00:29:27,680 --> 00:29:30,234

562
00:29:30,234 --> 00:29:31,400
Na tuna bidhaa tumbo.

563
00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:33,970

564
00:29:33,970 --> 00:29:37,810
By wao njia, je, unaweza kuona jinsi
wakati mimi alitangaza n, 2 hadi 4

565
00:29:37,810 --> 00:29:43,570
vector got waliendesha mpaka
ni kujazwa juu wote wa n?

566
00:29:43,570 --> 00:29:45,710
Kama alitaka kuchukua
eigenvalue mtengano,

567
00:29:45,710 --> 00:29:46,960
hili ni jambo tunaweza kufanya kwa urahisi sana.

568
00:29:46,960 --> 00:29:47,709
Tunaweza kufanya Eigen n.

569
00:29:47,709 --> 00:29:52,290

570
00:29:52,290 --> 00:29:54,600
Na hivyo hii ni yetu kwanza
kukutana na orodha.

571
00:29:54,600 --> 00:29:57,000
>> Hivyo Eigen n ni orodha na funguo mbili.

572
00:29:57,000 --> 00:29:58,430
Maadili, ambayo ni safu hii hapa.

573
00:29:58,430 --> 00:30:01,030
Na wadudu, ambayo ni hii safu hapa.

574
00:30:01,030 --> 00:30:08,240
Hivyo kama alitaka kutafuta,
kusema, safu hii ya tatu

575
00:30:08,240 --> 00:30:13,080
kutoka eigenvectors tumbo, kwa sababu
eigenvectors ni wadudu safu.

576
00:30:13,080 --> 00:30:24,400
Hivyo tunaweza kufanya Zaidi sehemu Eigen ishara ya dola n
vectors, comma 3, ya [inaudible].

577
00:30:24,400 --> 00:30:29,800

578
00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:30,900
Nyingine.

579
00:30:30,900 --> 00:30:34,100
Ni kwamba, kama unaweza kutarajia.

580
00:30:34,100 --> 00:30:39,210
>> Kisha kusema n mara mara asilimia Nyingine.

581
00:30:39,210 --> 00:30:42,610

582
00:30:42,610 --> 00:30:48,320
Hivyo matokeo hapa hakika inaonekana kama
kama sisi alichukua eigenvalue tatu hapa,

583
00:30:48,320 --> 00:30:50,390
ambayo sambamba na
eigenvector tatu.

584
00:30:50,390 --> 00:30:53,190
Ni tu kuyagawa kila kitu katika
eigenvector hii, sehemu-busara,

585
00:30:53,190 --> 00:30:53,990
na eigenvalue.

586
00:30:53,990 --> 00:30:57,760
Na kwamba ni nini sisi bila kutarajia,
kwa sababu hiyo ndiyo eigenvalues ​​ni.

587
00:30:57,760 --> 00:31:00,890
Kuna mtu yeyote hapa si
kuchukuliwa algebra linear?

588
00:31:00,890 --> 00:31:02,530
Watu kadhaa, sawa.

589
00:31:02,530 --> 00:31:04,030
Tu kugeuka akili yako mbali kwa kidogo.

590
00:31:04,030 --> 00:31:07,490

591
00:31:07,490 --> 00:31:20,720
Na hakika kama sisi kuchukua Eigen n
dola ishara maadili mara 3 Nyingine,

592
00:31:20,720 --> 00:31:21,810
vizuri kupata kitu kimoja.

593
00:31:21,810 --> 00:31:24,726
Ni mpangilio tofauti kama mstari
vector badala ya safu vector,

594
00:31:24,726 --> 00:31:25,640
lakini kubwa mpango huo.

595
00:31:25,640 --> 00:31:29,430

596
00:31:29,430 --> 00:31:35,170
Na hivyo wale ni kimsingi nzuri
mambo ambayo tunaweza kufanya na matrices,

597
00:31:35,170 --> 00:31:36,489
alionyesha orodha.

598
00:31:36,489 --> 00:31:39,030
Mimi lazima kuonyesha nzuri
mambo kuhusu kazi pia.

599
00:31:39,030 --> 00:31:41,750
>> Basi hebu say-- [inaudible]
kazi, wito hebu

600
00:31:41,750 --> 00:31:51,960
ni func dhidi kazi n n squared--
kweli, hiyo si kweli bora.

601
00:31:51,960 --> 00:31:55,632
a, b, mraba pamoja b.

602
00:31:55,632 --> 00:31:58,547

603
00:31:58,547 --> 00:32:00,380
Kwa hiyo, jambo moja kuhusu
kazi, tena, ni wao

604
00:32:00,380 --> 00:32:01,963
hawana haja ya kauli kurudi wazi.

605
00:32:01,963 --> 00:32:04,250
Hivyo unaweza just--
Kauli ya mwisho tathmini

606
00:32:04,250 --> 00:32:07,502
itakuwa kauli akarudi,
au thamani akarudi.

607
00:32:07,502 --> 00:32:10,460
Hivyo katika kesi hii, sisi ni kufanya tathmini ya pekee
Kauli moja, mraba pamoja b.

608
00:32:10,460 --> 00:32:12,043
Ambayo itakuwa thamani chaguo-msingi kurudi.

609
00:32:12,043 --> 00:32:14,530
Kamwe machungu ya kuweka katika
kurudi maadili waziwazi,

610
00:32:14,530 --> 00:32:16,880
hasa kama wewe ni kushughulika na
kazi ya ngumu sana mantiki

611
00:32:16,880 --> 00:32:17,380
kati yake.

612
00:32:17,380 --> 00:32:18,450
Lakini huna haja yao.

613
00:32:18,450 --> 00:32:24,890
Hivyo sasa tunaweza kufanya func 5, 1, na
hii ni kimsingi nini d kutarajia.

614
00:32:24,890 --> 00:32:29,146

615
00:32:29,146 --> 00:32:31,270
Kitu kingine tunaweza kufanya,
sisi kweli anaweza kufanya func b

616
00:32:31,270 --> 00:32:33,260
sawa na 1, sawa na 5.

617
00:32:33,260 --> 00:32:36,870

618
00:32:36,870 --> 00:32:40,770
Hivyo kama sisi kutaja idadi hapa,
ambayo hoja inakwenda ambayo hoja

619
00:32:40,770 --> 00:32:44,680
katika kazi, tunaweza flip kuzunguka
maadili haya popote tunataka.

620
00:32:44,680 --> 00:32:48,405
>> Watazamaji: Je, kuna sababu
kuandika ni nje na b

621
00:32:48,405 --> 00:32:52,404
sawa kinyume na kutumia tu
idadi na comma?

622
00:32:52,404 --> 00:32:54,820
CONNER HARRIS: Yeah, kwa kawaida
kufanya hivyo kama una majukumu

623
00:32:54,820 --> 00:32:58,540
na mengi ya hoja.

624
00:32:58,540 --> 00:33:00,690
Ambavyo vinaweza mara nyingi kuwa kama
bendera kwamba wewe d tu

625
00:33:00,690 --> 00:33:03,130
wanataka kutumia katika hafla nadra.

626
00:33:03,130 --> 00:33:06,740
Na njia hii unaweza only-- wewe
inaweza kutaja hoja maalum

627
00:33:06,740 --> 00:33:09,110
kwamba unataka kutumia
maadili zisizo chaguo-msingi kwa,

628
00:33:09,110 --> 00:33:14,470
na huna kuandika
kundi la bendera sawa na uongo nyuma yao.

629
00:33:14,470 --> 00:33:19,710
Au siwezi kuandika hii tena na
thamani chaguo-msingi kama b sawa na 2.

630
00:33:19,710 --> 00:33:26,289
Na kisha mimi naweza kufanya f func,
Mimi itabidi kufanya 4, 1 wakati huu.

