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[MUSIC PLAYING]

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[MUSIC PLAYING]

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DAVID J. MALAN: All right.

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AUDIENCE: All right.

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DAVID J. MALAN: [CHUCKLES] This is CS50.

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And this is week 10,
our very last together.

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And before we dive in
today, I just wanted

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to acknowledge how much work we
know this course is for everyone.

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We know there's still a
tad bit of work remaining.

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But we do hope ultimately, that you're
really proud of what you've pulled off

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over the past few months only.

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And indeed the final project,
whatever it is you end up building,

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really is meant to be
this capstone, where

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you're finally standing on your own.

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There's no distribution code, there's
not really a specification, and really

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just an opportunity to take all
this knowledge out now for a spin.

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And we do hope it serves
you well longer term.

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Before we dive in too, just wanted to
offer a number of thanks for so much

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of the team that helps
out behind the scenes,

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in particular, the Memorial
Hall team, our hosts here, who

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make all of the space and the
activities behind the scenes possible,

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the education support services
team, who helps with audio and video

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and more, and then especially CS50
his own team all here in the darkness

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helping out in front of the
camera, behind the camera.

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If we could, a huge round of applause
for everyone that makes this possible.

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[APPLAUSE AND CHEERS]

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You might have noticed that
these have been unusual times,

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and we've had some unusual guests
in the front of the room here,

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since we weren't sure what to expect
early on as to just what protocols

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would be on campus.

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And so we have, of course,
all of these plush figures

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behind the scenes who have been
helping out behind the camera,

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behind the monitors, and so forth.

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And what many of you'll
see, if you've been

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watching right now or in the
future of these videos online,

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you'll see a lot of backs
of heads, so that there's

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a little bit of characteristic to
some of the shots that we have here.

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But this is actually borne
of an inspiration that

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comes from who will be ultimately
today's special guest, Jennifer 8.

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Lee, in fact, whom we'll
meet in just a little bit

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was ultimately the
good friend of the cost

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that inspired this tradition of using
puppetry in some form in the class

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here.

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What I see down below is
a shot like this here.

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And funny enough, it seems that with
machine learning, what it is nowadays,

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artificial intelligence, so to
speak, on social media and the like--

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Literally, no joke I pulled up Twitter
earlier today and among my suggestions

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for whom I should follow now we're
literally the suggestions here.

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This is perhaps not surprising
though, because some weeks

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back I actually started
following Count von Count, whom

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you might remember from Sesame Street.

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If you're not following him already,
this is an amazing Count to follow,

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an actual count to follow.

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And it's actually an
amazing use of programming.

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So this account joined in April of 2012.

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It's got 198,000 followers as of today.

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And what it's been doing
for like nine plus years

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is tweeting out a number, one per day.

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This morning's was 3,327.

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Yesterday's was 3,326.

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Ah, ah, ah.

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And so presumably someone's just written
a program, Python or something else,

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that's just generating
these tweets once a day.

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Even more amusing though, is that
every tweet for the past nine years

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has 20 or 30 comments on it,
from people who are following it.

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So, perhaps consider following this same
account and the same application of CS

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as well.

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Wanted to also thank CS50's
team behind the cameras.

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You might recall the teaching
fellows last year in particular,

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when everything was on Zoom, kindly put
together this visualization of TCP/IP

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and the passing of messages among
routers and in turn computers,

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for instance, from Phyllis at
bottom right to Brian at top left.

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Just wanted to thank the
team but also reveal to you

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all that these takes were
not perfect by any means.

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And in fact, here's just 60
seconds or so of outtakes of us

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trying to get data from point
A to point B. Buffering.

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OK.

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Josh.

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Yes.

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Ellen, ooh [LAUGHS] [INAUDIBLE] No.

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Oh, wait.

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That was amazing, Josh.

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Uh, um, Sophie.

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[LAUGHS] Amazing.

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That was perfect.

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Tony.

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[LAUGHS]

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AUDIENCE: I think I--

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AUDIENCE: Hey, [INAUDIBLE]

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DAVID J. MALAN: [INAUDIBLE]

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AUDIENCE: Oh, now you expect--

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DAVID J. MALAN: Guy?

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That was amazing.

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Thank you all.

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AUDIENCE: --so good.

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DAVID J. MALAN: All right.

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If we could too a round of applause
for all the teaching fellows,

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teaching assistants,
and course assistant

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who make the course possible as well.

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Before we now do a bit of
review of the semester,

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I thought we'd take first a higher
level view of where we've come from.

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Recall, of course, from the
syllabus and literally week zero,

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we claimed this, that would
ultimately matters in this course

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is not so much where you end
up relative to classmates

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but where you end up relative
to yourself when you began.

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And we really do mean that.

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There are certainly classmates of
yours who have been programming

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since they are 10 years old.

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But there are 2/3 of your classmates
who were not in fact that case.

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And so behind you, in front of
you, to the left, and to the right

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today are so many classmates who have
had a very shared experience with you.

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But the only person that really
matters at the end of the day, in terms

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of how you've progressed in this class
truly, is where you in fact began.

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And I realized that with CS,
and especially this course,

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and with programming
assignments especially,

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it can feel like week after week that
you're not really making progress,

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because it might feel like you're
struggling every darn week.

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But that's just really because we
keep moving the bar higher and higher

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or pushing the finish line a
little further and further ahead.

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Because think back to week one
when this for instance-- whoops.

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When this alone was
hard and you were just

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trying to get Mario to ascend a pyramid
that might look a little something

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like this.

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Or the week after, when you
started dabbling with readability,

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or two weeks after.

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Mr. And Mrs. Dursty of number
four privet drive, and so forth,

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trying to analyze just how
complex a sentence like that was,

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and manipulating strings and
characters for the first time.

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And then of course, we progress
to deeper dives into algorithms

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and actually implementing
something that's all too real world

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these days in implementing electoral
algorithms in a few different forms.

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Dabbling thereafter in a bit
of forensics, a bit of imagery,

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and taking images like this here and
filtering it in a number of ways.

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Ultimately understanding,
hopefully, how these things

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are implemented underneath the hood.

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So that henceforth, when all you're
doing is tapping an icon on your phone

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or clicking a command
on your computer, you

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can infer, even if you didn't
write that particular code,

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how the thing is likely working.

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And even if you had started to get
your footing then around week four,

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then things escalated quickly
further to data structures.

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But recall for your spell checker, you
implemented a fairly sophisticated data

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structure known as a hash table.

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And even if you struggle
to get that working,

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again, think back five
weeks prior you were just

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trying to get for loops to
work and variables to work.

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And so each week realized
there was significant progress.

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And then if you aggregate all these
most recent weeks with Python,

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and SQL, HTML, JavaScript, and CSS.

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I mean, you built your
very own web application.

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And many of you will go on
and build something grander

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for your own final project, or focus
again on C, or on Python alone,

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or the like.

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But ultimately aggregating
all of these technologies

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and kind of stitching together
something that you yourself created.

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We might have put some of the
foundation there in place,

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but the end result ultimately is yours.

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So at the end of the day,
as we promised in week zero,

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this course is really about
computational thinking,

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cleaning up your
thought process, getting

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you to think a little more
logically, more methodically,

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and to express yourself just
as logically and methodically.

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But it's also about, in some
form, critical thinking.

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And at the end of the day,
what computer science is,

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is really just taking input producing
output, ideally correct output.

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And all the hard stuff
is in the middle there.

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But what we do hope you have
in your toolkit, so to speak,

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is all the more of a
mental model, all the more

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of an understanding of first
principles from which you

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can derive new outputs, new
conclusions, based on those inputs.

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And certainly today there's so
much misinformation or miseducation

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in the world.

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And just being able to take input
and produce proper output in and of

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itself is a compelling skill.

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And indeed when you all
find yourselves invariably

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in engineering positions, where
you're asked to build something

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because you now can or perhaps
you're in a managerial role

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where you decide you
should build something

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because you know people who can.

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I would also start to consider, even
though the past 10 plus weeks have all

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been about build this
because we ask you to,

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really start to consider
whether it's for fun,

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for profession, for political
purposes, or the like.

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Should you build something?

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And actually considering,
now that you have this skill,

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how you can use it most responsibly.

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And not just make a website
do something or make an app

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do something because it can be done, but
really start to ask and ask of others,

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should we be doing this?

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It's just a skill that you can
but don't necessarily have to use.

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Now, when it comes to
writing some actual code,

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keep in mind that you
might continue to evaluate

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or your employer or
your colleagues might

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continue to evaluate your
code along these same axes.

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These are not CS50 specific.

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Correctness.

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Does it do what it's supposed to do?

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Design.

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How well qualitatively
is it implemented?

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And then style.

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How readable is it?

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How pretty is it?

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And these three axes should
really guide all of your thinking,

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whether it's for a test, or a project,
or an open source project, or the like.

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All three of these things really matter.

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And so, if you're in the
mindset of wondering, oh, do I

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have to worry about style for this?

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Do I have to comment this?

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The answer is always yes.

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This is what it means to be a
good programmer, a good engineer,

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to optimize these kinds of axes.

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Now what about those
tools in the toolkit?

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Well, let's focus on
just a couple of here.

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Full circle, at the end of the
semester, abstraction recall

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was one of the tools
in the toolkit that we

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proposed is all about taking
complicated problems, complicated ideas,

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and simplifying them
to really the essence.

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So you can focus on
really just what matters

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or what helps you get real work done.

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And then related to that was
also this notion of precision.

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Even as you abstract
things away, you still

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have to be super precise when
you're writing code for a computer

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or just giving instructions
to another human

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so that they are implementing your
ideas, your algorithms correctly.

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And sometimes these two goals,
abstraction and precision

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can rather be at odds at one another.

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And what we thought
we'd do is give everyone

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a sheet of paper today, which you
probably received on the way in,

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if not a pen as well.

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If you didn't receive, hopefully
you or a friend near you

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has a sheet of paper
and a pen or pencil.

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Do go ahead and grab that.

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And we thought we'd come full circle
too and see if we can't get a brave

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volunteer to come up on the stage here.

241
00:12:16,720 --> 00:12:19,020
And we just need someone to
give some stage directions.

242
00:12:19,020 --> 00:12:19,520
All right.

243
00:12:19,520 --> 00:12:21,340
I like it when people start
pointing and pointing.

244
00:12:21,340 --> 00:12:22,870
How about you being pointed at?

245
00:12:22,870 --> 00:12:24,300
Yes.

246
00:12:24,300 --> 00:12:24,850
Yes, you.

247
00:12:24,850 --> 00:12:25,540
Yes.

248
00:12:25,540 --> 00:12:27,768
Come on down.

249
00:12:27,768 --> 00:12:29,810
Well there'll be one more
opportunity after this.

250
00:12:29,810 --> 00:12:30,520
Come on down.

251
00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:31,990
What's your name?

252
00:12:31,990 --> 00:12:32,830
AUDIENCE: Claire.

253
00:12:32,830 --> 00:12:33,300
DAVID J. MALAN: Claire.

254
00:12:33,300 --> 00:12:33,800
OK.

255
00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:36,370
A round of applause for Claire
for being so enthusiastic.

256
00:12:36,370 --> 00:12:37,552
[APPLAUSE]

257
00:12:37,552 --> 00:12:39,400


258
00:12:39,400 --> 00:12:40,540
Come on over here.

259
00:12:40,540 --> 00:12:43,000
Would you like to make a quick
introduction to the group?

260
00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:43,625
AUDIENCE: Yeah.

261
00:12:43,625 --> 00:12:45,154
Hey.

262
00:12:45,154 --> 00:12:47,860
[CHUCKLES] I'm Claire.

263
00:12:47,860 --> 00:12:48,590
Yeah.

264
00:12:48,590 --> 00:12:50,380
That's all you need to know about me.

265
00:12:50,380 --> 00:12:50,830
DAVID J. MALAN: All right.

266
00:12:50,830 --> 00:12:51,340
[CHUCKLES]

267
00:12:51,340 --> 00:12:53,770
So what I'm about to hand
Claire is a sheet of paper

268
00:12:53,770 --> 00:12:55,640
that has a drawing on it.

269
00:12:55,640 --> 00:13:00,100
And the goal at hand is for
you all to ultimately follow

270
00:13:00,100 --> 00:13:02,410
Claire's hopefully very
precise instructions,

271
00:13:02,410 --> 00:13:05,368
because she's going to give you step
by step instructions, an algorithm

272
00:13:05,368 --> 00:13:08,930
if you will, for drawing
something on that sheet of paper.

273
00:13:08,930 --> 00:13:09,430
All right.

274
00:13:09,430 --> 00:13:11,410
We're going to keep it
in this manila envelope

275
00:13:11,410 --> 00:13:12,868
so that folks can't see through it.

276
00:13:12,868 --> 00:13:17,110
But this is what we would like
you to give verbal instructions

277
00:13:17,110 --> 00:13:18,460
to the audience to draw.

278
00:13:18,460 --> 00:13:21,130
And you can say anything
you want, but you may not

279
00:13:21,130 --> 00:13:25,032
make physical hand gestures or
the like, and/or dip it down

280
00:13:25,032 --> 00:13:25,990
so everyone can see it.

281
00:13:25,990 --> 00:13:27,010
AUDIENCE: Oh, that's so true.

282
00:13:27,010 --> 00:13:27,670
That's so true.

283
00:13:27,670 --> 00:13:28,030
DAVID J. MALAN: All right.

284
00:13:28,030 --> 00:13:28,390
Go ahead.

285
00:13:28,390 --> 00:13:28,980
Step one.

286
00:13:28,980 --> 00:13:29,605
AUDIENCE: Wait.

287
00:13:29,605 --> 00:13:30,772
I could say whatever I want?

288
00:13:30,772 --> 00:13:32,230
DAVID J. MALAN: Related to this problem.

289
00:13:32,230 --> 00:13:32,830
Yes, idea.

290
00:13:32,830 --> 00:13:33,755
[CHUCKLES]

291
00:13:33,755 --> 00:13:34,630
AUDIENCE: Oh, my God.

292
00:13:34,630 --> 00:13:38,080
DAVID J. MALAN: Give them instructions for
recreating this picture on their paper.

293
00:13:38,080 --> 00:13:40,614
AUDIENCE: OK.

294
00:13:40,614 --> 00:13:53,080
Start with like a square but, but it's--

295
00:13:53,080 --> 00:13:54,460
DAVID J. MALAN: No hand gestures.

296
00:13:54,460 --> 00:13:54,780
AUDIENCE: OK.

297
00:13:54,780 --> 00:13:55,280
OK.

298
00:13:55,280 --> 00:13:55,870
Sorry, sorry.

299
00:13:55,870 --> 00:13:59,170
Start with the square, but
it's like a diamond kind--

300
00:13:59,170 --> 00:14:01,810
like there's a point on top.

301
00:14:01,810 --> 00:14:04,000
[LAUGHS] Wait.

302
00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:05,680
I should not be the one doing this.

303
00:14:05,680 --> 00:14:06,430
OK.

304
00:14:06,430 --> 00:14:08,680
So it's like a square but--

305
00:14:08,680 --> 00:14:12,657
yeah, start with a square.

306
00:14:12,657 --> 00:14:13,240
DAVID J. MALAN: OK.

307
00:14:13,240 --> 00:14:14,290
Step two?

308
00:14:14,290 --> 00:14:18,520
AUDIENCE: Step two is that on
one of the sides of the square

309
00:14:18,520 --> 00:14:20,035
there's another square.

310
00:14:20,035 --> 00:14:21,934
[CHUCKLES]

311
00:14:21,934 --> 00:14:25,100


312
00:14:25,100 --> 00:14:27,100
DAVID J. MALAN: Doing really
well on the abstraction.

313
00:14:27,100 --> 00:14:29,030
AUDIENCE: I don't feel
like I'm doing too hot.

314
00:14:29,030 --> 00:14:29,530
OK.

315
00:14:29,530 --> 00:14:30,880
Woo.

316
00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:33,057
Does this affect my grade in any way?

317
00:14:33,057 --> 00:14:33,640
DAVID J. MALAN: No.

318
00:14:33,640 --> 00:14:34,140
No.

319
00:14:34,140 --> 00:14:34,780
[LAUGHTER]

320
00:14:34,780 --> 00:14:35,140
AUDIENCE: OK.

321
00:14:35,140 --> 00:14:35,848
DAVID J. MALAN: Go on.

322
00:14:35,848 --> 00:14:36,620
Two squares.

323
00:14:36,620 --> 00:14:37,120
Step three.

324
00:14:37,120 --> 00:14:39,100
AUDIENCE: Then there's another square.

325
00:14:39,100 --> 00:14:39,960
[CHUCKLES]

326
00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:40,840


327
00:14:40,840 --> 00:14:41,800
But they're not square.

328
00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:44,470
They're kind of slanted.

329
00:14:44,470 --> 00:14:46,360
There's another square in between--

330
00:14:46,360 --> 00:14:52,420
next to those squares,
connecting those squares.

331
00:14:52,420 --> 00:14:54,550
DAVID J. MALAN: Any step four?

332
00:14:54,550 --> 00:14:59,353
AUDIENCE: Step four is that
it should look like a cube.

333
00:14:59,353 --> 00:15:00,802
[CHUCKLES]

334
00:15:00,802 --> 00:15:02,740


335
00:15:02,740 --> 00:15:03,370
DAVID J. MALAN: OK.

336
00:15:03,370 --> 00:15:05,050
So let's go ahead and pause here.

337
00:15:05,050 --> 00:15:06,112
Pause here.

338
00:15:06,112 --> 00:15:07,945
Let's thank Claire for
coming on up bravely.

339
00:15:07,945 --> 00:15:08,445
[APPLAUSE]

340
00:15:08,445 --> 00:15:10,720
I'll take this.

341
00:15:10,720 --> 00:15:12,852
Let's go ahead and collect
just a few of these.

342
00:15:12,852 --> 00:15:14,560
If maybe Carter and
Valerie, you wouldn't

343
00:15:14,560 --> 00:15:16,600
mind helping me grab just
a few sheets of paper.

344
00:15:16,600 --> 00:15:20,230
If you'd like to volunteer what
it is you drew in those seconds,

345
00:15:20,230 --> 00:15:21,790
just hand it over if you would like.

346
00:15:21,790 --> 00:15:25,100
No need for a name or
anything like that.

347
00:15:25,100 --> 00:15:25,600
OK.

348
00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:26,020
All right.

349
00:15:26,020 --> 00:15:26,560
Very eager.

350
00:15:26,560 --> 00:15:27,890
Thank you.

351
00:15:27,890 --> 00:15:28,390
OK.