631
00:33:26,289 --> 00:33:28,580
Na 17, ambayo ni 4 mraba
pamoja na 1, kama unaweza kutarajia.

632
00:33:28,580 --> 00:33:34,290
>> Lakini mimi naweza pia tu
wito huu kwa func 4,

633
00:33:34,290 --> 00:33:36,970
na mimi itabidi kupata 18, kwa sababu
Mimi si bayana b.

634
00:33:36,970 --> 00:33:38,550
Hivyo b anapata chaguo-msingi thamani ya 2.

635
00:33:38,550 --> 00:33:41,700

636
00:33:41,700 --> 00:33:47,200
>> OK, hivyo sasa kama wewe ni
kufuatia pamoja na demo,

637
00:33:47,200 --> 00:33:51,010
aina ya mstari huu kwa amri yako
kuchochea na kuona nini anakuja juu.

638
00:33:51,010 --> 00:33:52,090
Kwa kweli, kufanya hivyo.

639
00:33:52,090 --> 00:33:52,590
Aina hii.

640
00:33:52,590 --> 00:33:57,780

641
00:33:57,780 --> 00:34:01,000
Unapaswa kupata kitu kama hiki.

642
00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:04,780
Hivyo mtcars ni kujengwa katika data
kuweka kwa maandamano haya

643
00:34:04,780 --> 00:34:13,550
madhumuni kwamba anakuja with-- kwamba anakuja
katika na msingi na usambazaji yako r.

644
00:34:13,550 --> 00:34:19,211
Hii ni mkusanyiko wa takwimu kutoka
Suala 1974 ya gazeti Motor Mwenendo wa

645
00:34:19,211 --> 00:34:20,710
na idadi ya mifano mbalimbali ya gari.

646
00:34:20,710 --> 00:34:28,270
>> Hivyo kuna maili kwa kila lita, cylinders--
Mimi kusahau kile disp is-- horsepower.

647
00:34:28,270 --> 00:34:31,610

648
00:34:31,610 --> 00:34:32,420
Pengine.

649
00:34:32,420 --> 00:34:36,920
Kama wewe tu magari Google MT,
kisha moja ya matokeo ya kwanza

650
00:34:36,920 --> 00:34:38,730
itakuwa kutoka
rasmi r nyaraka

651
00:34:38,730 --> 00:34:41,080
na itakuwa kueleza
haya yote data mashamba.

652
00:34:41,080 --> 00:34:47,020
Hivyo uzito is-- wt ni
uzito wa gari katika tani.

653
00:34:47,020 --> 00:34:48,880
Swali sec ni muda robo maili.

654
00:34:48,880 --> 00:34:52,409

655
00:34:52,409 --> 00:34:55,850
Hivyo sasa tunaweza kufanya baadhi ya mambo ya kujifurahisha
kuhusu MT magari ni uwanja data.

656
00:34:55,850 --> 00:35:01,640
>> Hivyo tunaweza kufanya mambo
kama majina mstari, mt magari.

657
00:35:01,640 --> 00:35:05,490
Na hii ni orodha ya mistari yote katika
data kuweka ambayo ni majina ya magari.

658
00:35:05,490 --> 00:35:10,780
Tunaweza kufanya colnames, mt magari hili.

659
00:35:10,780 --> 00:35:15,500
Kama wewe kufanya mt magari,
ndogo ya namba ripoti, kama 2.

660
00:35:15,500 --> 00:35:18,177
tunapata safu ya pili kutoka
hii, ambayo itakuwa ni mitungi.

661
00:35:18,177 --> 00:35:19,370
>> Watazamaji: Je, mlifanya nini?

662
00:35:19,370 --> 00:35:21,570
>> CONNER HARRIS: mimi niliandika
mt magari, mabano e,

663
00:35:21,570 --> 00:35:24,180
ambayo alinipa pili
safu ya nje ya mt magari.

664
00:35:24,180 --> 00:35:34,501

665
00:35:34,501 --> 00:35:38,110
Au kama tunataka mstari, siwezi aina
mtcars comma 2, kwa mfano.

666
00:35:38,110 --> 00:35:41,850

667
00:35:41,850 --> 00:35:46,390
Nyingine pande zote 2 comma, namna hiyo.

668
00:35:46,390 --> 00:35:48,880
Na kwamba huenda katika mstari yako.

669
00:35:48,880 --> 00:35:54,680
Hii hapa tu anatoa
safu, lakini safu kama vector.

670
00:35:54,680 --> 00:36:04,634

671
00:36:04,634 --> 00:36:06,425
Mimi tu barabara sasa mimi
alisahau kuonyesha

672
00:36:06,425 --> 00:36:09,150
baadhi ya mambo ya baridi juu ya wadudu
kwamba unaweza kufanya na fahirisi.

673
00:36:09,150 --> 00:36:10,480
Hivyo basi mimi kufanya hivyo hivi sasa.

674
00:36:10,480 --> 00:36:17,130
Basi hebu kufanya c gets-- kuweka
huu juu ya pause-- 2 mara 1 mpaka 10.

675
00:36:17,130 --> 00:36:21,360
Hivyo c ni kwenda tu kuwa
vector 2 mpaka 20.

676
00:36:21,360 --> 00:36:24,640
Naweza kuchukua mambo kama hii, C2.

677
00:36:24,640 --> 00:36:30,942
Siwezi kupita katika vector
kama hii, c-- napenda

678
00:36:30,942 --> 00:36:34,470
kutumia jina tofauti na c, kama Zaidi sehemu c.

679
00:36:34,470 --> 00:36:37,591

680
00:36:37,591 --> 00:36:39,340
Kimsingi, mimi nina kufanya
hii ili huna kupata

681
00:36:39,340 --> 00:36:45,010
kuchanganyikiwa kati ya c kama
vector ujenzi kazi,

682
00:36:45,010 --> 00:36:48,800
na kisha c kama jina kutofautiana.

683
00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:53,120
Mabano Zaidi sehemu c 4, 5, 7.

684
00:36:53,120 --> 00:36:56,540
Hii itabidi kupata nami nje nne, tano,
na mambo saba ya safu.

685
00:36:56,540 --> 00:37:01,740
Siwezi kufanya Nyingine, kuweka katika hasi
ripoti, kama hasi 4.

686
00:37:01,740 --> 00:37:06,500
Kwamba kupata nami nje huu kwa
kipengele cha nne kuondolewa.

687
00:37:06,500 --> 00:37:10,140
Basi kama nilitaka kufanya vipande,
Siwezi kufanya Zaidi sehemu 2 hadi 6.

688
00:37:10,140 --> 00:37:15,480
2 matumbo 6 ni mwingine tu
vector, ambayo ni 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.

689
00:37:15,480 --> 00:37:18,230
Mtemi huo.

690
00:37:18,230 --> 00:37:20,770
>> Hivyo hata hivyo, nyuma ya mt magari.

691
00:37:20,770 --> 00:37:26,650

692
00:37:26,650 --> 00:37:28,450
Basi hebu kufanya baadhi regressions.

693
00:37:28,450 --> 00:37:34,240
Hebu sema mfano gets-- hebu
mstari regress-- Sijui.

694
00:37:34,240 --> 00:37:41,780
Kwanza hebu kufanya ambatisha mtcars, bila shaka.

695
00:37:41,780 --> 00:37:44,870

696
00:37:44,870 --> 00:38:00,010
Hivyo [inaudible] mfano lm, hebu regress
maili kwa kila lita ya tilde uzito.

697
00:38:00,010 --> 00:38:03,300
Na kisha sura data ni mtcars.

698
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:06,830
Hivyo muhtasari mfano wa kuigwa.

699
00:38:06,830 --> 00:38:12,900

700
00:38:12,900 --> 00:38:15,595
>> OK, hivyo hii inaonekana kidogo ngumu.

701
00:38:15,595 --> 00:38:19,380
Lakini kimsingi, kwa kuwa kama sisi
kujaribu kueleza maili kwa kila lita

702
00:38:19,380 --> 00:38:23,970
kama kazi linear ya uzito,
kisha tulipata mstari huu hapa,

703
00:38:23,970 --> 00:38:28,730
ambayo intercepts katika 37.28.

704
00:38:28,730 --> 00:38:33,830
37.28 itakuwa maili kinadharia
kila lita ya gari ambayo ina uzito sifuri.

705
00:38:33,830 --> 00:38:41,210
Na kisha kwa kila tani za ziada,
wewe kubisha maili tano kwa kila lita

706
00:38:41,210 --> 00:38:42,440
mbali ya kwamba.

707
00:38:42,440 --> 00:38:45,120
Wote coefficients hizi
Unaweza kuona, kiwango cha makosa huko.

708
00:38:45,120 --> 00:38:47,870
Na wao ni sana
kitakwimu.

709
00:38:47,870 --> 00:38:55,740
>> Ili tuweze kuwa na uhakika sana kwa
1 e 10 kwa 10 hasi.

710
00:38:55,740 --> 00:38:59,510
Hivyo 1 mara kitu cha hasi
10, kwamba kama wewe kufanya gari nzito,

711
00:38:59,510 --> 00:39:01,440
itakuwa na maili mbaya kwa kila lita.

712
00:39:01,440 --> 00:39:04,940

713
00:39:04,940 --> 00:39:07,250
Au tunaweza kupima baadhi mfano mmoja.

714
00:39:07,250 --> 00:39:09,230
Kama badala ya
regressing hii juu ya uzito,

715
00:39:09,230 --> 00:39:12,600
hebu regress kwenye gogo la uzito,
kwa sababu labda uzito ufanisi

716
00:39:12,600 --> 00:39:15,690
juu ya mileage ni namna fulani si linear.

717
00:39:15,690 --> 00:39:18,540
>> Hii alitupa r mraba ya 0.7528.

718
00:39:18,540 --> 00:39:19,610
Basi hebu jaribu hii.

719
00:39:19,610 --> 00:39:21,485
Wakati huu hebu kufanya
kutofautiana mbalimbali, pia.

720
00:39:21,485 --> 00:39:22,500
Model2.

721
00:39:22,500 --> 00:39:24,800
Hivyo muhtasari, model2.

722
00:39:24,800 --> 00:39:28,200

723
00:39:28,200 --> 00:39:31,390
Haki wote, hivyo tena, sisi
got fit wetu bora mstari hapa.

724
00:39:31,390 --> 00:39:36,160
Na hii time-- hii ni kusema,
kimsingi kwamba kila wakati

725
00:39:36,160 --> 00:39:38,090
kuongeza uzito wa
gari kwa sababu ya e

726
00:39:38,090 --> 00:39:40,580
wewe kupoteza maili hii wengi kwa kila lita.

727
00:39:40,580 --> 00:39:43,210

728
00:39:43,210 --> 00:39:50,326
>> Na hivyo wakati huu wetu kiwango mabaki
kosa it-- hiyo haina jambo, kwa kweli.

729
00:39:50,326 --> 00:39:53,540
Mabaki makosa ya hali ni
kimsingi tu makosa ya hali

730
00:39:53,540 --> 00:39:57,760
kwamba umeacha baada
kuchukua mstari mwenendo.

731
00:39:57,760 --> 00:40:02,805
Na r yetu mraba hapa ni 0.81,
ambayo ni kidogo bora kuliko yale

732
00:40:02,805 --> 00:40:07,640
tulikuwa na kabla, 0.52.

733
00:40:07,640 --> 00:40:09,750
>> Na hivyo sasa hebu kuongeza
mrefu kwa kurudi nyuma hii.

734
00:40:09,750 --> 00:40:13,020
Basi hebu regress maili kwa kila lita
wote juu ya gogo la uzito

735
00:40:13,020 --> 00:40:21,130
na, hebu kufanya, q maili,
robo maili huo.

736
00:40:21,130 --> 00:40:26,190
OK, ni lazima kuwa na the-- sawa, qsec.

737
00:40:26,190 --> 00:40:26,690
Qsec.

738
00:40:26,690 --> 00:40:30,630

739
00:40:30,630 --> 00:40:35,000
Actually-- pole, nini?

740
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:37,000
Napenda kuwaita hii kitu
mwingine zaidi model2.

741
00:40:37,000 --> 00:40:38,000
Napenda kuwaita model3 hii.

742
00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:40,860

743
00:40:40,860 --> 00:40:42,900
Na hivyo sasa tunaweza kufanya muhtasari model3.

744
00:40:42,900 --> 00:40:46,850

745
00:40:46,850 --> 00:40:49,100
Na hivyo tena, hii ni kimsingi
nini unaweza kutarajia.

746
00:40:49,100 --> 00:40:51,750
Una kukatiza chanya.

747
00:40:51,750 --> 00:40:54,550
Ufanisi na kuongeza
uzito ni hasi.

748
00:40:54,550 --> 00:40:58,490
Na ufanisi
kuongeza robo maili muda

749
00:40:58,490 --> 00:41:02,420
ni chanya, lakini ingawa
wachache kuliko uzito.

750
00:41:02,420 --> 00:41:06,010
Sasa shirikishi, unaweza kufanya maana ya
hii kwa kusema fikiria magari ya michezo.

751
00:41:06,010 --> 00:41:08,950
Kuna kuongeza kasi ya haraka sana,
mfupi sana robo maili nyakati.

752
00:41:08,950 --> 00:41:13,729
Wao ni pia kwenda kutumia gesi zaidi,
ambapo magari busara zaidi ni kwenda

753
00:41:13,729 --> 00:41:16,020
kuwa polepole kuongeza kasi,
juu ya mara robo maili,

754
00:41:16,020 --> 00:41:20,890
na kutumia chini ya gesi ,, hivyo
maili ya juu kwa kila lita.

755
00:41:20,890 --> 00:41:21,390
Kubwa.

756
00:41:21,390 --> 00:41:23,431
Na hivyo sasa ni wakati wa
njama kitu kama hiki.

757
00:41:23,431 --> 00:41:27,810
Basi hebu do-- hivyo wazi
mifupa tunaweza kufanya plots--

758
00:41:27,810 --> 00:41:35,280
kwa sababu nimekuwa masharti sura hii data
kabla, tunaweza tu kufanya viwanja, wt mpg.

759
00:41:35,280 --> 00:41:38,762

760
00:41:38,762 --> 00:41:39,720
Kufanya hii kidogo kubwa.

761
00:41:39,720 --> 00:41:55,050

762
00:41:55,050 --> 00:41:57,350
Huko, sisi kimsingi kuwa
kuwatawanya njama, lakini pointi

763
00:41:57,350 --> 00:41:58,690
ni aina ya vigumu kuona juu ya hili.

764
00:41:58,690 --> 00:42:04,860

765
00:42:04,860 --> 00:42:10,900
>> Sikumbuki offhand nini
syntax ni kwa ajili ya kubadilisha njama.

766
00:42:10,900 --> 00:42:14,100
Kwa hiyo mimi nadhani hii itakuwa
wakati mzuri wa kuleta,

767
00:42:14,100 --> 00:42:18,000
kuna nzuri sana msaada builtin
kipengele, msaada quotes kazi jina.

768
00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:21,690
Tutaweza kuleta kimsingi
kitu chochote Ningependa.

769
00:42:21,690 --> 00:42:28,010

770
00:42:28,010 --> 00:42:32,730
Nadhani itabidi kweli kufanya hii
sawa aina p kwa pointi viwanja.

771
00:42:32,730 --> 00:42:34,369
Je, kwamba kubadili jambo lolote?