352
00:15:28,390 --> 00:15:30,580
Thank you.

353
00:15:30,580 --> 00:15:32,870
All right.

354
00:15:32,870 --> 00:15:33,370
Thank you.

355
00:15:33,370 --> 00:15:34,480
Thank you.

356
00:15:34,480 --> 00:15:36,436
OK.

357
00:15:36,436 --> 00:15:37,870
[STRAINING] Sorry.

358
00:15:37,870 --> 00:15:38,820
OK.

359
00:15:38,820 --> 00:15:39,460
That's plenty.

360
00:15:39,460 --> 00:15:40,180
Let's come on up.

361
00:15:40,180 --> 00:15:42,670
If you want to-- want
to hand me yours too.

362
00:15:42,670 --> 00:15:43,600
OK.

363
00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:44,870
Sorry to reach.

364
00:15:44,870 --> 00:15:45,370
All right.

365
00:15:45,370 --> 00:15:49,130
So Carter if you want to meet
me up on stage for a second.

366
00:15:49,130 --> 00:15:52,540
So we have a whole bunch
of submissions here

367
00:15:52,540 --> 00:15:56,770
that represent what it
was Claire was describing.

368
00:15:56,770 --> 00:16:00,790
Let me go ahead and just
project here in a moment.

369
00:16:00,790 --> 00:16:01,640
Use my camera.

370
00:16:01,640 --> 00:16:03,050
So here we have one.

371
00:16:03,050 --> 00:16:03,550
Let's see.

372
00:16:03,550 --> 00:16:06,530
Carter feel free to just
bring those on up here.

373
00:16:06,530 --> 00:16:07,030
OK.

374
00:16:07,030 --> 00:16:10,750
So here we have one I'll hold up.

375
00:16:10,750 --> 00:16:11,350
All right.

376
00:16:11,350 --> 00:16:12,490
Some squares overlapping.

377
00:16:12,490 --> 00:16:13,990
Starts to look more like a cube.

378
00:16:13,990 --> 00:16:15,820
Thank you so much.

379
00:16:15,820 --> 00:16:18,200
Here maybe in more primitive form--

380
00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:18,700
[LAUGHTER]

381
00:16:18,700 --> 00:16:20,660
--was another one.

382
00:16:20,660 --> 00:16:23,200
This one kind of started to
have wheels, which was kind of--

383
00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:24,610
[LAUGHTER]

384
00:16:24,610 --> 00:16:28,270
And then things started to take shape,
perhaps at the very end, both big cube

385
00:16:28,270 --> 00:16:29,260
and small cube.

386
00:16:29,260 --> 00:16:32,680
What it was that Claire was
showing us now, if we project it,

387
00:16:32,680 --> 00:16:34,390
was in fact this.

388
00:16:34,390 --> 00:16:36,280
And it's actually--
exactly what, Claire,

389
00:16:36,280 --> 00:16:39,250
you just went through is actually a
perfect example of why abstraction

390
00:16:39,250 --> 00:16:41,410
can be hard and where the
line is when you're just

391
00:16:41,410 --> 00:16:42,868
trying to communicate instructions.

392
00:16:42,868 --> 00:16:45,520
So in fairness, might have
been nice to just start

393
00:16:45,520 --> 00:16:47,803
with, we're going to draw
a cube and here's how,

394
00:16:47,803 --> 00:16:49,720
because that was kind
of a spoiler at the end.

395
00:16:49,720 --> 00:16:51,610
But that too, a cube is an abstraction.

396
00:16:51,610 --> 00:16:53,260
But it's not very precise, right?

397
00:16:53,260 --> 00:16:54,700
Like, how big is the cube?

398
00:16:54,700 --> 00:16:56,567
At what angle is it rotated?

399
00:16:56,567 --> 00:16:57,650
How are you looking at it?

400
00:16:57,650 --> 00:17:00,067
And so when you were struggling
to describe these squares,

401
00:17:00,067 --> 00:17:02,740
but no they're kind of like
diamonds or whatnot, I mean,

402
00:17:02,740 --> 00:17:05,950
that's because of this tension between
what it is you're trying to abstract

403
00:17:05,950 --> 00:17:08,170
but what it is you're
trying to communicate.

404
00:17:08,170 --> 00:17:11,230
You could have gone maybe
the complete other direction

405
00:17:11,230 --> 00:17:14,800
and maybe have been super precise and
not abstract this thing away as a cube.

406
00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:16,540
But say to everyone,
all right, everyone,

407
00:17:16,540 --> 00:17:18,380
put your pen down on the paper.

408
00:17:18,380 --> 00:17:23,720
Now draw a diagonal line to
say southwest at 45 degrees.

409
00:17:23,720 --> 00:17:25,300
Now, do another one that's south.

410
00:17:25,300 --> 00:17:28,490
You could really get into the weeds
and tell people to go up, down, left,

411
00:17:28,490 --> 00:17:28,990
right.

412
00:17:28,990 --> 00:17:31,573
Of course, it could get a little
tricky if they sort of follow

413
00:17:31,573 --> 00:17:32,980
the direction incorrectly.

414
00:17:32,980 --> 00:17:34,930
But it would be hard
for us all to know what

415
00:17:34,930 --> 00:17:38,690
it is we're drawing if all we're hearing
are these very low level instructions.

416
00:17:38,690 --> 00:17:40,940
But that's what you're doing
when you're writing code.

417
00:17:40,940 --> 00:17:43,090
You might implement a
function called cube.

418
00:17:43,090 --> 00:17:46,150
How it works is via those
low level instructions.

419
00:17:46,150 --> 00:17:47,740
But after that, you just don't care.

420
00:17:47,740 --> 00:17:50,350
You'd much rather think
about it as a cube function,

421
00:17:50,350 --> 00:17:54,370
maybe with some arguments that speak
to the size or the rotation of it

422
00:17:54,370 --> 00:17:57,140
or the like, and that's where,
again, abstraction can come in.

423
00:17:57,140 --> 00:17:59,020
So as we've discussed
for so many weeks now,

424
00:17:59,020 --> 00:18:01,570
these trade-off that were
manifest even in week zero,

425
00:18:01,570 --> 00:18:05,080
even if we didn't necessarily
put our finger on it just then.

426
00:18:05,080 --> 00:18:07,480
Why don't we do things in a
slightly different direction?

427
00:18:07,480 --> 00:18:09,620
If we could get one other volunteer.

428
00:18:09,620 --> 00:18:10,120
OK.

429
00:18:10,120 --> 00:18:10,840
Come on down.

430
00:18:10,840 --> 00:18:12,160
I saw your hand first.

431
00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:16,690
One other volunteer, who this time
we're going to give the pen to.

432
00:18:16,690 --> 00:18:19,450
We're going to give the pen to.

433
00:18:19,450 --> 00:18:20,800
And what's your name?

434
00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:22,760
Jonathan, come on up.

435
00:18:22,760 --> 00:18:25,940
So I'm going to make this screen
be drawable in just a moment.

436
00:18:25,940 --> 00:18:31,210
But what we need you to do first, on
the honor system, is close your eyes.

437
00:18:31,210 --> 00:18:31,900
All right.

438
00:18:31,900 --> 00:18:33,085
Eyes are closed.

439
00:18:33,085 --> 00:18:34,960
Everyone else in the
audience is about to see

440
00:18:34,960 --> 00:18:36,660
the picture that we want you to draw.

441
00:18:36,660 --> 00:18:39,160
And you all the audience are
going to give Jonathan the step

442
00:18:39,160 --> 00:18:40,840
by step instructions this time around.

443
00:18:40,840 --> 00:18:42,380
So eyes stay closed.

444
00:18:42,380 --> 00:18:46,090
This is what we're going
to want Jonathan to draw.

445
00:18:46,090 --> 00:18:49,060
So kind of ingrain it in your mind.

446
00:18:49,060 --> 00:18:52,540
If you need a refresher we can
have him close his eyes again.

447
00:18:52,540 --> 00:18:53,890
That's what we want him to draw.

448
00:18:53,890 --> 00:18:55,540
I'm going to go back
to the blank screen.

449
00:18:55,540 --> 00:18:55,720
All right.

450
00:18:55,720 --> 00:18:57,095
Jonathan, you can open your eyes.

451
00:18:57,095 --> 00:18:58,780
We have a blank canvas.

452
00:18:58,780 --> 00:19:03,130
And now, step one, what would
you like Jonathan to draw first?

453
00:19:03,130 --> 00:19:04,293
AUDIENCE: Draw a circle.

454
00:19:04,293 --> 00:19:05,710
DAVID J. MALAN: Draw a circle, I heard.

455
00:19:05,710 --> 00:19:10,150


456
00:19:10,150 --> 00:19:12,860
OK, it's a little
smaller I'm hearing now.

457
00:19:12,860 --> 00:19:13,360
OK.

458
00:19:13,360 --> 00:19:15,680
You can move it.

459
00:19:15,680 --> 00:19:16,180
Oh, no.

460
00:19:16,180 --> 00:19:16,763
Don't do that.

461
00:19:16,763 --> 00:19:17,930
All right.

462
00:19:17,930 --> 00:19:18,940
We'll give you one redo.

463
00:19:18,940 --> 00:19:21,820
Use three fingers to delete everything.

464
00:19:21,820 --> 00:19:23,350
Three fingers all together.

465
00:19:23,350 --> 00:19:24,130
Yep.

466
00:19:24,130 --> 00:19:26,920
They we-- Farther apart.

467
00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:27,660
There we go.

468
00:19:27,660 --> 00:19:29,060
No, it's back.

469
00:19:29,060 --> 00:19:29,560
OK.

470
00:19:29,560 --> 00:19:30,110
I'll do this part.

471
00:19:30,110 --> 00:19:30,610
[CHUCKLES]

472
00:19:30,610 --> 00:19:31,210
OK.

473
00:19:31,210 --> 00:19:31,780
All right.

474
00:19:31,780 --> 00:19:33,580
So I heard-- thank you.

475
00:19:33,580 --> 00:19:35,080
I heard draw a circle.

476
00:19:35,080 --> 00:19:38,560
Would anyone like to finish
the sentence more precisely?

477
00:19:38,560 --> 00:19:39,910
A smaller circle--

478
00:19:39,910 --> 00:19:41,380
[INAUDIBLE]

479
00:19:41,380 --> 00:19:41,965
--on top.

480
00:19:41,965 --> 00:19:43,960
AUDIENCE: A medium sized circle.

481
00:19:43,960 --> 00:19:46,760
DAVID J. MALAN: A medium
sized circle at the top.

482
00:19:46,760 --> 00:19:47,260
All right.

483
00:19:47,260 --> 00:19:48,220
That's pretty good.

484
00:19:48,220 --> 00:19:49,617
Medium size circle at the top.

485
00:19:49,617 --> 00:19:50,950
And no more deleting after this.

486
00:19:50,950 --> 00:19:51,370
Good.

487
00:19:51,370 --> 00:19:51,820
[APPLAUSE]

488
00:19:51,820 --> 00:19:52,320
All right.

489
00:19:52,320 --> 00:19:53,492
Step two.

490
00:19:53,492 --> 00:19:54,820
AUDIENCE: A line straight down.

491
00:19:54,820 --> 00:19:56,440
DAVID J. MALAN: A line straight down.

492
00:19:56,440 --> 00:20:03,323
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

493
00:20:03,323 --> 00:20:03,990
DAVID J. MALAN: Yeah.

494
00:20:03,990 --> 00:20:05,080
OK.

495
00:20:05,080 --> 00:20:05,580
Good.

496
00:20:05,580 --> 00:20:05,820
All right.

497
00:20:05,820 --> 00:20:06,570
That was step two.

498
00:20:06,570 --> 00:20:07,990
Nicely done.

499
00:20:07,990 --> 00:20:08,490
What's that?

500
00:20:08,490 --> 00:20:09,676
Step three.

501
00:20:09,676 --> 00:20:13,167
AUDIENCE: Draw a line down from
the bottom of the line to the left.

502
00:20:13,167 --> 00:20:15,500
DAVID J. MALAN: Draw a line down
from the bottom to the left.

503
00:20:15,500 --> 00:20:19,790
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

504
00:20:19,790 --> 00:20:21,650
DAVID J. MALAN: OK.

505
00:20:21,650 --> 00:20:22,560
Good.

506
00:20:22,560 --> 00:20:23,060
All right.

507
00:20:23,060 --> 00:20:23,540
Next.

508
00:20:23,540 --> 00:20:24,332
Let's go over here.

509
00:20:24,332 --> 00:20:27,020
Next one?

510
00:20:27,020 --> 00:20:29,325
Same thing, but on the right.

511
00:20:29,325 --> 00:20:29,950
AUDIENCE: Yeah.

512
00:20:29,950 --> 00:20:30,950
DAVID J. MALAN: Yes.

513
00:20:30,950 --> 00:20:32,040
All right.

514
00:20:32,040 --> 00:20:32,540
That's what?

515
00:20:32,540 --> 00:20:33,457
One, two, three, four.

516
00:20:33,457 --> 00:20:35,750
Step five?

517
00:20:35,750 --> 00:20:36,910
Yes, step five.

518
00:20:36,910 --> 00:20:38,210
AUDIENCE: Do that again higher.

519
00:20:38,210 --> 00:20:39,590
Closer to the circle.

520
00:20:39,590 --> 00:20:43,670
DAVID J. MALAN: Do that again but higher,
closer to the circle on the right side.

521
00:20:43,670 --> 00:20:49,280
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

522
00:20:49,280 --> 00:20:50,540
DAVID J. MALAN: Oh.

523
00:20:50,540 --> 00:20:52,320
We're going to have to go with it.

524
00:20:52,320 --> 00:20:54,050
Step six.

525
00:20:54,050 --> 00:20:55,382
Step six?

526
00:20:55,382 --> 00:20:59,270
AUDIENCE: Starting from the neck,
draw a line down and to the right.

527
00:20:59,270 --> 00:21:02,821
DAVID J. MALAN: Starting from the neck,
draw a line down and to the right.

528
00:21:02,821 --> 00:21:08,018
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

529
00:21:08,018 --> 00:21:09,310
DAVID J. MALAN: You don't like that.

530
00:21:09,310 --> 00:21:09,810
He's--

531
00:21:09,810 --> 00:21:10,870
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

532
00:21:10,870 --> 00:21:11,710
DAVID J. MALAN: What do you want him to do?

533
00:21:11,710 --> 00:21:12,235
Step six.

534
00:21:12,235 --> 00:21:14,870


535
00:21:14,870 --> 00:21:16,520
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] step four.

536
00:21:16,520 --> 00:21:19,117
DAVID J. MALAN: [GUFFAWS] no one do.

537
00:21:19,117 --> 00:21:21,288
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

538
00:21:21,288 --> 00:21:23,330
DAVID J. MALAN: Where the other
line ends-- say again.

539
00:21:23,330 --> 00:21:28,065
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

540
00:21:28,065 --> 00:21:29,440
DAVID J. MALAN: Where the other line--

541
00:21:29,440 --> 00:21:35,350
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

542
00:21:35,350 --> 00:21:40,690
DAVID J. MALAN: Near the vertical
line where the other line ends

543
00:21:40,690 --> 00:21:43,360
draw a line that goes down.

544
00:21:43,360 --> 00:21:44,130
AUDIENCE: Yeah.

545
00:21:44,130 --> 00:21:44,970
DAVID J. MALAN: OK.

546
00:21:44,970 --> 00:21:45,950
A couple more steps.

547
00:21:45,950 --> 00:21:46,770
Step seven.

548
00:21:46,770 --> 00:21:47,460
Seven.

549
00:21:47,460 --> 00:21:50,550
AUDIENCE: Draw a horizontally
slanting to the right line

550
00:21:50,550 --> 00:21:52,335
from the end of the line you just drew.

551
00:21:52,335 --> 00:21:55,680
DAVID J. MALAN: Draw a horizontally
slanting line from the end of the line

552
00:21:55,680 --> 00:21:56,725
you just drew.

553
00:21:56,725 --> 00:21:57,600
AUDIENCE: Diagonally.

554
00:21:57,600 --> 00:21:59,196
DAVID J. MALAN: Diagonally.

555
00:21:59,196 --> 00:22:02,477
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

556
00:22:02,477 --> 00:22:03,060
DAVID J. MALAN: OK.

557
00:22:03,060 --> 00:22:06,540
We're resorting to hand gestures now,
but I think that's what you mean.

558
00:22:06,540 --> 00:22:07,630
Yes.

559
00:22:07,630 --> 00:22:08,130
OK.

560
00:22:08,130 --> 00:22:09,480
Good.

561
00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:10,800
Good.

562
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:11,310
All right.

563
00:22:11,310 --> 00:22:12,480
One or two final steps.

564
00:22:12,480 --> 00:22:13,740
Let's get as close as we can.

565
00:22:13,740 --> 00:22:15,480
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

566
00:22:15,480 --> 00:22:17,067
DAVID J. MALAN: Say hi.

567
00:22:17,067 --> 00:22:18,150
AUDIENCE: Make him say hi.

568
00:22:18,150 --> 00:22:19,440
DAVID J. MALAN: Make him say hi.

569
00:22:19,440 --> 00:22:21,360
AUDIENCE: No.

570
00:22:21,360 --> 00:22:22,083
DAVID J. MALAN: No.

571
00:22:22,083 --> 00:22:28,397
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] High.

572
00:22:28,397 --> 00:22:28,980
DAVID J. MALAN: OK.

573
00:22:28,980 --> 00:22:29,490
High.

574
00:22:29,490 --> 00:22:32,240
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

575
00:22:32,240 --> 00:22:32,840
DAVID J. MALAN: OK.

576
00:22:32,840 --> 00:22:34,190
And maybe one final step.

577
00:22:34,190 --> 00:22:36,230
We'll give them one more--

578
00:22:36,230 --> 00:22:39,050
say again.

579
00:22:39,050 --> 00:22:39,550
Again.

580
00:22:39,550 --> 00:22:42,200
AUDIENCE: Put one of the
lines from high to the circle.

581
00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:46,160
DAVID J. MALAN: Put one of those
lines from high to the circle.

582
00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:52,280
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

583
00:22:52,280 --> 00:22:55,970
DAVID J. MALAN: A line between
high and the circle.

584
00:22:55,970 --> 00:22:56,840
All right.

585
00:22:56,840 --> 00:22:58,520
Let's show Jonathan.

586
00:22:58,520 --> 00:22:59,720
That's pretty darn close.

587
00:22:59,720 --> 00:23:03,350
Let's show him what we
had in mind was this.

588
00:23:03,350 --> 00:23:06,620
So a round of applause for
Jonathan too, if we could.

589
00:23:06,620 --> 00:23:09,110
A bigger round of applause
for Jonathan, if we could.

590
00:23:09,110 --> 00:23:10,415
[APPLAUSE]

591
00:23:10,415 --> 00:23:11,720


592
00:23:11,720 --> 00:23:14,480
All right.

593
00:23:14,480 --> 00:23:17,420
There is this thing in computer
science known as pair programming.

594
00:23:17,420 --> 00:23:18,890
Where you actually
program with someone else.

595
00:23:18,890 --> 00:23:20,270
And that's actually
not all that dissimilar

596
00:23:20,270 --> 00:23:22,320
trying to communicate your
ideas to someone else.

597
00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:24,712
But notice just all of the
ambiguities, and it certainly

598
00:23:24,712 --> 00:23:26,670
doesn't help that we're
in a big space, but all

599
00:23:26,670 --> 00:23:28,587
of the ambiguities that
arise when you're just

600
00:23:28,587 --> 00:23:30,140
trying to convey something precisely.

601
00:23:30,140 --> 00:23:33,530
So this is not necessarily as
constrained as a program would.

602
00:23:33,530 --> 00:23:35,490
But it's representative
of the end of the day,

603
00:23:35,490 --> 00:23:37,680
even after all these
weeks, this stuff is hard.

604
00:23:37,680 --> 00:23:40,430
And in fact, it's not
necessarily ever going

605
00:23:40,430 --> 00:23:43,160
to be completely straightforward,
because the problems you're

606
00:23:43,160 --> 00:23:45,230
going to try solving
down the road presumably,

607
00:23:45,230 --> 00:23:47,420
if you continue to apply
these skills, themselves

608
00:23:47,420 --> 00:23:49,610
are just going to get more
and more sophisticated.

609
00:23:49,610 --> 00:23:53,030
But hopefully, the feeling you get from
accomplishing something as a result

610
00:23:53,030 --> 00:23:55,220
is just going to rise with them as well.

611
00:23:55,220 --> 00:23:58,970
Before we now do a bit of review,
just wanted to offer a few suggestions

612
00:23:58,970 --> 00:24:02,948
and answer to an FAQ, which is, what
do I do after a class like CS50.

613
00:24:02,948 --> 00:24:05,990
Typically about half of you will go
on and take one or more other classes

614
00:24:05,990 --> 00:24:09,032
in CS, which is great building on this
kind of foundation, and about half

615
00:24:09,032 --> 00:24:10,160
of you will not.

616
00:24:10,160 --> 00:24:10,910
This will be it.

617
00:24:10,910 --> 00:24:13,790
But very likely, certainly
given how the world

618
00:24:13,790 --> 00:24:16,650
is trending, when you have
opportunities in the arts, humanities,

619
00:24:16,650 --> 00:24:20,120
social sciences, or beyond to
just apply programming to data

620
00:24:20,120 --> 00:24:22,230
sets, to problems, in those own domains.

621
00:24:22,230 --> 00:24:24,740
And so, toward that
end, we would encourage

622
00:24:24,740 --> 00:24:31,100
you to start thinking about how you can
transition from what has been your code

623
00:24:31,100 --> 00:24:34,940
space in the cloud to something
client side, like using your own Mac

624
00:24:34,940 --> 00:24:36,570
and PC here on out.

625
00:24:36,570 --> 00:24:40,460
So that you're not reliant on a course's
infrastructure, a particular website.

626
00:24:40,460 --> 00:24:43,220
And even though we used a
fairly industry standard tool,

627
00:24:43,220 --> 00:24:45,590
you can actually get almost
all of that stuff running,

628
00:24:45,590 --> 00:24:48,110
with some effort perhaps,
on your own Mac and PC.

629
00:24:48,110 --> 00:24:51,200
So terminal Windows actually
comes built into Mac OS.

630
00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:53,780
If you go to your applications
folder, utilities,

631
00:24:53,780 --> 00:24:57,080
there is a program literally called
terminal that has always been there,

632
00:24:57,080 --> 00:24:59,205
even if you've never used
it, that will behave very

633
00:24:59,205 --> 00:25:01,432
similar to what VS codes does as well.

634
00:25:01,432 --> 00:25:03,140
In the world of Windows
can you similarly

635
00:25:03,140 --> 00:25:05,780
install a version of the
Terminal Windows software

636
00:25:05,780 --> 00:25:09,470
that we used in the cloud too to
actually run similar commands like CD,

637
00:25:09,470 --> 00:25:11,180
and LS, and much more.

638
00:25:11,180 --> 00:25:13,820
We would encourage you
ultimately, to learn Git.

639
00:25:13,820 --> 00:25:16,100
You've been indirectly
using Git this semester.

640
00:25:16,100 --> 00:25:18,830
When you run certain
commands, we have been

641
00:25:18,830 --> 00:25:21,470
using Git underneath the
hood of some of CS50's tools

642
00:25:21,470 --> 00:25:25,040
that essentially push your
code, so to speak, to the cloud,

643
00:25:25,040 --> 00:25:26,690
to a place like GitHub.com.

644
00:25:26,690 --> 00:25:30,920
But, Git itself is an incredibly
powerful and just useful

645
00:25:30,920 --> 00:25:34,280
tool for one, backing up your code
somewhere else to the cloud, which

646
00:25:34,280 --> 00:25:37,700
is effectively what we've used
it for, but two, collaboration,

647
00:25:37,700 --> 00:25:40,820
so that you can actually share your
code more readily with other people.

648
00:25:40,820 --> 00:25:44,450
And three, building much bigger
pieces of software, where each of you

649
00:25:44,450 --> 00:25:46,520
work on different files,
different folders,

650
00:25:46,520 --> 00:25:48,560
or even just different
parts of the same file,

651
00:25:48,560 --> 00:25:50,578
and then somehow merge
all of your handiwork

652
00:25:50,578 --> 00:25:53,120
together at the end of the day
to build something much bigger

653
00:25:53,120 --> 00:25:55,520
than you as one person could alone.

654
00:25:55,520 --> 00:25:58,100
VS Code itself now too,
we've been hosting it

655
00:25:58,100 --> 00:26:00,380
in the cloud, a real version of VS Code.

656
00:26:00,380 --> 00:26:03,590
But it's much more commonly used
on people's own Macs and PCs.

657
00:26:03,590 --> 00:26:06,230
And you can download it
onto your own Mac and PC.

658
00:26:06,230 --> 00:26:08,300
You might have to jump
through a few more hoops

659
00:26:08,300 --> 00:26:10,250
to get things like C
working, though Python

660
00:26:10,250 --> 00:26:12,410
is much easier to get working as well.

661
00:26:12,410 --> 00:26:14,600
Some of the configuration
won't be quite the same,

662
00:26:14,600 --> 00:26:16,860
like your prompt might look a
little different and the like.

663
00:26:16,860 --> 00:26:18,230
But that's just going
to be the case any time

664
00:26:18,230 --> 00:26:20,480
you sit down in the future
at a different system,

665
00:26:20,480 --> 00:26:23,647
it's going to look and feel a little
different to things you've used before.

666
00:26:23,647 --> 00:26:25,880
But hopefully there'll
be enough familiarities

667
00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:29,420
that you can get yourself up and
running pretty quickly, nonetheless.

668
00:26:29,420 --> 00:26:30,440
Hosting a website.

669
00:26:30,440 --> 00:26:34,040
Not necessarily something you have to
do or will do for your final project,

670
00:26:34,040 --> 00:26:35,300
depending on your proposal.

671
00:26:35,300 --> 00:26:39,350
But there's lots of ways to just
host your own portfolio page, home

672
00:26:39,350 --> 00:26:43,430
page, website, whatever,
on the internet itself

673
00:26:43,430 --> 00:26:46,760
using tools like these GitHub,
or Netlify, or other tools too.

674
00:26:46,760 --> 00:26:50,265
Most of which have free
student friendly plans.

675
00:26:50,265 --> 00:26:51,890
Some of these are indeed paid services.

676
00:26:51,890 --> 00:26:53,640
But they very often
have entry level plans

677
00:26:53,640 --> 00:26:56,810
that are totally fine if
it's just you on the internet

678
00:26:56,810 --> 00:26:59,553
and you don't expect having
thousands, 10,000 of users.

679
00:26:59,553 --> 00:27:01,470
It's a drop in the bucket
for these companies.

680
00:27:01,470 --> 00:27:03,980
And so they very often
have free tiers of service.

681
00:27:03,980 --> 00:27:06,500
If you want to host something
more dynamic, something

682
00:27:06,500 --> 00:27:10,415
like CS50 Finance that takes user
input and output, uses sessions,

683
00:27:10,415 --> 00:27:13,490
uses databases you might
like something like Heroku.

684
00:27:13,490 --> 00:27:17,150
And for instance, we have some
documentation on one of CS50s websites

685
00:27:17,150 --> 00:27:20,180
for actually moving your
implementation of CS50 Finance

686
00:27:20,180 --> 00:27:24,590
over to this third party application
called Heroku so that you can actually

687
00:27:24,590 --> 00:27:27,920
run it or something like it
in the cloud as well, here too

688
00:27:27,920 --> 00:27:29,750
using a free tier of service.

689
00:27:29,750 --> 00:27:31,200
All of these providers.

690
00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:33,740
These are big cloud
providers these days.

691
00:27:33,740 --> 00:27:36,380
Amazon, Microsoft,
Google, and others all

692
00:27:36,380 --> 00:27:40,040
have student-friendly accounts that
you can sign up for during or shortly

693
00:27:40,040 --> 00:27:44,210
after you're in school that just give
you free compute time and storage.

694
00:27:44,210 --> 00:27:47,300
GitHub itself has this whole student
pack that by transitivity gives you

695
00:27:47,300 --> 00:27:50,160
access to a whole bunch of
discounts on other things as well.

696
00:27:50,160 --> 00:27:51,952
So if you're liking
this stuff and you just

697
00:27:51,952 --> 00:27:54,680
want to learn more perhaps over
break, by playing on your own,

698
00:27:54,680 --> 00:27:57,710
these then would be some
good starting points.

699
00:27:57,710 --> 00:27:59,630
And as for just keeping
abreast of trends

700
00:27:59,630 --> 00:28:02,180
in programming and
technology or the like,

701
00:28:02,180 --> 00:28:04,530
there's so many different
blogs and websites out there.

702
00:28:04,530 --> 00:28:07,640
But here are just a couple of
different subreddits, so to speak,

703
00:28:07,640 --> 00:28:10,940
on Reddit that are very programming
specific, Stack Overflow with which

704
00:28:10,940 --> 00:28:14,750
you've probably interacted,
Server Fault, which is similar,

705
00:28:14,750 --> 00:28:17,990
TechCrunch, Y Cominator,
and other sites too.

706
00:28:17,990 --> 00:28:20,150
And ultimately, we would
encourage all of you

707
00:28:20,150 --> 00:28:22,610
to stay in touch,
certainly beyond today.

708
00:28:22,610 --> 00:28:25,055
By the time you finish
your final projects

709
00:28:25,055 --> 00:28:27,120
we'll have something waiting for you.

710
00:28:27,120 --> 00:28:29,720
And if you want to stay engaged,
either on the teaching staff

711
00:28:29,720 --> 00:28:33,240
or just as a lifelong learner of
course and programming, by all means,

712
00:28:33,240 --> 00:28:34,820
check out any of these URLs here.

713
00:28:34,820 --> 00:28:38,030
But in just a few weeks' time will
you have one of these to your name?

714
00:28:38,030 --> 00:28:41,840
Your very own I took CS50 t-shirt,
which we will distribute before long--

715
00:28:41,840 --> 00:28:43,640
[APPLAUSE]

716
00:28:43,640 --> 00:28:45,330
--as well.

717
00:28:45,330 --> 00:28:48,800
And now, if we may, we
have an opportunity here

718
00:28:48,800 --> 00:28:51,950
to synthesize the past
several weeks of material.

719
00:28:51,950 --> 00:28:55,070
If you would like to go ahead
and open up the URL that we

720
00:28:55,070 --> 00:28:56,240
put on the screen earlier.

721
00:28:56,240 --> 00:28:57,720
I'll toss it up here again.

722
00:28:57,720 --> 00:28:59,970
You can use your phone or your laptop.

723
00:28:59,970 --> 00:29:02,750
You might recall for a
previous problem set,

724
00:29:02,750 --> 00:29:06,770
we asked you to propose a whole bunch
of review questions, multiple choice

725
00:29:06,770 --> 00:29:10,100
or the like that synthesized the
past several weeks of material.

726
00:29:10,100 --> 00:29:14,240
We took some of our favorite submissions
of those, ported it to this poll

727
00:29:14,240 --> 00:29:16,610
every war platform, so
that we could interactively

728
00:29:16,610 --> 00:29:19,470
see where everyone's minds
are at, understanding is that.

729
00:29:19,470 --> 00:29:23,090
And I think you'll find all of these
are written by you and your classmates.

730
00:29:23,090 --> 00:29:26,648
That we slipped a few fun ones there,
also written by you along the way.

731
00:29:26,648 --> 00:29:28,940
If Carter, you want to come
on up here to get us ready.

732
00:29:28,940 --> 00:29:31,820
If you haven't yet open
the website, go to this URL

733
00:29:31,820 --> 00:29:35,180
here on your phone or your laptop.

734
00:29:35,180 --> 00:29:37,490
And let me go ahead
and switch us over here

735
00:29:37,490 --> 00:29:41,480
before Carter takes control
of this machine here.

736
00:29:41,480 --> 00:29:43,690
Here's that same 2D bar code again.

737
00:29:43,690 --> 00:29:45,890
Feel free to background that now.

738
00:29:45,890 --> 00:29:49,250
And in just a moment, we've
got a 20 question quiz show.

739
00:29:49,250 --> 00:29:50,485
It's all multiple choice.

740
00:29:50,485 --> 00:29:52,610
So long as you have internet
access, whether you're

741
00:29:52,610 --> 00:29:54,650
here physically or online
right now, you should

742
00:29:54,650 --> 00:29:58,130
be able to buzz in within 10 to
20 seconds of seeing a question.

743
00:29:58,130 --> 00:29:59,630
And I'll read each one aloud.

744
00:29:59,630 --> 00:30:01,560
I think Carter, were
just about good to go.

745
00:30:01,560 --> 00:30:05,210
So, does everyone have the
software up and running

746
00:30:05,210 --> 00:30:06,980
on their phone or their laptop?

747
00:30:06,980 --> 00:30:09,260
If not, no big deal, just
look on with a friend.

748
00:30:09,260 --> 00:30:12,205
But otherwise, Carter, do you want
to say hello too and tee us up?

749
00:30:12,205 --> 00:30:13,580
CARTER: Absolutely, Hi, everyone.

750
00:30:13,580 --> 00:30:17,060
We're going to go ahead and get
started here with our first question.

751
00:30:17,060 --> 00:30:18,300
Speed here matters.

752
00:30:18,300 --> 00:30:19,970
So our first question, David, go ahead.

753
00:30:19,970 --> 00:30:20,708
What is it?

754
00:30:20,708 --> 00:30:23,750
DAVID J. MALAN: What does CSS stand for,
is the first question written by you?

755
00:30:23,750 --> 00:30:27,830
Four possible options are,
Cascading Style Sheet,

756
00:30:27,830 --> 00:30:32,600
coding style sheet, cascading
style system, coded style sheet.

757
00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:38,570
Fifteen seconds, up to 300 responses
already both here in person and online.

758
00:30:38,570 --> 00:30:40,140
Give folks a few more seconds.

759
00:30:40,140 --> 00:30:41,570
What does CSS stand for?

760
00:30:41,570 --> 00:30:43,700
These are the four options
that were provided.

761
00:30:43,700 --> 00:30:47,540
Three, two, one, Carter.

762
00:30:47,540 --> 00:30:51,900
Cascading Style Sheets at 86%
is indeed the right answer.

763
00:30:51,900 --> 00:30:54,710
So congrats to those of
you 86% who got that one.

764
00:30:54,710 --> 00:30:55,790
Here's the leaderboard.

765
00:30:55,790 --> 00:30:58,040
You all have fairly random user names.

766
00:30:58,040 --> 00:31:01,835
But if your username is on this board
here or really any of the 86% of you

767
00:31:01,835 --> 00:31:04,460
that just got that right, all of
you are currently in the lead.

768
00:31:04,460 --> 00:31:07,610
But we'll see if this
shifts before long.

769
00:31:07,610 --> 00:31:11,330
Question two, which best
describe the role of a compiler,

770
00:31:11,330 --> 00:31:13,760
is our next question?

771
00:31:13,760 --> 00:31:16,790
Debug one's code, run
the written program,

772
00:31:16,790 --> 00:31:19,190
distinguish between
functions and arguments,

773
00:31:19,190 --> 00:31:22,280
turn source code into machine code.

774
00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:23,990
Three hundred responses in so far.

775
00:31:23,990 --> 00:31:25,220
Ten seconds to go.

776
00:31:25,220 --> 00:31:29,960
Which best describes
the role of a compiler?

777
00:31:29,960 --> 00:31:31,400
Three seconds.

778
00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:32,720
Just crossed 400.

779
00:31:32,720 --> 00:31:37,730
And Carter, turning source
code into machine code, at 92%.

780
00:31:37,730 --> 00:31:40,610
Some excellent progress there,
is indeed the correct answer.

781
00:31:40,610 --> 00:31:45,120
And indeed more generally, a compiler
just converts one language to another.

782
00:31:45,120 --> 00:31:48,950
The use cases we've seen for it have
been only source code to machine code.

783
00:31:48,950 --> 00:31:50,870
But as you go out into
the real world, you'll

784
00:31:50,870 --> 00:31:54,500
actually find there to be compilers
from one source code language

785
00:31:54,500 --> 00:31:57,080
to another source code
language that itself might

786
00:31:57,080 --> 00:31:59,060
be runnable or compiler thereafter.

787
00:31:59,060 --> 00:32:00,950
Good job to all of you guests.

788
00:32:00,950 --> 00:32:02,960
And Carter number three.

789
00:32:02,960 --> 00:32:06,560
What is the type of
argc asks a classmate?

790
00:32:06,560 --> 00:32:08,570
Int, stir, char, float.

791
00:32:08,570 --> 00:32:11,420


792
00:32:11,420 --> 00:32:13,010
What is the type of argc?

793
00:32:13,010 --> 00:32:16,680


794
00:32:16,680 --> 00:32:18,600
All right about 350 responses.

795
00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:20,460
Seven seconds to go.

796
00:32:20,460 --> 00:32:24,360
About to cross the 400
threshold in three, two, one.