772
00:42:34,369 --> 00:42:35,160
Na hakuna, si kweli.

773
00:42:35,160 --> 00:42:39,160

774
00:42:39,160 --> 00:42:39,660
Sawa.

775
00:42:39,660 --> 00:42:46,760

776
00:42:46,760 --> 00:42:49,580
>> Kwa sababu fulani, wakati mimi alifanya hivyo
kwenye kompyuta yangu mwenyewe wakati iliyopita,

777
00:42:49,580 --> 00:42:52,080
pointi zote kuwatawanya
walikuwa wazi sana.

778
00:42:52,080 --> 00:43:06,390

779
00:43:06,390 --> 00:43:13,970
Hata hivyo, ni kuwatawanya aina ya dhahiri?

780
00:43:13,970 --> 00:43:15,124
Kuna moja huko.

781
00:43:15,124 --> 00:43:16,165
Chache huko, chache huko.

782
00:43:16,165 --> 00:43:18,860

783
00:43:18,860 --> 00:43:21,185
Unaweza aina ya kuwaona, sawa?

784
00:43:21,185 --> 00:43:24,310
Hivyo kama tunataka kuongeza bora fit mstari
kwa njama hii hapa, ambayo ni kidogo wazi

785
00:43:24,310 --> 00:43:29,290
bones-- napenda kufanya hivyo kidogo nicer.

786
00:43:29,290 --> 00:43:38,075
Kuu sawa na dhidi ya uzito.

787
00:43:38,075 --> 00:43:46,322

788
00:43:46,322 --> 00:43:49,740
Maili kwa kila lita.

789
00:43:49,740 --> 00:43:53,570
Tena, unaweza kuona jinsi muhimu
hoja hiari ni hapa kwa pia

790
00:43:53,570 --> 00:43:58,090
kutokuwa na kuweka mambo katika
utaratibu fulani kwa hoja keyboard

791
00:43:58,090 --> 00:44:01,600
wakati una viwanja, kwa sababu
hizi kuchukua mengi ya hoja.

792
00:44:01,600 --> 00:44:07,490
>> Xlab sawa na uzito, uzito, tani.

793
00:44:07,490 --> 00:44:10,091

794
00:44:10,091 --> 00:44:10,590
Sawa.

795
00:44:10,590 --> 00:44:17,340

796
00:44:17,340 --> 00:44:21,480
OK, yeah, kifaa hiki
ni kuwa kidogo annoying.

797
00:44:21,480 --> 00:44:30,160
Lakini unaweza kuona aina ya huko,
kuna kichwa graph upande.

798
00:44:30,160 --> 00:44:35,260
Juu hapa there's-- juu ya chini
hapa kuna maandiko mhimili.

799
00:44:35,260 --> 00:44:37,700
Sikumbuki offhand
nini amri ars--

800
00:44:37,700 --> 00:44:41,000
nini kazi ni kuongeza
ukubwa wa maandiko hayo na vyeo,

801
00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:43,110
lakini wao uko pale.

802
00:44:43,110 --> 00:44:46,625
>> Na hivyo kama tunataka
kuongeza bora fit line,

803
00:44:46,625 --> 00:44:49,250
tunaweza kufanya kitu kama mimi
na syntax kuandikwa hapa.

804
00:44:49,250 --> 00:44:52,280

805
00:44:52,280 --> 00:45:11,130
Basi kumbuka sisi tu kuongeza mfano
ilikuwa mpg, uzito, mtcars.

806
00:45:11,130 --> 00:45:16,470
Na hivyo kama nilitaka kuongeza fit bora
mstari, mimi naweza kufanya, b mstari mfano wa kuigwa.

807
00:45:16,470 --> 00:45:18,556
Na boom, tuna bora fit line.

808
00:45:18,556 --> 00:45:19,970
Ni aina ya vigumu kuona tena.

809
00:45:19,970 --> 00:45:22,178
Nasikitika kabisa kuhusu
matatizo ya kiteknolojia.

810
00:45:22,178 --> 00:45:25,230
Lakini ni anaendesha kimsingi
juu kushoto upande wa kulia chini.

811
00:45:25,230 --> 00:45:27,550
>> Na kama wadogo walikuwa
kubwa zaidi, unaweza kuona

812
00:45:27,550 --> 00:45:31,260
kwamba kukatiza ni nini unaweza
kupata kutoka takwimu muhtasari

813
00:45:31,260 --> 00:45:34,790
kama aina muhtasari mfano wa kuigwa.

814
00:45:34,790 --> 00:45:40,130
OK, hivyo natumaini kila mtu anapata
kitu ya maana ya kile

815
00:45:40,130 --> 00:45:42,030
R ni, nini ni nzuri kwa ajili ya.

816
00:45:42,030 --> 00:45:45,520
Unaweza kufanya viwanja mbali nicer kuliko
huu juu ya muda wako mwenyewe, kama wewe kama.

817
00:45:45,520 --> 00:45:50,100

818
00:45:50,100 --> 00:45:53,950
>> Hivyo kazi ya nje interface.

819
00:45:53,950 --> 00:46:00,330
Hii ni kitu ambacho si kawaida
kufunikwa katika mihadhara ya utangulizi

820
00:46:00,330 --> 00:46:03,560
au utangulizi chochote kwa r.

821
00:46:03,560 --> 00:46:05,584
Siyo uwezekano wewe ni kwenda haja yake.

822
00:46:05,584 --> 00:46:08,000
Hata hivyo, nimeona ni muhimu katika
miradi yangu mwenyewe huko nyuma.

823
00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:10,984
Na hakuna nzuri
mafunzo kwa ajili yake online.

824
00:46:10,984 --> 00:46:12,900
Hivyo nina kwenda tu kwa
kukimbilia wewe wote kwa njia hii

825
00:46:12,900 --> 00:46:16,606
na kisha uko huru kuondoka.

826
00:46:16,606 --> 00:46:18,480
Na hivyo kigeni
kazi interface ni nini

827
00:46:18,480 --> 00:46:23,130
unaweza kutumia kuwaita nje kuona
kazi na R. Ndani,

828
00:46:23,130 --> 00:46:29,850
R imejengwa juu ya hesabu C. R ni tu
C ya hesabu 64-bit hatua floating,

829
00:46:29,850 --> 00:46:32,852
ambayo ni aina mbili [inaudible].

830
00:46:32,852 --> 00:46:35,060
Na unaweza kutaka kufanya
huu kwa kundi la sababu.

831
00:46:35,060 --> 00:46:39,250
Kwa moja, R ni kufasiriwa, ni
si ulioandaliwa chini ya mashine kanuni.

832
00:46:39,250 --> 00:46:42,170
Hivyo unaweza kuandika upya yako
mizunguko ndani katika C na kisha kupata

833
00:46:42,170 --> 00:46:45,920
Faida ya kutumia R. Kama
ni kidogo zaidi rahisi zaidi kuliko C.

834
00:46:45,920 --> 00:46:48,899
Ina bora graphing
vifaa vya na mengineyo.

835
00:46:48,899 --> 00:46:51,690
Na wakati bado kuwa na uwezo wa kupata
kasi ya juu nje ya mizunguko ndani,

836
00:46:51,690 --> 00:46:53,650
ambayo ni ambapo wewe kweli haja yake.

837
00:46:53,650 --> 00:46:56,330
>> Reusing maktaba zilizopo C,
hiyo ni muhimu pia.

838
00:46:56,330 --> 00:47:00,320
Kama una baadhi ya C maktaba kwa kama,
Sijui, Fourier kuugeuza,

839
00:47:00,320 --> 00:47:05,190
au baadhi Archean sana
utaratibu takwimu kutumika

840
00:47:05,190 --> 00:47:09,470
katika nishati astrofysik
au kitu, sijui.