797
00:32:24,360 --> 00:32:28,257
The type of argc is
int is indeed correct.

798
00:32:28,257 --> 00:32:30,090
But we're now starting
to distinguish folks.

799
00:32:30,090 --> 00:32:32,310
Only 55% there.

800
00:32:32,310 --> 00:32:34,170
Char is not correct.

801
00:32:34,170 --> 00:32:38,100
You might be thinking of argv in
C. But even that is not a char.

802
00:32:38,100 --> 00:32:43,090
It's a char star array or
a char star star in fact.

803
00:32:43,090 --> 00:32:44,130
So it's not just a char.

804
00:32:44,130 --> 00:32:46,590
Stir is in Python.

805
00:32:46,590 --> 00:32:49,140
But even that too, if you
were thinking of sys.argv,

806
00:32:49,140 --> 00:32:51,700
that would be a list of
stirs, not a single stir.

807
00:32:51,700 --> 00:32:52,200
All right.

808
00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:55,000
Carter, the leaderboard.

809
00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:55,500
All right.

810
00:32:55,500 --> 00:32:56,940
There are our guests all in.

811
00:32:56,940 --> 00:32:57,600
Still tied.

812
00:32:57,600 --> 00:32:58,710
And number four.

813
00:32:58,710 --> 00:33:03,990
What is the searching efficiency
of a balanced binary search tree?

814
00:33:03,990 --> 00:33:10,850
Big O of n, big O of n squared,
big O of log n, big O of n log n.

815
00:33:10,850 --> 00:33:15,110
What is the searching efficiency
of a balanced binary search tree?

816
00:33:15,110 --> 00:33:19,250
The balance being key because,
as folks continue buzzing in,

817
00:33:19,250 --> 00:33:25,760
recall that binary search trees can
degrade, devolve into linked lists--

818
00:33:25,760 --> 00:33:29,380
Big O log n is correct for 54%.

819
00:33:29,380 --> 00:33:29,880
All right.

820
00:33:29,880 --> 00:33:31,400
Now, people are getting annoyed.

821
00:33:31,400 --> 00:33:32,400
But let's keep going.

822
00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:33,980
Number five.

823
00:33:33,980 --> 00:33:35,840
Leaderboard's not yet that interesting.

824
00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:40,010
More subtle, what was the
CS50 duck's Halloween costume?

825
00:33:40,010 --> 00:33:42,740
He's here in winter dress
today thanks to Valerie.

826
00:33:42,740 --> 00:33:48,590
A skeleton, a vampire,
Frankenstein, or a ghost.

827
00:33:48,590 --> 00:33:54,020
What was its costume at
Halloween a few weeks back?

828
00:33:54,020 --> 00:33:57,050
Answers are coming in a
little slower this time.

829
00:33:57,050 --> 00:34:00,170
People online or perhaps
clicking on the video.

830
00:34:00,170 --> 00:34:03,860
And vampire is correct at 69%.

831
00:34:03,860 --> 00:34:05,780
Nicely done.

832
00:34:05,780 --> 00:34:06,530
All right.

833
00:34:06,530 --> 00:34:08,690
Guests are still shuffled in the top.

834
00:34:08,690 --> 00:34:12,320
Oh, and we're starting to
see some leaders pull ahead.

835
00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:15,679
The time in which you buzz in
is also taken into account now.

836
00:34:15,679 --> 00:34:19,130
In C how can we unify several
variables of different types

837
00:34:19,130 --> 00:34:21,320
into a single new type?

838
00:34:21,320 --> 00:34:25,960
Trees, arrays, structs, tables.

839
00:34:25,960 --> 00:34:26,770
Oh, it got quiet.

840
00:34:26,770 --> 00:34:30,199
In C how can we unify several
variables of different types

841
00:34:30,199 --> 00:34:33,040
into a single new type?

842
00:34:33,040 --> 00:34:34,719
Eight seconds.

843
00:34:34,719 --> 00:34:36,280
Four hundred responses in.

844
00:34:36,280 --> 00:34:39,610


845
00:34:39,610 --> 00:34:40,630
Four hundred fifty.

846
00:34:40,630 --> 00:34:44,679
And the answer is structs
are indeed correct.

847
00:34:44,679 --> 00:34:46,270
Recall that we had a student struct.

848
00:34:46,270 --> 00:34:48,370
And we saw strokes
later on four nodes that

849
00:34:48,370 --> 00:34:52,780
allowed us to cluster multiple variables
or data types inside of our own brand

850
00:34:52,780 --> 00:34:55,389
new structure that we
then typedef to a name.

851
00:34:55,389 --> 00:34:57,250
Carter, should we see
the leaderboard now?

852
00:34:57,250 --> 00:34:58,270
[GRUMBLING]

853
00:34:58,270 --> 00:34:58,930
All right.

854
00:34:58,930 --> 00:35:05,230
Whoever guessed 4045 and 4383
have eked ahead ever so slightly.

855
00:35:05,230 --> 00:35:08,080
So buzzing and fast can
now benefit your score too.

856
00:35:08,080 --> 00:35:09,550
Next question, Carter.

857
00:35:09,550 --> 00:35:13,540
In Python, which of the
following statements is false,

858
00:35:13,540 --> 00:35:17,680
tuples are an ordered immutable set of
data, dictionaries associate keywords

859
00:35:17,680 --> 00:35:20,770
with values, arrays in
Python or fixed size,

860
00:35:20,770 --> 00:35:23,320
Python is an object oriented language?

861
00:35:23,320 --> 00:35:25,250
Which of those statements is false?

862
00:35:25,250 --> 00:35:29,470


863
00:35:29,470 --> 00:35:30,550
Three seconds.

864
00:35:30,550 --> 00:35:33,430
Answers coming in more slowly.

865
00:35:33,430 --> 00:35:35,950
But the most popular answer is correct.

866
00:35:35,950 --> 00:35:40,342
Arrays in Python are indeed not of a
fixed size, which is why that's false.

867
00:35:40,342 --> 00:35:42,550
They're not even called
arrays, they're called lists.

868
00:35:42,550 --> 00:35:45,760
And recall that they dynamically grow
and shrink effectively implemented

869
00:35:45,760 --> 00:35:48,400
for you as a linked list.

870
00:35:48,400 --> 00:35:50,200
All right.

871
00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:50,860
All right.

872
00:35:50,860 --> 00:35:52,270
We have a leader.

873
00:35:52,270 --> 00:35:56,290
Whoever 4383 is, nicely done.

874
00:35:56,290 --> 00:36:02,560
What does strcmp return in C,
S-T-R-C-M-P. Does it return a boolean,

875
00:36:02,560 --> 00:36:04,255
an integer, a string, or a char?

876
00:36:04,255 --> 00:36:08,060


877
00:36:08,060 --> 00:36:10,280
What does strcmp return in C?

878
00:36:10,280 --> 00:36:12,305
Used to compare two strings of course.

879
00:36:12,305 --> 00:36:15,180


880
00:36:15,180 --> 00:36:21,150
Recall that it returns potentially
not just true/false but--

881
00:36:21,150 --> 00:36:24,300
ooh, an integer is indeed correct.

882
00:36:24,300 --> 00:36:25,560
Does anyone recall why?

883
00:36:25,560 --> 00:36:29,170
Why is it an int and not
just a simple true/false?

884
00:36:29,170 --> 00:36:30,660
Why is three values helpful?

885
00:36:30,660 --> 00:36:33,450


886
00:36:33,450 --> 00:36:34,020
Exactly.

887
00:36:34,020 --> 00:36:38,250
It returns 0, if they're equal, or
returns negative value or positive

888
00:36:38,250 --> 00:36:41,370
value based on whether one
string comes before or after

889
00:36:41,370 --> 00:36:45,000
the other ASCII-betically, so to
speak, based on its ASCII code.

890
00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:46,590
The results, Carter.

891
00:36:46,590 --> 00:36:52,200
All right, 4383 still doing quite
well, but being caught up with here.

892
00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:59,160
What is David Maylon's phone number
949-468-2750 play when you call it?

893
00:36:59,160 --> 00:37:02,010
The Harvard Alma mater,
a parody of Yale song,

894
00:37:02,010 --> 00:37:06,390
a recording of David Maylon singing
"Never Going to Give You Up."

895
00:37:06,390 --> 00:37:08,190
Feel free to call or text.

896
00:37:08,190 --> 00:37:11,175
I can't get it now, but we have
nicely automated that process.

897
00:37:11,175 --> 00:37:14,170


898
00:37:14,170 --> 00:37:15,040
Four seconds.

899
00:37:15,040 --> 00:37:17,340
Four hundred responses in,
and the answer, of course,

900
00:37:17,340 --> 00:37:20,050
is "Never Going to Give You Up."

901
00:37:20,050 --> 00:37:21,880
Thanks to a little
programming and a script

902
00:37:21,880 --> 00:37:24,400
that our friend Rong Shin
wrote that essentially answers

903
00:37:24,400 --> 00:37:28,450
the phone automatically and
replies with a URL or a song.

904
00:37:28,450 --> 00:37:30,880
Carter?

905
00:37:30,880 --> 00:37:34,470
Oh, dethroned.

906
00:37:34,470 --> 00:37:35,320
Dethroned.

907
00:37:35,320 --> 00:37:37,360
Two six eight eight, nicely done.

908
00:37:37,360 --> 00:37:39,970
Next question.

909
00:37:39,970 --> 00:37:42,370
From which of the following
places does malloc

910
00:37:42,370 --> 00:37:50,080
get free memory for a program to
use, heap, stack, array, or pointer?

911
00:37:50,080 --> 00:37:52,330
From which of the following
places does malloc

912
00:37:52,330 --> 00:37:54,685
get free memory for a program to use?

913
00:37:54,685 --> 00:37:58,650


914
00:37:58,650 --> 00:38:00,540
Answers are a little slower this time.

915
00:38:00,540 --> 00:38:01,260
Five seconds.

916
00:38:01,260 --> 00:38:04,890


917
00:38:04,890 --> 00:38:07,880
And the answer is in--

918
00:38:07,880 --> 00:38:09,098
[GRUMBLINGS]

919
00:38:09,098 --> 00:38:11,852


920
00:38:11,852 --> 00:38:13,230
[LAUGHTER]

921
00:38:13,230 --> 00:38:13,770
OK.

922
00:38:13,770 --> 00:38:17,110
That's the answer we were
given in the problem sets.

923
00:38:17,110 --> 00:38:20,460
But I think we would beg to differ.

924
00:38:20,460 --> 00:38:22,205
Pretty sure, Carter, would you go with--

925
00:38:22,205 --> 00:38:23,580
CARTER: I would go with the heap.

926
00:38:23,580 --> 00:38:25,247
DAVID J. MALAN: I think it's indeed the heap.

927
00:38:25,247 --> 00:38:27,030
So this answer, not correct.

928
00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:28,380
[BOOING]

929
00:38:28,380 --> 00:38:29,220
I know.

930
00:38:29,220 --> 00:38:29,760
I know.

931
00:38:29,760 --> 00:38:31,800
We just transcribed what
you gave us, though.

932
00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:34,050
Let's see how that affects the scores.

933
00:38:34,050 --> 00:38:35,280
AUDIENCE: No.

934
00:38:35,280 --> 00:38:38,010
DAVID J. MALAN: OK, 2688 is still doing OK.

935
00:38:38,010 --> 00:38:39,120
Next question.

936
00:38:39,120 --> 00:38:40,690
About 10 or so to go.

937
00:38:40,690 --> 00:38:44,490
Suppose I have an unsorted list
of items, store receipts perhaps,

938
00:38:44,490 --> 00:38:47,730
should I sort the items before
searching for an element?

939
00:38:47,730 --> 00:38:49,920
Yes, you should always
sort before searching.

940
00:38:49,920 --> 00:38:52,740
No, you should never
sought before searching.

941
00:38:52,740 --> 00:38:56,235
If you will be searching the list many
times, then yes, you should sort first.

942
00:38:56,235 --> 00:38:58,110
If you will be searching
the list many times,

943
00:38:58,110 --> 00:39:01,140
then no, you should not sort first.

944
00:39:01,140 --> 00:39:02,880
Some nuanced replies.

945
00:39:02,880 --> 00:39:05,760
Five seconds.

946
00:39:05,760 --> 00:39:07,900
Fewer answers than usual at this point.

947
00:39:07,900 --> 00:39:11,762
And, if you will be searching
the list many times, then yes,

948
00:39:11,762 --> 00:39:12,720
you should short first.

949
00:39:12,720 --> 00:39:14,790
An example that we
discussed of trade offs.

950
00:39:14,790 --> 00:39:16,915
Because if you're just
going to do a one off search

951
00:39:16,915 --> 00:39:19,800
and never again, why bother
incurring n log n or n

952
00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:22,515
squared time to actually sort the thing.

953
00:39:22,515 --> 00:39:25,410


954
00:39:25,410 --> 00:39:26,100
All right.

955
00:39:26,100 --> 00:39:27,420
Some shuffling happening.

956
00:39:27,420 --> 00:39:29,040
But, 2688, nicely done.

957
00:39:29,040 --> 00:39:30,360
Next question.

958
00:39:30,360 --> 00:39:34,440
When you run the CREATE INDEX command
and SQL, what type of data structure

959
00:39:34,440 --> 00:39:41,270
do you create, array, B-trees,
linked lists, hash tables?

960
00:39:41,270 --> 00:39:44,960
When you run CREATE INDEX, recall
we did this with the movie titles,

961
00:39:44,960 --> 00:39:48,110
the TV show titles, to speed
things up, so that things

962
00:39:48,110 --> 00:39:50,420
wouldn't be super long and linear.

963
00:39:50,420 --> 00:39:53,580
We did a different data structure.

964
00:39:53,580 --> 00:39:54,080
All right.

965
00:39:54,080 --> 00:39:55,550
About 400 responses in.

966
00:39:55,550 --> 00:39:59,570
The answer is indeed B-trees.

967
00:39:59,570 --> 00:40:00,690
B-trees.

968
00:40:00,690 --> 00:40:02,390
Not to be confused with binary tree.

969
00:40:02,390 --> 00:40:06,530
A B-tree typically has
other children besides two

970
00:40:06,530 --> 00:40:10,310
that pulls the data even higher
up from the leaves of the tree.

971
00:40:10,310 --> 00:40:12,620
Could use a hash table,
could use a linked list,

972
00:40:12,620 --> 00:40:15,920
but indeed the technology in
databases is generally these things

973
00:40:15,920 --> 00:40:18,560
called B-trees, certainly in SQLite.

974
00:40:18,560 --> 00:40:20,810
Carter.

975
00:40:20,810 --> 00:40:25,370
Oh, dethroned, but 4179
has now pulled ahead.

976
00:40:25,370 --> 00:40:26,040
Nicely done.

977
00:40:26,040 --> 00:40:27,350
Next question.

978
00:40:27,350 --> 00:40:36,980
What HTTP status code means I'm
a teapot, 000, 418, 007, 128?

979
00:40:36,980 --> 00:40:44,120
This, recall, was an April Fool's joke
by technical people some years ago that

980
00:40:44,120 --> 00:40:46,640
has become part of computing lore.

981
00:40:46,640 --> 00:40:48,980
It's still there,
though, in the document.

982
00:40:48,980 --> 00:40:53,760
In two seconds we'll know
that it's 418, indeed.

983
00:40:53,760 --> 00:40:56,000
Let's see how that affected things.

984
00:40:56,000 --> 00:41:02,300
Four one seven nine is way down on
the list, 7280 is number one now.

985
00:41:02,300 --> 00:41:03,200
Nicely done.

986
00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:06,620
What is an example of
a SQL injection attack,

987
00:41:06,620 --> 00:41:10,220
when someone submits malicious
SQL commands via web form,

988
00:41:10,220 --> 00:41:13,250
physically destroying a computer
hardware that stores a SQL

989
00:41:13,250 --> 00:41:16,370
database, overwhelming a server
with thousands of requests

990
00:41:16,370 --> 00:41:21,410
to access a database, injection
attacks are only in movies or TV?

991
00:41:21,410 --> 00:41:22,670
Five seconds.

992
00:41:22,670 --> 00:41:26,110
Some fun answers.

993
00:41:26,110 --> 00:41:27,850
Four hundred responses about in.

994
00:41:27,850 --> 00:41:31,990
And indeed, when someone submits
malicious SQL commands via web

995
00:41:31,990 --> 00:41:36,250
form because the programmer is not
escaping the code using the question

996
00:41:36,250 --> 00:41:40,090
mark syntax that we've seen using
CS50's library or other third party

997
00:41:40,090 --> 00:41:41,500
libraries like it.

998
00:41:41,500 --> 00:41:43,450
Carter.

999
00:41:43,450 --> 00:41:46,983
Seven two eight oh is
still the guest to beat.

1000
00:41:46,983 --> 00:41:47,650
Nearing the end.

1001
00:41:47,650 --> 00:41:48,730
A few more questions.

1002
00:41:48,730 --> 00:41:52,780
How are the elements of an array
stored in memory, contiguously,

1003
00:41:52,780 --> 00:41:55,180
in random locations that
happen to be available,

1004
00:41:55,180 --> 00:41:58,840
as a linked list, as a binary tree?

1005
00:41:58,840 --> 00:42:04,720
How are the elements of
an array stored in memory?

1006
00:42:04,720 --> 00:42:06,730
About five seconds to go.

1007
00:42:06,730 --> 00:42:09,430
Almost have everyone in.

1008
00:42:09,430 --> 00:42:14,800
Two, one, and contiguously
is indeed the right answer.

1009
00:42:14,800 --> 00:42:18,580
Back to back to back in random
locations that happen to be available

1010
00:42:18,580 --> 00:42:21,940
is probably describing your
use of malloc in the heap,

1011
00:42:21,940 --> 00:42:24,550
but you would then need a linked
list or some other structure

1012
00:42:24,550 --> 00:42:26,590
to stitch those locations together.

1013
00:42:26,590 --> 00:42:29,440
And array, by definition is contiguous.

1014
00:42:29,440 --> 00:42:31,140
Carter.

1015
00:42:31,140 --> 00:42:37,260
Seven two eight oh is hanging on
to that lead by about 499 points.

1016
00:42:37,260 --> 00:42:40,620
Next up is which SQL
query would allow you

1017
00:42:40,620 --> 00:42:46,530
to select the ID of a specific movie
star Zendaya in a table of movie stars,

1018
00:42:46,530 --> 00:42:50,880
select ID where name equals Zendaya,
select Star ID for movie stars

1019
00:42:50,880 --> 00:42:53,640
where name equals Zendaya,
select ID from movie stars

1020
00:42:53,640 --> 00:42:56,460
where name equals Zendaya,
select ID for movie stars

1021
00:42:56,460 --> 00:42:59,100
where name equals quote unquote Zendaya?

1022
00:42:59,100 --> 00:43:01,350
And I'm spoiling it.

1023
00:43:01,350 --> 00:43:04,020
I should have read out
some quotes earlier too.

1024
00:43:04,020 --> 00:43:05,970
One second.

1025
00:43:05,970 --> 00:43:08,100
The last one is correct.

1026
00:43:08,100 --> 00:43:11,220
And indeed, this one's almost
correct but lacks the single quotes.

1027
00:43:11,220 --> 00:43:12,660
Zendaya is not a single--

1028
00:43:12,660 --> 00:43:14,820
it's not a SQL key word.

1029
00:43:14,820 --> 00:43:16,090
It's of course a string.

1030
00:43:16,090 --> 00:43:17,955
So it does need to be escaped there.

1031
00:43:17,955 --> 00:43:20,220
But 63% of you realized that.

1032
00:43:20,220 --> 00:43:22,690
Seventy-two eighty is still in the lead.

1033
00:43:22,690 --> 00:43:25,170
I think we have a few
more questions to go.

1034
00:43:25,170 --> 00:43:29,070
Why is a hash table faster
to search than a linked list,

1035
00:43:29,070 --> 00:43:33,390
even though the runtime
for both is big O of n?

1036
00:43:33,390 --> 00:43:37,350
The hash table actually has
big O of n squared runtime,

1037
00:43:37,350 --> 00:43:41,442
the hash table optimally
has omega of O runtime,

1038
00:43:41,442 --> 00:43:43,650
the hash table creates
shorter length lists to search

1039
00:43:43,650 --> 00:43:48,870
rather than one long linked list,
the hash table takes less memory.

1040
00:43:48,870 --> 00:43:54,000
And this was an example of practical
versus theoretical differences.

1041
00:43:54,000 --> 00:43:58,890
And indeed-- that was interesting.
--with 83% of you buzzing in,

1042
00:43:58,890 --> 00:44:01,540
the hash table creates
shorter linked lists, ideally,

1043
00:44:01,540 --> 00:44:05,730
if you have a good hash function
rather than one long linked list.

1044
00:44:05,730 --> 00:44:08,400
Even though technically
it's still in big O of n.

1045
00:44:08,400 --> 00:44:12,510
Seventy-two eighty seemed to know
that is pulling ahead of the crowd.

1046
00:44:12,510 --> 00:44:14,790
Still a few questions.

1047
00:44:14,790 --> 00:44:20,100
Game of Thrones is a dot, dot, dot,
comedy, drama, historical fantasy,

1048
00:44:20,100 --> 00:44:24,660
documentary, romance
sci-fi, or all of the above?

1049
00:44:24,660 --> 00:44:31,110
This is written by your classmates,
recall, based on our sequel week.

1050
00:44:31,110 --> 00:44:37,440
In five seconds we'll be reminded
that, according to our CSV file,

1051
00:44:37,440 --> 00:44:39,990
they were all of the above.

1052
00:44:39,990 --> 00:44:40,530
OK.

1053
00:44:40,530 --> 00:44:43,450
All of the above.

1054
00:44:43,450 --> 00:44:46,290
All right, 7280 did OK with that.

1055
00:44:46,290 --> 00:44:47,700
Next question.

1056
00:44:47,700 --> 00:44:49,800
Which of the following
is a golden rule when

1057
00:44:49,800 --> 00:44:54,180
allocating memory, every block of
memory that you malloc must be freed,

1058
00:44:54,180 --> 00:44:58,140
only memory that you malloc should be
freed, do not free a block of memory

1059
00:44:58,140 --> 00:45:00,030
more than once, all of the above?

1060
00:45:00,030 --> 00:45:03,330


1061
00:45:03,330 --> 00:45:07,130
More into the nuances of C, this
golden rule when allocating memory--

1062
00:45:07,130 --> 00:45:08,880
didn't have to worry
about this in Python.

1063
00:45:08,880 --> 00:45:13,680
We did in C. In two seconds
we'll know that all of the above

1064
00:45:13,680 --> 00:45:16,080
are indeed things you must do.

1065
00:45:16,080 --> 00:45:18,300
Not doing those would be in fact bugs.

1066
00:45:18,300 --> 00:45:20,520
Carter, the leaderboard.

1067
00:45:20,520 --> 00:45:24,300
Still doing well 7280, whoever you are.

1068
00:45:24,300 --> 00:45:25,890
Last few questions.

1069
00:45:25,890 --> 00:45:28,110
Last question, in fact.

1070
00:45:28,110 --> 00:45:29,460
Last question.

1071
00:45:29,460 --> 00:45:34,650
What do the binary bulbs
on stage spell today?

1072
00:45:34,650 --> 00:45:40,680
The answers could be, faced with
medical mask, faced with tears of joy,

1073
00:45:40,680 --> 00:45:44,212
snowman without snow, or red heart?

1074
00:45:44,212 --> 00:45:45,540
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

1075
00:45:45,540 --> 00:45:48,790
DAVID J. MALAN: What do the
binary bulbs on stage spell?

1076
00:45:48,790 --> 00:45:52,982
Six, five, four, three--

1077
00:45:52,982 --> 00:45:56,170
AUDIENCE: Two, one.

1078
00:45:56,170 --> 00:45:59,650
DAVID J. MALAN: The answer is the red heart.

1079
00:45:59,650 --> 00:46:02,560
Taking a look at the leaderboard
here, who's our winner?

1080
00:46:02,560 --> 00:46:05,660


1081
00:46:05,660 --> 00:46:08,420
The winner is-- oh!

1082
00:46:08,420 --> 00:46:10,250
Guest 3487.

1083
00:46:10,250 --> 00:46:12,290
A big round of applause for our guest.

1084
00:46:12,290 --> 00:46:13,175
Thank you to Carter.

1085
00:46:13,175 --> 00:46:14,951
[APPLAUSE]

1086
00:46:14,951 --> 00:46:17,940


1087
00:46:17,940 --> 00:46:24,030
So it's nice that were some opportunity
here, because recall that in week zero,

1088
00:46:24,030 --> 00:46:27,690
we did start talking about emoji, and
really about data, and representation,

1089
00:46:27,690 --> 00:46:30,922
and we talked not about just
binary but ASCII and then Unicode.

1090
00:46:30,922 --> 00:46:33,630
And then when we had Unicode, we
had all of these additional bits

1091
00:46:33,630 --> 00:46:34,630
that we could play with.

1092
00:46:34,630 --> 00:46:36,900
And we could start to
represent not just letters

1093
00:46:36,900 --> 00:46:39,270
of the English alphabet
as an ASCII but really

1094
00:46:39,270 --> 00:46:42,150
letters of any human
alphabet and even alphabets

1095
00:46:42,150 --> 00:46:43,565
that are continuing to develop.

1096
00:46:43,565 --> 00:46:45,690
And indeed, this was faced
with medical mask, which

1097
00:46:45,690 --> 00:46:50,130
we claimed at the time was just how a
Mac or PC or Android phone or iPhone

1098
00:46:50,130 --> 00:46:54,240
nowadays would interpret and
display a pattern of bits like this.

1099
00:46:54,240 --> 00:46:59,310
This happening to be for the four bytes
that represent that particular emoji.

1100
00:46:59,310 --> 00:47:01,590
And over time, humans
have been deciding to use

1101
00:47:01,590 --> 00:47:06,720
different patterns for new emojis
that might not have existed yesterday.

1102
00:47:06,720 --> 00:47:09,270
And indeed, most any time you
update your Mac, or your PC,

1103
00:47:09,270 --> 00:47:12,660
or your phone these days, at
least on a semi-annual basis,

1104
00:47:12,660 --> 00:47:15,030
are you getting some
new and improved emojis.

1105
00:47:15,030 --> 00:47:17,185
And they're not just these faces now.

1106
00:47:17,185 --> 00:47:19,560
They're of course, representing
different human emotions,

1107
00:47:19,560 --> 00:47:21,390
different physical
objects, and ultimately

1108
00:47:21,390 --> 00:47:23,730
among the Unicode
consortium's goals, is to be

1109
00:47:23,730 --> 00:47:26,160
able to represent all human languages.

1110
00:47:26,160 --> 00:47:29,670
But, we're not for certain groups
of people and certain individuals,

1111
00:47:29,670 --> 00:47:32,302
these things would all
rather look fairly similar.

1112
00:47:32,302 --> 00:47:34,260
And indeed today, we're
so pleased to be joined

1113
00:47:34,260 --> 00:47:36,240
by an old classmate of mine Jennifer 8.

1114
00:47:36,240 --> 00:47:39,240
Lee, who was class of '99
here at the college, who's

1115
00:47:39,240 --> 00:47:43,140
gone off to do many, many different
things in life, prolifically so.

1116
00:47:43,140 --> 00:47:45,138
Not only has she been
a writer, an author,

1117
00:47:45,138 --> 00:47:48,180
a journalist for the New York Times,
a producer of films like The Harvard

1118
00:47:48,180 --> 00:47:51,060
Computers, The Search for
General Tso, and The Emoji

1119
00:47:51,060 --> 00:47:53,940
Story, which focuses on
exactly today's topic.

1120
00:47:53,940 --> 00:47:56,940
Jenny and her colleagues have
been involved particularly

1121
00:47:56,940 --> 00:48:01,620
with championing representation
of different types of people,

1122
00:48:01,620 --> 00:48:02,820
and cultures, and languages.

1123
00:48:02,820 --> 00:48:06,120
And these are just a few of the emojis
that our friend Jenny has indeed

1124
00:48:06,120 --> 00:48:09,330
brought into creation on
our phones and laptops.

1125
00:48:09,330 --> 00:48:12,120
Jenny too is the original
inspiration for what

1126
00:48:12,120 --> 00:48:14,288
has become it seems my
Twitter recommendations

1127
00:48:14,288 --> 00:48:15,330
and all of these puppets.

1128
00:48:15,330 --> 00:48:17,970
I was visiting her in Manhattan
one time some years ago,

1129
00:48:17,970 --> 00:48:21,550
she had on herself a couple of
puppets known as Muppet whatnots.

1130
00:48:21,550 --> 00:48:24,300
At the time you could go to FAO
Schwartz or the website Therefore,

1131
00:48:24,300 --> 00:48:26,160
an old tort store,
and you could actually

1132
00:48:26,160 --> 00:48:27,510
configure your very own Muppets.

1133
00:48:27,510 --> 00:48:29,218
And I thought this
was the coolest thing.

1134
00:48:29,218 --> 00:48:31,800
And literally on the cab
ride home from her place

1135
00:48:31,800 --> 00:48:34,477
was I logging into the website
configuring a couple of puppets.

1136
00:48:34,477 --> 00:48:36,060
A couple of weeks later, they arrived.

1137
00:48:36,060 --> 00:48:38,315
And then rather sat my
shelf for a couple of years,

1138
00:48:38,315 --> 00:48:41,190
as I wondered why I had just bought
two Muppets in the back of a cab.

1139
00:48:41,190 --> 00:48:43,530
But brought them into
the office at one point.

1140
00:48:43,530 --> 00:48:45,600
A colleague saw them, drew
inspiration from them,

1141
00:48:45,600 --> 00:48:48,720
and now have they been roving really
into the fabric of this course,

1142
00:48:48,720 --> 00:48:51,570
in particular, and a lot of
the course's pedagogy, at least

1143
00:48:51,570 --> 00:48:55,030
incarnated here just for fun
but also in video form as well.

1144
00:48:55,030 --> 00:48:57,780
Which is only to say, so
glad that our friend Jenny 8.

1145
00:48:57,780 --> 00:49:00,910
Lee is here for us today
to talk about these emoji.

1146
00:49:00,910 --> 00:49:01,410
Jenny.

1147
00:49:01,410 --> 00:49:01,530
JENNIFER 8.

1148
00:49:01,530 --> 00:49:02,030
LEE: Hi.

1149
00:49:02,030 --> 00:49:03,618
[APPLAUSE]

1150
00:49:03,618 --> 00:49:07,780


1151
00:49:07,780 --> 00:49:09,370
All right.

1152
00:49:09,370 --> 00:49:10,480
This is very exciting.

1153
00:49:10,480 --> 00:49:14,530
I took CS50 in 1994.

1154
00:49:14,530 --> 00:49:16,270
To give you a sense,
one of my blockmates

1155
00:49:16,270 --> 00:49:21,310
was the first intern for Netscape, if
you guys have ever heard of Netscape.

1156
00:49:21,310 --> 00:49:25,262
And I graduated just as Google was--

1157
00:49:25,262 --> 00:49:27,220
we did not have Google
when we were undergrads.

1158
00:49:27,220 --> 00:49:32,410
So, it's an honor,
obviously, to be at CS50.

1159
00:49:32,410 --> 00:49:34,900
It's also very impressive to
see how David has turned it

1160
00:49:34,900 --> 00:49:39,580
from entry level computer
science course into a lifestyle

1161
00:49:39,580 --> 00:49:41,560
brand that is world renowned.

1162
00:49:41,560 --> 00:49:42,880
So, it's an honor.

1163
00:49:42,880 --> 00:49:48,460
And I'm going to talk to you today
about how an emoji becomes an emoji.

1164
00:49:48,460 --> 00:49:51,070
So first I'm going to
talk about my journey

1165
00:49:51,070 --> 00:49:54,730
down the rabbit hole of how
I got involved with emoji.

1166
00:49:54,730 --> 00:49:59,050
So, this is my friend
Iing Lu, she is a designer

1167
00:49:59,050 --> 00:50:01,540
famous for designing a
Twitter Fail Whale, which

1168
00:50:01,540 --> 00:50:06,680
was this kind of image that
popped up when Twitter went down,

1169
00:50:06,680 --> 00:50:08,890
which back in the day was rather often.

1170
00:50:08,890 --> 00:50:12,940
So, she's
Chinese-Australian-American, which

1171
00:50:12,940 --> 00:50:15,550
is a weird interesting combination.

1172
00:50:15,550 --> 00:50:19,240
So one day we were texting
about dumplings, because that

1173
00:50:19,240 --> 00:50:20,650
is what Chinese-ish women do.

1174
00:50:20,650 --> 00:50:21,820
We text about food.

1175
00:50:21,820 --> 00:50:24,820
And so I sent her this
picture of dumplings.

1176
00:50:24,820 --> 00:50:29,260
And then she said, yum, yum, yum,
yum, yum knife and fork, knife

1177
00:50:29,260 --> 00:50:30,310
and fork, knife and fork.

1178
00:50:30,310 --> 00:50:33,160
And then she was like, oh,
I'm surprised that Apple

1179
00:50:33,160 --> 00:50:34,780
doesn't have a dumpling emoji.

1180
00:50:34,780 --> 00:50:37,000
And I'm like, oh, yeah,
that's kind of weird.

1181
00:50:37,000 --> 00:50:42,040
And it's one of those things where
the thought comes to your head

1182
00:50:42,040 --> 00:50:43,960
and then it leaves.

1183
00:50:43,960 --> 00:50:48,760
Was just an observation, but then
half an hour later onto my phone

1184
00:50:48,760 --> 00:50:52,360
pops up this dumpling emoji with hearts.

1185
00:50:52,360 --> 00:50:55,810
Actually, you can't see it here,
but it actually had blinking eyes.

1186
00:50:55,810 --> 00:50:58,480
So she called it bling bling dumpling.

1187
00:50:58,480 --> 00:50:59,380
She's a designer.

1188
00:50:59,380 --> 00:51:05,740
So she decided she was going to fix
this lack of dumpling emoji problem.

1189
00:51:05,740 --> 00:51:09,310
And I was actually really puzzled.

1190
00:51:09,310 --> 00:51:12,190
How could there be no
dumpling emoji, right?

1191
00:51:12,190 --> 00:51:15,730
Because I knew that emoji
are originally Japanese.

1192
00:51:15,730 --> 00:51:17,800
This by the way was back in 2015.

1193
00:51:17,800 --> 00:51:23,620
So, Japanese food's super well
represented on the emoji keyboard.

1194
00:51:23,620 --> 00:51:28,150
You have ramen, you have tempura,
you have curry, you have--

1195
00:51:28,150 --> 00:51:31,390
actually, wait, bento
box, curry, then tempura.

1196
00:51:31,390 --> 00:51:36,070
You even have slightly
weird foods like--

1197
00:51:36,070 --> 00:51:36,640
let's see.

1198
00:51:36,640 --> 00:51:41,360
You had these things on a stick,
which are fish cakes, I discovered.

1199
00:51:41,360 --> 00:51:45,190
Then you have this white and pink
swirly thing, which is also a fish cake.

1200
00:51:45,190 --> 00:51:49,450
You even have this triangle thing
that looks like it's had a bikini wax.

1201
00:51:49,450 --> 00:51:54,760
But, in essence, there were all these
foods that were on the keyboard,

1202
00:51:54,760 --> 00:51:57,100
but there was no dumpling, right?

1203
00:51:57,100 --> 00:52:00,640
And I was like, dumplings
are this universal food.

1204
00:52:00,640 --> 00:52:03,250
Every culture has some
version of a dumpling,

1205
00:52:03,250 --> 00:52:07,300
whether or not it's
empanadas, or ravioli, or--

1206
00:52:07,300 --> 00:52:08,440
God, what else?

1207
00:52:08,440 --> 00:52:15,070
--ravioli, pierogi, momos-- the whole
idea is all cultures have basically

1208
00:52:15,070 --> 00:52:16,270
found the idea--

1209
00:52:16,270 --> 00:52:21,760
this concept of yummy goodness within a
carbohydrate shell, whether or not it's

1210
00:52:21,760 --> 00:52:24,490
baked, or steamed, or fried.

1211
00:52:24,490 --> 00:52:27,100
So dumplings are universal.

1212
00:52:27,100 --> 00:52:29,890
Emoji, I didn't use them that much.

1213
00:52:29,890 --> 00:52:32,270
But I was like, they're
all so kind of universal.

1214
00:52:32,270 --> 00:52:37,270
So the fact there was no dumpling emoji
told me whatever system was in place

1215
00:52:37,270 --> 00:52:38,050
failed.

1216
00:52:38,050 --> 00:52:39,370
And I actually had no idea.

1217
00:52:39,370 --> 00:52:40,690
I was like, who controls emoji?

1218
00:52:40,690 --> 00:52:42,640
I'm going to go fix this problem.