841
00:47:09,470 --> 00:47:13,058
Juu ya nishati astrofysik
ni hata kufikiri, nadhani.

842
00:47:13,058 --> 00:47:16,480
Lakini unaweza kufanya hivyo badala ya kuwa
kuandika bandari ya asili R wao.

843
00:47:16,480 --> 00:47:22,725
Na juu ya the-- na tena, kama kama wewe
kuangalia katika maeneo mengi ya maktaba chaguo-msingi R,

844
00:47:22,725 --> 00:47:25,600
juu ya internals, internals ni
kwenda kutumia kazi nje

845
00:47:25,600 --> 00:47:26,724
interface sana sana.

846
00:47:26,724 --> 00:47:31,630
Wao itabidi mambo kama Fourier
kuugeuza au kompyuta uwiano

847
00:47:31,630 --> 00:47:34,890
coefficients yaliyoandikwa katika C, na wao itabidi
tu na R wrappers inayowazunguka.

848
00:47:34,890 --> 00:47:38,230
Interface ni
gumu kidogo. nafikiri

849
00:47:38,230 --> 00:47:43,750
ugumu wake ni chumvi katika
mengi ya maelekezo utapata.

850
00:47:43,750 --> 00:47:46,200
Lakini hata hivyo, ni kidogo utata.

851
00:47:46,200 --> 00:47:48,650
Na mimi hawajaweza kwa
kupata mafunzo mema kwa ajili yake,

852
00:47:48,650 --> 00:47:51,980
hivyo hii ni haki sasa.

853
00:47:51,980 --> 00:47:55,360
Tena, hii sehemu nzima
ni zaidi kwa ajili ya kumbukumbu baadaye.

854
00:47:55,360 --> 00:47:57,687
Msiwe na wasiwasi juu ya kuiga
kila kitu chini hivi sasa.

855
00:47:57,687 --> 00:48:00,020
Hivyo maelekezo yafuatayo
ni kwa Unix-kama,

856
00:48:00,020 --> 00:48:05,150
Linux, BSD, OS X. Sijui
jinsi hii matendo juu ya Windows,

857
00:48:05,150 --> 00:48:08,280
lakini tafadhali si tu kufanya yako
mradi wa mwisho juu ya Windows.

858
00:48:08,280 --> 00:48:10,790

859
00:48:10,790 --> 00:48:12,460
Wewe kweli sitaki.

860
00:48:12,460 --> 00:48:14,770
Unix ni bora zaidi ya kuweka
hadi kwa programu ya kawaida.

861
00:48:14,770 --> 00:48:19,320

862
00:48:19,320 --> 00:48:21,390
Kwa hiyo, kimsingi kigeni
kazi interface.

863
00:48:21,390 --> 00:48:24,420
Kama unataka kuandika C
kazi kwa ajili ya matumizi na R,

864
00:48:24,420 --> 00:48:27,250
ina kuchukua yote
hoja kama kuyatumia.

865
00:48:27,250 --> 00:48:30,666
>> Hivyo kwa maadili moja, hii
ina maana ni alisema kwa thamani.

866
00:48:30,666 --> 00:48:33,040
Kwa arrays, hii ni pointer
kwa kipengele kwanza, ambayo

867
00:48:33,040 --> 00:48:36,750
ni nini majina safu kweli maana.

868
00:48:36,750 --> 00:48:40,140
Tena, hii ni kitu unapaswa kuwa
pretty kabisa chini baada ya kupita kuweka tano.

869
00:48:40,140 --> 00:48:43,334
Majina safu ni kuyatumia tu
kwa kipengele kwanza,

870
00:48:43,334 --> 00:48:44,750
Aina floating-kumweka ni mara mbili.

871
00:48:44,750 --> 00:48:47,310
Na kazi yako ana kurudi tupu.

872
00:48:47,310 --> 00:48:50,810
Njia pekee ambayo inaweza
kweli kuwaambia R kile kilichotokea

873
00:48:50,810 --> 00:48:54,410
ni kwa kubadilisha kumbukumbu kwamba alitoa R
kwa kupitia kazi kigeni

874
00:48:54,410 --> 00:48:54,910
interface.

875
00:48:54,910 --> 00:48:58,180

876
00:48:58,180 --> 00:49:00,127
>> Hivyo nimekuwa imeandikwa huu
mfano hapa, hii ni

877
00:49:00,127 --> 00:49:02,460
kazi ambayo computes matumizi
dot bidhaa za vectors mbili.

878
00:49:02,460 --> 00:49:05,060
Inachukua hoja mbili, vec1, vec2,
ambayo ni wadudu wenyewe,

879
00:49:05,060 --> 00:49:06,934
na kisha n, ambayo ni
urefu, kwa sababu tena,

880
00:49:06,934 --> 00:49:12,630
R imejenga katika [inaudible] ili kujua
urefu wa wadudu, lakini C hana.

881
00:49:12,630 --> 00:49:16,182
Katika C, vectors ni holela
delimited chunk ya kumbukumbu.

882
00:49:16,182 --> 00:49:17,890
Hivyo njia unaweza
mahesabu ya nukta bidhaa

883
00:49:17,890 --> 00:49:23,470
ni hii kuweka tu nje parameter
na sifuri na kisha iterate kupitia

884
00:49:23,470 --> 00:49:28,760
kuanzia 1 mpaka nyota n, kwa sababu
n pointer kwa urefu,

885
00:49:28,760 --> 00:49:32,929
tu kuongeza kitu cha
hii nje parameter.

886
00:49:32,929 --> 00:49:34,970
Na inaweza kuwa mazoezi mazuri
kama wewe ni kwenda kufanya

887
00:49:34,970 --> 00:49:37,270
huu kuandika mbili tofauti majukumu C.

888
00:49:37,270 --> 00:49:41,970
Mmoja wao has-- mmoja wao tu
inachukua hoja na aina

889
00:49:41,970 --> 00:49:43,970
kwamba wangeweza kawaida kuwa katika C.

890
00:49:43,970 --> 00:49:47,780
>> Hivyo Inachukua safu
hoja kama kuyatumia.

891
00:49:47,780 --> 00:49:57,090
Lakini hoja moja-thamani kama n,
tu inachukua kama maadili na nakala,

892
00:49:57,090 --> 00:49:57,917
bila kuyatumia.

893
00:49:57,917 --> 00:49:59,750
Na kisha hana
[Inaudible] nje pointer.

894
00:49:59,750 --> 00:50:01,290
Na kisha unaweza kuwa
tofauti, kimsingi,

895
00:50:01,290 --> 00:50:03,623
kanga kazi ambayo kimsingi
kinafanya mahitaji

896
00:50:03,623 --> 00:50:07,740
ya kazi kigeni
interface kwa ajili yenu.

897
00:50:07,740 --> 00:50:11,840
>> Njia wewe piga huu katika R ni, mara moja
una kazi yako imeandikwa katika C,

898
00:50:11,840 --> 00:50:17,770
aina R cmd shlib, R
amri ya pamoja maktaba,

899
00:50:17,770 --> 00:50:20,110
foo nukta c, au chochote
jina la faili yako ilipo,

900
00:50:20,110 --> 00:50:23,020
na OS shell si katika R wastaafu.

901
00:50:23,020 --> 00:50:25,200
Na hii itakuwa kujenga
maktaba kuitwa foo dot hivyo.

902
00:50:25,200 --> 00:50:28,180
Na kisha unaweza mzigo katika
Muswada wetu au interactively

903
00:50:28,180 --> 00:50:32,310
na amri Dyn nukta mzigo.

904
00:50:32,310 --> 00:50:35,720
Halafu kuna kazi
katika R aitwaye nukta c.

905
00:50:35,720 --> 00:50:39,310
>> Hii inachukua hoja kwamba ni
kwanza jina la kazi katika C

906
00:50:39,310 --> 00:50:40,970
kwamba unataka simu.