1219
00:52:42,640 --> 00:52:46,390
There is something wrong with the
universe if there's no dumpling emoji.

1220
00:52:46,390 --> 00:52:49,280
And I took it upon
myself to go fix that.

1221
00:52:49,280 --> 00:52:54,306
So I Googled, and I basically discovered
there was this thing called the Unicode

1222
00:52:54,306 --> 00:53:00,820
Consortium, which is a non-profit
based in Mountain View, California

1223
00:53:00,820 --> 00:53:04,160
that when I looked had these
like 12 full voting members.

1224
00:53:04,160 --> 00:53:06,250
So this is late 2015.

1225
00:53:06,250 --> 00:53:12,200
Of those 12, 9 were
multinational US tech companies.

1226
00:53:12,200 --> 00:53:17,440
So there was Oracle, IBM,
Microsoft, Adobe, Google, Apple,

1227
00:53:17,440 --> 00:53:19,090
Facebook, and Yahoo.

1228
00:53:19,090 --> 00:53:22,180
So these were eight, I think.

1229
00:53:22,180 --> 00:53:27,430
And then you had the German
software company SAP,

1230
00:53:27,430 --> 00:53:30,970
the Chinese company called Huawei,
and then the government of Oman.

1231
00:53:30,970 --> 00:53:34,270
So these were basically the
people who were in charge

1232
00:53:34,270 --> 00:53:36,910
and had full voting power on Unicode.

1233
00:53:36,910 --> 00:53:42,490
So they paid $18,000 a year
to have this full voting

1234
00:53:42,490 --> 00:53:43,990
power, which is a lot of money.

1235
00:53:43,990 --> 00:53:50,140
I was kind of very indignant on
how this cabal of tech companies

1236
00:53:50,140 --> 00:53:58,130
basically controlled this global curated
image based language on your keyboard.

1237
00:53:58,130 --> 00:54:01,720
So there was a little
bit of a loophole, which

1238
00:54:01,720 --> 00:54:05,560
is could pay $18,000 a year
to have full voting power,

1239
00:54:05,560 --> 00:54:09,470
or you could pay $75 a
year as an individual.

1240
00:54:09,470 --> 00:54:11,210
You had no voting power.

1241
00:54:11,210 --> 00:54:17,155
But, you had the ability to
sign up for the email list

1242
00:54:17,155 --> 00:54:18,530
and also show up at the meetings.

1243
00:54:18,530 --> 00:54:22,580
So, I put putting my credit
card, got on email list.

1244
00:54:22,580 --> 00:54:28,447
And was checking my
email one day, when there

1245
00:54:28,447 --> 00:54:31,280
was an invite that said they were
going to have a quarterly meeting.

1246
00:54:31,280 --> 00:54:34,190
And I think this is going
to be October of 2015.

1247
00:54:34,190 --> 00:54:36,950
And I looked-- it was in Sunnyvale.

1248
00:54:36,950 --> 00:54:37,970
I looked in my calendar.

1249
00:54:37,970 --> 00:54:41,270
I looked at the point
that I was actually

1250
00:54:41,270 --> 00:54:44,330
going to be able to be in
Silicon Valley at that time.

1251
00:54:44,330 --> 00:54:47,840
So I took a bus to Apple where
they were having that meeting.

1252
00:54:47,840 --> 00:54:51,320
And I don't know completely what
I thought I was going to see.

1253
00:54:51,320 --> 00:54:55,070
I think maybe it was going to be maybe
like a Sanders Theater or a little mini

1254
00:54:55,070 --> 00:54:57,320
Congress, people making emoji decisions.

1255
00:54:57,320 --> 00:54:58,610
But that was not what it was.

1256
00:54:58,610 --> 00:55:03,110
Basically, this is the room
where it happens, in 2015, where

1257
00:55:03,110 --> 00:55:04,820
the people who were deciding emoji.

1258
00:55:04,820 --> 00:55:07,250
These were emoji decision
makers, which were not

1259
00:55:07,250 --> 00:55:10,922
the most demographically diverse group.

1260
00:55:10,922 --> 00:55:12,380
They had a sense of humor about it.

1261
00:55:12,380 --> 00:55:17,450
One guy had a shirt that
said shadowy emoji overlord.

1262
00:55:17,450 --> 00:55:21,860
And so I decided, along with my
friend Iing Lu, to create a group

1263
00:55:21,860 --> 00:55:26,450
called Emoji Nation, whose motto is
emoji by the people, for the people.

1264
00:55:26,450 --> 00:55:33,410
And it brought the voice of the normal
world into the decision making chain.

1265
00:55:33,410 --> 00:55:39,530
So, we launched a little
campaign about dumpling emojis.

1266
00:55:39,530 --> 00:55:42,560
We made a Kickstarter video.

1267
00:55:42,560 --> 00:55:43,562
Let's see.

1268
00:55:43,562 --> 00:55:46,520
SPEAKER 2: Dumplings are one of the
most universal cross-cultural foods

1269
00:55:46,520 --> 00:55:47,570
in the world.

1270
00:55:47,570 --> 00:55:53,150
Georgia has kinkily, Japan has gyoza,
Korea has mandu, Italy has ravioli,

1271
00:55:53,150 --> 00:55:57,200
Poland has pierogi, Russia has
pelmeni, Argentina has empanadas,

1272
00:55:57,200 --> 00:56:00,110
Jewish people have kreplach,
China has potstickers,

1273
00:56:00,110 --> 00:56:02,960
Nepal and Tibet have momos.

1274
00:56:02,960 --> 00:56:05,030
Yet somehow, despite
their popularity, there

1275
00:56:05,030 --> 00:56:07,950
is no dumpling emoji
in the standard set.

1276
00:56:07,950 --> 00:56:08,840
Why is that?

1277
00:56:08,840 --> 00:56:13,280
Emoji exist for pizza, tempura, sushi,
spaghetti, hot dog, and now tacos,

1278
00:56:13,280 --> 00:56:15,650
which Taco Bell takes credit for.

1279
00:56:15,650 --> 00:56:17,570
We need to right this disparity.

1280
00:56:17,570 --> 00:56:18,800
Dumplings a global.

1281
00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:20,190
Emoji are global.

1282
00:56:20,190 --> 00:56:21,815
Isn't it time we brought them together?

1283
00:56:21,815 --> 00:56:24,380


1284
00:56:24,380 --> 00:56:27,380
Oh, yeah, and while we're at it, how
about an emoji for Chinese takeout?

1285
00:56:27,380 --> 00:56:30,958


1286
00:56:30,958 --> 00:56:31,458
JENNIFER 8.

1287
00:56:31,458 --> 00:56:36,680
LEE: So this is Thanksgiving of 2015.

1288
00:56:36,680 --> 00:56:38,630
I wrote a dumpling emoji proposal.

1289
00:56:38,630 --> 00:56:41,870
This is it, different
styles, like whether or not

1290
00:56:41,870 --> 00:56:44,270
it's a head-on view or
slightly diagonal view.

1291
00:56:44,270 --> 00:56:47,660


1292
00:56:47,660 --> 00:56:53,600
That's Iing with then one of the
co-chairs of the Emoji Subcommittee.

1293
00:56:53,600 --> 00:56:57,710
And so along with dumpling, we also
did takeout box, we got chopsticks,

1294
00:56:57,710 --> 00:57:02,360
and then fortune cookie, which
actually, I have to be honest,

1295
00:57:02,360 --> 00:57:05,240
I don't think fortune cookie would
have gotten in on its own merits

1296
00:57:05,240 --> 00:57:07,610
were it not on the coattails
of the other three.

1297
00:57:07,610 --> 00:57:09,530
So we got these four through.

1298
00:57:09,530 --> 00:57:11,930
And that is how they look today.

1299
00:57:11,930 --> 00:57:15,540
And I have to say that dumpling looks
really photorealistic in the Apple

1300
00:57:15,540 --> 00:57:16,040
world.

1301
00:57:16,040 --> 00:57:19,002
Unlike the fortune
cookie which has no slit.

1302
00:57:19,002 --> 00:57:20,210
It looks like a dead Pac-Man.

1303
00:57:20,210 --> 00:57:25,340
I don't know what is
going on with that design.

1304
00:57:25,340 --> 00:57:26,690
So very proud.

1305
00:57:26,690 --> 00:57:30,110
I also did a lot of research
on Chinese food in America,

1306
00:57:30,110 --> 00:57:32,360
and wrote a book called The
Fortune Cookie Chronicles,

1307
00:57:32,360 --> 00:57:34,735
produced a documentary called
The Search for General Tso.

1308
00:57:34,735 --> 00:57:39,710
So I have a lot of moral authority on
the issues of Asian food in America.

1309
00:57:39,710 --> 00:57:44,240
Not all things, but this one
I felt like I had made a mark

1310
00:57:44,240 --> 00:57:47,720
on a 2,500 year history of emoji.

1311
00:57:47,720 --> 00:57:50,960
I'm sorry of dumplings,
my moving them into emoji.

1312
00:57:50,960 --> 00:57:54,350
So it kind of gets into
this very complicated thing.

1313
00:57:54,350 --> 00:57:56,060
How does an emoji become an emoji.

1314
00:57:56,060 --> 00:57:59,310
And it's actually fairly complex.

1315
00:57:59,310 --> 00:58:02,660
So let's say you have
an idea for an emoji.

1316
00:58:02,660 --> 00:58:05,450
You write a proposal.

1317
00:58:05,450 --> 00:58:09,440
And then you submit it
to the Emoji Subcommittee

1318
00:58:09,440 --> 00:58:12,020
that then debates and thinks about it.

1319
00:58:12,020 --> 00:58:14,610
Sometimes they have feedback
and they kick it back to you.

1320
00:58:14,610 --> 00:58:17,830
And if so, then you have to revise it.

1321
00:58:17,830 --> 00:58:19,880
And kind of goes around
and around in a circle.

1322
00:58:19,880 --> 00:58:23,540
And once they're happy
with it, they kick it

1323
00:58:23,540 --> 00:58:25,550
to the full Unicode
technical committee, which

1324
00:58:25,550 --> 00:58:31,250
is a governing body within Unicode
on things technical and encoding.

1325
00:58:31,250 --> 00:58:34,790
So what are the kinds
of things that impact

1326
00:58:34,790 --> 00:58:36,590
whether an emoji can be an emoji?

1327
00:58:36,590 --> 00:58:40,010
So one, is there popular demand?

1328
00:58:40,010 --> 00:58:43,670
Is it frequently requested?

1329
00:58:43,670 --> 00:58:48,080
And at this point one of the
very crude ways that we measure

1330
00:58:48,080 --> 00:58:50,480
is, if you search for
it on Google, does it

1331
00:58:50,480 --> 00:58:58,370
have more than 500 million results,
which is what elephant gets in English.

1332
00:58:58,370 --> 00:59:00,740
And that's a median--

1333
00:59:00,740 --> 00:59:04,460
elephant is kind of right in the middle
of popular emoji and not popular emoji.

1334
00:59:04,460 --> 00:59:07,080
So, we used that as a benchmark.

1335
00:59:07,080 --> 00:59:10,260
There's a plus if there's
multiple usages and meanings.

1336
00:59:10,260 --> 00:59:14,730
For example, sloth.

1337
00:59:14,730 --> 00:59:16,860
That was an emoji that we did.

1338
00:59:16,860 --> 00:59:20,250
It's both in it literally
an emoji of an animal,

1339
00:59:20,250 --> 00:59:22,080
but it also has lots of connotations.

1340
00:59:22,080 --> 00:59:27,090
So if something has lots of multiple
meanings, that gives it a bump.

1341
00:59:27,090 --> 00:59:29,640
One thing is visually distinctive.

1342
00:59:29,640 --> 00:59:31,827
Doesn't it work at
little tiny emoji sizes.

1343
00:59:31,827 --> 00:59:34,410
And that's actually really hard,
because there are some things

1344
00:59:34,410 --> 00:59:39,420
that I think could have been
emoji but don't completely

1345
00:59:39,420 --> 00:59:41,670
work when you try to shrink it down.

1346
00:59:41,670 --> 00:59:43,930
And I'll give some
examples of that later.

1347
00:59:43,930 --> 00:59:48,610
And then filling the gap or
completeness is another factor.

1348
00:59:48,610 --> 00:59:52,350
So, for a long time we had red heart,
yellow heart, green heart, blue heart,

1349
00:59:52,350 --> 00:59:53,220
purple heart.

1350
00:59:53,220 --> 00:59:54,630
There was no orange heart.

1351
00:59:54,630 --> 00:59:57,900
And so there was a gay
designer from Adobe

1352
00:59:57,900 --> 01:00:00,310
who was actually very
heartbroken by that.

1353
01:00:00,310 --> 01:00:04,260
So he had been substituting the pumpkin
to get the orange to get the rainbow.

1354
01:00:04,260 --> 01:00:05,820
And so he proposed an orange heart.

1355
01:00:05,820 --> 01:00:07,860
And that was obviously
at that point, you're

1356
01:00:07,860 --> 01:00:10,560
like, yes, that will complete a set.

1357
01:00:10,560 --> 01:00:16,500
And another thing is, is it already
something that one of the companies

1358
01:00:16,500 --> 01:00:21,660
has and therefore everyone
else is going to adopt it.

1359
01:00:21,660 --> 01:00:26,490
And so a good example
for that is the binary--

1360
01:00:26,490 --> 01:00:30,750
I think it was the non-gender binary
emoji, the pink, blue, and white flag.

1361
01:00:30,750 --> 01:00:36,360
So I have to say WhatsApp is by far
one of the most rouge platforms.

1362
01:00:36,360 --> 01:00:38,923
So they just randomly added it one day.

1363
01:00:38,923 --> 01:00:39,840
And we just notice it.

1364
01:00:39,840 --> 01:00:40,890
And we're like, oh, God.

1365
01:00:40,890 --> 01:00:42,140
Given that they have to do it.

1366
01:00:42,140 --> 01:00:45,180
Now we have the [INAUDIBLE].

1367
01:00:45,180 --> 01:00:49,920
So factors of exclusion or
against inclusion, to be more PC.

1368
01:00:49,920 --> 01:00:53,010
Sometimes if it's too
specific or narrow,

1369
01:00:53,010 --> 01:00:54,910
that works against being included.

1370
01:00:54,910 --> 01:00:59,610
So poutine, which the Canadians
love, was kind of really specific.

1371
01:00:59,610 --> 01:01:01,830
And I know it's really
important to the Canadians.

1372
01:01:01,830 --> 01:01:08,100
But it just didn't have enough
global appeal if it's redundant.

1373
01:01:08,100 --> 01:01:10,710
So an example for that
is a couple of years

1374
01:01:10,710 --> 01:01:14,040
ago Butterball proposed
a roasted turkey emoji.

1375
01:01:14,040 --> 01:01:17,640
But we already had an unroasted
live emoji of a turkey.

1376
01:01:17,640 --> 01:01:20,550
So it wasn't clear that we
needed the cooked version

1377
01:01:20,550 --> 01:01:24,030
to go with the live version,
so that didn't pass.

1378
01:01:24,030 --> 01:01:25,215
Not visually discernible.

1379
01:01:25,215 --> 01:01:29,820
So this one's actually really tricky
and knocks out a lot of things.

1380
01:01:29,820 --> 01:01:32,220
So, it knocked out kimchi, for example.

1381
01:01:32,220 --> 01:01:34,980
Really hard to do kimchi on emoji sizes.

1382
01:01:34,980 --> 01:01:39,240
How are you going-- is it in the
jar or is it just in a little bowl?

1383
01:01:39,240 --> 01:01:42,490
So kimchi kind of died on that.

1384
01:01:42,490 --> 01:01:46,740
Another one that was really
hard was a cave emoji, actually.

1385
01:01:46,740 --> 01:01:48,540
Really hard at emoji sizes.

1386
01:01:48,540 --> 01:01:53,310
And then, this is interesting, no
logos, brands, deities, or celebrities.

1387
01:01:53,310 --> 01:01:56,610
And this is a new policy we just
introduced, which is no more flags.

1388
01:01:56,610 --> 01:02:00,332
Flags were killing us, in terms of
all kinds of complicated reasons.

1389
01:02:00,332 --> 01:02:02,415
And there is much regret
that we ever added flags.

1390
01:02:02,415 --> 01:02:05,020


1391
01:02:05,020 --> 01:02:09,090
And lots of politics, so at
this point, no more flags.

1392
01:02:09,090 --> 01:02:14,370
So once it gets passed into the
full Unicode technical committee,

1393
01:02:14,370 --> 01:02:17,160
the proposal gets voted on once a year.

1394
01:02:17,160 --> 01:02:20,470
And then they pass all the
emoji for the next year.

1395
01:02:20,470 --> 01:02:22,470
We just actually did that
a couple of weeks ago.

1396
01:02:22,470 --> 01:02:26,850
And it takes a while because it gets
sent to all the companies like Apple,

1397
01:02:26,850 --> 01:02:28,260
Google, Adobe, Facebook.

1398
01:02:28,260 --> 01:02:31,590
And then they add it
to all your devices.

1399
01:02:31,590 --> 01:02:32,760
And then, ta-da.

1400
01:02:32,760 --> 01:02:37,170
It takes about 18 to 24 months, from
when you first have your proposal

1401
01:02:37,170 --> 01:02:40,360
to when it lands onto your devices.

1402
01:02:40,360 --> 01:02:43,585
So Emojination has worked
on a bunch of emoji.

1403
01:02:43,585 --> 01:02:45,460
And so we've kind of
shepherded this through.

1404
01:02:45,460 --> 01:02:49,320
So one of the interesting question is,
why is it that Unicode controls emoji?

1405
01:02:49,320 --> 01:02:52,320
So a lot of it has to go--

1406
01:02:52,320 --> 01:02:53,880
has to do with the history of emoji.

1407
01:02:53,880 --> 01:02:56,670
They were originally
popularized in Japan.

1408
01:02:56,670 --> 01:03:00,540
There was a very-- one of the initial
sets is from 1999 from DoCoMo.

1409
01:03:00,540 --> 01:03:03,930
These were actually recently
collected by the Museum

1410
01:03:03,930 --> 01:03:06,570
of Modern Art in New York City.

1411
01:03:06,570 --> 01:03:13,110
And so all the Japanese
vendors had these little glyphs

1412
01:03:13,110 --> 01:03:15,780
that they added to their character set.

1413
01:03:15,780 --> 01:03:20,515
And the main problem is if you
were DoCoMo, you had one set.

1414
01:03:20,515 --> 01:03:22,390
If you were in SoftBank,
you had another set.

1415
01:03:22,390 --> 01:03:26,430
So no matter what you could only text
the people who are on your platform,

1416
01:03:26,430 --> 01:03:28,470
not across platforms.

1417
01:03:28,470 --> 01:03:32,070
And that was a real big problem
when Apple and Google started

1418
01:03:32,070 --> 01:03:35,430
introducing smartphones into Japan.

1419
01:03:35,430 --> 01:03:38,850
And there were this kind of
understanding and expectation

1420
01:03:38,850 --> 01:03:42,450
that if you did something
in your smartphone

1421
01:03:42,450 --> 01:03:48,540
you also want it to show up in
email and be sent into the ether

1422
01:03:48,540 --> 01:03:51,678
and someone else is supposed to
get the same image that you sent.

1423
01:03:51,678 --> 01:03:52,720
So that was not the case.

1424
01:03:52,720 --> 01:03:55,260
So in 2007, they went
to Unicode and asked

1425
01:03:55,260 --> 01:03:59,400
them to basically unify the emoji set.

1426
01:03:59,400 --> 01:04:02,040
And Unicode is interesting,
because its mission

1427
01:04:02,040 --> 01:04:05,850
is to enable everyone speaking
every language on Earth

1428
01:04:05,850 --> 01:04:08,580
to be able to use the language
on computers and smartphones.

1429
01:04:08,580 --> 01:04:10,890
And they actually see
this as a human right.

1430
01:04:10,890 --> 01:04:14,280
Because at a certain point, if your
language cannot be captured digitally,

1431
01:04:14,280 --> 01:04:15,580
it's going to disappear.

1432
01:04:15,580 --> 01:04:20,640
So they spent a lot of
time doing Chinese, Arabic,

1433
01:04:20,640 --> 01:04:23,400
Cyrillic in the very early days.

1434
01:04:23,400 --> 01:04:27,570
In 2001, they actually had a proposal
for Klingon, which they did not

1435
01:04:27,570 --> 01:04:29,560
actually accept at that point.

1436
01:04:29,560 --> 01:04:31,800
So they have three major projects.

1437
01:04:31,800 --> 01:04:33,600
They encode characters, including emoji.

1438
01:04:33,600 --> 01:04:36,150
That's actually what
they're most famous for.

1439
01:04:36,150 --> 01:04:38,740
They also have a bunch of
localization resources.

1440
01:04:38,740 --> 01:04:45,690
So that's like, in this country
they use this as a currency,

1441
01:04:45,690 --> 01:04:50,160
and they use this kind of time
format, and it's whether or not

1442
01:04:50,160 --> 01:04:52,800
it's month month, date
date, year year year year.

1443
01:04:52,800 --> 01:04:56,290
In some countries it's date date,
month month, year year year year,

1444
01:04:56,290 --> 01:04:57,460
in other countries.

1445
01:04:57,460 --> 01:05:00,870
So they tell you what
country cares about what.

1446
01:05:00,870 --> 01:05:03,060
And then they also
then have the libraries

1447
01:05:03,060 --> 01:05:06,450
so that no one's basically
programming things from scratch.

1448
01:05:06,450 --> 01:05:11,640
So, what's really funny is you say CLDR
really fast it sounds like seal deer.

1449
01:05:11,640 --> 01:05:14,700
And this really confused one of the
girlfriends of one of the engineers

1450
01:05:14,700 --> 01:05:16,500
why he was always
talking about seal deers.

1451
01:05:16,500 --> 01:05:22,890
And so she basically surgically attached
a bunch of antlers to this little guy

1452
01:05:22,890 --> 01:05:25,020
and made a seal dear.

1453
01:05:25,020 --> 01:05:29,640
And so it took three
years between 2007 to 2010

1454
01:05:29,640 --> 01:05:31,860
to introduce the first
Unicode emoji set.

1455
01:05:31,860 --> 01:05:33,780
So, these were the ones that came out.

1456
01:05:33,780 --> 01:05:36,390
It took many, many
years to figure out how

1457
01:05:36,390 --> 01:05:39,930
to reconcile all the different images
and which ones should we include,

1458
01:05:39,930 --> 01:05:42,030
which ones we shouldn't include.

1459
01:05:42,030 --> 01:05:45,510
And as you guys probably know
from CS50, a Unicode code point

1460
01:05:45,510 --> 01:05:48,360
is a unique number assigned
to each Unicode character.

1461
01:05:48,360 --> 01:05:51,570
So you can represent that emoji--

1462
01:05:51,570 --> 01:05:59,020
tears with Facebook, tears of joy,
as this, or this, or the binary code.

1463
01:05:59,020 --> 01:06:02,730
So, emojis were just
hanging out on your phone

1464
01:06:02,730 --> 01:06:06,390
after 2010, until 2011 when
Apple suddenly made them

1465
01:06:06,390 --> 01:06:09,430
much easier to access on your phone.

1466
01:06:09,430 --> 01:06:14,670
And one of the confusing things, of
course, is emoji are very ambiguous.

1467
01:06:14,670 --> 01:06:16,410
And it's not always
clear what they mean.

1468
01:06:16,410 --> 01:06:18,130
And that's one of the great joys, right?

1469
01:06:18,130 --> 01:06:21,150
It can be more--

1470
01:06:21,150 --> 01:06:24,570
there's much more interpretation on--

1471
01:06:24,570 --> 01:06:27,087
in terms between the
sender and the receiver.

1472
01:06:27,087 --> 01:06:28,920
So if you actually
look-- if you start doing

1473
01:06:28,920 --> 01:06:30,735
that on Google, the
autocompletes are like,

1474
01:06:30,735 --> 01:06:32,610
what does it mean when
a guy sends it to you?

1475
01:06:32,610 --> 01:06:34,485
What does it mean when
the girl sends to you?

1476
01:06:34,485 --> 01:06:39,990
And clearly, many, many people have
been confused by that emoji when

1477
01:06:39,990 --> 01:06:40,960
it's been sent to them.

1478
01:06:40,960 --> 01:06:42,360
So who can propose emoji?

1479
01:06:42,360 --> 01:06:44,550
And a short answer is basically anyone.

1480
01:06:44,550 --> 01:06:48,700
There's a Google form that is
open between April and August.

1481
01:06:48,700 --> 01:06:52,110
So the hijab emoji
actually was originally

1482
01:06:52,110 --> 01:06:56,490
proposed by a 15-year-old girl who is
Saudi Arabian but lived in Germany.

1483
01:06:56,490 --> 01:07:00,518
Rayouf Alhumedhi, who actually got
into Harvard and then chose Stanford,

1484
01:07:00,518 --> 01:07:02,310
so I was giving her a
hard time about that.

1485
01:07:02,310 --> 01:07:02,700
I know.

1486
01:07:02,700 --> 01:07:03,200
Whoa.

1487
01:07:03,200 --> 01:07:05,880
[LAUGHS] I'm kind of on that.

1488
01:07:05,880 --> 01:07:07,780
I was like hmm.

1489
01:07:07,780 --> 01:07:11,610
So, she wrote the proposal,
and it got through.

1490
01:07:11,610 --> 01:07:14,310
And she's actually the
subject of the documentary

1491
01:07:14,310 --> 01:07:16,600
that we put together
called The Emoji Story.

1492
01:07:16,600 --> 01:07:19,950
We also have a group of Argentinians
who fought really hard for the mate

1493
01:07:19,950 --> 01:07:21,600
emoji, their national drink.

1494
01:07:21,600 --> 01:07:25,590
And then there was this
nonprofit for girls advocacy

1495
01:07:25,590 --> 01:07:27,900
that really wanted a menstruation emoji.

1496
01:07:27,900 --> 01:07:32,585
And they sent in this bloody underpants
proposal, which is really terrible,

1497
01:07:32,585 --> 01:07:33,210
I'll be honest.

1498
01:07:33,210 --> 01:07:38,220
So we kind of worked with them and got
blood drop, which actually is one of--

1499
01:07:38,220 --> 01:07:42,240
actually it's done pretty
statistically well.

1500
01:07:42,240 --> 01:07:46,050
We were kind of surprised
actually how popular it is.

1501
01:07:46,050 --> 01:07:49,650
The skin tone emoji were actually
proposed not from within Unicode,

1502
01:07:49,650 --> 01:07:50,370
clearly.

1503
01:07:50,370 --> 01:07:53,220
It was done by a mom
from Houston who's also

1504
01:07:53,220 --> 01:07:59,230
an entrepreneur, because her daughter
asked her-- came home one day and said,

1505
01:07:59,230 --> 01:08:01,170
I'd really like an emoji
that looks like me.

1506
01:08:01,170 --> 01:08:05,580
And her mom, Katrina Parrot,
was like, that's great, honey.

1507
01:08:05,580 --> 01:08:07,350
What's an emoji?

1508
01:08:07,350 --> 01:08:10,320
But she actually had worked
in procurement with NASA,

1509
01:08:10,320 --> 01:08:12,150
and so she understood
forum for proposals,

1510
01:08:12,150 --> 01:08:17,609
and she actually was the one we should
thank for having five skin tones today.

1511
01:08:17,609 --> 01:08:18,840
Woman's flat shoe.

1512
01:08:18,840 --> 01:08:22,890
And the one piece
bathing suit, as opposed

1513
01:08:22,890 --> 01:08:27,330
to just the yellow teeny
weeny yellow polka bikini,

1514
01:08:27,330 --> 01:08:31,770
is a mother of three now
four who just wrote that,

1515
01:08:31,770 --> 01:08:34,770
because she was very offended
at that all of the shoe emoji

1516
01:08:34,770 --> 01:08:37,637
had high heels for women.

1517
01:08:37,637 --> 01:08:38,970
I actually really like this guy.

1518
01:08:38,970 --> 01:08:42,300
Some random guy in Germany
came up with this emoji.

1519
01:08:42,300 --> 01:08:44,430
As we like to say,
it's the Colbert emoji.

1520
01:08:44,430 --> 01:08:49,050
He wrote a proposal, and it got accepted
because it was a really good proposal.

1521
01:08:49,050 --> 01:08:52,740
Then you even have governments,
the Finnish government--

1522
01:08:52,740 --> 01:08:55,950
literally the Finnish government, their
equivalent of the Department of State

1523
01:08:55,950 --> 01:08:59,880
proposed a sauna emoji,
which these are the images.

1524
01:08:59,880 --> 01:09:01,770
And I think they're really ugly.

1525
01:09:01,770 --> 01:09:03,960
There's so many problems
with this emoji.

1526
01:09:03,960 --> 01:09:07,120
But we helped them as Emojination.

1527
01:09:07,120 --> 01:09:13,268
First we got rid of the clubbed
feet and then gave them examples.

1528
01:09:13,268 --> 01:09:18,220
Do you want them to hold the ladle,
do you want the steam around it,

1529
01:09:18,220 --> 01:09:25,510
do you want it with
clothing or not clothing?

1530
01:09:25,510 --> 01:09:30,290
We actually did a little bit of a
towel for the more modest in us.

1531
01:09:30,290 --> 01:09:31,870
So it got passed.

1532
01:09:31,870 --> 01:09:36,010
And then the way it ended up is
basically person in a steamy room.

1533
01:09:36,010 --> 01:09:38,080
So this is how it evolved.

1534
01:09:38,080 --> 01:09:41,500
So you can see that is
what Finland submitted.

1535
01:09:41,500 --> 01:09:42,910
That is what we submitted.

1536
01:09:42,910 --> 01:09:46,040
And then that is how it's
ended up on your phone.

1537
01:09:46,040 --> 01:09:50,560
And that is basically
supposed to mean sauna emoji.

1538
01:09:50,560 --> 01:09:52,390
So one of the questions
is like, why do I

1539
01:09:52,390 --> 01:09:54,910
care so much about emoji
and representation of emoji?

1540
01:09:54,910 --> 01:09:57,160
And a lot of it has to do
with the fact that I grew up

1541
01:09:57,160 --> 01:10:02,740
speaking Chinese and going
to Saturday Chinese school.

1542
01:10:02,740 --> 01:10:06,565
And as you can see there's some
really interesting parallels

1543
01:10:06,565 --> 01:10:10,510
between modern day emoji and
Chinese radicals and characters

1544
01:10:10,510 --> 01:10:11,540
from a long time ago.

1545
01:10:11,540 --> 01:10:12,670
So this is fire.

1546
01:10:12,670 --> 01:10:13,910
This is mouth.

1547
01:10:13,910 --> 01:10:15,160
This is tree.

1548
01:10:15,160 --> 01:10:16,330
This is moon.

1549
01:10:16,330 --> 01:10:18,100
This is sun.

1550
01:10:18,100 --> 01:10:20,510
And you can mix and match
them in Chinese as well.

1551
01:10:20,510 --> 01:10:25,600
So, one of the interesting ones is
two trees together basically makes

1552
01:10:25,600 --> 01:10:26,710
a forest.

1553
01:10:26,710 --> 01:10:32,230
You have a sun and a moon together,
and that means bright in Chinese.

1554
01:10:32,230 --> 01:10:33,220
It's kind of fun.

1555
01:10:33,220 --> 01:10:35,410
Then, this one's fun, right?

1556
01:10:35,410 --> 01:10:41,110
So it's basically a
pig underneath a roof.

1557
01:10:41,110 --> 01:10:44,380
So you're like, oh,
maybe that means farm.

1558
01:10:44,380 --> 01:10:48,250
Or I don't know, a barn or
some kind of animal thing.

1559
01:10:48,250 --> 01:10:51,880
But actually, that in
Chinese means home or family.

1560
01:10:51,880 --> 01:10:56,710
So home is where your pigs are, which
I think says a lot about society

1561
01:10:56,710 --> 01:11:01,673
and what people cared about
way back in ancient China.

1562
01:11:01,673 --> 01:11:02,840
This is one of my favorites.

1563
01:11:02,840 --> 01:11:06,400
So, this is a character
for woman or female knee.

1564
01:11:06,400 --> 01:11:10,240
And I guess, it kind of looks like
this like she's curtsy or something.

1565
01:11:10,240 --> 01:11:18,550
So super interesting character if
you grow up writing your characters.

1566
01:11:18,550 --> 01:11:20,290
So this is a woman underneath a roof.

1567
01:11:20,290 --> 01:11:24,100
And you're like, oh, that might
mean wife, or family, or something.

1568
01:11:24,100 --> 01:11:28,880
But it actually doesn't,
it means peace on.

1569
01:11:28,880 --> 01:11:32,860
So the idea is like
things are at peace when

1570
01:11:32,860 --> 01:11:37,270
the woman is under a roof, which I
always thought I felt kind of weird

1571
01:11:37,270 --> 01:11:39,160
about that growing up.

1572
01:11:39,160 --> 01:11:43,960
Another one is-- OK there's the woman,
and then you have a child or boy child,

1573
01:11:43,960 --> 01:11:45,620
specifically.

1574
01:11:45,620 --> 01:11:48,520
So you're like, oh, that might mean
family, or mother, or something.

1575
01:11:48,520 --> 01:11:50,080
But actually it means good.

1576
01:11:50,080 --> 01:11:52,120
So the standard for
good in ancient China

1577
01:11:52,120 --> 01:11:56,620
was a woman with a boy child, which I
thought was also, as a six-year-old,

1578
01:11:56,620 --> 01:11:59,390
I found problematic as well.

1579
01:11:59,390 --> 01:12:03,430
And all kinds of [CHUCKLES]
interesting things in Chinese

1580
01:12:03,430 --> 01:12:04,900
use the female radical.

1581
01:12:04,900 --> 01:12:08,230
So three women together means evil.

1582
01:12:08,230 --> 01:12:10,480
This one means greedy.

1583
01:12:10,480 --> 01:12:12,850
This one means slave.

1584
01:12:12,850 --> 01:12:16,570
This one means jealous.

1585
01:12:16,570 --> 01:12:20,510
This one means betrayal or adultery,
which I think is interesting.

1586
01:12:20,510 --> 01:12:23,770
So, in case you want to bring
this to your favorite 10-year-old,

1587
01:12:23,770 --> 01:12:28,000
we have a Chinese an emoji
kid's book coming out

1588
01:12:28,000 --> 01:12:31,330
from MIT Press in the
fall called Hanmoji.

1589
01:12:31,330 --> 01:12:32,590
So it's from MIT teen Press.

1590
01:12:32,590 --> 01:12:33,223
It's super fun.

1591
01:12:33,223 --> 01:12:35,890
So it's a lot of these concepts,
but a little bit more rigorous.

1592
01:12:35,890 --> 01:12:43,180
And this idea of gender in emoji was
really important to a bunch of us

1593
01:12:43,180 --> 01:12:44,930
as we were working through the issues.

1594
01:12:44,930 --> 01:12:48,350
So, for a long time,
on the emoji keyboard

1595
01:12:48,350 --> 01:12:52,060
there are all kinds of jobs
you could have as a man.

1596
01:12:52,060 --> 01:12:54,400
You could be a police officer,
you could be a detective,

1597
01:12:54,400 --> 01:12:57,550
you could be Buckingham Palace
guard, you could even be Santa,

1598
01:12:57,550 --> 01:13:01,090
you can be Black Santa, right?

1599
01:13:01,090 --> 01:13:05,290
As of 2015, if you're a woman,
there are only four jobs

1600
01:13:05,290 --> 01:13:07,430
you could have on the emoji keyboard.

1601
01:13:07,430 --> 01:13:11,140
So you could be a princess, you could
be a bride, you could be a dancer,

1602
01:13:11,140 --> 01:13:12,670
or you could play a Playboy bunny.

1603
01:13:12,670 --> 01:13:14,330
So there's were your four choices.

1604
01:13:14,330 --> 01:13:21,800
And so we worked really hard on trying
to diversify what women could be.

1605
01:13:21,800 --> 01:13:25,120
And one of the ways we did it was
through this idea of combining emoji.

1606
01:13:25,120 --> 01:13:29,470
So in emojiland there's something
called ZWJ, a zero-width joiner.

1607
01:13:29,470 --> 01:13:33,080
And a lot of emoji that you see
are actually glued together.

1608
01:13:33,080 --> 01:13:36,070
So the rainbow plus flag is
how you get rainbow flag.

1609
01:13:36,070 --> 01:13:39,460
And this is actually how we
worked on introducing a bunch

1610
01:13:39,460 --> 01:13:44,440
of the occupations in emojiland.

1611
01:13:44,440 --> 01:13:52,660
So a lot of these are the chef is
a woman plus the frying frying pan,

1612
01:13:52,660 --> 01:13:57,175
or a teacher is a woman plus or
man, actually, plus a school.