907
00:50:40,970 --> 00:50:43,920
Na kisha vigezo vyote
kwa kazi hiyo,

908
00:50:43,920 --> 00:50:45,420
wao kuwa katika utaratibu sahihi.

909
00:50:45,420 --> 00:50:48,580
Una kutumia hizi aina
kazi ya kutumia nguvu kama integer, kama

910
00:50:48,580 --> 00:50:52,050
mara mbili, kama tabia, na kama mantiki.

911
00:50:52,050 --> 00:50:54,710
Na kisha wakati kuirudisha
orodha, ambayo tena ni

912
00:50:54,710 --> 00:50:57,550
safu kuhusishwa wa
majina parameter na maadili

913
00:50:57,550 --> 00:51:00,950
baada ya kazi umeisha.

914
00:51:00,950 --> 00:51:08,520
>> Hivyo katika kesi hii, kwa sababu nukta Prod ina
hoja vec1, vec2, na int n, n nje.

915
00:51:08,520 --> 00:51:11,980
Dot c tuna nukta Prod,
jina la kazi

916
00:51:11,980 --> 00:51:16,250
sisi ni wito, vec1, vec2, aina kushinikiza.

917
00:51:16,250 --> 00:51:20,060
Urefu wa ama vector,
I just waliamua vec1 kiholela.

918
00:51:20,060 --> 00:51:25,479
Itakuwa imara zaidi kwa kusema s
integer dk urefu wa vec1, urefu vec2.

919
00:51:25,479 --> 00:51:27,520
Basi tu kama mara mbili sifuri,
kwa sababu sisi si kweli

920
00:51:27,520 --> 00:51:29,644
huduma yale yanayoendelea ndani
nje parameter kwa sababu tuko

921
00:51:29,644 --> 00:51:32,270
kuiandaa kwa sifuri hata hivyo.

922
00:51:32,270 --> 00:51:37,560
>> Na kisha matokeo ni kwenda kuwa
kubwa kuhusishwa safu ya kimsingi

923
00:51:37,560 --> 00:51:42,090
vec1 ni chochote, vec2 ni chochote.

924
00:51:42,090 --> 00:51:44,330
Lakini sisi ni nia ya
nje, ili tuweze kupata kwamba nje.

925
00:51:44,330 --> 00:51:47,780
Hii ni mara ya pili, sana toy mfano
ya kazi ya nje interface.

926
00:51:47,780 --> 00:51:54,160
Lakini kama una compute nukta
bidhaa za wadudu mkubwa katika mizunguko,

927
00:51:54,160 --> 00:51:56,960
au kama una kufanya
kitu kingine katika kitanzi,

928
00:51:56,960 --> 00:51:59,850
na wewe hawataki wanategemea R,
ambayo haina kuwa na kidogo ya uendeshaji

929
00:51:59,850 --> 00:52:02,830
kujengwa ndani yake, hii inaweza kuwa na manufaa.

930
00:52:02,830 --> 00:52:05,870
>> Tena, hii si kawaida
mada ya utangulizi kwa R.

931
00:52:05,870 --> 00:52:08,571
Siyo vizuri sana kumbukumbu.

932
00:52:08,571 --> 00:52:11,070
Mimi tu ikiwa ni pamoja na ni kwa sababu
Nimeona ni muhimu katika siku za nyuma.

933
00:52:11,070 --> 00:52:13,654
Mazoea hivyo, mbaya.

934
00:52:13,654 --> 00:52:15,820
Mimi alieleza kuwa kuna
kwa kitanzi katika kazi.

935
00:52:15,820 --> 00:52:21,150
Kwa ujumla unapaswa, katika
lugha, si matumizi yake.

936
00:52:21,150 --> 00:52:26,100
Kulingana na jinsi R kutekeleza iteration
ndani, inaweza kuwa polepole.

937
00:52:26,100 --> 00:52:28,540
Wao tu pia kuangalia mbaya.

938
00:52:28,540 --> 00:52:32,410
>> R kinafanya wadudu vizuri mno, hivyo
mara nyingi huna haja ya kutumia hiyo.

939
00:52:32,410 --> 00:52:35,050

940
00:52:35,050 --> 00:52:38,900
Basi unaweza kawaida
kuchukua nafasi vector mara nyingi

941
00:52:38,900 --> 00:52:42,490
kwa kazi hizi inaitwa juu
kazi ili, Ramani, Kupunguza,

942
00:52:42,490 --> 00:52:44,404
Kupata, au Filter.

943
00:52:44,404 --> 00:52:46,320
Mimi itabidi kutoa baadhi ya
mifano ya nini hawa kufanya.

944
00:52:46,320 --> 00:52:49,957
Ramani ni kubwa ili kazi kwa sababu
inachukua kazi kama hoja.

945
00:52:49,957 --> 00:52:52,290
Hivyo unaweza kuwapa kazi,
unaweza kuwapa safu,

946
00:52:52,290 --> 00:52:54,640
na itakuwa kuomba kazi
kwa kila kipengele cha safu

947
00:52:54,640 --> 00:52:55,681
na kurudi safu mpya.

948
00:52:55,681 --> 00:52:58,035

949
00:52:58,035 --> 00:53:00,160
Kupunguza, kimsingi wewe kutoa
ni safu, wewe kuwapa

950
00:53:00,160 --> 00:53:02,930
kazi ambayo inachukua hoja mbili.

951
00:53:02,930 --> 00:53:07,100
Itakuwa kuomba kazi ya kwanza,
kwanza hoja na baadhi thamani starter.

952
00:53:07,100 --> 00:53:09,440
Kisha kwa kuwa matokeo katika pili.

953
00:53:09,440 --> 00:53:12,590
Kisha kwa kuwa matokeo katika tatu,
kisha kwa kuwa matokeo katika nne.

954
00:53:12,590 --> 00:53:14,870
Na kisha kurudi wakati anapata hadi mwisho.

955
00:53:14,870 --> 00:53:17,620
Hivyo kwa mfano, kama unataka
compute Jumla ya mambo yote

956
00:53:17,620 --> 00:53:23,240
katika safu, kuliko unavyoweza kuita kupunguza
na [inaudible] kupunguza Mbali

957
00:53:23,240 --> 00:53:26,620
kazi, kama func
a, b, kurudi pamoja b.

958
00:53:26,620 --> 00:53:28,960
Na kisha kuanza thamani ya 0.

959
00:53:28,960 --> 00:53:32,950
>> Watu hawa wote unaweza kupata yao
ilivyoelezwa katika R nyaraka,

960
00:53:32,950 --> 00:53:35,720
katika yoyote vitabu vya kiada juu ya
kazi ya programu.

961
00:53:35,720 --> 00:53:38,330
Kuna pia darasa hili la
kazi aitwaye kuomba kazi,

962
00:53:38,330 --> 00:53:42,807
ambayo mimi do not wao uko
kidogo vigumu kueleza,

963
00:53:42,807 --> 00:53:45,640
lakini kama ukiangalia katika [inaudible]
kadi ya njano kwamba mimi alitoa mfano mwanzoni,

964
00:53:45,640 --> 00:53:48,615
anaelezea yao pretty vizuri katika
nyongeza yake juu ya R programu.

965
00:53:48,615 --> 00:53:51,599

966
00:53:51,599 --> 00:53:53,390
Zaidi kuhusu desturi,
appending kwa wadudu.

967
00:53:53,390 --> 00:53:57,570

968
00:53:57,570 --> 00:53:58,070
Yeah?

969
00:53:58,070 --> 00:54:01,651

970
00:54:01,651 --> 00:54:02,900
Nadhani lazima kusahihisha jambo hilo.