1613
01:13:57,175 --> 01:14:00,340


1614
01:14:00,340 --> 01:14:03,670
So one of the interesting
things is you can actually

1615
01:14:03,670 --> 01:14:09,520
have as the result of all the
gender parity stuff, we actually had

1616
01:14:09,520 --> 01:14:14,110
to make male and female versions of
all the emoji, because some of them

1617
01:14:14,110 --> 01:14:17,140
originally were passes,
like man and tuxedo.

1618
01:14:17,140 --> 01:14:20,290
And now, because we had
gendered versions of everything,

1619
01:14:20,290 --> 01:14:21,643
we now have women with tuxedo.

1620
01:14:21,643 --> 01:14:22,810
I don't know if you noticed.

1621
01:14:22,810 --> 01:14:25,810
There's also a man in a
wedding dress to compliment

1622
01:14:25,810 --> 01:14:28,630
the woman in a wedding dress.

1623
01:14:28,630 --> 01:14:30,400
There's now actually also bearded woman.

1624
01:14:30,400 --> 01:14:32,500
I don't know if you've noticed that.

1625
01:14:32,500 --> 01:14:33,700
So it gets interesting.

1626
01:14:33,700 --> 01:14:36,910
Because originally, at a certain point
we had passed a woman breastfeeding.

1627
01:14:36,910 --> 01:14:39,970
And then there was all of this
complaints coming into Unicode

1628
01:14:39,970 --> 01:14:41,887
about what about man as caretakers?

1629
01:14:41,887 --> 01:14:43,720
You can't actually tell
she's breastfeeding.

1630
01:14:43,720 --> 01:14:45,262
It's more just like she's holding it.

1631
01:14:45,262 --> 01:14:47,800
So people are like, what
about the man as a caretaker?

1632
01:14:47,800 --> 01:14:49,790
Paternity leave and
da, da, da, da, da, da.

1633
01:14:49,790 --> 01:14:56,260
So, there is now man nursing the child.

1634
01:14:56,260 --> 01:15:04,210
And the other ways you can combine
the emoji are through skin tones.

1635
01:15:04,210 --> 01:15:06,700
So unfortunately, those
are not through ZWJs.

1636
01:15:06,700 --> 01:15:10,660
This is there an older technology
where you have all the skin

1637
01:15:10,660 --> 01:15:15,250
tones are basically the yellow character
plus a little square box at the end.

1638
01:15:15,250 --> 01:15:17,200
We call them skin tone modifiers.

1639
01:15:17,200 --> 01:15:22,240
And in terms of what are the things
that we worked on at Emojination,

1640
01:15:22,240 --> 01:15:27,760
which was one of the hardest ones was
to create the interracial couples.

1641
01:15:27,760 --> 01:15:30,940
And we worked on that with Tinder,
which really cared about it.

1642
01:15:30,940 --> 01:15:33,340
Because apparently, which
I thought was interesting,

1643
01:15:33,340 --> 01:15:36,610
when you introduce online
dating into a community,

1644
01:15:36,610 --> 01:15:39,340
the rates of interracial marriage go up.

1645
01:15:39,340 --> 01:15:41,440
And there's a pretty
interesting academic paper

1646
01:15:41,440 --> 01:15:44,500
that systematically looks at the
rollout from different countries

1647
01:15:44,500 --> 01:15:47,540
and different communities.

1648
01:15:47,540 --> 01:15:51,250
So it was really nice to see
it introduced on the phone.

1649
01:15:51,250 --> 01:15:53,260
One of my friends cried.

1650
01:15:53,260 --> 01:15:56,570
In terms of Emojination
emoji, we've worked on a lot.

1651
01:15:56,570 --> 01:16:00,580
So these are just a sampling
of the ones that we've done.

1652
01:16:00,580 --> 01:16:02,800
I really liked-- let's see.

1653
01:16:02,800 --> 01:16:04,420
DNA, I feel really good about.

1654
01:16:04,420 --> 01:16:08,200
Lobster, on behalf of people from Maine.

1655
01:16:08,200 --> 01:16:12,040
Yarn and thread, for all the
people who like knitting.

1656
01:16:12,040 --> 01:16:16,390
There is bagel emoji, on
behalf of all New Yorkers.

1657
01:16:16,390 --> 01:16:20,530
This emoji actually, which we
called microbe, was like very sleepy

1658
01:16:20,530 --> 01:16:22,562
on the keyboard, until 2020.

1659
01:16:22,562 --> 01:16:23,770
And it really had its moment.

1660
01:16:23,770 --> 01:16:26,440
I'm really proud of that one.

1661
01:16:26,440 --> 01:16:32,890
And there is yoga emoji, sponge, so
these are just a sampling of the ones

1662
01:16:32,890 --> 01:16:33,790
that we've worked on.

1663
01:16:33,790 --> 01:16:36,340
And this is a sampling of the
people who have contributed.

1664
01:16:36,340 --> 01:16:38,710
You too, if you feel really
passionate about emoji,

1665
01:16:38,710 --> 01:16:42,890
could impact billions
of keyboards worldwide.

1666
01:16:42,890 --> 01:16:46,810
So it's interesting to see
in terms of frequency of use.

1667
01:16:46,810 --> 01:16:51,220
It's very power law, right?

1668
01:16:51,220 --> 01:16:56,440
These are actually order of magnitude.

1669
01:16:56,440 --> 01:17:00,610
So one is half of this, two is
half of one, all the way down.

1670
01:17:00,610 --> 01:17:03,910
And one of the most stunning
things I was surprised to see

1671
01:17:03,910 --> 01:17:10,240
is that face of tears of joy by itself
is almost 10% of all emoji sent,

1672
01:17:10,240 --> 01:17:13,780
9.9% of emoji is just
that one character.

1673
01:17:13,780 --> 01:17:18,050
Number two is red heart, which I guess
you guys can see in its binary form.

1674
01:17:18,050 --> 01:17:20,360
And then it falls off pretty quickly.

1675
01:17:20,360 --> 01:17:26,620
So I know I'm hearing that face of tears
of joy is very Boomer or very Gen X,

1676
01:17:26,620 --> 01:17:33,430
and that maybe among you guys it's a
little bit blasé or déclassé at this

1677
01:17:33,430 --> 01:17:34,330
point.

1678
01:17:34,330 --> 01:17:35,650
So the future emoji--

1679
01:17:35,650 --> 01:17:39,040
we really don't-- Unicode does
not want to be encoding emoji.

1680
01:17:39,040 --> 01:17:42,190
And along the way I became a vise chair
of the Unicode Emoji Subcommittee.

1681
01:17:42,190 --> 01:17:46,450
So I went from shaking my
fist at the institution

1682
01:17:46,450 --> 01:17:50,150
to becoming part of the institution.

1683
01:17:50,150 --> 01:17:54,070
So there's one idea, this coded
hashups of arbitrary images.

1684
01:17:54,070 --> 01:18:01,120
Can we create a system where
instead of just using a binary code

1685
01:18:01,120 --> 01:18:05,980
to represent all the different emoji,
we actually can do specific images,

1686
01:18:05,980 --> 01:18:09,040
we create hashes, and
then you look and you

1687
01:18:09,040 --> 01:18:13,955
can look up by the hash which
image you're looking at.

1688
01:18:13,955 --> 01:18:14,830
So that was the idea.

1689
01:18:14,830 --> 01:18:16,360
This is from a Stanford professor.

1690
01:18:16,360 --> 01:18:17,680
Didn't really get take off.

1691
01:18:17,680 --> 01:18:23,050
Then there was this idea using Wikipedia
or Wikimedia, the wiki data QID

1692
01:18:23,050 --> 01:18:26,770
numbers, which I didn't know this,
until this proposal came along.

1693
01:18:26,770 --> 01:18:31,990
But everything in Wikipedia
has a number and that

1694
01:18:31,990 --> 01:18:34,610
allows it to match things
between different languages.

1695
01:18:34,610 --> 01:18:39,920
So in Chinese the page for Obama
is matched with the English page,

1696
01:18:39,920 --> 01:18:42,250
with this Arabic page.

1697
01:18:42,250 --> 01:18:43,520
And that went nowhere.

1698
01:18:43,520 --> 01:18:48,718
So, what I'm going to finish with is
telling you what the new emoji are.

1699
01:18:48,718 --> 01:18:51,010
You guys are among the first
people to hear about this,

1700
01:18:51,010 --> 01:18:53,587
because no one's really
been paying attention.

1701
01:18:53,587 --> 01:18:55,420
So, this is published
a couple of weeks ago,

1702
01:18:55,420 --> 01:19:01,180
but it made no news, because you have
to be looking at the Unicode register.

1703
01:19:01,180 --> 01:19:04,630
So first off, more hearts,
because you guys all love hearts.

1704
01:19:04,630 --> 01:19:07,378
So there's light blue heart,
gray heart, and pink heart.

1705
01:19:07,378 --> 01:19:08,420
There was kind of debate.

1706
01:19:08,420 --> 01:19:09,587
Do we need more pink hearts?

1707
01:19:09,587 --> 01:19:11,380
And the answer seems to be yes.

1708
01:19:11,380 --> 01:19:12,760
Light blue is really interesting.

1709
01:19:12,760 --> 01:19:17,890
Because in some cultures, light blue
and dark blue are different colors.

1710
01:19:17,890 --> 01:19:20,830
In our culture, we just
call them versions of blue.

1711
01:19:20,830 --> 01:19:24,730
It's sort of like how in English
pink and red are different colors,

1712
01:19:24,730 --> 01:19:29,658
but in some cultures there isn't
a difference between pink and red.

1713
01:19:29,658 --> 01:19:31,450
And then there were a
bunch of bird things.

1714
01:19:31,450 --> 01:19:35,410
The wing emoji is coming,
blackbird and goose.

1715
01:19:35,410 --> 01:19:37,840
I don't really know why.

1716
01:19:37,840 --> 01:19:40,450
Hyacinth as a flower.

1717
01:19:40,450 --> 01:19:43,600
This has very popular
in Iranian culture.

1718
01:19:43,600 --> 01:19:44,530
Jellyfish.

1719
01:19:44,530 --> 01:19:47,650
I don't know.

1720
01:19:47,650 --> 01:19:53,440
I'm very suspicious of a jellyfish,
because they used man-of-war

1721
01:19:53,440 --> 01:19:56,320
as one of their phrases
that they searched for.

1722
01:19:56,320 --> 01:19:57,460
And that had a billion--

1723
01:19:57,460 --> 01:19:59,500
I think-- it had a lot of entries.

1724
01:19:59,500 --> 01:20:03,423
And I feel like those were not
about the actual invertebrate.

1725
01:20:03,423 --> 01:20:05,090
There was something else going on there.

1726
01:20:05,090 --> 01:20:07,990
But kind of rode in on that.

1727
01:20:07,990 --> 01:20:10,180
Moose on behalf of the Canadians.

1728
01:20:10,180 --> 01:20:15,092
Donkey on behalf of, I
guess, the Democrats.

1729
01:20:15,092 --> 01:20:17,050
So that was interesting
because you had to have

1730
01:20:17,050 --> 01:20:19,090
the donkey look different from a horse.

1731
01:20:19,090 --> 01:20:22,060
And there was a whole debate
like, do you want a donkey head?

1732
01:20:22,060 --> 01:20:23,650
Or do you want a donkey body?

1733
01:20:23,650 --> 01:20:25,880
Do you want donkey with fluffy ears?

1734
01:20:25,880 --> 01:20:28,330
Do you want-- all
kinds of donkey debate.

1735
01:20:28,330 --> 01:20:33,100
And it was actually originally proposed
in 2019 and just got into this year.

1736
01:20:33,100 --> 01:20:36,250
Ginger and peapod.

1737
01:20:36,250 --> 01:20:37,420
These are kind of weird.

1738
01:20:37,420 --> 01:20:39,670
The food things kind of
got in, in a weird way.

1739
01:20:39,670 --> 01:20:43,180
Ginger was good because
it also represented root.

1740
01:20:43,180 --> 01:20:45,925
And then wireless got
in, which is interesting.

1741
01:20:45,925 --> 01:20:48,550
Because we couldn't use a phrase
Wi-Fi, because that's actually

1742
01:20:48,550 --> 01:20:50,530
trademarked by the Wi-Fi people.

1743
01:20:50,530 --> 01:20:54,340
And then on behalf of Sikhs,
Khanda finally got in.

1744
01:20:54,340 --> 01:20:58,060
It was the largest religion
that wasn't already represented

1745
01:20:58,060 --> 01:20:59,440
on the emoji keyboard.

1746
01:20:59,440 --> 01:21:01,795
And then on behalf of the faces--

1747
01:21:01,795 --> 01:21:02,590
[LAUGHTER]

1748
01:21:02,590 --> 01:21:04,720
--shaking face.

1749
01:21:04,720 --> 01:21:09,205
So, I'm glad you guys are
really excited by that.

1750
01:21:09,205 --> 01:21:12,610
It is unclear to me--

1751
01:21:12,610 --> 01:21:15,520
I was not a big proponent of
this, but your excitement about it

1752
01:21:15,520 --> 01:21:17,560
makes me change my mind.

1753
01:21:17,560 --> 01:21:19,952
Then, folding hand fan.

1754
01:21:19,952 --> 01:21:21,910
I actually find that one
interesting, because I

1755
01:21:21,910 --> 01:21:23,500
think it was just college students.

1756
01:21:23,500 --> 01:21:25,540
Or fresh out of college
students were like, we

1757
01:21:25,540 --> 01:21:27,430
want to do your proposal that passes.

1758
01:21:27,430 --> 01:21:31,330
And they were very opportunistic
and just chose fan.

1759
01:21:31,330 --> 01:21:33,190
And then first they
submitted electric fan.

1760
01:21:33,190 --> 01:21:37,600
And then we told them, oh,
the longevity for electric fan

1761
01:21:37,600 --> 01:21:40,600
isn't great, even though it's
been around for a couple years.

1762
01:21:40,600 --> 01:21:44,470
Why don't we go with the folding hand
fan, which is a much longer history.

1763
01:21:44,470 --> 01:21:50,710
And then, this one is actually
a big deal is afro hair pick.

1764
01:21:50,710 --> 01:21:53,710
There was a lot of controversy
about and debate about curly hair.

1765
01:21:53,710 --> 01:21:57,010
And it supposed to be, represent, afros.

1766
01:21:57,010 --> 01:21:58,750
And then Apple did not do that.

1767
01:21:58,750 --> 01:22:01,210
So, everyone else has
very Afro looking hair.

1768
01:22:01,210 --> 01:22:03,190
Apple just makes it look wavy.

1769
01:22:03,190 --> 01:22:06,040
And so there was like
upsetness that Black hair

1770
01:22:06,040 --> 01:22:07,600
wasn't represented in the emoji set.

1771
01:22:07,600 --> 01:22:10,900
And so this was a proposal
that someone worked on.

1772
01:22:10,900 --> 01:22:12,200
And then animals.

1773
01:22:12,200 --> 01:22:12,700
Sorry.

1774
01:22:12,700 --> 01:22:14,140
Not animals, instruments.

1775
01:22:14,140 --> 01:22:16,527
Maracas and flute.

1776
01:22:16,527 --> 01:22:17,110
And that's it.

1777
01:22:17,110 --> 01:22:19,880
So in terms of, if you
have any questions,

1778
01:22:19,880 --> 01:22:22,270
you can look at emojination.org.

1779
01:22:22,270 --> 01:22:25,210
You can email me for all things emoji.

1780
01:22:25,210 --> 01:22:26,680
jenny@emojination.org.

1781
01:22:26,680 --> 01:22:29,740
And remember, you guys
can actually impact

1782
01:22:29,740 --> 01:22:31,870
billions of keyboards around the world.

1783
01:22:31,870 --> 01:22:35,020
I mean, it's a little bit of
impact for humans but billions,

1784
01:22:35,020 --> 01:22:36,850
so that adds up to a lot.

1785
01:22:36,850 --> 01:22:39,220
And you have any more
questions, I am here

1786
01:22:39,220 --> 01:22:41,770
and can give lots of
answers and questions.

1787
01:22:41,770 --> 01:22:45,310
And I'm really thrilled
actually to bring

1788
01:22:45,310 --> 01:22:49,060
the emoji flag waving
to such a large crowd

1789
01:22:49,060 --> 01:22:52,180
and especially a large, diverse
and very motivated crowd.

1790
01:22:52,180 --> 01:22:57,467
And one of the interesting
things is, we've kind of--

1791
01:22:57,467 --> 01:22:59,425
I'm not a proponent of
this, but they've slowly

1792
01:22:59,425 --> 01:23:01,570
decreased the number of emoji per year.

1793
01:23:01,570 --> 01:23:02,620
It was 70.

1794
01:23:02,620 --> 01:23:03,400
Then it was 50.

1795
01:23:03,400 --> 01:23:04,550
Then it was 30.

1796
01:23:04,550 --> 01:23:06,190
And this year we only did 20.

1797
01:23:06,190 --> 01:23:09,970
And I'm a little bit sad about that.

1798
01:23:09,970 --> 01:23:17,230
But I hope that, if there's
more excited proposals that

1799
01:23:17,230 --> 01:23:21,020
can be submitted to Unicode, we might
be able to dial that number back up.

1800
01:23:21,020 --> 01:23:23,155
So, that is me.

1801
01:23:23,155 --> 01:23:24,400
Am I good?

1802
01:23:24,400 --> 01:23:24,920
Yeah.

1803
01:23:24,920 --> 01:23:25,420
So--

1804
01:23:25,420 --> 01:23:25,920
[APPLAUSE]

1805
01:23:25,920 --> 01:23:26,470
Thank you.

1806
01:23:26,470 --> 01:23:27,454
[LAUGHTER]

1807
01:23:27,454 --> 01:23:30,406
[APPLAUSE CONTINUES]

1808
01:23:30,406 --> 01:23:32,595


1809
01:23:32,595 --> 01:23:35,470
DAVID J. MALAN: This is about 20 years
late, but thank you so much, Jenny.

1810
01:23:35,470 --> 01:23:39,290
We have an I took CS50 t-shirt for you.

1811
01:23:39,290 --> 01:23:42,050
On the way out too, we have
some CS50 stress balls for you.

1812
01:23:42,050 --> 01:23:44,008
Cannot wait to see your final projects.

1813
01:23:44,008 --> 01:23:45,800
Coming up if you'd like
to chat with Jenny.

1814
01:23:45,800 --> 01:23:47,570
This was CS50.

1815
01:23:47,570 --> 01:23:48,140
See you soon.

1816
01:23:48,140 --> 01:23:50,890
[CHEERS AND APPLAUSE]

1817
01:23:50,890 --> 01:24:23,000
[MUSIC PLAYING]