971
00:54:02,900 --> 00:54:07,450
Katika kwamba mstari wa kwanza, Zaidi sehemu mshale,
kwamba mshale haipaswi kuwa hapo.

972
00:54:07,450 --> 00:54:10,920
Unaweza hawawajui kwa vector,
tena, na kuchukua urefu wake pamoja na 1

973
00:54:10,920 --> 00:54:13,220
na kumshirikisha baadhi thamani ya jambo hilo.

974
00:54:13,220 --> 00:54:18,970
Ambayo kupanua vector, au wewe
anaweza kufanya Zaidi sehemu sawa c, Zaidi sehemu newvalue.

975
00:54:18,970 --> 00:54:21,540
Tena, kama wewe kutumia C kwa
Hoja moja kama vector,

976
00:54:21,540 --> 00:54:23,300
uongozi kusababisha anapata bapa.

977
00:54:23,300 --> 00:54:27,160
Hivyo itabidi kupata tu vector
hiyo ni kupanuliwa kwa 1.

978
00:54:27,160 --> 00:54:30,410
Kamwe kufanya hivyo.

979
00:54:30,410 --> 00:54:33,330
>> Sababu kwa nini
haipaswi kufanya hivyo ni hii.

980
00:54:33,330 --> 00:54:37,430
Wakati kutenga vector, ni
anatoa ni chunk fulani ya kumbukumbu.

981
00:54:37,430 --> 00:54:40,680
Kama kuongeza kwamba ukubwa vector,
ina reallocate vector

982
00:54:40,680 --> 00:54:43,820
mahali pengine.

983
00:54:43,820 --> 00:54:46,980
Na hivyo uhamishaji ni ghali kabisa.

984
00:54:46,980 --> 00:54:50,530
Mimi si kwenda katika maelezo ya jinsi
allocators kumbukumbu zinatekelezwa

985
00:54:50,530 --> 00:54:57,280
katika ngazi ya mfumo wa uendeshaji,
lakini inachukua muda mwingi

986
00:54:57,280 --> 00:54:58,962
kupata chunk mpya ya kumbukumbu.

987
00:54:58,962 --> 00:55:00,920
Na pia, kama wewe ni
re-kugawa kura na kura

988
00:55:00,920 --> 00:55:03,500
ya kuendelea kubwa
chunks, unaishia

989
00:55:03,500 --> 00:55:06,420
na kitu kinachoitwa
kumbukumbu kugawanyika,

990
00:55:06,420 --> 00:55:09,390
ambapo kumbukumbu inayopatikana ni
imegawanywa katika kura ya vitalu kidogo

991
00:55:09,390 --> 00:55:11,500
katika allocators kumbukumbu hatua ya maoni.

992
00:55:11,500 --> 00:55:15,340
Na anapata vigumu na vigumu
kupata kumbukumbu kwa mambo mengine.

993
00:55:15,340 --> 00:55:19,455
Hivyo badala, kama wewe haja ya kufanya hivyo, kama
unahitaji kukua vector kutoka upande mmoja

994
00:55:19,455 --> 00:55:24,240
ijayo, badala ya appending hiyo
mara kwa mara, unapaswa kabla ya kutenga yake.

995
00:55:24,240 --> 00:55:29,310
Zaidi sehemu mshale, urefu vector
sawa 1,000, au chochote.

996
00:55:29,310 --> 00:55:33,200
>> Na kisha unaweza tu kuwapa
kwa vector ya maadili moja

997
00:55:33,200 --> 00:55:36,000
muda baada ya umefanya zilizotengwa ni mara moja.

998
00:55:36,000 --> 00:55:40,140
Mimi mbio katika hili, tena, majira yangu kazi
wakati mimi nilikuwa kuandika NRA tofauti

999
00:55:40,140 --> 00:55:42,120
equation solver.

1000
00:55:42,120 --> 00:55:43,180
Si ishara namba.

1001
00:55:43,180 --> 00:55:49,290
Wazo ni kwamba mara moja una
thamani moja kwa ufumbuzi wako,

1002
00:55:49,290 --> 00:55:51,240
matumizi kwamba compute moja ijayo.

1003
00:55:51,240 --> 00:55:53,700
Hivyo asili yangu wasiojua
kupendelea ilikuwa ni kusema sawa,

1004
00:55:53,700 --> 00:55:56,930
hivyo mimi itabidi kuanza na vector
hiyo ni thamani kubwa.

1005
00:55:56,930 --> 00:56:01,260
Compute na ile thamani ijayo
kwamba huenda kwenye ufumbuzi yangu vector,

1006
00:56:01,260 --> 00:56:02,630
na append kwamba.

1007
00:56:02,630 --> 00:56:05,290
>> Kujenga kitu kingine, append kwamba.

1008
00:56:05,290 --> 00:56:08,120
Ni akaenda sana, polepole sana.

1009
00:56:08,120 --> 00:56:11,540
Na mara moja nikagundua hii
na mimi iliyopita mfumo wangu

1010
00:56:11,540 --> 00:56:16,020
kutoka appending kwa vector hii
kama mara 10,000 hadi 100,000,

1011
00:56:16,020 --> 00:56:18,910
tu kabla ya kugawa vector
na kukimbia tu na kwamba.

1012
00:56:18,910 --> 00:56:22,100
I got zaidi ya 1,000 mara kasi.

1013
00:56:22,100 --> 00:56:26,280
Hivyo hii ni ya kawaida sana
mtego kwa R programu.

1014
00:56:26,280 --> 00:56:31,560
Kama unahitaji kujenga vector
kipande kwa kipande, kabla ya kutenga yake.

1015
00:56:31,560 --> 00:56:35,360

1016
00:56:35,360 --> 00:56:40,240
>> Safari nyingine ya kawaida up-- hii ni mwisho wangu
slide, hawana worry-- ni kosa utunzaji.

1017
00:56:40,240 --> 00:56:42,890
R, kwa kuwa mkweli, hana
kweli kufanya hivyo vizuri sana.

1018
00:56:42,890 --> 00:56:45,010
Kuna mengi ya
matatizo ambayo yanaweza kutokea.

1019
00:56:45,010 --> 00:56:48,360
Kwa mfano, kama wewe kupata safu
au vector nje ya kazi

1020
00:56:48,360 --> 00:56:52,377
kuwa wewe walikuwa wanatarajia moja
thamani ya wanatoka, au kinyume chake,

1021
00:56:52,377 --> 00:56:55,460
na kupita kwamba katika kazi hiyo
wewe aliandika wanatarajia thamani moja,

1022
00:56:55,460 --> 00:56:57,270
ambayo inaweza kuwa tatizo.

1023
00:56:57,270 --> 00:57:01,440
>> Baadhi ya kazi
kurudi null kama kufanya, kusema,

1024
00:57:01,440 --> 00:57:05,560
kusoma kutoka
haipo muhimu katika orodha.

1025
00:57:05,560 --> 00:57:08,527
Lakini null sio kama C
ambapo kama wewe kujaribu kusoma

1026
00:57:08,527 --> 00:57:11,360
kutoka pointer zamani, [inaudible]
kwa null pointer, ni tu seg makosa

1027
00:57:11,360 --> 00:57:14,109
na kama wewe ni katika HatiJava yako ni
anaelezea kwa uhakika ni wapi.

1028
00:57:14,109 --> 00:57:17,080

1029
00:57:17,080 --> 00:57:20,772
Badala yake, itakuwa null do-- kazi
kufanya mambo haitabiriki

1030
00:57:20,772 --> 00:57:21,730
kama uko mitupu null.

1031
00:57:21,730 --> 00:57:24,575
Kama kama wewe ni mitupu max null,
nitakupa infinity hasi.

1032
00:57:24,575 --> 00:57:27,230

1033
00:57:27,230 --> 00:57:28,190
Na hivyo, yeah.

1034
00:57:28,190 --> 00:57:30,880

1035
00:57:30,880 --> 00:57:32,630
Na hivyo hii ilitokea
kwangu mara moja wakati mimi nilikuwa

1036
00:57:32,630 --> 00:57:34,771
iliyopita kundi la mashamba
katika orodha ya muundo yangu

1037
00:57:34,771 --> 00:57:37,520
mara moja bila kubadilisha yao mahali pengine
wakati mimi nilikuwa kusoma kutoka kwao.

1038
00:57:37,520 --> 00:57:40,670
Na kisha I got kila aina ya random
matokeo infinity mseto juu

1039
00:57:40,670 --> 00:57:43,080
na mimi sijui walikotoka.

1040
00:57:43,080 --> 00:57:45,310
Na kwa bahati mbaya, kuna
hakuna halisi R hali kali

1041
00:57:45,310 --> 00:57:48,940
ambapo unaweza kusema kama kitu fulani
Inaonekana kama inaweza kuwa kosa,

1042
00:57:48,940 --> 00:57:51,960
kuacha tu pale ili niweze kuwa
nidhamu na kurekebisha hiyo.

1043
00:57:51,960 --> 00:57:55,282

1044
00:57:55,282 --> 00:57:57,240
Hata hivyo, kuna kitu
aitwaye stop kama si.

1045
00:57:57,240 --> 00:58:00,480
Hii ni sawa na C ya kudai,
kama umefanya kuongelea hilo.

1046
00:58:00,480 --> 00:58:02,690
Sidhani C kudai
ni hotuba ya mada,

1047
00:58:02,690 --> 00:58:06,370
lakini kifungu cha kiongozi wako
anaweza kuwa wamekwenda juu yake.

1048
00:58:06,370 --> 00:58:10,393
Na kuacha kama si kimsingi inachukua yoyote
prediketo, hivyo kauli yoyote kwamba

1049
00:58:10,393 --> 00:58:11,824
inaweza kuwa kweli au uongo.

1050
00:58:11,824 --> 00:58:13,490
Na kama ni uongo, ataacha mpango wake.

1051
00:58:13,490 --> 00:58:18,260
Ni anaelezea kwa uhakika nini kujipanga wewe
walikuwa kwenye na nini hali alishindwa.

1052
00:58:18,260 --> 00:58:21,910
>> Na hii ni muhimu sana, kwa mfano,
sanity kuangalia, kazi pembejeo.

1053
00:58:21,910 --> 00:58:25,110
Hivyo kama una kazi
na unatarajia, kusema,

1054
00:58:25,110 --> 00:58:29,640
kama ni lazima nipe tarehe, nataka
tarehe kuwa tu vector ya urefu 1

1055
00:58:29,640 --> 00:58:31,735
na mahali fulani kati ya 1 na 31.

1056
00:58:31,735 --> 00:58:34,420

1057
00:58:34,420 --> 00:58:36,170
Na kama sio, mimi kujua
kitu ni gone vibaya.

1058
00:58:36,170 --> 00:58:40,280
Na mimi kuchagua kuacha hapo kabla huu
ina random kubisha juu ya madhara kwa kificho

1059
00:58:40,280 --> 00:58:44,190
kwamba ni vigumu kwa kuwaeleza njia ya.

1060
00:58:44,190 --> 00:58:47,170
Hivyo hiyo ni moja iwezekanavyo
kutumia kwa kuacha kama si.

1061
00:58:47,170 --> 00:58:48,660
>> Hata hivyo, sawa.

1062
00:58:48,660 --> 00:58:49,690
Hivyo hiyo ni mwisho.

1063
00:58:49,690 --> 00:58:51,290
Asante sana kwa kuja.

1064
00:58:51,290 --> 00:58:53,710
Mimi ni cheo Amateur katika hili.

1065
00:58:53,710 --> 00:58:57,270
Hivyo pole kama wewe ni kuchoka au
kuchanganyikiwa au una nini.

1066
00:58:57,270 --> 00:59:01,670
Nina furaha kwa kuchukua maswali kwa barua pepe
katika connorharris@college.harvard.edu.

1067
00:59:01,670 --> 00:59:07,230
Hii inakwenda pia kwa kila mtu
kuangalia hii kuishi au baadaye.

1068
00:59:07,230 --> 00:59:10,190
Pia, ingawa mimi si
TF, mimi pia sana

1069
00:59:10,190 --> 00:59:13,900
tayari kutumika kama rasmi
mshauri kwa mtu yeyote ambaye ni

1070
00:59:13,900 --> 00:59:15,460
kutumia R katika mradi wa mwisho.

1071
00:59:15,460 --> 00:59:19,900
>> Kama Ningependa kwa hiyo,
basi tu kuzungumza na TF yako

1072
00:59:19,900 --> 00:59:23,750
na kisha kuandika barua pepe yangu hivyo
Mimi najua kile wewe ni kazi ya

1073
00:59:23,750 --> 00:59:26,680
na hivyo siwezi kuanzisha mkutano
mara kwa wewe kama unataka.

1074
00:59:26,680 --> 00:59:27,990
Hivyo tena, asante sana.

1075
00:59:27,990 --> 00:59:28,960
Natumaini walifurahia yake.

1076
00:59:28,960 --> 00:59:29,450
>> Watazamaji: [inaudible].

1077
00:59:29,450 --> 00:59:30,617
>> CONNER HARRIS: Bila shaka.

1078
00:59:30,617 --> 00:59:34,910
>> Watazamaji: Ni aina gani ya mradi
ingekuwa CS mwanafunzi kutumia R kwa?

1079
00:59:34,910 --> 00:59:37,427

1080
00:59:37,427 --> 00:59:40,510
CONNER HARRIS: Hivyo kama wewe ni kufanya
kitu ambacho ni rena katika madini data,

1081
00:59:40,510 --> 00:59:43,790
Kwa mfano, kuna na
mambo mengi

1082
00:59:43,790 --> 00:59:46,692
unaweza kufanya na kwamba pamoja na data
madini na kujifunza mashine.

1083
00:59:46,692 --> 00:59:48,900
Unaweza kutaka kutumia R kwa
sehemu ya kitu fulani.

1084
00:59:48,900 --> 00:59:52,022
Mimi kuletwa hadi, awali, mfano
ya kama wewe ni kuandika tovuti

1085
00:59:52,022 --> 00:59:54,730
na unataka kukimbia automatiska
uchambuzi wa takwimu za kompyuta yako

1086
00:59:54,730 --> 00:59:57,990
magogo wakati fulani kila siku,
hiyo inaweza kuwa ni kitu ambacho ni

1087
00:59:57,990 --> 01:00:01,260
rahisi sana kufanya katika tu kwa kifupi
R script kwamba unaweza ratiba

1088
01:00:01,260 --> 01:00:04,200
kuendesha kila usiku, kwa mfano.

1089
01:00:04,200 --> 01:00:06,550
>> Na mimi nina uhakika, kama
kuna sababu yoyote wewe d

1090
01:00:06,550 --> 01:00:11,520
wanataka takwimu au uwezo graphing
na kuwa na kukimbia hii moja kwa moja badala

1091
01:00:11,520 --> 01:00:13,790
ya kuwa na kuingiliana
pamoja na mambo katika Excel,

1092
01:00:13,790 --> 01:00:16,750
Kwa mfano, hiyo ni kitu
unaweza kutaka kutumia R kwa.

1093
01:00:16,750 --> 01:00:21,190
Hivyo maswali yoyote zaidi kabla ya mimi kuondoka?

1094
01:00:21,190 --> 01:00:21,690
Hakuna?

1095
01:00:21,690 --> 01:00:24,960
Haki wote, vizuri, tena, kumshukuru
sana kwa kuja.

1096
01:00:24,960 --> 01:00:29,417